40611001@unknown@formal@none@1@S@As cells coalesced into organisms, they built new "unnatural" and internally controlled environments to cope even more successfully with the entropy-increasing properties of the external world.@@@@1@26@@oe@1-12-2014
40611002@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The useful suggestion of Professor David Hawkins which considers culture as a third stage in biological evolution fits quite beautifully then with our suggestion that science has provided us with a rather successful technique for building protective artificial environments.@@@@1@39@@oe@1-12-2014
40611003@unknown@formal@none@1@S@One wonders about its applicability to people.@@@@1@7@@oe@1-12-2014
40611004@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Will advances in human sciences help us build social structures and governments which will enable us to cope with people as effectively as the primitive combination of protein and nucleic acid built a structure of molecules which enabled it to adapt to a sea of molecular interaction?@@@@1@47@@oe@1-12-2014
40611005@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The answer is, of course, yes.@@@@1@6@@oe@1-12-2014
40611006@unknown@formal@none@1@S@For the family is the simplest example of just such a unit, composed of people, which gives us both some immunity from, and a way of dealing with, other people.@@@@1@30@@oe@1-12-2014
40611007@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Social invention did not have to await social theory any more than use of the warmth of a fire had to await Lavoisier or the buoyant protection of a boat the formulations of Archimedes.@@@@1@34@@oe@1-12-2014
40611008@unknown@formal@none@1@S@But it has been during the last two centuries, during the scientific revolution, that our independence from the physical environment has made the most rapid strides.@@@@1@26@@oe@1-12-2014
40611009@unknown@formal@none@1@S@We have ample light when the sun sets; the temperature of our homes is independent of the seasons; we fly through the air, although gravity pulls us down; the range of our voice ignores distance.@@@@1@35@@oe@1-12-2014
40611010@unknown@formal@none@1@S@At what stage are social sciences then?@@@@1@7@@oe@1-12-2014
40611011@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Is the future of psychology akin to the rich future of physics at the time of Newton?@@@@1@17@@oe@1-12-2014
40611012@unknown@formal@none@1@S@There is a haunting resemblance between the notion of cause in Copernicus and in Freud.@@@@1@15@@oe@1-12-2014
40611013@unknown@formal@none@1@S@And it is certainly no slight to either of them to compare both their achievements and their impact.@@@@1@18@@oe@1-12-2014
40611014@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Political theoretical understanding, although almost at a standstill during this century, did develop during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and resulted in a flood of inventions which increased the possibility for man to coexist with man.@@@@1@36@@oe@1-12-2014
40611015@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Consitutional government, popular vote, trial by jury, public education, labor unions, cooperatives, communes, socialized ownership, world courts, and the veto power in world councils are but a few examples.@@@@1@29@@oe@1-12-2014
40611016@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Most of these, with horrible exceptions, were conceived as is a ship, not as an attempt to quell the ocean of mankind, nor to deny its force, but as a means to survive and enjoy it.@@@@1@36@@oe@1-12-2014
40611017@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The most effective political inventions seem to make maximum use of natural harbors and are aware that restraining breakwaters can play only a minor part in the whole scheme.@@@@1@29@@oe@1-12-2014
40611018@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Just as present technology had to await the explanations of physics, so one might expect that social invention will follow growing sociological understanding.@@@@1@23@@oe@1-12-2014
40611019@unknown@formal@none@1@S@We are desperately in the need of such invention, for man is still very much at the mercy of man.@@@@1@20@@oe@1-12-2014
40611020@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In fact the accumulation of the hardware of destruction is day by day increasing our fear of each other.@@@@1@19@@oe@1-12-2014
40611021@unknown@formal@none@1@S@3,@@@@1@1@@oe@1-12-2014
40611022@unknown@formal@none@1@S@I want, therefore, to discuss a second and quite different fruit of science, the connection between scientific understanding and fear.@@@@1@20@@oe@1-12-2014
40611023@unknown@formal@none@1@S@There are certainly large areas of understanding in the human sciences which in themselves and even without political invention can help to dispel our present fears.@@@@1@26@@oe@1-12-2014
40611024@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Lucretius has remarked: "The reason why all Mortals are so gripped by fear is that they see all sorts of things happening in the earth and sky with no discernable cause, and these they attribute to the will of God".@@@@1@40@@oe@1-12-2014
40611025@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Perhaps things were even worse then.@@@@1@6@@oe@1-12-2014
40611026@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is difficult to reconstruct the primeval fears of man.@@@@1@10@@oe@1-12-2014
40611027@unknown@formal@none@1@S@We get some clue from a few remembrances of childhood and from the circumstance that we are probably not much more afraid of people now than man ever was.@@@@1@29@@oe@1-12-2014
40611028@unknown@formal@none@1@S@We are not now afraid of atomic bombs in the same way that people once feared comets.@@@@1@17@@oe@1-12-2014
40611029@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The bombs are as harmless as an automobile in a garage.@@@@1@11@@oe@1-12-2014
40611030@unknown@formal@none@1@S@We are worried about what people may do with them -- that some crazy fool may "push the button".@@@@1@19@@oe@1-12-2014
