127968501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A mechanism for the antiinflammatory effects of corticosteroids: the glucocorticoid receptor regulates leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and expression of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 127968502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Corticosteroids are the preeminent antiinflammatory agents although the molecular mechanisms that impart their efficacy have not been defined.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 127968503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The endothelium plays a critical role in inflammation by directing circulating leukocytes into extravascular tissues by expressing adhesive molecules for leukocytes [e.g., endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)].@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 127968504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We therefore determined whether corticosteroids suppress inflammation by inhibiting endothelial expression of adhesion molecules for neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes).@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 127968505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Preincubation of endothelial cells with endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 1 microgram/ml] led to a 4-fold increase in subsequent adherence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (P < 0.0001, n = 10) to endothelial cells, an increase that was markedly attenuated when endothelial cells were treated with dexamethasone (IC50 < 1 nM, P < 0.0001, n = 6 or 7) during preincubation with LPS.@@@@1@73@@oe@16-12-2010 127968506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, the steroid receptor agonist cortisol (10 microM), but not its inactive metabolite tetrahydrocortisol (10 microM), diminished LPS-induced endothelial cell adhesiveness.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 127968507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further evidence that the action of dexamethasone was mediated through ligation of corticosteroid receptors [human glucocorticoid receptors (hGRs)] was provided by experiments utilizing the steroid antagonist RU-486.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 127968508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RU-486 (10 microM), which prevents translocation of ligated hGR to the nucleus by inhibiting dissociation of hGR from heat shock protein 90, completely aborted the effect of dexamethasone on adhesiveness of endothelial cells (P < 0.0005, n = 3).@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 127968509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of endothelial cells with LPS (1 microgram/ml) stimulated transcription of ELAM-1, as shown by Northern blot analysis, and expression of membrane-associated ELAM-1 and ICAM-1, as shown by quantitative immunofluorescence (both P < 0.001, n = 9).@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 127968510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dexamethasone markedly inhibited LPS-stimulated accumulation of mRNA for ELAM-1 and expression of ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 (IC50 < 10 nM, both P < 0.001, n = 4-9); inhibition of expression by dexamethasone was reversed by RU-486 (both P < 0.005, n = 4-6).@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 127968511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As in the adhesion studies, cortisol but not tetrahydrocortisol inhibited expression of ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 (both P < 0.005, n = 3 or 4).@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 127968512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, sodium salicylate (1 mM) inhibited neither adhesion nor expression of these adhesion molecules.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 127968513@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies suggest that antagonism by dexamethasone of endotoxin-induced inflammation is a specific instance of the general biological principle that the glucocorticoid receptor is a hormone-dependent regulator of transcription.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 129922401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ablation of transplanted HTLV-I Tax-transformed tumors in mice by antisense inhibition of NF-kappa B [published erratum appears in Science 1993 Mar 12;259(5101):1523]@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 129922402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mice transgenic for the human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) Tax gene develop fibroblastic tumors that express NF-kappa B-inducible early genes.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 129922403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro inhibition of NF-kappa B expression by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) inhibited growth of these culture-adapted Tax-transformed fibroblasts as well as an HTLV-I-transformed human lymphocyte line.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 129922404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, antisense inhibition of Tax itself had no apparent effect on cell growth.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 129922405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mice treated with antisense to NF-kappa B ODNs showed rapid regression of transplanted fibrosarcomas.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 129922406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This suggests that NF-kappa B expression may be necessary for the maintenance of the malignant phenotype and provides a therapeutic approach for HTLV-I-associated disease.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 130958701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cellular oncogene c-myb can interact synergistically with the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 transactivator in lymphoid cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 130958702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of replicative functions in the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome is mediated through activation of a virally encoded transcription factor, Z (BZLF1).@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 130958703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have shown that the Z gene product, which binds to AP-1 sites as a homodimer and has sequence similarity to c-Fos, can efficiently activate the EBV early promoter, BMRF1, in certain cell types (i.e., HeLa cells) but not others (i.e., Jurkat cells).@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 130958704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate that the c-myb proto-oncogene product, which is itself a DNA-binding protein and transcriptional transactivator, can interact synergistically with Z in activating the BMRF1 promoter in Jurkat cells (a T-cell line) or Raji cells (an EBV-positive B-cell), whereas the c-myb gene product by itself has little effect.@@@@1@57@@oe@16-12-2010 130958705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The simian virus 40 early promoter is also synergistically activated by the Z/c-myb combination.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 130958706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synergistic transactivation of the BMRF1 promoter by the Z/c-myb combination appears to involve direct binding by the Z protein but not the c-myb protein.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 130958707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 30-bp sequence in the BMRF1 promoter which contains a Z binding site (a consensus AP-1 site) is sufficient to transfer high-level lymphoid-specific responsiveness to the Z/c-myb combination to a heterologous promoter.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 130958708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@That the c-myb oncogene product can interact synergistically with an EBV-encoded member of the leucine zipper protein family suggests c-myb is likely to engage in similar interactions with cellularly encoded transcription factors.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 130983301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cortisol receptor resistance: the variability of its clinical presentation and response to treatment.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 130983302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Primary (partial) cortisol receptor resistance was previously reported in a total of 7 patients and 14 asymptomatic family members.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 130983303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Its occurrence is considered to be extremely rare.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 130983304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study we report on 6 patients (2 males and 4 females) with the syndrome.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 130983305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The first male patient presented with mild hypertension.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 130983306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hydrochlorothiazide therapy resulted in life-threatening hypokalemia.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 130983307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The second male patient had slight hypertension without hypokalemia.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 130983308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All four female patients presented between the age of 20-30 yr with acne, hirsutism, and irregular menstruations.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 130983309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Low dose dexamethasone therapy (1-1.5 mg/day) was of clinical benefit in these patients.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 130983310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All patients showed insufficient suppression of serum cortisol concentrations in the overnight 1-mg dexamethasone test.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 130983311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The diurnal rhythm of ACTH and cortisol was intact, albeit at an elevated level.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 130983312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was a normal increase in ACTH, cortisol, and GH (except in one obese patient) in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, while cortisol production was elevated in three patients.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 130983313@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Circulating adrenal androgen levels were increased in all patients.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 130983314@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors were investigated in a whole cell dexamethasone binding assay in mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 130983315@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the first male patient, the number of receptors was very low, while the affinity was lower than that in controls.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 130983316@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A lowered affinity to dexamethasone was found in one female patient, while a lowered number of receptors was found in three patients.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 130983317@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the second male patient, no abnormalities were found.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 130983318@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a bioassay for glucocorticoid action we also measured dexamethasone suppressibility of mitogen-stimulated incorporation of [3H]thymidine in mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 130983319@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the male patient with normal receptor status, dexamethasone suppressibility of [3H]thymidine incorporation was significantly lower than that in healthy controls with respect to both maximal suppression and IC50.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 130983320@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Partial cortisol receptor resistance might be less rare than previously thought.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 130983321@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the six patients presented, at least three different forms can be recognized.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 130983322@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therapy with dexamethasone was successful in female patients with acne and hirsutism, as the secondary increase in the production of adrenal androgens was effectively controlled.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 131068001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Structure function analysis of vitamin D analogs with C-ring modifications.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 131068002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analogs of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3) with substitutions on C-11 were synthesized.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 131068003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Small apolar substitutions (11 alpha-methyl, 11 alpha-fluoromethyl) did not markedly decrease the affinity for the vitamin D receptor, but larger (11 alpha-chloromethyl or 11 alpha- or 11 beta-phenyl) or more polar substitutions (11 alpha-hydroxymethyl, 11 alpha-(2-hydroxyethyl] decreased the affinity to less than 5% of that of 1 alpha,25-OH)2D3.@@@@1@59@@oe@16-12-2010 131068004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Their affinity for the vitamin D-binding protein, however, increased up to 4-fold.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 131068005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The biological activity of 11 alpha-methyl-1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 closely resembled that of the natural hormone on normal and leukemic cell proliferation and bone resorption, whereas its in vivo effect on calcium metabolism of the rachitic chick was about 50% of that of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 131068006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 11 beta-methyl analog had a greater than 10-fold lower activity.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 131068007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The differentiating effects of the other C-11 analogs on human promyeloid leukemia cells (HL-60) agreed well with their bone-resorbing activity and receptor affinity, but they demonstrated lower calcemic effects in vivo.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 131068008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Large or polar substitutions on C-11 of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 thus impair the binding of the vitamin D receptor but increase the affinity to vitamin D-binding protein.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 131068009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of many C-11-substituted 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 analogs on HL-60 cell differentiation exceeded their activity on calcium metabolism.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 131254101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoid receptors in mononuclear leukocytes in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 131254102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To examine the role of mineralocorticoids in the pathophysiology of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), we studied plasma aldosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone levels in 25 women with PIH and 25 normal pregnant women, as controls.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 131254103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we evaluated the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) status in mononuclear leukocytes in the 2 groups.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 131254104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MR count was significantly (P less than 0.0005) decreased in the PIH group (148 +/- 9 binding sites/cell) compared with the control group (300 +/- 17 binding sites/cell; mean +/- SEM).@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 131254105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Plasma aldosterone in women with PIH was 281 +/- 61 pmol/L; in normal pregnant women it was 697 +/- 172 pmol/L (P less than 0.025).@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 131254106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Plasma 18-hydroxycorticosterone was also significantly (P less than 0.025) lower (PIH, 1071 +/- 149 pmol/L; controls, 1907 +/- 318 pmol/L).@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 131254107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These values were determined at the onset of clinical symptoms of PIH.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 131254108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results cannot be explained by receptor down-regulation due to higher levels of mineralocorticoids in PIH; a hitherto unknown mineralocorticoid may, thus, be responsible for the hypertension and altered MR status.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 131254301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mineralocorticoid effector mechanism in preeclampsia.@@@@1@6@@oe@16-12-2010 131254302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mineralocorticoid effector mechanisms were evaluated in 29 patients with preeclampsia and in 25 uncomplicated pregnancies by measurement of plasma aldosterone, levels of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in mononuclear leucocytes, and subtraction potential difference (SPD; rectal minus oral values).@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 131254303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mean values for plasma aldosterone were not different between the two groups, but significant differences were observed for MR (preeclampsia, 81 +/- 44 receptors/cell; controls, 306 +/- 168) and SPD (preeclampsia, 65 +/- 7 mV; controls, 12 +/- 5 mV).@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 131254304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In six cases we determined MR, plasma aldosterone, and SPD in patients with preeclampsia before and 3 months after delivery.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 131254305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MR were reduced before delivery (96 +/- 27 receptors/cell), and SPD increased (64 +/- 8 mV), with both parameters normalizing after delivery (MR, 242 +/- 79; SPD, 14.0 +/- 4 mV).@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 131254306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Aldosterone levels returned to normal nonpregnant values after delivery.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 131254307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest an important role for abnormalities in mineralocorticoid effector mechanisms in the etiology of preeclampsia and could be an useful marker for diagnosis.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 131322601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Leukotriene B4 stimulates c-fos and c-jun gene transcription and AP-1 binding activity in human monocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 131322602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined the effect of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent lipid proinflammatory mediator, on the expression of the proto-oncogenes c-jun and c-fos.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 131322603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, we looked at the modulation of nuclear factors binding specifically to the AP-1 element after LTB4 stimulation.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 131322604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LTB4 increased the expression of the c-fos gene in a time- and concentration-dependent manner.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 131322605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The c-jun mRNA, which is constitutively expressed in human peripheral-blood monocytes at relatively high levels, was also slightly augmented by LTB4, although to a much lower extent than c-fos.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 131322606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The kinetics of expression of the two genes were also slightly different, with c-fos mRNA reaching a peak at 15 min after stimulation and c-jun at 30 min.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 131322607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both messages rapidly declined thereafter.@@@@1@6@@oe@16-12-2010 131322608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stability of the c-fos and c-jun mRNA was not affected by LTB4, as assessed after actinomycin D treatment.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 131322609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear transcription studies in vitro showed that LTB4 increased the transcription of the c-fos gene 7-fold and the c-jun gene 1.4-fold.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 131322610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Resting monocytes contained nuclear factors binding to the AP-1 element, but stimulation of monocytes with LTB4 induced greater AP-1-binding activity of nuclear proteins.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 131322611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that LTB4 may regulate the production of different cytokines by modulating the yield and/or the function of transcription factors such as AP-1-binding proto-oncogene products.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 131369301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Kinetics of nuclear translocation and turnover of the vitamin D receptor in human HL60 leukemia cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes--coincident rise of DNA-relaxing activity in nuclear extracts.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 131369302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High affinity receptors (VDR) for 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) are expressed in HL60 human leukemia cells and in low numbers in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL).@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 131369303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HL60 cells, expressing some characteristics of promyelocytes, can be induced to monocytoid differentiation by calcitriol.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 131369304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific nuclear translocation of [3H]calcitriol/VDR was examined after exposure of whole cells to 10(-9) M/l calcitriol in the presence and absence of a 500-fold excess of unlabeled ligand and subsequent isolation of nuclei.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 131369305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific nuclear translocation of [3H]calcitriol/VDR was found to be time dependent reaching a maximum of approximately 2100 binding sites/nucleus after 3 h of incubation in HL60 cells, whereas a maximum of approximately 310 binding sites/nucleus was found after 3 h in PBL.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 131369306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pulse exposure of HL60 to radiolabeled hormone for 3 h followed by culture in medium without serum and calcitriol lead to nuclear retention of approximately 1600 radiolabeled VDR by 8 h and approximately 1000 VDR by 24 h.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 131369307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Radiolabeled VDR disappeared from the nuclear compartment with a halflife of approximately 30 min if cells were cultured with identical concentrations of unlabeled hormone after the pulse (pulse/chase-experiments).@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 131369308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No difference of VDR retention in pulse and pulse/chase-experiments was seen in PBL, where VDR halflife was approximately 30 min.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 131369309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No specific translocation into the nuclear compartment was seen when isolated nuclei were incubated in [3H]calcitriol.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 131369310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Radiolabeled hormone/receptor complexes of nuclei isolated from cells exposed for 3 h to radiolabeled hormone--in contrast to identical experiments with intact cells--did not disappear from the nuclear compartment upon incubation of nuclei with identical concentrations of the unlabeled compound.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 131369311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activity of DNA relaxing enzymes (e.g. topoisomerases I and II) in nuclear extracts was measured using a PBR 322-relaxation-assay.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 131369312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhanced overall enzyme activity was found in nuclear extracts by 1 h after incubation with calcitriol (final ethanol concentration 0.0001% v/v) in HL60 and PBL.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 131369313@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The enhanced activity disappeared after 2 h in PBL, whereas it was still enhanced by 4 h in HL60.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 131369314@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No effect was seen in ethanol treated controls.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 131369315@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that a specific nuclear translocation mechanism exists for calcitriol in both cell types examined, most likely due to translocation of receptor proteins after hormone binding.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 131369316@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Translocated hormone/receptor complexes compete for a limited number of specific nuclear binding sites.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 131369317@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhanced activity of topoisomerases in nuclear extracts upon translocation of VDR might reflect interaction of both within the nuclear compartment, thus initiating DNA-unwinding, a prerequisite of transcription initiation.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 131413901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factor activation and functional stimulation of human monocytes.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 131413902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of expression of genes encoding transcription factors: c-fos and c-jun and formation of AP1 transcriptional complex in human monocytes was investigated.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 131413903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was found that lipopolysaccharide induced strongly both c-fos and c-jun expression as well as AP1 formation.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 131413904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferon gamma activated strongly c-fos and weakly c-jun and AP1.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 131413905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor necrosis factor induced slightly c-fos and had almost no effect on c-jun and AP1.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 131413906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data suggest that differences in functional responses elicited in monocytes by all three factors may be dependent on different routes on nuclear signalling employed by the factors.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 131583401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferon-gamma potentiates the antiviral activity and the expression of interferon-stimulated genes induced by interferon-alpha in U937 cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 131583402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) to specific receptors results in the rapid transcriptional activation, independent of protein synthesis, of IFN-alpha-stimulated genes (ISGs) in human fibroblasts and HeLa and Daudi cell lines.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 131583403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The binding of ISGF3 (IFN-stimulated gene factor 3) to the conserved IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) results in transcriptional activation.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 131583404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This factor is composed of a DNA-binding protein (ISGF3 gamma), which normally is present in the cytoplasm, and other IFN-alpha-activated proteins which preexist as latent cytoplasmic precursors (ISGF3 alpha).@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 131583405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have found that ISG expression in the monocytic U937 cell line differs from most cell lines previously examined.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 131583406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@U937 cells express both type I and type II IFN receptors, but only IFN-alpha is capable of inducing antiviral protection in these cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 131583407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pretreatment with IFN-gamma potentiates the IFN-alpha-induced protection, but IFN-gamma alone does not have any antiviral activity.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 131583408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ISG15 mRNA accumulation in U937 cells is not detectable before 6 h of IFN-alpha treatment, peaks at 24 h, and requires protein synthesis.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 131583409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although IFN-gamma alone does not induce ISG expression, IFN-gamma pretreatment markedly increases and hastens ISG expression and transcriptional induction.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 131583410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear extracts assayed for the presence of ISRE binding factors by electrophoretic mobility shift assays show that ISGF3 is induced by IFN-alpha within 6 h from undetectable basal levels in untreated U937 cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 131583411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of ISGF3 alpha, the latent component of ISGF3, occurs rapidly.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 131583412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the increase in ISGF3 activity ultimately correlates with the accumulation of ISGF3 gamma induced by IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 131583413@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 132667501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Effect of antihypertensive therapy with captopril on gluco- and mineralocorticoid receptors of peripheral blood lymphocytes in hypertensive patients of various age]@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 132667502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of 3H-dexamethasone and 3H-aldosterone by peripheral lymphocyte receptors was investigated in healthy persons and hypertensive patients before and after 2-week captopril treatment.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 132667503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid binding sites was increased in hypertensives vs normotensives.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 132667504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The treatment with the ACE inhibitor captopril led to activation of hormone-receptor interactions.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 132667505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was a more marked rise of the number of receptors in middle-aged (44-55 years) hypertensives vs elderly (61-80 years) subjects after captopril treatment.