40611031@unknown@formal@none@1@S@I am certainly not adequately trained to describe or enlarge on human fears, but there are certain features of the fears dispelled by scientific explanations that stand out quite clearly.@@@@1@30@@oe@1-12-2014
40611032@unknown@formal@none@1@S@They are in general those fears that once seemed to have been amenable to prayer or ritual.@@@@1@17@@oe@1-12-2014
40611033@unknown@formal@none@1@S@They include both individual fears and collective ones.@@@@1@8@@oe@1-12-2014
40611034@unknown@formal@none@1@S@They arise in situations in which one believes that what happens depends not only on the external world, but also on the precise pattern of behavior of the individual or group.@@@@1@31@@oe@1-12-2014
40611035@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Often it is recognized that all the details of the pattern may not be essential to the outcome but, because the pattern was empirically determined and not developed through theoretical understanding, one is never quite certain which behavior elements are effective, and the whole pattern becomes ritualized.@@@@1@47@@oe@1-12-2014
40611036@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Yet often fear persists because, even with the most rigid ritual, one is never quite free from the uneasy feeling that one might make some mistake or that in every previous execution one had been unaware of the really decisive act.@@@@1@41@@oe@1-12-2014
40611037@unknown@formal@none@1@S@To say that science had reduced many such fears merely reiterates the obvious and frequent statement that science eliminated much of magic and superstition.@@@@1@24@@oe@1-12-2014
40611038@unknown@formal@none@1@S@But a somewhat more detailed analysis of this process may be illuminating.@@@@1@12@@oe@1-12-2014
40611039@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The frequently postulated antique worry that the daylight hours might dwindle to complete darkness apparently gave rise to a ritual and celebration which we still recognize.@@@@1@26@@oe@1-12-2014
40611040@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is curious that even centuries of repetition of the yearly cycle did not induce a sufficient degree of confidence to allow people to abandon the ceremonies of the winter solstice.@@@@1@31@@oe@1-12-2014
40611041@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This and other fears of the solar system have disappeared gradually, first, with the Ptolemaic system and its built-in concept of periodicity and then, more firmly, with the Newtonian innovation of an universal force that could account quantitatively for both terrestial and celestial motions.@@@@1@44@@oe@1-12-2014
40611042@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This understanding provides a very simple example of the fact that one can eliminate fear without instituting any controls.@@@@1@19@@oe@1-12-2014
40611043@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In fact, although we have dispelled the fear, we have not necessarily assured ourselves that there are no dangers.@@@@1@19@@oe@1-12-2014
40611044@unknown@formal@none@1@S@There is still the remote possibility of planetoid collision.@@@@1@9@@oe@1-12-2014
40611045@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A meteor could fall on San Francisco.@@@@1@7@@oe@1-12-2014
40611046@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Solar activities could presumably bring long periods of flood or drought.@@@@1@11@@oe@1-12-2014
40611047@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Our understanding of the solar system has taught us to replace our former elaborate rituals with the appropriate action which, in this case, amounts to doing nothing.@@@@1@27@@oe@1-12-2014
40611048@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Yet we no longer feel uneasy.@@@@1@6@@oe@1-12-2014
40611049@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This almost trivial example is nevertheless suggestive, for there are some elements in common between the antique fear that the days would get shorter and shorter and our present fear of war.@@@@1@32@@oe@1-12-2014
40611050@unknown@formal@none@1@S@We, in our country, think of war as an external threat which, if it occurs, will not be primarily of our own doing.@@@@1@23@@oe@1-12-2014
40611051@unknown@formal@none@1@S@And yet we obviously also believe that the avoidance of the disaster depends in some obscure or at least uncertain way on the details of how we behave.@@@@1@28@@oe@1-12-2014
40611052@unknown@formal@none@1@S@What elements of our behavior are decisive?@@@@1@7@@oe@1-12-2014
40611053@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Our weapons production, our world prestige, our ideas of democracy, our actions of trust or stubbornness or secrecy or espionage?@@@@1@20@@oe@1-12-2014
40611054@unknown@formal@none@1@S@We have staved off a war and, since our behavior has involved all these elements, we can only keep adding to our ritual without daring to abandon any part of it, since we have not the slightest notion which parts are effective.@@@@1@42@@oe@1-12-2014
40611055@unknown@formal@none@1@S@I think that we are here also talking of the kind of fear that a young boy has for a group of boys who are approaching at night along the streets of a large city.@@@@1@35@@oe@1-12-2014
40611056@unknown@formal@none@1@S@If an automobile were approaching him, he would know what was required of him, even though he might not be able to act quickly enough.@@@@1@25@@oe@1-12-2014
40611057@unknown@formal@none@1@S@With the group of boys it is different.@@@@1@8@@oe@1-12-2014
40611058@unknown@formal@none@1@S@He does not know whether to look up or look aside, to put his hands in his pockets or to clench them at his side, to cross the street, or to continue on the same side.@@@@1@36@@oe@1-12-2014
40611059@unknown@formal@none@1@S@When confronted with a drunk or an insane person I have no notion of what any one of them might do to me or to himself or to others.@@@@1@29@@oe@1-12-2014