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 132780301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Leukotriene B4 transcriptionally activates interleukin-6 expression involving NK-chi B and NF-IL6.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 132780302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a notable participant in inflammation and chemotaxis.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 132780303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is, however, still unclear whether LTB4 acts in this regard directly or indirectly by stimulating the release of chemotactic and inflammatory cytokines.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 132780304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that LTB4 induces synthesis of interleukin (IL)-6 by human blood monocytes through transcriptional activation of the IL-6 gene.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 132780305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We furthermore demonstrate that this process involves activation of the transcription factor NF-chi B and, to a lesser extent, of NF-IL6, while the activity of the transcription factor AP-1, shown to otherwise confer IL-6 inducibility, appeared to be unaffected by LTB4.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 132780306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of NF-chi B and NF-IL6 in induction of IL-6 transcription by monocytes was demonstrated using deleted forms of the IL-6 promoter.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 132780307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the IL-6 promoter by LTB4 was not only associated with accumulation of the respective transcripts but resulted in synthesis of functional IL-6 protein as well.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 132780308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, LTB4 mediated transactivation of a heterologous promoter construct containing the NF-chi B or the NF-IL6 enhancer, but not the AP-1 enhancer.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 132780309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The signaling events mediating this effect appeared to involve the release of H2O2, since LTB4 failed to induce NF-chi B or NF-IL6 in the presence of the scavenger of H2O2, N-acetyl-L-cysteine.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 132887301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of a new tissue-specific transcription factor binding to the simian virus 40 enhancer TC-II (NF-kappa B) element.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 132887302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have biochemically and functionally characterized a new transcription factor, NP-TCII, which is present in nuclei from unstimulated T and B lymphocytes but is not found in nonhematopoietic cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 132887303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This factor has a DNA-binding specificity similar to that of NF-kappa B but is unrelated to this or other Rel proteins by functional and biochemical criteria.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 132887304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It can also be distinguished from other previously described lymphocyte-specific DNA-binding proteins.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 133291201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat elements are efficient promoters in cells of various species and tissue origin, including human lymphoid cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 133291202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Promiscuous transcriptional activity of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) long terminal repeat (LTR) was detected in transient expression assays using LTR-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase-encoding gene chimeras, and cells of diverse species and tissue type; levels of expression from two different REV LTRs correlate with reports of pathogenicity of the respective viruses in vivo.@@@@1@57@@oe@16-12-2010 133291203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@REVs do not encode a transactivator targeted to the viral LTR, and cells infected with Marek's disease virus, a herpesvirus with an overlapping host range, do not express factors that preferentially enhance expression from REV or avian sarcoma/leukemia virus LTRs.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 133291204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@REV LTRs work efficiently in human lymphoid cells, and are viable alternatives to promoters commonly used for expression of cloned genes.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 133291205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They may also prove useful in the identification of new, ubiquitous cellular transcription factors.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 133480601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-induced T-cell proliferation by dexamethasone, isoproterenol, or prostaglandin E2 either alone or in combination.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 133480602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the modulation of the proliferation of human T cells obtained from peripheral blood by dexamethasone (DEX), isoproterenol (ISO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 133480603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The former two substances interact with T cells via the glucocorticoid and beta-adrenergic receptors respectively.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 133480604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When occupied by their natural ligands, glucocorticosteroids and catecholamines, these receptors have a role in modulating T-cell function during stress.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 133480605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During the inflammatory response increased levels of PGE2 bind to their receptors on T cells and thus alter responsiveness.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 133480606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proliferation of T cells was induced by immobilized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in the presence or absence of an additional costimulatory signal delivered by anti-CD28 mAb.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 133480607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@2. Various physiologic concentrations of DEX, ISO, or PGE2 were added at the time of initiation of the cultures and subsequent proliferation of the unstimulated T cells was determined.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 133480608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results demonstrate that physiologic concentrations of all three of these agents inhibit the anti-CD3 mAb-induced proliferation of T cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 133480609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@3. Although DEX and PGE2 were equipotent in suppressing T-cell proliferation, ISO was much less effective.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 133480610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@4. Because concomitant elevations in the peripheral levels of these substances may occur, experiments were performed to determine the T-cell inhibitory effects of DEX together with either PGE2 or ISO.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 133480611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synergistic suppression of T-cell proliferation was observed when various concentrations of DEX and PGE2, but not DEX and ISO, were added to cultures.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 133480612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This synergistic suppression could not be explained by an increase in cAMP accumulation in T cells stimulated with DEX and PGE2.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 133480613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@5. Finally, the addition of anti-CD28 mAb to anti-CD3 mAb-stimulated T cells overcame much of the suppression of proliferation induced by PGE2 or ISO but less so than that induced by DEX.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 133535701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Calcitriol: a hematolymphopoietrope? [editorial]@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 133535702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A MEDLINE search of the English-language literature was conducted using the indexing terms 'immunology, calcitriol and vitamin D' to identify studies indicating a role for calcitriol as a primary immunomodulator.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 133535703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sixty-six papers published between January 1956 and June 1991 were identified.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 133535704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Forty-five of these reports are cited in this review.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 133535705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data strongly suggest an endocrine, autocrine and/or paracrine role for calcitriol in immune regulation.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 133535706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No unifying hypothesis has yet emerged explaining this collection of data.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 133535707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This paper provides a brief review of immune properties currently attributed to calcitriol.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 133541801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of protein kinase C and elevation of cAMP interact synergistically to raise c-Fos and AP-1 activity in Jurkat cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 133541802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have earlier found that in Jurkat cells activation of protein kinase C (PKC) enhances the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation induced by adenosine receptor stimulation or activation of Gs.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 133541803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we have therefore examined the effect of the phorbol ester PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) which stimulates PKC and a combination of the adenosine receptor agonist NECA (5'-(N-ethyl)-carboxamido adenosine) and forskolin to raise cAMP, on the levels of c-Fos and Jun and on the binding and transcriptional activity of the transcription factor, activator protein-1 (AP-1).@@@@1@64@@oe@16-12-2010 133541804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMA treatment caused a concentration- and time-dependent increase in both c-Fos and Jun immunoreactivity in contrast to cAMP elevation that had only a slight effect.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 133541805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both PMA and the combination of NECA and forskolin acted together either to increase (c-Fos) or decrease (Jun) protein levels as well as increasing AP-1 binding, as judged by gel-shift assay, and AP-1 transcriptional activity.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 133541806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore there was a clear-cut synergy between the PKC stimulator and the cAMP elevating agents.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 133541807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results demonstrate that the simultaneous activation of PKC and elevation of cAMP leads to an enhanced AP-1 transcriptional activity in a T-leukemia cell line, suggesting that the previously observed interaction between the parallel signal transduction pathways may have functional consequences at the level of gene transcription.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010 133872601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Aldosterone-specific membrane receptors and rapid non-genomic actions of mineralocorticoids.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 133872602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional studies in extrarenal, non-epithelial cells such as smooth muscle cells and more recently circulating human lymphocytes have provided increasing evidence that aldosterone produces not only classical genomic effects, but also rapid, non-genomic effects on transmembrane electrolyte movements.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 133872603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These involve activation of the sodium/proton exchanger of the cell membrane at very low, physiological concentrations of aldosterone with an acute onset within 1-2 min.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 133872604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A second messenger cascade involved is the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/calcium pathway which responds over the same rapid time course.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 133872605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such changes clearly cannot be explained by genomic mechanisms, which are responsible for later effects than the membrane related rapid responses.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 133872606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanisms underlying these rapid effects of aldosterone on electrolytes have been extensively studied in human lymphocytes, which thus may represent valuable tools in the delineation of the receptor-effector mechanisms involved.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 133872607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The unique characteristics of this new pathway for steroid action include its rapid time course, 10,000-fold selectivity for aldosterone over cortisol and the ineffectiveness of spironolactones, classical mineralocorticoid antagonists, as antagonists of the response.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 134791401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Modulation of normal erythroid differentiation by the endogenous thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors: a possible target for v-erbA oncogene action.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 134791402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The v-erbA oncogene, a mutated version of the thyroid hormone receptor alpha (c-erbA/TR-alpha), inhibits erythroid differentiation and constitutively represses transcription of certain erythrocyte genes, suggesting a normal function of the proto-oncogene c-erbA in erythropoiesis.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 134791403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate that the endogenous thyroid hormone receptor alpha (c-erbA/TR-alpha) and the closely related retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR-alpha) play a role in the regulation of normal erythroid differentiation.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 134791404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retinoic acid (RA) distinctly modulated the erythroid differentiation program of normal erythroid progenitors and erythroblasts reversibly transformed by a conditional tyrosine kinase oncogene.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 134791405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When added pulsewise to immature cells, differentiation was accelerated while more mature cells underwent premature cell death.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 134791406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thyroid hormone (T3) alone caused similar but weaker effects.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 134791407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, T3 strongly enhanced the action of RA, suggesting cooperative action of the two receptors in modulating erythroid differentiation.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 134791408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the human RAR-alpha in receptor-negative erythroblasts conferred RA-induced regulation of differentiation to the otherwise unresponsive cells, thus showing that the RAR-alpha is essential for the RA effect.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 134791409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Likewise, enhanced expression of exogenous c-erbA/TR-alpha in erythroblasts rendered them susceptible to modulation of differentiation by T3, suggesting a similar function of both receptors.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 134901601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stable expression of HB24, a diverged human homeobox gene, in T lymphocytes induces genes involved in T cell activation and growth.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 134901602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A diverged homeobox gene, HB24, which is known to be induced following lymphocyte activation, was introduced into Jurkat T cells under the control of a constitutive promoter.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 134901603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stable transfectants of HB24 were established that expressed high levels of HB24 mRNA and possessed an altered phenotype suggestive of activated T cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 134901604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A number of genes known to be induced following T cell activation and associated with cell growth were increased in the transfectants, including c-fos, c-myc, c-myb, HLA-DR, lck, NF-kappa B, interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 receptor alpha (IL-2R alpha).@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 134901605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of IL-2R alpha expression by transient transfection of IL-2R alpha promoter constructs into the HB24 transfectants revealed constitutive expression (about 60% of phytohemagglutinin- and phorbol ester-activated Jurkat cells) that was dependent on the kappa B site in the IL-2R alpha promoter.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 134901606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, as a consequence of the increased HB24 mRNA levels, the Jurkat HB24 transfectants proliferated more rapidly than control cell lines.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 134901607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, stable expression of HB24 confers an activation phenotype on a human T cell line, implicating this gene as an important transcriptional factor during T cell activation and growth.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 135109001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reduced susceptibility to HIV-1 infection of ethyl-methanesulfonate-treated CEM subclones correlates with a blockade in their protein kinase C signaling pathway.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 135109002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have described the isolation of chemically induced CEM subclones that express CD4 receptors and bind soluble gp120, yet show a markedly reduced susceptibility to infection with HIV-1.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 135109003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two subclones were found to have an abnormal response to the protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 135109004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMA treatment induced CD3 and CD25 (IL-2R) receptors on the parental line and on other ethyl-methanesulfonate-derived subclones, but not on these two mutants.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 135109005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Direct assays of PKC activity were conducted.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 135109006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Total cellular PKC enzymatic activity was found to be normal in these subclones.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 135109007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMA-induced CD4 down-modulation occurred normally.@@@@1@6@@oe@16-12-2010 135109008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, activation of c-raf kinase was normal.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 135109009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since HIV-1 long terminal repeat contains two functional nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) regulatory elements, we studied the ability of PMA to induce NF-kB binding activity by different assays.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 135109010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) assays using the HIV-1 (-139)long terminal repeat-CAT construct showed no PMA induction of CAT activity in these subclones (unlike the parental line and other subclones).@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 135109011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Okadaic acid, an inhibitor of phosphatases 1 and 2A, did not overcome the defect in these subclones.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 135109012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel retardation assays, using a 32P-probe containing the HIV-1 NF-kB probe and nuclear extracts from PMA-treated cells, showed significantly reduced induction of nuclear NF-kB binding proteins in these two subclones compared with wild type CEM and a control subclone.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 135109013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deoxycholate treatment of cytoplasmic extracts from these subclones released much reduced NF-kB binding proteins from their cytoplasmic pools.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 135109014@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, reduced levels of PKC-induced nuclear NF-kB activity in two T cell subclones did not affect their normal cell growth, but correlated with a pronounced reduction in their susceptibility to HIV-1 infection.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 135535601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional interaction between the two zinc finger domains of the v-erb A oncoprotein.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 135535602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The v-erb A oncogene of avian erythroblastosis virus is a mutated and virally transduced copy of a host cell gene encoding a thyroid hormone receptor.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 135535603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein expressed by the v-erb A oncogene binds to DNA and acts as a dominant negative inhibitor of both the thyroid hormone receptor and the closely related retinoic acid receptor.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 135535604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The v-erb A protein has sustained two amino acid alterations within its DNA-binding domain relative to that of c-erb A, one of which, at serine 61, is known to be important for v-erb A function in the neoplastic cell.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 135535605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report here that the second alteration, at threonine 78, also plays an important, although more indirect, role: alteration of the sequence at threonine 78 such that it resembles that of c-erb A can act as an intragenic suppressor and can partially restore function to a v-erb A protein rendered defective due to a mutation at position 61.@@@@1@64@@oe@16-12-2010 135535606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Threonine 78 lies within the D-box of the v-erb A protein, a region thought to mediate receptor-receptor dimerizations, and is not in physical proximity to the serine at position 61.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 135535607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It therefore appears that an indirect interaction occurs between these two sites and that this interaction is crucial for v-erb A function.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 136411601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cellular immune and cytokine pathways resulting in tissue factor expression and relevance to septic shock.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 136411602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells of monocyte lineage serve as effector cells in the cellular immune response.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 136411603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, they respond to LPS and cytokines with activation and expression of inflammatory effector gene products similar to those elicited by the antigen driven response.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 136411604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The response to antigen proceeds at the T helper cell level through two independent forms of cellular collaboration, contact and lymphokine.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 136411605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We review the control of expression of the Tissue Factor (TF) gene and the function of the TF protein.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 136411606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The enhanced initiation of transcription of the TF gene appears to require engagement of a 56 bp LPS Response Element, an enhancer that is engaged by both AP-1 type heterodimeric complexes as well as NF kappa B like heterodimeric complexes.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 136411607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dissociation of NF kappa B from Ig kappa B by cytokine and LPS stimulation, and possibly activated T cells, may represent a common pathway to induction of the TF and other inflammatory genes.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 136411608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhancement of expression of TF is observed upon adhesion of Mo to endothelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins, as well as upon engagement of leukocyte integrins.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 136411609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The biological effects that follow from expression of TF by vascular cells have been resolved by analysis of function aided by the use of recombinant full length TF and truncated surface domain of TF.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 136411610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The rules of assembly of the cognate ligands of TF, namely the zymogen plasma factors VII and the serine protease factor VIIa, with the soluble surface domain of TF in free solution, in the presence of phospholipid surfaces and cell surface and of the anchored TF molecule have been described.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 136411611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is evident that assembly of the surface domain of TF with VIIa to form the binary TF.VIIa complex induces a significant increase in the Kcat of the catalytic domain of VIIa for small peptidyl substrates and more profoundly for protein substrate.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 136411612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This provides substantial evidence for an allosteric effect on the catalytic cleft of VIIa that is imparted by binding to TF, its cognate catalytic cofactor.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 136411613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is also evident that the TF.VIIa complex is proteolytically active and can activate the zymogen plasma factor X to the serine protease Xa in free solution, inferring that extended substrate recognition by induced structural loci of the TF.VIIa complex are created from either or both proteins to constitute a new recognition structure.@@@@1@55@@oe@16-12-2010 136411614@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is also evident that association of X with charged phospholipid surfaces enhances the proteolytic activation of this zymogen by increasing recognition and susceptibility of the sessile peptide bond deduced from the markedly decreased Km and increased Kcat.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 137178801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gangliosides suppress tumor necrosis factor production in human monocytes.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 137178802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both normal and malignant cells contain gangliosides as important cell membrane constituents that, after being shed, may influence cells of the immune system.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 137178803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have studied the impact of gangliosides on the expression of TNF in blood monocytes and in the monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 137178804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although under standard culture conditions, bovine brain gangliosides (100 micrograms/ml) suppressed LPS-stimulated TNF production 5-fold in PBMC and 10-fold in Mono Mac 6 cells, suppression was more efficient under serum-free conditions.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 137178805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Looking at highly purified gangliosides, GD3, GD1a, GM3, GM2, and GM1 were all effective in reducing TNF production in PBMC, and in Mono Mac 6 by factor 10 to 50.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 137178806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The suppressive activity was lost in molecules, lacking the sugar moiety or the lipid moiety.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 137178807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gangliosides appear to act at an early step of activation in that TNF transcripts were reduced and the mobilization of the nuclear factor kappa B was blocked.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 137178808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, in time kinetics, gangliosides were effective for up to 30 min after addition of LPS, but not thereafter.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 137178809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the expression of the CD14 Ag, a receptor molecule for LPS-LPS binding protein complexes, was unaffected by gangliosides.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 137178810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, when using Staphylococcus aureus or platelet activating factor as a stimulus, gangliosides were able to suppress TNF production in Mono Mac 6 cells by factor 5 to 10, as well.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 137178811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the other hand, phorbol ester-induced production of O2- was similar in cells treated with and without gangliosides.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 137178812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, our data demonstrate that TNF gene expression in monocytes induced by different types of stimuli can be blocked by gangliosides at an early step of signal transduction.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 137238801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A lymphoid cell-specific nuclear factor containing c-Rel-like proteins preferentially interacts with interleukin-6 kappa B-related motifs whose activities are repressed in lymphoid cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 137238802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The proto-oncoprotein c-Rel is a member of the nuclear factor kappa B transcription factor family, which includes the p50 and p65 subunits of nuclear factor kappa B.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 137238803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here that c-Rel binds to kappa B sites as homodimers as well as heterodimers with p50.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 137238804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These homodimers and heterodimers show distinct DNA-binding specificities and affinities for various kappa B motifs.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 137238805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In particular, the c-Rel homodimer has a high affinity for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and beta interferon kappa B sites.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 137238806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In spite of its association with p50 in vitro, however, we found a lymphoid cell-specific nuclear factor in vivo that contains c-Rel but not p50 epitopes; this factor, termed IL-6 kappa B binding factor II, appears to contain the c-Rel homodimer and preferentially recognizes several IL-6 kappa B-related kappa B motifs.@@@@1@57@@oe@16-12-2010 137238807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although it has been previously shown that the IL-6 kappa B motif functions as a potent IL-1/tumor necrosis factor-responsive element in nonlymphoid cells, its activity was found to be repressed in lymphoid cells such as a Jurkat T-cell line.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 137238808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also present evidence that IL-6 kappa B binding factor II functions as a repressor specific for IL-6 kappa B-related kappa B motifs in lymphoid cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 137461201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism of action of cyclosporin A and FK506.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 137461202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CsA and FK506 are powerful suppressors of the immune system, most notably of T cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 137461203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They act at a point in activation that lies between receptor ligation and the transcription of early genes.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 137461204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, Stuart Schreiber and Gerald Crabtree review recent findings that indicate CsA and FK506 operate as prodrugs: they bind endogenous intracellular receptors, the immunophilins, and the resulting complex targets the protein phosphatase, calcineurin, to exert the immunosuppressive effect.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 137532401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The promoter of the CD19 gene is a target for the B-cell-specific transcription factor BSAP.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 137532402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The CD19 protein is expressed on the surface of all B-lymphoid cells with the exception of terminally differentiated plasma cells and has been implicated as a signal-transducing receptor in the control of proliferation and differentiation.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 137532403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate complete correlation between the expression pattern of the CD19 gene and the B-cell-specific transcription factor BSAP in a large panel of B-lymphoid cell lines.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 137532404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human CD19 gene has been cloned, and several BSAP-binding sites have been mapped by in vitro protein-DNA binding studies.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 137532405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In particular, a high-affinity BSAP-binding site instead of a TATA sequence is located in the -30 promoter region upstream of a cluster of heterogeneous transcription start sites.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 137532406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, this site is occupied by BSAP in vivo in a CD19-expressing B-cell line but not in plasma or HeLa cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 137532407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This high-affinity site has been conserved in the promoters of both human and mouse CD19 genes and was furthermore shown to confer B-cell specificity to a beta-globin reporter gene in transient transfection experiments.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 137532408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, BSAP was found to be the only abundant DNA-binding activity of B-cell nuclear extracts that interacts with the CD19 promoter.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 137532409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Together, this evidence strongly implicates BSAP in the regulation of the CD19 gene.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 138024201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SRC-related proto-oncogenes and transcription factors in primary human T cells: modulation by cyclosporin A and FK506.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 138024202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of T lymphocytes induces transcription of genes encoding for lymphokines.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 138024203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene expression is controlled transcriptionally by the cooperative activity of specific trans-activating factors that bind to the IL-2 enhancer.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 138024204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 inhibit the production of IL-2 in T lymphocytes at the level of gene transcription.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 138024205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A member of the src gene family, the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase, p56lck, has been implicated in IL-2 production.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 138024206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CsA was found not to inhibit lck gene expression, nor the activity of the lck gene product.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 138024207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, CsA and FK506 inhibit the appearance of DNA binding activity of factors that bind to the NF-AT and AP-1 sites in the IL-2 enhancer.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 138024208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since the induction of NF-AT and AP-1 is induced by the same stimuli that stimulate IL-2 production, these results indicate that the immunosuppressant action of CsA and FK506 is exerted at the level of these trans-activating factors.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 138681101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Age-related changes in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes of healthy persons and patients with hypertension]@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 138681102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has been found that the number of glucocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood of healthy elderly subjects increases, while the number of mineralocorticoid receptors decreases.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 138681103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanisms of hormone-receptor interactions in hypertension are activated: the number of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid binding sites grows in hypertensive patients.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 138681104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Still a more essential rise in the number of receptors is observed in mid-age hypertensive patients than in elderly ones.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 138696201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The development of functionally responsive T cells.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 138696202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The work reviewed in this article separates T cell development into four phases.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 138696203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@First is an expansion phase prior to TCR rearrangement, which appears to be correlated with programming of at least some response genes for inducibility.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 138696204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This phase can occur to some extent outside of the thymus.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 138696205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the profound T cell deficit of nude mice indicates that the thymus is by far the most potent site for inducing the expansion per se, even if other sites can induce some response acquisition.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 138696206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Second is a controlled phase of TCR gene rearrangement.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 138696207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The details of the regulatory mechanism that selects particular loci for rearrangement are still not known.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 138696208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It seems that the rearrangement of the TCR gamma loci in the gamma delta lineage may not always take place at a developmental stage strictly equivalent to the rearrangement of TCR beta in the alpha beta lineage, and it is not clear just how early the two lineages diverge.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 138696209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the TCR alpha beta lineage, however, the final gene rearrangement events are accompanied by rapid proliferation and an interruption in cellular response gene inducibility.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 138696210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The loss of conventional responsiveness is probably caused by alterations at the level of signaling, and may be a manifestation of the physiological state that is a precondition for selection.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 138696211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Third is the complex process of selection.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 138696212@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas peripheral T cells can undergo forms of positive selection (by antigen-driven clonal expansion) and negative selection (by abortive stimulation leading to anergy or death), neither is exactly the same phenomenon that occurs in the thymic cortex.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 138696213@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Negative selection in the cortex appears to be a suicidal inversion of antigen responsiveness: instead of turning on IL-2 expression, the activated cell destroys its own chromatin.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 138696214@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The genes that need to be induced for this response are not yet identified, but it is unquestionably a form of activation.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 138696215@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is interesting that in humans and rats, cortical thymocytes undergoing negative selection can still induce IL-2R alpha expression and even be rescued in vitro, if exogenous IL-2 is provided.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 138696216@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Perhaps murine thymocytes are denied this form of rescue because they shut off IL-2R beta chain expression at an earlier stage or because they may be uncommonly Bcl-2 deficient (cf. Sentman et al., 1991; Strasser et al., 1991).@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 138696217@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Even so, medullary thymocytes remain at least partially susceptible to negative selection even as they continue to mature .@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 139797601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogen binding sites in peripheral blood monocytes and effects of danazol on their sites in vitro.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 139797602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1. This study was designed to investigate the presence of estrogen type I (high affinity, low capacity) and type II (low affinity, high capacity) binding sites in human peripheral blood monocytes and the effects of danazol on these sites.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 139797603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@2. These two types of estrogen binding sites existed in human peripheral blood monocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 139797604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@3. Danazol bound to these sites in high concentration (10(-6) M, clinical serum concentration during danazol therapy) and decreased the number of both sites.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 139797605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@4. It is suggested that danazol has an anti-estrogenic action to the monocytes through the competition and suppression of estrogen binding sites as seen in the estrogen target organ.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 139820501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Mechanism of action of steroid hormones. I. Estrogens]@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 139820502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The steroid hormone are very versatile molecules: although they are related among them by their chemical structure, they have very diverse functions and including antagonic.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 139820503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Their action mechanism is not completely cleared.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 139820504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The estrogens participate in the regulation of practically all the reproductive and sexual events of the female, although the intracellular actions by which they take place are not well known and the proposed models do not adequately satisfy the questions.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 139820505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Currently it is accepted the existence of a cytoplasmic and/or nuclear receptor, without explaining satisfactorily how the hormones come to the nucleus.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 139820506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The endocrine events that are rapidly expressed (seconds) are due to a possible interaction with cellular membrane.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 139820507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The purpose of this review is to analyze and concilliate the reported data on the mechanism of action of estrogens.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 140266101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stable expression of transdominant Rev protein in human T cells inhibits human immunodeficiency virus replication.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 140266102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Rev protein is essential for viral structural protein expression (Gag, Pol, and Env) and, hence, for viral replication.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 140266103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In transient transfection assays, mutant forms of Rev have been identified that inhibit wild-type Rev activity and therefore suppress viral replication.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 140266104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine whether such transdominant Rev proteins could provide long-term protection against HIV infection without affecting T cell function, T leukemia cell lines were stably transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a transdominant mutant of the Rev protein, M10.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 140266105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While all the M10-expressing cell lines remained infectable by HIV-1, these same cells failed to support a productive replication cycle when infected with a cloned isolate of HIV-1.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 140266106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, two out of three M10-expressing CEM clones were also resistant to highly productive infection by a heterogeneous HIV-1 pool.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 140266107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of M10 did not affect induction of HIV transcription mediated by the kappa B regulatory element or Tat.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 140266108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Importantly, constitutive expression of Rev M10 did not alter the secretion of interleukin 2 in response to mitogen stimulation of EL-4 and Jurkat cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 140266109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibition of HIV infection in cells stably expressing a transdominant Rev protein, in the absence of any deleterious effect on T cell function, suggests that such a strategy could provide a therapeutic effect in the T lymphocytes of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 140412401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptor in patients with lupus nephritis: relationship between receptor levels in mononuclear leukocytes and effect of glucocorticoid therapy.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 140412402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated the clinical significance of glucocorticoid receptor determination in 20 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who afterwards developed nephrotic syndrome.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 140412403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) in these patients were comparable with those in both other patients with SLE and healthy persons.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 140412404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Improvement in urinary protein excretion and in disease activity, which was scored according to the SLE Disease Activity Index system of the University of Toronto, closely related to the glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in MNL isolated from the corresponding patients.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 140412405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In summary, glucocorticoid receptor determination in patients with lupus nephritis may be a predictive clue for assessing responsiveness to glucocorticoid therapy.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 140663001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Selection of optimal kappa B/Rel DNA-binding motifs: interaction of both subunits of NF-kappa B with DNA is required for transcriptional activation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 140663002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of the p50 and p65 subunits of the NF-kappa B transcription factor complex has revealed that both proteins can interact with related DNA sequences through either homo- or heterodimer formation.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 140663003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the product of the proto-oncogene c-rel can bind to similar DNA motifs by itself or as a heterodimer with p50 or p65.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 140663004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, these studies have used a limited number of known kappa B DNA motifs, and the question of the optimal DNA sequences preferred by each homodimer has not been addressed.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 140663005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using purified recombinant p50, p65, and c-Rel proteins, optimal DNA-binding motifs were selected from a pool of random oligonucleotides.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 140663006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alignment of the selected sequences allowed us to predict a consensus sequence for binding of the individual homodimeric Rel-related proteins, and DNA-protein binding analysis of the selected DNA sequences revealed sequence specificity of the proteins.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 140663007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Contrary to previous assumptions, we observed that p65 homodimers can interact with a subset of DNA sequences not recognized by p50 homodimers.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 140663008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differential binding affinities were also obtained with p50- and c-Rel-selected sequences.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 140663009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using either a p50- or p65- selected kappa B motif, which displayed differential binding with respect to the other protein, little to no binding was observed with the heterodimeric NF-kappa B complex.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 140663010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similarly, in transfection experiments in which the selective kappa B binding sites were used to drive the expression of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter construct, the p65- and p50-selected motifs were activated only in the presence of p65 and p50/65 (a chimeric protein with the p50 DNA binding domain and p65 activation domain) expression vectors, respectively, and neither demonstrated a significant response to stimuli that induce NF-kappa B activity.@@@@1@75@@oe@16-12-2010 140663011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings demonstrate that interaction of both subunits of the heterodimeric NF-kappa B complex with DNA is required for DNA binding and transcriptional activation and suggest that transcriptional activation mediated by the individual rel-related proteins will differ dramatically, depending on the specific kappa B motifs present.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 140693901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The candidate oncoprotein Bcl-3 is an antagonist of p50/NF-kappa B-mediated inhibition.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 140693902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The candidate oncogene bcl-3 was discovered as a translocation into the immunoglobulin alpha-locus in some cases of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemias.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 140693903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein Bcl-3 contains seven so-called ankyrin repeats.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 140693904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar repeat motifs are found in a number of diverse regulatory proteins but the motifs of Bcl-3 are most closely related to those found in I kappa B proteins in which the ankyrin repeat domain is thought to be directly involved in inhibition of NF-kappa B activity.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 140693905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No biological function has yet been described for Bcl-3, but it was noted recently that Bcl-3 interferes with DNA-binding of the p50 subunit of NF-kappa B in vitro.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 140693906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate that Bcl-3 can aid kappa B site-dependent transcription in vivo by counteracting the inhibitory effects of p50/NF-kappa B homodimers.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 140693907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bcl-3 may therefore aid activation of select NF-kappa B-regulated genes, including those of the human immunodeficiency virus.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 141124901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A microtitre assay system for glucocorticoid receptors: decreased receptor concentration in myocardial infarction.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 141124902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A major difficulty in determination of glucocorticoid receptor sites is the very complicated assay procedure.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 141124903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, we describe a microtitre assay system for glucocorticoid receptors which is a whole-cell competitive binding radioassay using [3H]-dexamethasone as radioligand.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 141124904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This modification of a previously described protocol simplifies and reduces laboratory work and allows assay reproducibility to be controlled more reliably.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 141124905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus enabled to perform the test on multiple blood samples in parallel, we investigated cardiac infarction patients over a 12-day period to test if glucocorticoid receptor binding is altered in this 'stressful' disease.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 141124906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the first day of the disease, glucocorticoid receptor capacity was significantly decreased without alteration of the receptor-ligand affinity, whereas on days 4 and 12 the number of receptor sites was normal again.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 141124907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This result fits well into the general observation of stress-induced down-regulation of immune responses.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 141990301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of c-jun expression during induction of monocytic differentiation by okadaic acid.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 141990302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present work has examined the effects of okadaic acid, an inhibitor of type 1 and 2A protein phosphatases, on the regulation of c-jun expression during monocytic differentiation of U-937 leukemia cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 141990303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results demonstrate that okadaic acid treatment is associated with induction of a differentiated monocyte phenotype characterized by: (a) growth arrest; (b) increases in Mac-1 cell surface antigen expression; (c) down-regulation of c-myc transcripts; and (d) induction of tumor necrosis factor gene expression.@@@@1@56@@oe@16-12-2010 141990304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This induction of monocytic differentiation was associated with transient increases in c-jun mRNA levels, which were maximal at 6 h.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 141990305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar effects were obtained for the c-fos gene.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 141990306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Run-on analysis demonstrated detectable levels of c-jun transcription in U-937 cells and that this rate is increased approximately 40-fold following okadaic acid exposure.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 141990307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-jun mRNA levels were superinduced in cells treated with both okadaic acid and cycloheximide, whereas inhibition of protein synthesis had little, if any, effect on okadaic acid-induced c-jun transcription.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 141990308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The half-life of c-jun mRNA was similar (45-50 min) in both untreated and okadaic acid-induced cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 141990309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, treatment with both okadaic acid and cycloheximide was associated with stabilization (t 1/2 = 90 min) of c-jun transcripts.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 141990310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these findings indicate that the induction of c-jun transcription by okadaic acid is controlled primarily by a transcriptional mechanism.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 141990311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since previous studies have demonstrated that the c-jun gene is autoinduced by Jun/AP-1, we also studied transcription of c-jun promoter (positions -132/+170)-reporter gene constructs with and without a mutated AP-1 element.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 141990312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 141990501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of NF-kappa B by interleukin 2 in human blood monocytes.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 141990502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report here that interleukin 2 (IL-2) acts on human blood monocytes by enhancing binding activity of the transcription factor NF-kappa B to its consensus sequence in the 5' regulatory enhancer region of the IL-2 receptor alpha chain (p55).@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 141990503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similarly, IL-2 activates NF-kappa B in the human monocytic cell line U 937, but not in resting human T-cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 141990504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This effect is detectable within 15 min and peaks 1 h after exposure to IL-2.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 141990505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhanced NF-kappa B binding activity is followed by functional activation in that inducibility of the IL-2 receptor alpha chain is mediated by enhanced NF-kappa B binding and that a heterologous promoter containing the NF-kappa B consensus sequence (-291 to -245) of the IL-2 receptor alpha chain gene is activated.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 141990506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, IL-2 is capable of increasing transcript levels of the p50 gene coding for the p50 subunit of the NF-kappa B transcription factor, whereas mRNA levels of the p65 NF-kappa B gene remained unchanged.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 142120701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Single point estimation of glucocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes of normal subjects and of children under long term glucocorticoid treatment.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 142120702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A single point assay of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in human lymphocytes based on the measurement of specific dexamethasone binding has been developed and compared with a common multi-point Scatchard analysis.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 142120703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The assay conditions-concentration of the ligand 20 nmol/l, incubation time 2 h and the cell count 2-6 mil. cells/tube in the assay volume 0.25 ml were found to be optimal.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 142120704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An attempt was also undertaken to use a cell harvester for the separation of cells from unbound ligand.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 142120705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Though specifically bound dexamethasone measured by whole-cell assay and that using cell harvester correlated well, almost by one order lower values obtained with the latter method render it non-applicable for receptor quantitation.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 142120706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results from 9 healthy volunteers (average GR concentration 7131 +/- 1256 sites/cell) correlated excellently with those obtained by the Scatchard analysis.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 142120707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The single point assay has been also applied for determination of GH in 10 children treated with large doses of prednisone.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 142120708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The average values from healthy volunteers did not differ significantly from those found in these children, though much broader range was found in patients.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 142359101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel B cell-derived coactivator potentiates the activation of immunoglobulin promoters by octamer-binding transcription factors.