40611060@unknown@formal@none@1@S@I believe that what I do has some effect on his actions and I have learned, in a way, to commune with drunks, but certainly my actions seem to resemble more nearly the performance of a rain dance than the carrying out of an experiment in physics.@@@@1@47@@oe@1-12-2014
40611061@unknown@formal@none@1@S@I am usually filled with an uneasiness that through some unwitting slip all hell may break loose.@@@@1@17@@oe@1-12-2014
40611062@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Our inability to explain why certain people are fond of us frequently induces the same kind of ritual and malaise.@@@@1@20@@oe@1-12-2014
40611063@unknown@formal@none@1@S@We are forced, in our behavior towards others, to adopt empirically successful patterns in toto because we have such a minimal understanding of their essential elements.@@@@1@26@@oe@1-12-2014
40611064@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Our collective policies, group and national, are similarly based on voodoo, but here we often lack even the empirically successful rituals and are still engaged in determing them.@@@@1@28@@oe@1-12-2014
40611065@unknown@formal@none@1@S@We use terms from our personal experience with individuals such as "trust", "cheat", and "get tough".@@@@1@16@@oe@1-12-2014
40611066@unknown@formal@none@1@S@We talk about national character in the same way that Copernicus talked of the compulsions of celestial bodies to move in circles.@@@@1@22@@oe@1-12-2014
40611067@unknown@formal@none@1@S@We perform elaborate international exhortations and ceremonies with virtually no understanding of social cause and effect.@@@@1@16@@oe@1-12-2014
40611068@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Small wonder, then, that we fear.@@@@1@6@@oe@1-12-2014
40611069@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The achievements which dispelled our fears of the cosmos took place three centuries ago.@@@@1@14@@oe@1-12-2014
40611070@unknown@formal@none@1@S@What additional roles has the scientific understanding of the 19th and 20th centuries played?@@@@1@14@@oe@1-12-2014
40611071@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In the physical sciences, these achievements concern electricity, chemistry, and atomic physics.@@@@1@12@@oe@1-12-2014
40611072@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In the life sciences, there has been an enormous increase in our understanding of disease, in the mechanisms of heredity, and in bio- and physiological chemistry.@@@@1@26@@oe@1-12-2014
40611073@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The major effect of these advances appears to lie in the part they have played in the industrial revolution and in the tools which scientific understanding has given us to build and manipulate a more protective environment.@@@@1@37@@oe@1-12-2014
40611074@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In addition, our way of dealing directly with natural phenomena has also changed.@@@@1@13@@oe@1-12-2014
40611075@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Even in domains where detailed and predictive understanding is still lacking, but where some explanations are possible, as with lightning and weather and earthquakes, the appropriate kind of human action has been more adequately indicated.@@@@1@35@@oe@1-12-2014
40611076@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Apparently the population as a whole eventually acquires enough confidence in the explanations of the scientists to modify its procedures and its fears.@@@@1@23@@oe@1-12-2014
40611077@unknown@formal@none@1@S@How and why this process occurs would provide an interesting separate subject for study.@@@@1@14@@oe@1-12-2014
40611078@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In some areas, the progress is slower than in others.@@@@1@10@@oe@1-12-2014
40611079@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In agriculture, for example, despite the advances in biology, elaborate rituals tend to persist along with a continued sense of the imminence of some natural disaster.@@@@1@26@@oe@1-12-2014
40611080@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In child care, the opposite extreme prevails; procedures change rapidly and parental confidence probably exceeds anything warranted by established psychological theory.@@@@1@21@@oe@1-12-2014
40611081@unknown@formal@none@1@S@There are many domains in which understanding has brought about widespread and quite appropriate reduction in ritual and fear.@@@@1@19@@oe@1-12-2014
40611082@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Much of the former extreme uneasiness associated with visions and hallucinations and with death has disappeared.@@@@1@16@@oe@1-12-2014
40611083@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The persistent horror of having a malformed child has, I believe, been reduced, not because we have gained any control over this misfortune, but precisely because we have learned that we have so little control over it.@@@@1@37@@oe@1-12-2014
40611084@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In fact, the recent warnings about the use of X-rays have introduced fears and ambiguities of action which now require more detailed understanding, and thus in this instance, science has momentarily aggravated our fears.@@@@1@34@@oe@1-12-2014
40611085@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In fact, insofar as science generates any fear, it stems not so much from scientific prowess and gadgets but from the fact that new unanswered questions arise, which, until they are understood, create uncertainty.@@@@1@34@@oe@1-12-2014
40611086@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Perhaps the most illuminating example of the reduction of fear through understanding is derived from our increased knowledge of the nature of disease.@@@@1@23@@oe@1-12-2014
40611087@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The situation with regard to our attitude and "control" of disease contains close analogies to problems confronting us with respect to people.@@@@1@22@@oe@1-12-2014
40611088@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The fear of disease was formerly very much the kind of fear I have tried to describe.@@@@1@17@@oe@1-12-2014