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 142359102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel B cell-restricted activity, required for high levels of octamer/Oct-dependent transcription from an immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) promoter, was detected in an in vitro system consisting of HeLa cell-derived extracts complemented with fractionated B cell nuclear proteins.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 142359103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The factor responsible for this activity was designated Oct coactivator from B cells (OCA-B).@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 142359104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OCA-B stimulates the transcription from an IgH promoter in conjunction with either Oct-1 or Oct-2 but shows no significant effect on the octamer/Oct-dependent transcription of the ubiquitously expressed histone H2B promoter and the transcription of USF- and Sp1-regulated promoters.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 142359105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, our results suggest that OCA-B is a tissue-, promoter-, and factor-specific coactivator and that OCA-B may be a major determinant for B cell-specific activation of immunoglobulin promoters.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 142359106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In light of the evidence showing physical and functional interactions between Oct factors and OCA-B, we propose a mechanism of action for OCA-B and discuss the implications of OCA-B for the transcriptional regulation of other tissue-specific promoters.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 142956201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The regulation of the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter region in macrophage, T cell, and B cell lines.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 142956202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 1311-base pair human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha promoter region was fused to the luciferase (Luc) reporter gene and studied in a transient transfection system in three TNF producing cell lines, the U937 macrophage cell line, the MLA 144 T cell line, and the 729-6 B cell line.@@@@1@57@@oe@16-12-2010 142956203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This full length promoter construct can be induced by phorbol 13-myristate acetate (PMA) in each of these cell types.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 142956204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of a series of 5'-truncations showed several peaks of basal and PMA induced activity suggesting the presence of several positive and negative regulatory elements.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 142956205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A PMA responsive element was localized to a region between -95 and -36 bp relative to the transcription start site.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 142956206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within this region, single AP-2- and AP-1- like consensus sequences were noted.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 142956207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These AP-2 and AP-1 sites were each modified with a double point mutation.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 142956208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A modest (20-50%) reduction in TNF promoter activity was observed with the AP-2 site mutation.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 142956209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, mutation of the AP-1 site markedly diminished both the basal and PMA-activated promoter activity.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 142956210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Also co-transfections of the wild-type promoter construct with an AP-1/c-jun expression vector resulted in augmented basal and PMA-induced promoter activity.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 143111301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Redox status of cells influences constitutive or induced NF-kappa B translocation and HIV long terminal repeat activity in human T and monocytic cell lines.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 143111302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have tested the hypothesis that cellular activation events occurring in T lymphocytes and monocytes and mediated through translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B are dependent upon the constitutive redox status of these cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 143111303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We used phenolic, lipid-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidants (butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), nordihydroquairetic acid, or alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) to show that peroxyl radical scavenging in unstimulated and PMA- or TNF-stimulated cells blocks the functions depending on NF-kappa B activation.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 143111304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BHA was found to suppress not only PMA- or TNF-induced, but also constitutive, HIV-enhancer activity concomitant to an inhibition of NF-kappa B binding activity in both lymphoblastoid T (J.Jhan) and monocytic (U937) cell lines.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 143111305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This was also true for KBF (p50 homodimer) binding activity in U937 cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 143111306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Secretion of TNF, the product of another NF-kappa B-dependent gene, was abolished by BHA in PMA-stimulated U937 cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 143111307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The anti-oxidative effect of BHA was accompanied by an increase in thiol, but not glutathione, content in stimulated and unstimulated T cell, whereas TNF stimulation itself barely modified the cellular thiol level.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 143111308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oxidative stress obtained by the addition of H2O2 to the culture medium of J.Jhan or U937 cells could not by itself induce NF-kappa B activation.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 143111309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations suggest that TNF and PMA do not lead to NF-kappa B activation through induction of changes in the cell redox status.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 143111310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rather, TNF and PMA can exert their effect only if cells are in an appropriate redox status, because prior modification toward reduction with BHA treatment prevents this activation.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 143111311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It appears that a basal redox equilibrium tending toward oxidation is a prerequisite for full activation of transduction pathways regulating the activity of NF-kappa B-dependent genes.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 143494401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of c-fos, c-jun and jun B in peripheral blood lymphocytes from young and elderly adults.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 143494402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of c-fos, c-jun and jun B proto-oncogenes was studied in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from young and aged humans.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 143494403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific mRNAs for c-fos and c-jun were detectable within 30 min after cell activation and reached maximal levels within 2 h.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 143494404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both c-fos and jun B mRNAs decreased to pre-activation levels within 6 h, while c-jun mRNA remained elevated.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 143494405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In PHA-activated PBL, no age-related differences were observed in c-fos or jun B mRNA expression.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 143494406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, c-jun mRNA levels decreased significantly (1.73 +/- 0.08 vs. 1.16 +/- 0.09 arbitrary units, P < 0.01, young vs. old) in PBL from elderly individuals activated with PHA.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 143494407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because previous work has demonstrated that T cells from elderly individuals may display normal proliferative responses when activated via the anti-CD2 pathway, c-jun and jun B mRNA expression was also studied in anti-CD2-activated purified T cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 143494408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No age-related differences were found in the expression of either of these two proto-oncogenes by anti-CD2 activated T cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 143494409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that the decreased IL-2 production and proliferative response displayed by PHA-activated PBL from elderly adults may be related to age-related changes in c-jun mRNA expression and in the ratio of c-fos to c-jun mRNA.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 143756001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of a novel T lymphocyte protein which binds to a site related to steroid/thyroid hormone receptor response elements in the negative regulatory sequence of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 143756002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously identified a T lymphocyte protein which binds to a site within the LTR of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and exerts an inhibitory effect on virus gene expression.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 143756003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The palindromic site (site B) recognized by this protein is related to the palindromic binding sites of members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor family.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 143756004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we characterize the T cell protein binding to this site as a 100 kD protein which is most abundant in T cells and which binds to site B as a 200 kD complex.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 143756005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This protein is distinct from other members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor family including the COUP protein which has a closely related DNA binding specificity.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 144313001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Membrane receptors for aldosterone: a novel pathway for mineralocorticoid action.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 144313002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rapid nongenomic in vitro effects of aldosterone on intracellular electrolytes, cell volume, and Na(+)-H+ antiport have been found in human mononuclear leukocytes (HML).@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 144313003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of 125I-labeled aldosterone to plasma membranes of HML shares important features with these functional data.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 144313004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This includes a very low apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.1 nM for both aldosterone and the effect on the Na(+)-H(+)-antiport, a high turnover rate, and the almost exclusive binding selectivity for aldosterone.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 144313005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dexamethasone, RU 26988, corticosterone, ouabain, amiloride, and 18-hydroxyprogesterone were inactive as ligands.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 144313006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deoxycorticosterone acetate had an intermediate activity with an apparent Kd of 100 nM.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 144313007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings are the first to demonstrate membrane binding of aldosterone being compatible with major aspects of its nongenomic effects.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 144893101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Natural variants of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat: analysis of promoters with duplicated DNA regulatory motifs.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 144893102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sequence variation in the long terminal repeat (LTR) region of HIV-1 was analyzed in viral isolates of 17 infected individuals.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 144893103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two classes of LTR size variants were found.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 144893104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One HIV-1 variant was detected containing an additional binding site for the transcription factor Sp1.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 144893105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Another LTR size variation was observed in four patients in a region just upstream of the NF-kappa B enhancer.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 144893106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This variation was the result of a duplication of a short DNA sequence (CTG-motif).@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 144893107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell culture experiments demonstrated that the natural variant with four Sp1 sites had a slightly higher promoter activity and viral replication rate than the isogenic control LTR with three Sp1 sites.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 144893108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No positive effect of the duplicated CTG-motif could be detected.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 144893109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to measure small differences in virus production more accurately, equal amounts of a size variant and the wild-type plasmid were cotransfected into T-cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 144893110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The virus with four Sp1 sites did outgrow the three Sp1 virus in 35 days of culture and CTG-monomer virus outcompeted the CTG-dimer virus in 42 days.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 144893111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Based on these results we estimate a 5-10% difference in virus production of the LTR variants when compared to that of wild-type.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 145301301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SCL and related hemopoietic helix-loop-helix transcription factors.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 145301302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins are a family of transcription factors that include proteins critical to differentiation and development in species ranging from plants to mammals.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 145301303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Five members of this family (MYC, SCL, TAL-2, LYL-1 and E2A) are implicated in oncogenic events in human lymphoid tumors because of their consistent involvement in chromosomal translocations.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 145301304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although activated in T cell leukemias, expression of SCL and LYL-1 is low or undetectable in normal T cell populations.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 145301305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SCL is expressed in erythroid, megakaryocyte and mast cell populations (the same cell lineages as GATA-1, a zinc-finger transcription factor).@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 145301306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, both SCL and GATA-1 undergo coordinate modulation during chemically induced erythroid differentiation of mouse erythroleukemia cells and are down-modulated during myeloid differentiation of human K562 cells, thus implying a role for SCL in erythroid differentiation events.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 145301307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in contrast to GATA-1, SCL is expressed in the developing brain.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 145301308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies of the function of SCL suggest it is also important in proliferation and self-renewal events in erythroid cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 145480101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription of the hypersensitive site HS2 enhancer in erythroid cells.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 145480102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the human genome, the erythroid-specific hypersensitive site HS2 enhancer regulates the transcription of the downstream beta-like globin genes 10-50 kilobases away.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 145480103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism of HS2 enhancer function is not known.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 145480104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study employs RNA protection assays to analyze the transcriptional status of the HS2 enhancer in transfected recombinant chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) plasmids.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 145480105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In erythroid K562 cells in which the HS2 enhancer is active, the HS2 sequence directs the synthesis of long enhancer transcripts that are initiated apparently from within the enhancer and elongated through the intervening DNA into the cis-linked CAT gene.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 145480106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In nonerythroid HL-60 cells in which the HS2 enhancer is inactive, long enhancer transcripts are not detectable.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 145480107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Splitting the HS2 enhancer between two tandem Ap1 sites abolishes the synthesis of a group of long enhancer transcripts and results in loss of enhancer function and transcriptional silencing of the cis-linked CAT gene.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 145480108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In directing the synthesis of RNA through the intervening DNA and the gene by a tracking and transcription mechanism, the HS2 enhancer may (i) open up the chromatin structure of a gene domain and (ii) deliver enhancer binding proteins to the promoter sequence where they may stimulate the transcription of the gene at the cap site.@@@@1@62@@oe@16-12-2010 146473601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phorbol ester reduces constitutive nuclear NF kappa B and inhibits HIV-1 production in mature human monocytic cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 146473602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF kappa B is a potent mediator of specific gene expression in human monocytes and has been shown to play a role in transcription of the HIV-1 genome in promonocytic leukemias.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 146473603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There is little information available on the response of NF kappa B to cytokines in normal human monocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 146473604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have used a 32P-labeled oligonucleotide derived from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) long terminal repeat, which contains a tandem repeat of the NF kappa B binding sequence, as a probe in a gel retardation assay to study this transcription factor.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 146473605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using this assay, we have detected NF kappa B in extracts of nuclei from normal human monocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 146473606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of normal monocytes with 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) for 4-24 h caused the complete disappearance of NF kappa B from nuclear extracts of monocytes.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 146473607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A similar result was obtained with the mature monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 146473608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The constitutive transcription factor SP1 was unaffected by addition of TPA.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 146473609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The disappearance of NF kappa B from the nucleus was concentration dependent between 10 and 50 ng/ml of phorbol ester.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 146473610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In THP-1 cells, TPA also induced a new, faster-migrating NF kappa B species not induced in monocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 146473611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine, but not cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitor HA-1004, also dramatically reduced constitutive levels of nuclear NF kappa B.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 146473612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, TPA addition to monocytes infected with HIV-1 inhibited HIV-1 replication, as determined by reverse transcriptase assays, in a concentration-dependent manner.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 146473613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results are in striking contrast to the increase in nuclear NF kappa B and HIV-1 replication induced by phorbol esters in promonocytic leukemia cells U937 and HL-60, and emphasize the importance of studying cytokine regulation of HIV-1 in normal monocytes.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 147091801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Targeted degradation of c-Fos, but not v-Fos, by a phosphorylation-dependent signal on c-Jun.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 147091802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The proto-oncogene products c-Fos and c-Jun heterodimerize through their leucine zippers to form the AP-1 transcription factor.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 147091803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcriptional activity of the heterodimer is regulated by signal-dependent phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 147091804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The stability of c-Fos was found to also be controlled by intracellular signal transduction.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 147091805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In transient expression and in vitro degradation experiments, the stability of c-Fos was decreased when the protein was dimerized with phosphorylated c-Jun.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 147091806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-Jun protein isolated from phorbol ester-induced cells did not target c-Fos for degradation, which suggests that c-Fos is transiently stabilized after stimulation of cell growth.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 147091807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@v-Fos protein, the retroviral counterpart of c-Fos, was not susceptible to degradation targeted by c-Jun.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 147205701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutations in the Pit-1 gene in children with combined pituitary hormone deficiency.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 147205702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pit-1 is a pituitary-specific transcription factor that binds to and transactivates promoters of growth hormone and prolactin genes.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 147205703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In three unrelated Japanese children with combined pituitary hormone deficiency, we identified three point mutations in the Pit-1 gene, Pro24Leu, Arg143Gln, and Arg271Trp, located on the major transactivation region, POU-specific domain, and POU-homeodomain, respectively.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 147801101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The use of interferon-gamma-treated U937 cells in chemiluminescence assays to detect red cell, platelet and granulocyte antibodies of potential clinical significance.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 147801102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The chemiluminescent (CL) response of interferon-gamma-treated U937 (IFN-U937) cells to sensitized target cells has been used to detect red cell, platelet and granulocyte antibodies.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 147801103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A clone of U937 cells was selected which expressed Fc receptor I (Fc gamma RI) and which, after incubation with IFN-gamma for 72 h, was capable of generating high levels of lucigenin-enhanced CL.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 147801104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The CL responses of IFN-U937 cells and peripheral blood human monocytes to sensitized red cells, platelets or granulocytes were then compared.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 147801105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Assays using monocytes or IFN-U937 cells were of comparable sensitivity for detection of antibodies against all three types of target cell.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 147801106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the use of IFN-U937 cells reduced interassay variation and simplified assay performance.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 147801107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The potential clinical usefulness of these CL assays was suggested by the ability of both monocytes and IFN-U937 cells to respond to red cells, platelets or granulocytes sensitized with sera from pregnant women whose babies had either haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), alloimmune thrombocytopenia or alloimmune neutropenia respectively.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 147801108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, monocytes and IFN-U937 cells both responded to red cells sensitized with antibodies against a variety of specificities of assumed (although not documented) clinical significance for blood transfusion recipients.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 147801109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, monocytes and IFN-U937 cells responded only weakly to red cells sensitized with either anti-D in sera from mothers of babies unaffected by HDN, or with antisera containing high titre antibodies with specificities not normally associated with significantly reduced red cell survival.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 148235701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Photoaffinity labeling of plasma membrane receptors for aldosterone from human mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 148235702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Non-genomic effects of aldosterone on the sodium-proton-antiport have been shown in human mononuclear leukocytes which could be related to a new aldosterone membrane receptor.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 148235703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present paper plasma membranes from human mononuclear leukocytes were covalently photolabeled with a [125I]-aldosterone derivative.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 148235704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed significant aldosterone binding at a molecular weight of approximately 50000 Dalton which was absent with 1 microM cold aldosterone, but not cortisol in the binding media.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 148235705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of the sulfhydryl agent dithiothreitol did not affect results suggesting the absence of disulfide bridges in the steroid binding domain of the receptor.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 148235706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data are the first to define the molecular weight of the membrane receptor for aldosterone.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 148237601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alpha-lipoic acid is a potent inhibitor of NF-kappa B activation in human T cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 148237602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) results from infection with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 148237603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The long terminal repeat (LTR) region of HIV proviral DNA contains binding sites for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), and this transcriptional activator appears to regulate HIV activation.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 148237604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent findings suggest an involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in signal transduction pathways leading to NF-kappa B activation.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 148237605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study was based on reports that antioxidants which eliminate ROS should block the activation of NF-kappa B and subsequently HIV transcription, and thus antioxidants can be used as therapeutic agents for AIDS.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 148237606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Incubation of Jurkat T cells (1 x 10(6) cells/ml) with a natural thiol antioxidant, alpha-lipoic acid, prior to the stimulation of cells was found to inhibit NF-kappa B activation induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (25 ng/ml) or by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (50 ng/ml).@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 148237607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibitory action of alpha-lipoic acid was found to be very potent as only 4 mM was needed for a complete inhibition, whereas 20 mM was required for N-acetylcysteine.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 148237608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that alpha-lipoic acid may be effective in AIDS therapeutics.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 149212101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of lymphokine genes in T cells: role of cis-acting DNA elements that respond to T cell activation signals.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 149212102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of T cells is initiated by the recognition of antigen on antigen presenting cells to exert the effector functions in immune and inflammatory responses.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 149212103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two types of helper T cell (Th) clones (Th1 and Th2) are defined on the basis of different patterns of cytokine (lymphokine) secretion.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 149212104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They determine the outcome of an antigenic response toward humoral or cell-mediated immunity.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 149212105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although lymphokine genes are coordinately regulated upon antigen stimulation, they are regulated by the mechanisms common to all as well as those which are unique to each gene.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 149212106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For most lymphokine genes, a combination of phorbol esters (phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate, PMA) and calcium ionophores (A23187) is required for their maximal induction.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 149212107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Yet phorbol ester alone or calcium ionophore alone produce several lymphokines.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 149212108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The production of the granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is completely dependent on the two signals.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 149212109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously found a cis-acting region spanning the GM-CSF promoter region (positions -95 to +27) that confers inducibility to reporter genes in transient transfection assays.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 149212110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further analysis identified three elements required for efficient induction, referred to as GM2, GC-box and conserved lymphokine element (CLE0).@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 149212111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GM2 defines a binding site for protein(s) whose binding is inducible by PMA.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 149212112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One protein, NF-GM2 is similar to the transcription factor NF-kB.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 149212113@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GC-box is a binding site for constitutively bound proteins.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 149212114@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CLEO defines a binding site for protein(s) whose optimum binding is stimulated by PMA and A23187.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 149212115@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Viral trans-activators such as Tax (human T cell leukemia virus-1, HTLV-1) and E2 (bovine papilloma virus, BPV) proteins are other agents which activate lymphokine gene expression by bypassing T cell receptor (TCR) mediated signaling.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 149212116@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The trans-activation domain of E2 and Tax is interchangeable although they have no obvious sequence homology between them.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 149212117@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The viral trans-activators appear to target specific DNA binding protein such as NF-kB and Sp1 to cis-acting DNA site and promote lymphokine gene expression without TCR-mediated stimulation.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 149333301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@I kappa B/MAD-3 masks the nuclear localization signal of NF-kappa B p65 and requires the transactivation domain to inhibit NF-kappa B p65 DNA binding.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 149333302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The active nuclear form of the NF-kappa B transcription factor complex is composed of two DNA binding subunits, NF-kappa B p65 and NF-kappa B p50, both of which share extensive N-terminal sequence homology with the v-rel oncogene product.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 149333303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NF-kappa B p65 subunit provides the transactivation activity in this complex and serves as an intracellular receptor for a cytoplasmic inhibitor of NF-kappa B, termed I kappa B.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 149333304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, NF-kappa B p50 alone fails to stimulate kappa B-directed transcription, and based on prior in vitro studies, is not directly regulated by I kappa B.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 149333305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate the molecular basis for the critical regulatory interaction between NF-kappa B and I kappa B/MAD-3, a series of human NF-kappa B p65 mutants was identified that functionally segregated DNA binding, I kappa B-mediated inhibition, and I kappa B-induced nuclear exclusion of this transcription factor.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 149333306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Results from in vivo expression studies performed with these NF-kappa B p65 mutants revealed the following: 1) I kappa B/MAD-3 completely inhibits NF-kappa B p65-dependent transcriptional activation mediated through the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 kappa B enhancer in human T lymphocytes, 2) the binding of I kappa B/MAD-3 to NF-kappa B p65 is sufficient to retarget NF-kappa B p65 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, 3) selective deletion of the functional nuclear localization signal present in the Rel homology domain of NF-kappa B p65 disrupts its ability to engage I kappa B/MAD-3, and 4) the unique C-terminus of NF-kappa B p65 attenuates its own nuclear localization and contains sequences that are required for I kappa B-mediated inhibition of NF-kappa B p65 DNA binding activity.@@@@1@134@@oe@16-12-2010 149333307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Together, these findings suggest that the nuclear localization signal and transactivation domain of NF-kappa B p65 constitute a bipartite system that is critically involved in the inhibitory function of I kappa B/MAD-3.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 149333308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unexpectedly, our in vivo studies also demonstrate that I kappa B/MAD-3 binds directly to NF-kappa B p50.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 149333309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This interaction is functional as it leads to retargeting of NF-kappa B p50 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 149333310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, no loss of DNA binding activity is observed, presumably reflecting the unique C-terminal domain that is distinct from that present in NF-kappa B p65.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 149337001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surrogate thyroglobulin receptors and T cell proliferation in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 149337002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunoglobulin molecules on the surface of a B lymphocyte are the endogenous "receptors" to which specific antigens bind.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 149337003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies in mice have shown that a monoclonal antibody, conjugated with palmitate to provide a lipid tail, can be inserted into the cell membrane to provide a "surrogate" antigen receptor.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 149337004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have investigated whether a palmitate conjugate of a human monoclonal antibody specific for thyroglobulin (TG) could function as a surrogate TG receptor on blood mononuclear cells separated into fractions enriched for T cells or depleted of T cells (non-T cells).@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 149337005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using flow cytometry, we detected surrogate TG receptors on non-T (but not on T) cells from 11 of 11 individuals studied (5 Hashimoto patients and 6 control donors).@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 149337006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, endogenous TG receptors could only be detected on non-T cells from 1 of 3 Hashimoto patients and from 0 of 4 control donors.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 149337007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because of the efficient binding of TG by surrogate receptors on non-T cells, we assessed the ability of such cells to present TG to T cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 149337008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proliferation in response to TG was observed in T cells from only 1 of 5 Hashimoto patients.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 149337009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This low frequency of response was no different from that previously detected using cultures of T cells and autologous dendritic cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 149337010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, the successful generation of surrogate receptors on non-T cells is not associated with more efficient TG presentation of T cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 149337011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the significance of the present study is that the T cells, not the antigen-presenting cells, are likely to be the limiting element in the T cell proliferative response to TG and other thyroid autoantigens.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 150217101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo footprint analysis of the HLA-DRA gene promoter: cell-specific interaction at the octamer site and up-regulation of X box binding by interferon gamma.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 150217102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of the major histocompatibility complex class II gene promoter DRA has previously identified at least five cis-acting regions required for maximal expression.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 150217103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined the DRA promoter for protein-DNA interactions in the intact cell, which may mediate transcriptional activation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 150217104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using in vivo genomic footprinting we identified interactions in B-cell lines at the octamer site and the Y, X1, and X2 boxes.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 150217105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Class II antigen expressing T-cell lines maintained contacts identical to B-cell lines, while class II-negative T-cell lines exhibited no interactions.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 150217106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In lymphoid cell lines, the octamer site is occupied and required for maximal expression.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 150217107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is most likely due to the presence of the lymphoid-specific OTF-2 factor.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 150217108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the class II-positive nonlymphoid glioblastoma cell line does not exhibit interactions at the octamer site despite the presence of the ubiquitous OTF-1 factor and an open binding site.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 150217109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the DRA promoter discriminates against OTF-1 activation at the level of DNA binding in the glioblastoma line.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 150217110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferon gamma induces class II expression in this glioblastoma cell line and, in parallel, up-regulates X1 and X2 box protein-DNA interactions, while all other interactions remain unchanged.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 150217111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that interferon gamma functions on a poised promoter by altering weak, nonproductive interactions at the X boxes to strong interactions.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 150217112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings provide direct in vivo evidence to strongly suggest that the modulation of X1 and X2 interactions is an important constituent of the interferon gamma induction pathway.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 150217901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Simple derivation of TFIID-dependent RNA polymerase II transcription systems from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and other organisms, and factors required for transcriptional activation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 150217902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Resolution of whole cell extract through two chromatographic steps yields a single protein fraction requiring only the addition of TFIID for the initiation of transcription at RNA polymerase II promoters.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 150217903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This approach allows the convenient generation of RNA polymerase II transcription systems from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, human lymphocytes, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 150217904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TFIIDs from all three organisms are interchangeable among all three systems.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 150217905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The S. cerevisiae and Sch. pombe systems support effects of acidic activator proteins, provided a further protein fraction from S. cerevisiae is supplied.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 150217906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This further fraction is distinct from the mediator of transcriptional activation described previously and represents a second component in addition to general initiation factors that may facilitate a response to acidic activators.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 150220201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B-dependent induction of the NF-kappa B p50 subunit gene promoter underlies self-perpetuation of human immunodeficiency virus transcription in monocytic cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 150220202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The molecular mechanisms underlying the sustained nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B observed in U937 monocytic cells chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were studied.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 150220203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activity of the promoter regulating the synthesis of the p105 precursor of the NF-kappa B p50 subunit was enhanced in these cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 150220204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletions in this promoter indicated that this upregulation was mediated through the NF-kappa B- but not the AP-1-binding motif, by bona fide p50/p65 heterodimers.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 150220205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of cytosolic extracts indicated that NF-kappa B levels were increased in HIV-infected cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 150220206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to the transient NF-kappa B activation induced by phorbol ester, the permanent NF-kappa B translocation induced by HIV infection was not dependent on PKC isoenzymes alpha and beta as shown by the use of a specific inhibitor (GF 109203X).@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 150220207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations indicate that during chronic HIV infection of U937 cells, continuous NF-kappa B (p50/p65) translocation results in p105 promoter upregulation with subsequent cytosolic NF-kappa B accumulation, ready for further translocation.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 150220208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This HIV-mediated mechanism results in a self-perpetuating loop of NF-kappa B production.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 150552301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TAR-independent transactivation by Tat in cells derived from the CNS: a novel mechanism of HIV-1 gene regulation.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 150552302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is essential for productive infection and is a potential target for antiviral therapy.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 150552303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tat, a potent activator of HIV-1 gene expression, serves to greatly increase the rate of transcription directed by the viral promoter.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 150552304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This induction, which seems to be an important component in the progression of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), may be due to increased transcriptional initiation, increased transcriptional elongation, or a combination of these processes.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 150552305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Much attention has been focused on the interaction of Tat with a specific RNA target termed TAR (transactivation responsive) which is present in the leader sequence of all HIV-1 mRNAs.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 150552306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This interaction is believed to be an important component of the mechanism of transactivation.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 150552307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report we demonstrate that in certain CNS-derived cells Tat is capable of activating HIV-1 through a TAR-independent pathway.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 150552308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A Tat-responsive element is found upstream within the viral promoter that in glial-derived cell lines allows transactivation in the absence of TAR.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 150552309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletion mapping and hybrid promoter constructs demonstrate that the newly identified Tat-responsive element corresponds to a sequence within the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) previously identified as the HIV-1 enhancer, or NF-kappa B domain.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 150552310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA band-shift analysis reveals NF-kappa B binding activity in glial cells that differs from that present in T lymphoid cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 150552311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further, we observe that TAR-deleted mutants of HIV-1 demonstrate normal late gene expression in glial cells as evidenced by syncytia formation and production of viral p24 antigen.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 150552312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 151081101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bcl-2: a repressor of lymphocyte death.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 151081102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The genes and mechanisms that control programmed cell death are currently the subject of intense study.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 151081103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The bcl-2 gene, a repressor of lymphocyte death, is perhaps the best understood of the programmed cell death associated genes.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 151081104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, Stanley Korsmeyer provides a brief overview of bcl-2, concentrating on its roles in B- and T-cell development and in oncogenesis.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 151087801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mitogen stimulation of T-cells increases c-Fos and c-Jun protein levels, AP-1 binding and AP-1 transcriptional activity.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 151087802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have analysed the effect of mitogenic lectins on c-Fos and c-Jun protein levels as well as on activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding and enhancer activity in Jurkat T-cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 151087803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both c-Fos and c-Jun protein levels were increased after Con A and PHA stimulation.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 151087804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since T-cell stimulation increases both intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP levels and activates protein kinase C (PKC), the possible involvement of these intracellular messengers in c-Fos and c-Jun induction was tested.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 151087805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMA, which directly activates PKC, mimicked the effect of the lectins on c-Fos and c-Jun, but elevation of either intracellular Ca2+ or cAMP levels had little or no effect.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 151087806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mitogen-induced increase of c-Fos and c-Jun immunoreactivity was inhibited by H-7, a kinase inhibitor with relatively high specificity for PKC, and less efficiently by H-8, a structurally related kinase inhibitor less active on PKC, but more active on cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 151087807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Con A stimulation was found to increase both binding of AP-1 to the AP-1 consensus sequence, TRE, and AP-1 enhancer activity, in Jurkat cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 151087808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMA was also found to increase the AP-1 enhancer activity, whereas elevation of Ca2+ or cAMP had only minor effects.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 151087809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that stimulation with mitogenic lectins is sufficient to increase both c-Fos and c-Jun protein levels, AP-1 binding and AP-1 enhancer activity in Jurkat cells and that they act via mechanisms that could involve the activation of PKC.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 151682501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pax-5 encodes the transcription factor BSAP and is expressed in B lymphocytes, the developing CNS, and adult testis.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 151682502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BSAP has been identified previously as a transcription factor that is expressed at early, but not late, stages of B-cell differentiation.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 151682503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Biochemical purification and cDNA cloning has now revealed that BSAP belongs to the family of paired domain proteins.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 151682504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BSAP is encoded by the Pax-5 gene and has been highly conserved between human and mouse.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 151682505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An intact paired domain was shown to be both necessary and sufficient for DNA binding of BSAP.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 151682506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding studies with several BSAP recognition sequences demonstrated that the sequence specificity of BSAP differs from that of the distantly related paired domain protein Pax-1.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 151682507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During embryogenesis, the BSAP gene is transiently expressed in the mesencephalon and spinal cord with a spatial and temporal expression pattern that is distinct from that of other Pax genes in the developing central nervous system (CNS).@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 151682508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Later, the expression of the BSAP gene shifts to the fetal liver where it correlates with the onset of B lymphopoiesis.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 151682509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BSAP expression persists in B lymphocytes and is also seen in the testis of the adult mouse.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 151682510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All of this evidence indicates that the transcription factor BSAP may not only play an important role in B-cell differentiation but also in neural development and spermatogenesis.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 152034101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Okadaic acid is a potent inducer of AP-1, NF-kappa B, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human B lymphocytes.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 152034102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of human B lymphocytes with an optimal concentration of okadaic acid, an inhibitor of phosphatases 1 and 2A, resulted in the induction of the transcription factor, AP-1 and a marked increase in NF-kappa B levels.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 152034103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, no effect on the levels of the octamer binding proteins, Oct-1 or Oct-2, were found.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 152034104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since both AP-1 and NF-kappa B have been reported to be important in the induction of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene we examined the effects of okadaic acid on TNF-alpha mRNA levels.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 152034105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment with okadaic acid resulted in a striking increase in TNF-alpha mRNA transcripts within 1 h of stimulation and large amounts of TNF-alpha were released into the culture media.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 152034106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although okadaic acid provides a potent inductive signal for AP-1 and NF-kappa B it did not induce either B cell proliferation or immunoglobulin secretion.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 152784601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel Ets-related transcription factor, Elf-1, binds to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 regulatory elements that are required for inducible trans activation in T cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 152784602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 are structurally related retroviruses which both cause AIDS in humans.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 152784603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although both viruses establish latency in quiescent human-peripheral-blood T cells, the asymptomatic phase of HIV-2 infection may be more prolonged than that of HIV-1.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 152784604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The latent phases of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection have been shown to be disrupted by T-cell activation, a process that requires host cell transcription factors.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 152784605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the case of HIV-1, the transcription factor NF-kappa B is sufficient for inducible transcriptional activation.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 152784606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, factors in addition to NF-kappa B are required to activate HIV-2 transcription in infected T cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 152784607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report, we demonstrate that a novel Ets-related transcription factor, Elf-1, binds specifically to two purine-rich motifs in the HIV-2 enhancer.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 152784608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that these Elf-1 binding sites are required for induction of HIV-2 transcription following T-cell-receptor-mediated T-cell activation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 152784609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, Elf-1 is the only factor present in activated T-cell nuclear extracts that binds to these sites in electrophoretic mobility shift assays.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 152784610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, Elf-1 is a novel transcription factor that appears to be required for the T-cell-receptor-mediated trans activation of HIV-2 gene expression.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 152784611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results may explain differences in the clinical spectra of diseases caused by HIV-1 and HIV-2 and may also have implications for the design of therapeutic approaches to HIV-2 infection.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 152785901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef protein inhibits NF-kappa B induction in human T cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 152785902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can establish a persistent and latent infection in CD4+ T lymphocytes (W.C.Greene, N.Engl.J. Med.324:308-317, 1991; S.M.Schnittman, M.C.Psallidopoulos, H.C. Lane, L.Thompson, M.Baseler, F.Massari, C.H.Fox, N.P.Salzman, and A.S.Fauci, Science 245:305-308, 1989).@@@@1@57@@oe@16-12-2010 152785903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Production of HIV-1 from latently infected cells requires host cell activation by T-cell mitogens (T.Folks, D.M.Powell, M.M.Lightfoote, S.Benn, M.A. Martin, and A.S.Fauci, Science 231:600-602, 1986; D.Zagury, J. Bernard, R.Leonard, R.Cheynier, M.Feldman, P.S.Sarin, and R.C. Gallo, Science 231:850-853, 1986).@@@@1@61@@oe@16-12-2010 152785904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This activation is mediated by the host transcription factor NF-kappa B [G.Nabel and D.Baltimore, Nature (London) 326:711-717, 1987].@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 152785905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report here that the HIV-1-encoded Nef protein inhibits the induction of NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity by T- cell mitogens.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 152785906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, Nef does not affect the DNA-binding activity of other transcription factors implicated in HIV-1 regulation, including SP-1, USF, URS, and NF-AT.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 152785907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additionally, Nef inhibits the induction of HIV-1- and interleukin 2-directed gene expression, and the effect on HIV-1 transcription depends on an intact NF-kappa B-binding site.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 152785908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that defective recruitment of NF-kappa B may underlie Nef's negative transcriptional effects on the HIV-1 and interleukin 2 promoters.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 152785909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further evidence suggests that Nef inhibits NF-kappa B induction by interfering with a signal derived from the T-cell receptor complex.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 153108601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel mitogen-inducible gene product related to p50/p105-NF-kappa B participates in transactivation through a kappa B site.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 153108602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A Rel-related, mitogen-inducible, kappa B-binding protein has been cloned as an immediate-early activation gene of human peripheral blood T cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 153108603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cDNA has an open reading frame of 900 amino acids capable of encoding a 97-kDa protein.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 153108604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This protein is most similar to the 105-kDa precursor polypeptide of p50-NF-kappa B.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 153108605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Like the 105-kDa precursor, it contains an amino-terminal Rel-related domain of about 300 amino acids and a carboxy-terminal domain containing six full cell cycle or ankyrin repeats.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 153108606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro-translated proteins, truncated downstream of the Rel domain and excluding the repeats, bind kappa B sites.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 153108607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We refer to the kappa B-binding, truncated protein as p50B by analogy with p50-NF-kappa B and to the full-length protein as p97.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 153108608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@p50B is able to form heteromeric kappa B-binding complexes with RelB, as well as with p65 and p50, the two subunits of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 153108609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient-transfection experiments in embryonal carcinoma cells demonstrate a functional cooperation between p50B and RelB or p65 in transactivation of a reporter plasmid dependent on a kappa B site.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 153108610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data imply the existence of a complex family of NF-kappa B-like transcription factors.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 153141201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional regulation during T-cell development: the alpha TCR gene as a molecular model.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 153141202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The regulation of gene expression during lymphocyte differentiation is a complex process involving interactions between multiple positive and negative transcriptional regulatory elements.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 153141203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this article, transcriptional regulation of the archetypal T-cell-specific gene, alpha TCR, is discussed.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 153141204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Major recent developments, including the identification of novel families of transcription factors that regulate multiple T-cell genes during thymocyte ontogeny and T-cell activation, are described.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 153266101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An 11-base-pair DNA sequence motif apparently unique to the human interleukin 4 gene confers responsiveness to T-cell activation signals.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 153266102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have identified a DNA segment that confers responsiveness to antigen stimulation signals on the human interleukin (IL) 4 gene in Jurkat cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 153266103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human IL-4 gene, of 10 kilobases, is composed of four exons and three introns.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 153266104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A cis-acting element (P sequence) resides in the 5' upstream region; no additional DNA segments with enhancer activity were identified in the human IL-4 gene.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 153266105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For further mapping purposes, a fusion promoter was constructed with the granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor basic promoter containing 60 base pairs of sequence upstream from the cap site of the mouse granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene and various lengths of the 5' upstream sequence of the IL-4 gene.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 153266106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The P sequence was located between positions -79 and -69 relative to the transcription start site of the human IL-4 gene, and this location was confirmed by base-substitution mutations.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 153266107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The plasmids carrying multiple copies of the P sequence showed higher responsiveness to the stimulation.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 153266108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The binding protein(s) that recognize the P sequence of the IL-4 gene were identified by DNA-mobility-shift assays.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 153266109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The binding of NF(P) (a DNA binding protein that specifically recognizes the P sequence) to the P sequence was abolished when oligonucleotides carrying base substitutions were used, indicating that the NF(P) interaction is sequence-specific and that binding specificity of the protein paralleled the sequence requirements for IL-4 expression in vivo.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 153266110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The P sequence does not share homology with the 5' upstream sequence of the IL-2 gene, even though surrounding sequences of the IL-4 gene share high homology with the IL-2 gene.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 153266111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that a different set of proteins recognize IL-2 and IL-4 genes.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 153322701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies on the biological activity of triiodothyronine sulfate.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 153322702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hepatic microsomes and isolated hepatocytes in short term culture desulfate T3 sulfate (T3SO4).@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 153322703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We, therefore, wished to determine whether T3SO4 could mimic the action of thyroid hormone in vitro.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 153322704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T3SO4 had no thyromimetic effect on the activity of Ca(2+)-ATPase in human erythrocyte membranes at doses up to 10,000 times the maximally effective dose of T3 (10(-10) mol/L).@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 153322705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In GH4C1 pituitary cells, T3SO4 failed to displace [125I]T3 from nuclear receptors in intact cells or soluble preparations.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 153322706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, T3SO4 was not directly thyromimetic in either an isolated human membrane system or a pituitary cell system in which nuclear receptor occupancy correlates with GH synthesis.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 153322707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thyroid hormones inhibit [3H]glycosaminoglycan synthesis by cultured human dermal fibroblasts, and T3SO4 displayed about 0.5% the activity of T3 at 72 h.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 153322708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human fibroblasts contained roughly the same level of microsomal p-nitrophenyl sulfatase activity as that previously observed in hepatic microsomes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 153322709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Propylthiouracil (50 mumol/L) did not affect the action of T3SO4, suggesting that deiodination was not important for this activity of T3SO4.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 153322710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, it appears T3SO4 has no intrinsic biological activity, but, under certain circumstances, may be reactivated by desulfation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 153344101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factor of activated T cells contains Fos and Jun.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 153344102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The nuclear factor NF-AT (ref. 1) is induced in T cells stimulated through the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex, and is required for interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene induction.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 153344103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although NF-AT has not been cloned or purified, there is evidence that it is a major target for immunosuppression by cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 (refs 2-7).@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 153344104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-AT induction may require two activation-dependent events: the CsA-sensitive translocation of a pre-existing component and the CsA-resistant synthesis of a nuclear component.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 153344105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that the newly synthesized nuclear component of NF-AT is the transcription factor AP-1.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 153344106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that the inducible nuclear form of NF-AT contains Fos and Jun proteins.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 153344107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we identify a pre-existing NF-AT-binding factor that is present in hypotonic extracts of unstimulated T cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 153344108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the basis of binding, reconstitution and cotransfection experiments, we propose that activation of NF-AT occurs in at least two stages: a CsA-sensitive stage involving modification and/or translocation of the pre-existing NF-AT complex, and a CsA-insensitive stage involving the addition of newly synthesized Fos or Fos/Jun proteins to the pre-existing complex.@@@@1@56@@oe@16-12-2010 153388401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhancer is not dependent on NFAT-1.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 153388402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The function of a putative NFAT-1 site in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhancer has been analyzed.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 153388403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation by the T-cell antigen receptor is minimal in Jurkat cells and is mediated by the kappa B sites.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 153388404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The putative NFAT-1 region is not required for the response to anti-CD3 or to mitogens in T-cell, B-cell, or monocyte/macrophage leukemia lines, nor is it a cis-acting negative regulatory element.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 153545501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytoplasmic domain heterogeneity and functions of IgG Fc receptors in B lymphocytes.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 153545502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B lymphocytes and macrophages express closely related immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptors (Fc gamma RII) that differ only in the structures of their cytoplasmic domains.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 153545503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because of cell type-specific alternative messenger RNA splicing, B-cell Fc gamma RII contains an insertion of 47 amino acids that participates in determining receptor function in these cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 153545504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection of an Fc gamma RII-negative B-cell line with complementary DNA's encoding the two splice products and various receptor mutants indicated that the insertion was responsible for preventing both Fc gamma RII-mediated endocytosis and Fc gamma RII-mediated antigen presentation.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 153545505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The insertion was not required for Fc gamma RII to modulate surface immunoglobulin-triggered B-cell activation.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 153545506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Instead, regulation of activation involved a region of the cytoplasmic domain common to both the lymphocyte and macrophage receptor isoforms.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 153545507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the insertion did contribute to the formation of caps in response to receptor cross-linking, consistent with suggestions that the lymphocyte but not macrophage form of the receptor can associate with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 153738901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin 6-induced differentiation of a human B cell line into IgM-secreting plasma cells is mediated by c-fos.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 153738902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of the protooncogene c-fos in interleukin (IL) 6-induced B cell differentiation was assessed.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 153738903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of SKW 6.4 cells with IL 6 induced a transient and early stimulation of c-fos sense mRNA expression.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 153738904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect appeared within 30 min and returned to basal levels after 2 h.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 153738905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The addition of antisense oligonucleotides to c-fos significantly inhibited IL 6-induced IgM production by SKW 6.4 cells (p less than 0.001), whereas control oligonucleotides had no inhibitory effect.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 153738906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that activation of c-fos is involved in IL 6-induced differentiation of SKW 6.4 cells into IgM-secreting cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 153755601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of erythroid and non-erythroid nuclear proteins to the silencer of the human epsilon-globin-encoding gene.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 153755602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in the developmental control of hemoglobin-encoding genes we have been studying the expression of these genes in human cells in continuous culture.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 153755603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously reported the presence of a transcriptional control element with the properties of a silencer extending from -392 to -177 bp relative to the cap site of the human epsilon-globin-encoding gene [Cao et al., Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 86 (1989) 5306-5309].@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 153755604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also showed that this silencer has stronger inhibitory activity in HeLa cells, as compared to K562 human erythroleukemia cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 153755605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using deletion mutants and cis-cloned synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides in transient expression assays, nucleotide sequences responsible for this effect have now been further delimited to 44 bp located from -294 to -251 bp.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 153755606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel electrophoresis mobility shift assays and DNaseI footprinting assays demonstrate that these negative regulatory sequences are recognized differently by proteins present in nuclear extracts obtained from HeLa and K562 cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 153755607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two binding proteins are detected in K562 nuclear extracts, while only one is found in extracts from HeLa cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 153755608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Possible mechanisms by which these proteins may regulate transcription of the epsilon-globin-encoding gene in erythroid and non-erythroid cells are discussed.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 154182801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cell-specific negative regulation of transcription of the human cytokine IL-4.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 154182802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 secreted by activated T cells is a pleiotropic cytokine affecting growth and differentiation of diverse cell types such as T cells, B cells, and mast cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 154182803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated the upstream regulatory elements of the human IL-4 promoter.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 154182804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel T cell-specific negative regulatory element (NRE) composed of two protein-binding sites were mapped in the 5' flanking region of the IL-4 gene: -311CTCCCTTCT-303 (NRE-I) and -288CTTTTTGCTT-TGC-300 (NRE-II).@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 154182805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A T cell-specific protein Neg-1 and a ubiquitous protein Neg-2 binding to NRE-I and NRE-II, respectively, were identified.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 154182806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, a positive regulatory element was found 45 bp downstream of the NRE.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 154182807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The enhancer activity of the PRE was completely suppressed when the NRE was present.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 154182808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that IL-4 promoter activity is normally down-regulated by an NRE via repression of the enhancer positive regulatory element.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 154182809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data may have implications for the stringent control of IL-4 expression in T cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 154513201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T cell activation through the activation-inducer molecule/CD69 enhances the activity of transcription factor AP-1.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 154513202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of the AP-1 transcription factor has been ascribed to the early events leading to T cell differentiation and activation.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 154513203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have studied the regulation of AP-1 activity in human peripheral blood T lymphocytes stimulated through the activation inducer molecule (AIM)/CD69 activation pathway.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 154513204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phorbol esters are required to induce AIM/CD69 cell-surface expression as well as for triggering the proliferation of T cells in conjunction with anti-AIM mAb.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 154513205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mobility shift assays showed that addition of anti-AIM mAb to PMA-treated T lymphocytes markedly enhanced the binding activity of AP-1 to its cognate sequence, the phorbol ester response element.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 154513206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, anti-AIM mAb did not induce any change in the binding activity of NF-kappa B, a transcription factor whose activity is also regulated by protein kinase C.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 154513207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The increase in AP-1-binding activity was accompanied by the marked stimulation of the transcription of c-fos but not that of c-jun.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 154513208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Blockade of the DNA-binding complexes with an anti-Fos mAb demonstrated a direct participation of c-Fos in the AP-1 complexes induced by anti-AIM mAb.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 154513209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Most of the AP-1 activity could be eliminated when the anti-AIM mAb was added to the culture medium in the presence of cycloheximide, suggesting that de novo protein synthesis is crucial for the induction of AP-1-binding activity.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 154513210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data provide the evidence that activation of human peripheral blood T cells through the AIM activation pathway regulate the activity of AP-1.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 154513211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, this pathway appears as a crucial step in the initiation of early T cell activation events.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 154578701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@cis-acting sequences required for inducible interleukin-2 enhancer function bind a novel Ets-related protein, Elf-1.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 154578702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The recent definition of a consensus DNA binding sequence for the Ets family of transcription factors has allowed the identification of potential Ets binding sites in the promoters and enhancers of many inducible T-cell genes.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 154578703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the studies described in this report, we have identified two potential Ets binding sites, EBS1 and EBS2, which are conserved in both the human and murine interleukin-2 enhancers.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 154578704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within the human enhancer, these two sites are located within the previously defined DNase I footprints, NFAT-1 and NFIL-2B, respectively.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 154578705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift and methylation interference analyses demonstrated that EBS1 and EBS2 are essential for the formation of the NFAT-1 and NFIL-2B nuclear protein complexes.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 154578706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, in vitro mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that inducible interleukin-2 enhancer function requires the presence of either EBS1 or EBS2.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 154578707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two well-characterized Ets family members, Ets-1 and Ets-2, are reciprocally expressed during T-cell activation.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 154578708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surprisingly, however, neither of these proteins bound in vitro to EBS1 or EBS2.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 154578709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We therefore screened a T-cell cDNA library under low-stringency conditions with a probe from the DNA binding domain of Ets-1 and isolated a novel Ets family member, Elf-1.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 154578710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elf-1 contains a DNA binding domain that is nearly identical to that of E74, the ecdysone-inducible Drosophila transcription factor required for metamorphosis (hence the name Elf-1, for E74-like factor 1).@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 154578711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elf-1 bound specifically to both EBS1 and EBS2 in electrophoretic mobility shift assays.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 154578712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It also bound to the purine-rich CD3R element from the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 long terminal repeat, which is required for inducible virus expression in response to signalling through the T-cell receptor.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 154578713@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these results demonstrate that multiple Ets family members with apparently distinct DNA binding specificities regulate differential gene expression in resting and activated T cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 155750801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptor binding in three different cell types in major depressive disorder: lack of evidence of receptor binding defect.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 155750802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1. In order to further understand the apparent glucocorticoid resistance in major depressive disorder, circadian variation in cortisol concentration, dexamethasone suppression and glucocorticoid receptor binding in mononuclear leukocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts were measured in rigidly defined major depressive disorder patients and non-depressed psychiatric controls.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 155750803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@2. Mononuclear leukocytes binding to glucocorticoid correlated significantly with polymorphonuclear leukocytes binding to glucocorticoid, but both determinations failed to differentiate major depressive disorder and control subjects.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 155750804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@3. Initial and post-dexamethasone in vitro fibroblast binding to glucocorticoid was not different between major depressive disorder and non-depressed control subjects.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 155750805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@4. The phenomenon of glucocorticoid resistance in major depressive disorder remains unexplained.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 156000201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The B cell-specific nuclear factor OTF-2 positively regulates transcription of the human class II transplantation gene, DRA.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 156000202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The promoter of the major histocompatibility class II gene DRA contains an octamer element (ATTTGCAT) that is required for efficient DRA expression in B cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 156000203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several DNA-binding proteins are known to bind this sequence.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 156000204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The best characterized are the B cell-specific OTF-2 and the ubiquitous OTF-1.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 156000205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This report directly demonstrates that OTF-2 but not OTF-1 regulates the DRA gene.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 156000206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro transcription analysis using protein fractions enriched for the octamer-binding protein OTF-2 demonstrate a positive functional role for OTF-2 in DRA gene transcription.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 156000207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, OTF-1-enriched protein fractions did not affect DRA gene transcription although it functionally enhanced the transcription of another gene.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 156000208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recombinant OTF-2 protein produced by in vitro transcription/translation could also enhance DRA gene transcription in vitro.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 156000209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo transient transfection studies utilizing an OTF-2 expression vector resulted in similar findings: that OTF-2 protein enhanced DRA gene transcription, and that this effect requires an intact octamer element.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 156000210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Together these results constitute the first direct evidence of a positive role for the lymphoid-specific octamer-binding factor in DRA gene transcription.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 156683401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Corticosteroid receptors and lymphocyte subsets in mononuclear leukocytes in aging.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 156683402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Plasma cortisol and aldosterone levels and number of related receptors in mononuclear leukocytes were measured in 49 healthy aged subjects (62-97 yr) and in 21 adult controls (21-50 yr).@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 156683403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In all subjects, in addition, lymphocyte subsets were determined as an index of corticosteroid action.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 156683404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mean number of type I and type II receptors was significantly lower in aged subjects than in controls (respectively, 198 +/- 96 and 272 +/- 97 receptors/cell for type I, and 1,794 +/- 803 and 3,339 +/- 918 for type II receptors).@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 156683405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Plasma aldosterone and cortisol and lymphocyte subsets were not different in the two groups.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 156683406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All of the parameters were also tested for correlation, and a significant inverse correlation was found between age and type I and type II receptors when all subjects were plotted and between aged and CD4 and age and CD4/CD8 in the aged group.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 156683407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data show that aged subjects have reductions of corticosteroid receptors that are not associated with increase of related steroids and that this situation probably represents a concomitant of the normal aging process.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 158373401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific NF-kappa B subunits act in concert with Tat to stimulate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcription.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 158373402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B is a protein complex which functions in concert with the tat-I gene product to stimulate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transcription.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 158373403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine whether specific members of the NF-kappa B family contribute to this effect, we have examined the abilities of different NF-kappa B subunits to act with Tat-I to stimulate transcription of HIV in Jurkat T-leukemia cells.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 158373404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have found that the p49(100) DNA binding subunit, together with p65, can act in concert with Tat-I to stimulate the expression of HIV-CAT plasmid.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 158373405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Little effect was observed with 50-kDa forms of p105 NF-kappa B or rel, in combination with p65 or full-length c-rel, which do not stimulate the HIV enhancer in these cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 158373406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest that the combination of p49(100) and p65 NF-kappa B can act in concert with the tat-I gene product to stimulate the synthesis of HIV RNA.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 160382201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eicosanoids in breast cancer patients before and after mastectomy.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 160382202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In 19 patients with a malignant breast tumor, tumor tissue and blood were taken to determine the eicosanoid profile and platelet aggregation.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 160382203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Values were compared with those of patients with benign tumors (n = 4), or undergoing a mammary reduction (n = 7).@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 160382204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Postoperatively, blood was taken as well in order to compare pre- and postoperative values.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 160382205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eicosanoids were measured in peripheral blood monocytes and mammary tissue by means of HPLC; furthermore, TXA2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, and PGE2 were determined by RIA.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 160382206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differences in pre- and postoperative values of cancer patients were seen in plasma RIA values: PGE2 and 6-k-PGF1 alpha were significantly higher preoperatively when compared with postoperatively, however, such differences were seen in the control groups as well.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 160382207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Compared to benign tumor or mammary reduction test material the eicosanoid profile of tissue obtained from malignant mammary tumors showed important differences.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 160382208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Except for PGF2 alpha, HHT and 15-HETE no detectable quantities of eicosanoids were found in the non-tumor material, whereas in the malignant tumor material substantial quantities of a number of eicosanoid metabolites were present.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 160382209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Statistically significant correlations could be established between patient/histopathology data and the results of the platelet aggregation assays, e.g. between menopausal status and ADP aggregation; oestrogen receptor (+/-) and collagen and arachidonic acid aggregation, inflammatory cell infiltration score and arachidonic acid aggregation and fibrosis score and ADP aggregation.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 160382210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results show that eicosanoid synthesis in material from mammary cancer patients is different from that in benign mammary tissue.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 160382211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The implications, in particular, in relation to future prognosis of the patient, remain obscure.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 161369701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-myc mRNA expression in minor salivary glands of patients with Sjogren's syndrome.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 161369702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-myc protooncogene is implicated in the pathogenesis of B cell lymphoid malignancies and high levels of c-myc mRNA expression are observed in activated blood mononuclear cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 161369703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is characterized by lymphocytic infiltrates of exocrine glands, remarkable B cell hyperreactivity and a strong predisposition to B cell neoplasia.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 161369704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, c-myc protooncogene mRNA expression in 29 labial minor salivary gland biopsies from patients with primary SS and 15 controls was examined using in situ hybridization histochemistry.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 161369705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two 40mer oligonucleotides from the 1st and the 2nd exon of the c-myc gene, labeled with 35S, were used as probes.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 161369706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To detect the origin of the cell hybridized with a c-myc probe, a combined immunochemistry in situ hybridization histochemistry technique was used.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 161369707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High c-myc mRNA expression was detected on acinar epithelial cells.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 161369708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-myc did not correlate with c-fos and c-jun protein expression.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 161369709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stronger c-myc mRNA expression was detected in labial salivary glands of patients with longer disease duration (p less than or equal to 0.002) and more intense T lymphocyte infiltrates (p less than 0.05) although these patients revealed no hypergammaglobulinemia.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 161369710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No correlation was observed between c-myc mRNA and B lymphocyte monoclonicity or lymphoma.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 161369711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, strong c-myc mRNA expression was observed on epithelial cells of labial salivary glands from patients with primary SS.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 161369712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our findings may indicate the presence of a reactivated virus hosted in these cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 161891101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Heterodimerization and transcriptional activation in vitro by NF-kappa B proteins.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 161891102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NF-kappa B family of transcription proteins represents multiple DNA binding, rel related polypeptides that contribute to regulation of genes involved in immune responsiveness and inflammation, as well as activation of the HIV long terminal repeat.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 161891103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study multiple NF-kappa B related polypeptides ranging from 85 to 45 kDa were examined for their capacity to interact with the PRDII regulatory element of interferon beta and were shown to possess distinct intrinsic DNA binding affinities for this NF-kappa B site and form multiple DNA binding homo- and heterodimer complexes in co-renaturation experiments.@@@@1@57@@oe@16-12-2010 161891104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, using DNA templates containing two copies of the PRDII domain linked to the rabbit beta globin gene, the purified polypeptides specifically stimulated NF-kappa B dependent transcription in an in vitro reconstitution assay as heterodimers but not as p50 homodimers.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 161891105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These experiments emphasize the role of NF-kappa B dimerization as a distinct level of transcriptional control that may permit functional diversification of a limited number of regulatory proteins.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 162011901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oct2 transactivation from a remote enhancer position requires a B-cell-restricted activity.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 162011902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous cotransfection experiments had demonstrated that ectopic expression of the lymphocyte-specific transcription factor Oct2 could efficiently activate a promoter containing an octamer motif.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 162011903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oct2 expression was unable to stimulate a multimerized octamer enhancer element in HeLa cells, however.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 162011904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have tested a variety of Oct2 isoforms generated by alternative splicing for the capability to activate an octamer enhancer in nonlymphoid cells and a B-cell line.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 162011905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our analyses show that several Oct2 isoforms can stimulate from a remote position but that this stimulation is restricted to B cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 162011906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This result indicates the involvement of either a B-cell-specific cofactor or a specific modification of a cofactor or the Oct2 protein in Oct2-mediated enhancer activation.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 162011907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutational analyses indicate that the carboxy-terminal domain of Oct2 is critical for enhancer activation.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 162011908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, this domain conferred enhancing activity when fused to the Oct1 protein, which by itself was unable to stimulate from a remote position.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 162011909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The glutamine-rich activation domain present in the amino-terminal portion of Oct2 and the POU domain contribute only marginally to the transactivation function from a distal position.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 162012201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of the POU domain transcription factor Oct-2 during T-cell activation by cognate antigen.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 162012202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oct-2 is a transcription factor that binds specifically to octamer DNA motifs in the promoters of immunoglobulin and interleukin-2 genes.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 162012203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All tumor cell lines from the B-cell lineage and a few from the T-cell lineage express Oct-2.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 162012204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To address the role of Oct-2 in the T-cell lineage, we studied the expression of Oct-2 mRNA and protein in nontransformed human and mouse T cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 162012205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oct-2 was found in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells prepared from human peripheral blood and in mouse lymph node T cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 162012206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a T-cell clone specific for pigeon cytochrome c in the context of I-Ek, Oct-2 was induced by antigen stimulation, with the increase in Oct-2 protein seen first at 3 h after activation and continuing for at least 24 h.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 162012207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oct-2 mRNA induction during antigen-driven T-cell activation was blocked by cyclosporin A, as well as by protein synthesis inhibitors.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 162012208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that Oct-2 participates in transcriptional regulation during T-cell activation.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 162012209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The relatively delayed kinetics of Oct-2 induction suggests that Oct-2 mediates the changes in gene expression which occur many hours or days following antigen stimulation of T lymphocytes.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 162111001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Changes in plasma interleukin-1 and their possible relationship with the changes in glucocorticoid receptor in aged long-distance runner]@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 162111002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For the study of the changes in plasma interleukin-1 (IL-1) and their possible relationship with the changes in glucocorticoid receptor (GR), plasma IL-1 and GR in peripheral blood leukocytes in aged long-distance runner were measured simultaneously.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 162111003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activity of IL-1 was expressed as its ability to stimulate 3H-TdR incorporation in the thymocytes of C57 mice.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 162111004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GR was determined by whole cell assay with 3H-Dex.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 162111005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results showed that the activity of plasma IL-1 in aged long-distance runner was 209%, 223% and 145% of the control at 14.7-18.7, 3.8-7.0 and 1.5-2.6 KD fractions.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 162111006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GR in peripheral blood leukocytes in aged runner was 65% of the control.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 162111007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Possible relationship between the changes in IL-1 and GR in aged long-distance runner and its physiological significance are discussed.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 162862101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factor AP-2 activates gene expression of HTLV-I.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 162862102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The HTLV-I LTR contains three conserved regulatory elements known as 21 base pair repeats which are required for stimulation of gene expression by the transactivator protein tax.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 162862103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutagenesis indicates that the 21 bp repeats can be subdivided into three motifs, A, B and C, each of which influences the level of tax activation.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 162862104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The A site in the 21 bp repeat has strong homology with previously described binding sites for the transcription factor AP-2.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 162862105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrated that AP-2 mRNA was present in T-lymphocytes and that cellular factors from both non-transformed and transformed T-lymphocytes specifically bound to the consensus motif for AP-2 in each 21 bp.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 162862106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine the role of AP-2 in the regulation of the HTLV-I LTR gene expression, we used an AP-2 cDNA in DNA binding and transient expression assays.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 162862107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel retardation and methylation interference studies revealed that bacterially produced AP-2 bound specifically and with high affinity to all three 21 bp repeats, and that it required the core sequence AGGC for specific binding.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 162862108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of AP-2 prevented the subsequent binding of members of the CREB/ATF family to an adjacent regulatory motif in the 21 bp repeat.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 162862109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection of an AP-2 expression construct into T-lymphocytes activated gene expression from the HTLV-I LTR.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 162862110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At least two 21 bp repeats were required for high levels of AP-2 activation and mutagenesis of the AP-2 consensus binding sequences in the 21 bp repeats eliminate this activation.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 162862111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 163113001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell cycle-dependent initiation and lineage-dependent abrogation of GATA-1 expression in pure differentiating hematopoietic progenitors.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 163113002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The programmed activation/repression of transcription factors in early hematopoietic differentiation has not yet been explored.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 163113003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The DNA-binding protein GATA-1 is required for normal erythroid development and regulates erythroid-expressed genes in maturing erythroblasts.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 163113004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We analyzed GATA-1 expression in early human adult hematopoiesis by using an in vitro system in which "pure" early hematopoietic progenitors are induced to gradual and synchronized differentiation selectively along the erythroid or granulocyte-macrophage pathway by differential treatment with hematopoietic growth factors.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 163113005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GATA-1 gene, though virtually silent in quiescent progenitors, is activated after entrance into the cell cycle upon stimulation with hematopoietic growth factors.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 163113006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Subsequently, increasing expression along the erythroid pathway contrasts with an abrupt downregulation in the granulocyte-macrophage lineage.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 163113007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest a microenvironment-directed, two-step model for GATA-1 expression in differentiating hematopoietic progenitors that involves (i) cycle-dependent initiation and (ii) lineage-dependent maintenance or suppression.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 163113008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hypothetically, on/off switches of lineage-restricted transactivators may underlie the binary fate decisions of hematopoietic progenitors.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 164545201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human myelomonocytic cell line U-937 as a model for studying alterations in steroid-induced monokine gene expression: marked enhancement of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated interleukin-1 beta messenger RNA levels by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 164545202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3], is a potent regulator of human monocyte/macrophage function in vitro.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 164545203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To establish a model for 1,25-(OH)2D3 regulation of human monocyte monokine synthesis, three human cell lines (U-937, THP-1, and HL-60) were examined for: 1) the presence of functional 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptors; 2) the accumulation of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) mRNA and IL-1 beta protein in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS); and 3) the regulation of this response by 1,25-(OH)2D3.@@@@1@73@@oe@16-12-2010 164545204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All three cell lines expressed vitamin D receptor and had increased levels of IL-1 beta mRNA in response to LPS.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 164545205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Preincubation of cells with 1,25-(OH)2D3 augmented IL-1 beta mRNA levels only in U-937 and HL-60 cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 164545206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From these data, and taking into consideration their state of differentiation and relative ease of culture, U-937 was chosen over HL-60 and THP-1 as the cell line we further characterized.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 164545207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In U-937 cells, optimum time and dose of pretreatment with 1,25-(OH)2D3 were determined to be 12-24 h at a receptor saturating concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D3 (10 nM).@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 164545208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Preincubation of cells with 1,25-(OH)2D3 had no effect on the time course of IL-1 beta mRNA appearance in response to LPS.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 164545209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, exposure of U-937 cells to 1,25-(OH)2D3 increased by 200% the level of IL-1 beta mRNA detected and decreased by three orders of magnitude the concentration of LPS required to achieve steady state mRNA levels equivalent to those observed in U-937 cells not preincubated with the hormone.2+o@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010 164658301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors on alveolar lymphocytes from patients with pulmonary granulomatous diseases.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 164658302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25(OH)2D3 is known to be produced at sites of granulomatous reactions.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 164658303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to characterize the cell types that are targets for this immunoregulatory hormone, we have evaluated the expression of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors on peripheral blood T-lymphocytes and those recovered from the lung by bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with pulmonary granulomatous diseases (tuberculosis and sarcoidosis) and from normal control subjects using combined autoradiographic and immunohistochemical techniques.@@@@1@59@@oe@16-12-2010 164658304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lavage T-lymphocytes from patients with tuberculosis or with sarcoidosis, but not those from normal control subjects, expressed 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors as demonstrated by binding of [3H]1,25(OH)2D3, which was inhibited by the presence of excess unlabeled 1,25(OH)2D3, but not by the presence of unlabeled 25(OH)D3 (receptor-positive lymphocytes: sarcoidosis, 20 +/- 12%; tuberculosis, 31 +/- 17%).@@@@1@66@@oe@16-12-2010 164658305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, blood lymphocytes from patients with granulomatous diseases did not express detectable 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 164658306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The percentage of lavage T-lymphocytes expressing 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors was significantly greater for patients with tuberculosis presenting with isolated hilar adenopathy than for patients with pulmonary infiltrates and/or cavities.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 164658307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25(OH)2D3 receptors were expressed to a greater extent on CD8+ T-lymphocytes than on CD4+ T-lymphocytes in sarcoidosis, whereas a greater proportion of CD4+ than of CD8+ T-lymphocytes from patients with tuberculosis were receptor-positive.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 164658308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings support the conclusion that the interaction of 1,25(OH)2D3 with its receptor on T-lymphocytes may play an important role in the regulation of granulomatous reactions, but because these receptors are expressed on different lymphocyte populations, the net effect of this potent immunoregulatory molecule is likely different in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 164843001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Severe 5-fluorouracil toxicity secondary to dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 164843002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A potentially more common pharmacogenetic syndrome.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 164843003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study describes the inheritance of a defect in pyrimidine catabolism and its association with drug-induced toxicity in a patient receiving 5-fluorouracil (FUra) as adjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 164843004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The study population included the affected patient (proband), nine of her blood relatives, and seven healthy volunteers.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 164843005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the initial enzyme of pyrimidine (and FUra) catabolism, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured in each subject by a specific radiometric assay using FUra as the substrate.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 164843006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The proband had no detectable DPD activity.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 164843007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When enzyme levels in the proband and relatives were compared with that in controls, an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance was demonstrated.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 164843008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is the third patient with severe FUra toxicity secondary to an alteration in pyrimidine catabolism and the second from our clinic population suggesting that the frequency of this genetic defect may be greater than previously thought.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 164843009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monitoring DPD activity may be important in the management of patients experiencing severe toxicity secondary to FUra chemotherapy.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 164870601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Differential diagnostic value of receptors of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) determination in lymphocytes of children with rickets and rickets-like diseases]@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 164870602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The authors provide the results of studying 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) in lymphocytes of children with rickets and rickets-like diseases.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 164870603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is proposed that the character of their expression under the influence of vitamin D may be used with differential diagnostic purposes in view.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 165047701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus 1 replication in monocytes by 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 165047702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) expression and replication are under tight regulatory control.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 165047703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3] enhances the replication of monocyte- and lymphocyte-tropic strains of HIV-1 up to 10,000-fold in monocyte cell lines, peripheral blood monocytes, and unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 165047704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25(OH)2D3 is therefore one of the most potent regulators of HIV-1 replication described to date.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 165047705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Precursors of 1,25(OH)2D3 enhance HIV-1 replication in proportion to their affinity for the 1,25(OH)2D3 intracellular receptor, suggesting that 1,25(OH)2D3 influences HIV-1 replication by mechanisms involving this receptor.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 165047706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies may have important implications for the design of effective therapy of HIV-1 infection.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 165260301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor binding during depression and after clinical recovery.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 165260302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor binding parameters were studied in 15 severely depressed patients during depression and after clinical recovery, and in 15 healthy controls.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 165260303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was no difference in glucocorticoid receptor number or affinity between depressed patients and recovered or control subjects.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 165260304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Afternoon ACTH and cortisol concentrations did not differ significantly between the three groups.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 165260305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No relationship could be established between glucocorticoid receptor binding and antidepressant medication.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 165260306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data support the view of an impaired ligand-induced plasticity of glucocorticoid receptor regulation rather than the hypothesis of decreased glucocorticoid receptor numbers during depression.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 165305601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B activation by tumor necrosis factor alpha in the Jurkat T cell line is independent of protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and Ca(2+)-regulated kinases.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 165305602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B is a DNA-binding regulatory factor able to control transcription of a number of genes, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genes.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 165305603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In T cells, NF-kappa B is activated upon cellular treatment by phorbol esters and the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 165305604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present work, we investigated the molecular events leading to NF-kappa B activation by TNF alpha in a human T cell line (Jurkat) and its subclone JCT6, which presents a deficiency in the PKA transduction pathway.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 165305605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that in both cell lines, both phorbol ester and TNF alpha were able to activate NF-kappa B.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 165305606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phorbol activation was positively modulated by Ca2+ influx while TNF alpha activation was not.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 165305607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, while PMA activation was inhibited by the PKC inhibitor staurosporin, the TNF alpha effect was unchanged.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 165305608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TNF alpha did not activate cAMP production and its signal was not modulated by cAMP activators.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 165305609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, cAMP activators did not activate NF-kappa B in Jurkat cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 165305610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, TNF alpha-induced NF-kappa B activation was found to be mediated by none of the major signal-mediating kinases such as protein kinase C (PKC), protein kinase A, or Ca(2+)-regulated kinases.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 165305611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we found that cytoplasmic acidification facilitated NF-kappa B activation by both TNF alpha and PKC, by a mechanism that increases NF-kappa B/I kappa B dissociation without affecting the NF-kappa B translocation step.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 165395001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@USF-related transcription factor, HIV-TF1, stimulates transcription of human immunodeficiency virus-1.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 165395002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcription factor HIV-TF1, which binds to a region about 60 bp upstream from the enhancer of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), was purified from human B cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 165395003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV-TF1 had a molecular weight of 39,000.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 165395004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of HIV-TF1 to the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) activated transcription from the HIV promoter in vitro.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 165395005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The HIV-TF1-binding site in HIV LTR was similar to the site recognized by upstream stimulatory factor (USF) in the adenovirus major late promoter.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 165395006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA-binding properties of HIV-TF1 suggested that HIV-TF1 might be identical or related to USF.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 165395007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, treatment of purified HIV-TF1 by phosphatase greatly reduced its DNA-binding activity, suggesting that phosphorylation of HIV-TF1 was essential for DNA binding.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 165395008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The disruption of HIV-TF1-binding site induced a 60% decrease in the level of transcription from the HIV promoter in vivo.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 165395009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that HIV-TF1 is involved in transcriptional regulation of HIV-1.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 165589701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear transcription factors that bind to elements of the IL-2 promoter.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 165589702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction requirements in primary human T cells.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 165589703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Prior studies have identified several elements that contribute to the activity of the IL-2 promoter in the stimulated T cell line, Jurkat.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 165589704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The sites and their corresponding nuclear binding factors include: NF-kappa B, AP-1, AP-3, OCT-1, and NF-AT.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 165589705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The latter "nuclear factor for activated T cells" likely contributes to the tissue specificity of IL-2 gene expression.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 165589706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we have studied these transcription factors in primary T cells from human blood to verify their presence in a physiologic setting and to identify the signals that stimulate factor activity.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 165589707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All factors are induced in the nuclei of T cells upon activation with mitogens but not with exogenous IL-2 growth factor.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 165589708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the signaling requirements and sensitivity to protein synthesis inhibitors differ considerably.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 165589709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Only the activities for NF-AT and AP-1 sites require two signals for optimal induction, i.e., PMA plus either lectin or antibody to the CD3 or CD28 surface molecules.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 165589710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Other factors are induced by lectin, antibody, and/or PMA alone.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 165589711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After appropriate stimulation, both NF-AT and AP-1 are peculiarly sensitive to the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 165589712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data correlate the activity of NF-AT and AP-1 in gel shift assays with the two signals requirements for IL-2 gene expression.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 165639101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An erythroid specific enhancer upstream to the gene encoding the cell-type specific transcription factor GATA-1.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 165639102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcription factor GATA-1 is expressed in a subset of hemopoietic cells, where it mediates the cell-type specific expression of several genes.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 165639103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have cloned the mouse and human GATA-1 genes.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 165639104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A region upstream to the first exon, and highly conserved between mouse and man, acts as an erythroid specific enhancer in transient assays, if linked to the GATA-1 or to the SV40 promoter.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 165639105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activity of the enhancer is almost completely dependent on the integrity of a dimeric GATA-1 binding site.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 165644101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Demonstration of a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-responsive protein in human lymphocytes: immunologic crossreactivity and inverse regulation with the vitamin D receptor.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 165644102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using Western blot analysis with a monoclonal antibody recognizing a 17-amino acid epitope of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]receptor, we have detected two crossreacting proteins in activated normal human lymphocytes.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 165644103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The smaller of the two proteins (50 kDa) was indistinguishable from the classical 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor and, similar to the classical 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor, was upregulated in a dose-dependent fashion by 1,25(OH)2D3.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 165644104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The larger crossreacting protein exhibited an electrophoretic mobility of 80 kDa, was localized in the cell cytosol, and appeared to be specific for activated lymphocytes since it was not detected in several other human cells including monocytes.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 165644105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@More strikingly, the 80-kDa protein was downregulated in a dose-dependent fashion by 1,25(OH)2D3; this effect was independent of the mode of lymphocyte activation and specific for the 1,25(OH)2D3 metabolite of vitamin D3.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 165644106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, two potent immunosuppressive agents, glucocorticoids and cyclosporin A, also inhibited the 80-kDa protein.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 165879501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clone pAT 133 identifies a gene that encodes another human member of a class of growth factor-induced genes with almost identical zinc-finger domains.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 165879502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report the structure and regulation of a gene represented by clone pAT 133, which is induced upon transition from a resting state (G0) through the early phase of the cell cycle (G1).@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 165879503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The pAT 133 gene is immediately induced, with FOS-like kinetics, in human T cells and in fibroblasts.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 165879504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Primary structure analysis showed that the encoded protein contains three tandem zinc-finger sequences of the type Cys2-Xaa12-His2.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 165879505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This zinc-finger region, which is thought to bind DNA in a sequence-specific manner, is similar (greater than 80% on the amino acid level) to two previously described transcription factors pAT 225/EGR1 and pAT 591/EGR2.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 165879506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Except for the conserved zinc-finger domains, the amino acid sequences of the three proteins are distinct.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 165879507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This structural similarity suggests that the pAT 133 gene encodes a transcription factor with a specific biological function.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 165879508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Comparing the regulation of these related zinc-finger-encoding genes showed coordinate induction upon mitogenic stimulation of resting T lymphocytes and of resting fibroblasts.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 165879509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, upon transition from a proliferating (G1) to a resting state of the cell cycle the three genes were differently regulated.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 165879510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In human histiocytic U937 cells mRNA of clone pAT 133 was constitutively expressed, whereas mRNA of pAT 225/EGR1 was induced upon induction of terminal differentiation.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 165879511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast mRNA representing pAT 591/EGR2 was not expressed in these cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 165879512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This difference in gene regulation suggests distinct biological roles in the control of cell proliferation for the respective proteins.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 166041401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elevated glucocorticoid receptor concentrations before and after glucocorticoid therapy in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes of patients with atopic dermatitis.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 166041402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number and affinity of glucocorticoid binding sites in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and healthy controls were determined under baseline conditions and after a defined oral glucocorticoid treatment.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 166041403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Patients with AD (n = 15) exhibited significantly more glucocorticoid receptors (GR) per cell than the control group (n = 22), while the GR affinity did not differ.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 166041404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Methylprednisolone treatment resulted in a significant reduction of the GR sites per cell in the steroid-treated control group (n = 10) in contrast to the patients.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 166041405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The dissociation constant was not affected by methylprednisolone treatment in either group.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 166041406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In view of the therapeutic efficiency of glucocorticoids in AD and findings of abnormal cAMP and cAMP-phosphodiesterase activity, the elevated GR concentrations in AD lend support to the hypothesis of a compensatory GR upregulation due to an insufficient action of endogenous cortisol or to altered cAMP-induced GR expression.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 166249601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High affinity aldosterone binding to plasma membrane rich fractions from mononuclear leukocytes: is there a membrane receptor for mineralocorticoids?@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 166249602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro effects of aldosterone on the intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and calcium, cell volume and the sodium-proton-antiport have been described in intact human mononuclear leukocytes (HML).@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 166249603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present paper, the binding of a [125I]-labeled aldosterone derivative to plasma membrane rich fractions of HML was studied.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 166249604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High affinity binding of the radioligand with an apparent Kd of approximately 0.1 nM was found.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 166249605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Aldosterone displaced the tracer at a similar Kd.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 166249606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both canrenone and cortisol were inactive as ligands up to concentrations of 0.1 microM.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 166249607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The findings are the first to demonstrate membrane binding sites with a high affinity for aldosterone, but not for cortisol.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 166249608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data are perfectly compatible with major properties of steroidal effects on the sodium-proton-antiport in HML and thus very likely represent membrane receptors for aldosterone.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 166814501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Every enhancer works with every promoter for all the combinations tested: could new regulatory pathways evolve by enhancer shuffling?@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 166814502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The promoters and enhancers of cell type-specific genes are often conserved in evolution, and hence one might expect that a given enhancer has evolved to work best with its own promoter.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 166814503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While this expectation may be realized in some cases, we have not found evidence for it.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 166814504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A total of 27 combinations of different promoters and enhancers were tested by transfection into cultured cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 166814505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that the relative efficiency of the enhancers is approximately the same, irrespective of the type of promoter used, i.e., there was no strong preference for any given enhancer/promoter combination.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 166814506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Notably, we do not see particularly strong transcription when the immunoglobulin kappa enhancer (or the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer) is used to activate a kappa gene promoter.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 166814507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose that a generally permissive enhancer/promoter interaction is of evolutionary benefit for higher eukaryotes: by enhancer shuffling, genes could be easily brought under a new type of inducibility/cell type specificity.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 167060601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of human CD4 T lymphocytes.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 167060602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interaction of fibronectin with VLA-5 receptor on CD4 cells induces the AP-1 transcription factor.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 167060603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fibronectin synergized with anti-CD3 antibody to promote CD4 cell proliferation in a serum-free culture system whereas no proliferation was observed when CD4 cells were cultured with anti-CD3 alone or fibronectin alone.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 167060604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, anti-CD29 (integrin beta 1) as well as anti-VLA-5 (human fibronectin receptor) antibodies blocked this CD4 cell activation in this system.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 167060605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although anti-CD3 alone or fibronectin alone cannot induce IL-2 message by CD4 cells, the combination of anti-CD3 plus fibronectin induced IL-2 message by CD4 cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 167060606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an analysis of the molecular mechanism by which IL-2 message was generated, we showed that a fibronectin-VLA-5 fibronectin receptor interaction may contribute an independent signal distinct from the CD3 pathway of activation by the induction of an AP-1 transcriptional factor.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 167060607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus the VLA-5 fibronectin receptor on CD4 cells can play a complementary role in CD3-TCR-mediated signal transduction through its interaction with fibronectin.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 167244201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The functional domains of the murine Thy-1 gene promoter.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 167244202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Thy-1 gene promoter resembles a "housekeeping" promoter in that it is located within a methylation-free island, lacks a canonical TATA box, and displays heterogeneity in the 5'-end termini of the mRNA.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 167244203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using transgenic mice, we show that this promoter does not confer any tissue specificity and is active only in a position-dependent manner.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 167244204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It can only be activated in a tissue-specific manner by elements that lie downstream of the initiation site.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 167244205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have analyzed the functional domains of the minimal Thy-1 promoter and show that the dominant promoter elements consist of multiple binding sites for the transcription factor Sp1, an inverted CCAAT box, and sequences proximal to the transcription start site.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 167244206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNase I and gel mobility shift assays show the binding of a number of nuclear factors to these elements, including Sp1 and CP1.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 167244207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results show that the structure of this promoter only permits productive interactions of the two transcription factors Sp1 and CP1 with the basal transcription machinery in the presence of enhancer sequences.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 167560401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of transcription factors belonging to the rel/NF-kappa B family by a transdominant negative mutant.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 167560402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The KBF1 factor, which binds to the enhancer A located in the promoter of the mouse MHC class I gene H-2Kb, is indistinguishable from the p50 DNA binding subunit of the transcription factor NF-kappa B, which regulates a series of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 167560403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The KBF1/p50 factor binds as a homodimer but can also form heterodimers with the products of other members of the same family, like the c-rel and v-rel (proto)oncogenes.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 167560404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The dimerization domain of KBF1/p50 is contained between amino acids 201 and 367.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 167560405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A mutant of KBF1/p50 (delta SP), unable to bind to DNA but able to form homo- or heterodimers, has been constructed.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 167560406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This protein reduces or abolishes in vitro the DNA binding activity of wild-type proteins of the same family (KBF1/p50, c- and v-rel).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 167560407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This mutant also functions in vivo as a trans-acting dominant negative regulator: the transcriptional inducibility of the HIV long terminal repeat (which contains two potential NF-kappa B binding sites) by phorbol ester (PMA) is inhibited when it is co-transfected into CD4+ T cells with the delta SP mutant.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 167560408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similarly the basal as well as TNF or IL1-induced activity of the MHC class I H-2Kb promoter can be inhibited by this mutant in two different cell lines.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 167560409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results constitute the first formal demonstration that these genes are regulated by members of the rel/NF-kappa B family.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 167626701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Towards a molecular understanding of T-cell differentiation.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 167626702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphoid differentiation is one of the best studied examples of mammalian development.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 167626703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here Hans Clevers and Michael Owen describe how the cloning of the genes that encode T-cell-specific membrane proteins allows the identification of transcription factors that control the expression of these T-cell genes.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 167626704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such transcription factors play a key role in the development of the mature T-cell phenotype by functioning as 'master regulators of T-cell differentiation'.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 167659701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning of a human homeobox gene that resembles a diverged Drosophila homeobox gene and is expressed in activated lymphocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 167659702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A new homeobox gene, HB24, has been isolated from a human B-lymphocyte cDNA library.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 167659703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot analysis of polyadenylated RNA purified from activated human B cells revealed a single mRNA transcript of approximately 2.3 kb.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 167659704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two cDNA clones were sequenced and provided 2,250 nucleotides (nt) of DNA sequence information.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 167659705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There is a single methionine codon-initiated open reading frame of 1,458 nt in frame with a homeobox and a CAX repeat, and the open reading frame is predicted to encode a protein of 51,659 daltons.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 167659706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When the homeodomain from HB24 was compared to known mammalian and Drosophila homeodomains it was found to be only moderately conserved, but when it was compared to a highly diverged Drosophila homeodomain, H2.0, it was found to be 80% identical.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 167659707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The HB24 mRNA was absent or present at low levels in normal B and T lymphocytes; however, with the appropriate activation signal HB24 mRNA was induced within several hours even in the presence of cycloheximide.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 167659708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of HB24 expression in lymphoid and select developing tissues was performed by in situ hybridization.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 167659709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Positive hybridization was found in thymus, tonsil, bone marrow, developing vessels, and in fetal brain.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 167659710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HB24 is likely to have an important role in lymphocytes as well as in certain developing tissues.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 167957601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B activity in T cells stably expressing the Tax protein of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 167957602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of constitutive Tax expression on the interaction of NF-kappa B with its recognition sequence and on NF-kappa B-dependent gene expression was examined in T lymphoid Jurkat cell lines (19D and 9J) stably transformed with a Tax expression vector.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 167957603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tax expressing T cell lines contained a constitutive level of NF-kappa B binding activity, detectable by mobility shift assay and uv cross-linking using a palindromic NF-kappa B probe homologous to the interferon beta PRDII site.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 167957604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In Jurkat and NC2.10 induction with phorbol esters resulted in the appearance of new DNA binding proteins of 85, 75, and 54 kDa, whereas in Tax expressing cells the 85-kDa protein and a 92-kDa DNA binding protein were constitutively induced.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 167957605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of Tax protein in 19D and 9J resulted in transcription of the endogenous NF-kappa B-dependent granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor gene and increased basal level expression of transfected NF-kappa B-regulated promoters.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 167957606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nonetheless transcription of both the endogenous and the transfected gene was inducible by PMA treatment.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 167957607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tax expression in Jurkat T cells may alter the stoichiometry of NF-kappa B DNA binding proteins and thus change the expression of NF-kappa B-regulated promoters.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 168091401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anti-CD2 receptor antibodies activate the HIV long terminal repeat in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 168091402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The CD2 T lymphocyte glycoprotein surface molecule mediates both cell to cell adhesion and T cell activation, two processes that are involved in the spread of HIV infection.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 168091403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of chronically HIV-infected PBMC with anti-CD2 mAb has been shown to induce the expression of infectious virus from these cultures.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 168091404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study we investigated the mechanisms whereby anti-CD2 antibodies stimulate viral production.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 168091405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that treatment of transiently transfected T lymphocytes with anti-CD2 antibodies results in activation of the HIV long terminal repeat.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 168091406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, CAT assays using mutated HIV long terminal repeat-CAT constructs and gel shift assays demonstrate that this activation is dependent on the NF-kappa B enhancer.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 168091407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies suggest that interaction of CD2 with its natural ligand, LFA-3, may play a role in regulation of HIV expression.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 168221701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@v-erbA overexpression is required to extinguish c-erbA function in erythroid cell differentiation and regulation of the erbA target gene CAII.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 168221702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The v-erbA oncoprotein represents a retrovirus-transduced oncogenic version of the thyroid hormone (T3/T4) receptor c-erbA (type alpha).@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 168221703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It contributes to virus-induced erythroleukemia by efficiently arresting differentiation of red cell progenitors and by suppressing transcription of erythrocyte-specific genes.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 168221704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we show that v-erbA and c-erbA bind directly to sequences within the promoter of the erythrocyte-specific carbonic anhydrase II (CAII), a gene whose transcription is efficiently suppressed by v-erbA.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 168221705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This erbA-binding site confers thyroid hormone responsiveness to a heterologous promoter in transient expression experiments and is a target for efficient down-regulation of CAII transcription by the v-erbA oncoprotein.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 168221706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In stably transformed erythroblasts coexpressing the v-erbA oncoprotein and the c-erbA/T3 receptor at an approximately equimolar ratio, c-erbA activity is dominant over v-erbA.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 168221707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T3 efficiently induced erythroid differentiation in these cells, thus overcoming the v-erbA-mediated differentiation arrest.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 168221708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Likewise, T3 activated CAII transcription as well as transient expression of a T3-responsive reporter gene containing the CAII-specific erbA-binding site.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 168221709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The c-erbA-dependent activation of this CAII reporter construct could only be suppressed by very high amounts of v-erbA.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 168221710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results suggest that overexpression of v-erbA is required for its function as an oncoprotein.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010