169234801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mapping of B-cell epitopes of the human hepatitis B virus X protein.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 169234802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immune response to the X protein of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) was studied by epitope mapping by using a set of MS2-HBx fusion proteins and synthetic peptides.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 169234803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antibodies in sera of patients with acute and chronic HBV infection showed a multispecific immune response.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 169234804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Each serum contained antibodies to a different set of epitopes, which taken together cover most of the HBx sequence.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 169234805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some of the epitopes were detectable only by immunoblotting with fusion proteins; others were detectable only by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with synthetic peptides.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 169234806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The carboxy-terminal half of the HBx protein was preferentially recognized by antibodies from patients with chronic hepatitis and contained a short immunodominant antigenic region with at least two major nonoverlapping epitopes.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 169234807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anti-HBx antibody titers as revealed by peptide ELISAs were highest and most frequent in patients with chronic hepatitis and usually low in acutely infected patients and asymptomatic carriers.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 169234808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data demonstrate a remarkable qualitative and quantitative heterogeneity of the humoral HBx immune response which can be monitored by HBx-specific peptide ELISAs.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 169234809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such tests may become useful diagnostic tools.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 169537801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Complementary DNA encoding the human T-cell FK506-binding protein, a peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase distinct from cyclophilin.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 169537802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The recently discovered macrolide FK506 has been demonstrated to have potent immunosuppressive activity at concentrations 100-fold lower than cyclosporin A, a cyclic undecapeptide that is used to prevent rejection after transplantation of bone marrow and organs, such as kidney, heart, and liver.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 169537803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After the recent discovery that the cyclosporin A-binding protein cyclophilin is identical to peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase, a cellular binding protein for FK506 was found to be distinct from cyclophilin but to have the same enzymatic activity.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 169537804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we isolated a cDNA coding for FK506-binding protein (FKBP) from human peripheral blood T cells by using mixed 20-mer oligonucleotide probes synthesized on the basis of the sequence, Glu-Asp-Gly-Lys-Lys-Phe-Asp, reported for bovine FKBP.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 169537805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The DNA isolated contained an open reading frame encoding 108 amino acid residues.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 169537806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The first 40 residues of the deduced amino acid sequence were identical to those of the reported amino-terminal sequence of bovine FKBP, indicating that the DNA sequence isolated represents the gene coding for FKBP.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 169537807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Computer-assisted analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence indicates that FKBP exhibits no internal homology and does not have significant sequence similarity to any other amino acid sequences of known proteins, including cyclophilin.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 169537808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This result suggests that two catalytically similar proteins, cyclophilin and FKBP, evolved independently.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 169537809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In Northern blot analysis, mRNA species of approximately 1.8 kilobases that hybridized with human FKBP cDNA were detected in poly(A)+ RNAs from brain, lung, liver, and placental cells and leukocytes.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 169537810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of Jurkat leukemic T cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin did not affect the level of FKBP mRNA.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 169537811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Southern blot analysis of human genomic DNA digested with different restriction enzymes suggests the existence of only a few copies of the DNA sequence encoding FKBP.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 169537812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is in contrast to the result that as many as 20 copies of the cyclophilin gene and possible pseudogenes may be present in the mammalian genome.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 170001101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-X2 that binds to the DRA X2-box is activator protein 1.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 170001102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression cloning of c-Jun.@@@@1@5@@oe@16-12-2010 170001103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human class II MHC Ag are a family of cell surface glycoproteins.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 170001104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Their constitutive expression is limited to B lymphocytes and thymic epithelial cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 170001105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In many other cells their expression can be induced by IFN-gamma.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 170001106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Conserved upstream promoter sequences regulate this tissue-specific expression of class II genes.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 170001107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the DRA promoter, one of these cis-acting regulatory motifs is the X2-box to which nuclear factor X2 (NF-X2) binds.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 170001108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we present the isolation and characterization of the full-length cDNA clone encoding NF-X2.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 170001109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This cDNA clone was isolated by expression cDNA cloning, and encodes the human c-Jun protein, which together with c-Fos forms the heterodimeric activator protein-1 transcription complex.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 170001110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas c-Fos/c-Jun heterodimers do not exist in B cells, they form and bind to the X2-box in class II nonexpressing cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 170001111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, c-Fos/c-Jun heterodimers might contribute to the repression of DRA gene expression.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 170238401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The actions of cyclosporin A and FK506 suggest a novel step in the activation of T lymphocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 170238402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cyclosporin A and FK506 are immunosuppressive compounds that have similar inhibitory effects on the expression of several lymphokines produced by T lymphocytes.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 170238403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Despite their similar effects the drugs bind to two different cytosolic protein, cyclophilin and FKBP respectively, which raises the possibility that they have different modes of action.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 170238404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using constructs in which mRNA production controlled by a specific transcription factor could be readily measured we found that both cyclosporin A and FK506 completely inhibited transcription activated by NF-AT, NFIL2 A, NFIL2 B and partially inhibited transcription activated by NF kappa B.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 170238405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cyclosporin A and FK506 inhibited only transcriptional activation that was dependent on Ca2+ mobilization.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 170238406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, cyclosporin A and FK506 did not inhibit Ca2+ mobilization dependent expression of c-fos mRNA indicating that only a subset of signalling pathways regulated by Ca2+ is sensitive to these drugs.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 170238407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we did not observe any qualitative differences between the effect of cyclosporin A and FK506 on six different transcription factors which suggests that these drugs may interfere with the activity of a novel Ca2+ dependent step that regulates several transcription factors.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 170583601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor RNA: expression in hematopoietic cells.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 170583602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] induces differentiation and inhibits proliferation of myeloid leukemic cells from various lines and patients; these effects are probably mediated through the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 170583603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Little is known of expression of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA in hematopoietic cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 170583604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We examined the expression and modulation of expression of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA in various proliferating and nonproliferating hematopoietic cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 170583605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive expression of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA was detected in various kinds of hematopoietic cells, including macrophages and activated T lymphocytes, as well as in cell lines KG-1 (myeloblasts), HL-60 (promyelocytes), ML-3 (myelomonoblasts), U937, THP-1 (monoblasts), K562 (erythroblasts), and S-LB1 (HTLV-1-transfected T lymphocytes).@@@@1@63@@oe@16-12-2010 170583606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Receptor transcripts were 4.6 kilobases (kb), and no variant sizes were observed.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 170583607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All cell lines examined in this group also expressed 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 170583608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Most B lymphocyte lines expressed negligible levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA and protein; however; analysis of a lymphoid/myeloid somatic hybrid suggested that suppression of expression of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA in B lymphocytes may be a dominant characteristic.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 170583609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HL-60 cells were cultured with 10(-7) mol/L 1,25(OH)2D3 for 24 to 72 hours, and levels of expression of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor and its RNA were examined.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 170583610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Levels of RNA coding for the receptor were not modulated by exposure to high levels of ligand.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 170583611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Levels of occupied 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor protein increased in these HL-60 cells; but the total number of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors decreased about 50% at 24 hours and returned toward normal at 72 hours.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 170583612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Steady-state levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA were not affected by terminal differentiation of HL-60 toward either granulocytes or macrophages.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 170583613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nondividing macrophages from normal individuals also expressed 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 170583614@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, nondividing peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal individuals did not express 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA; with stimulation of proliferation of these cells, accumulation of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA increased markedly.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 170583615@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Half-life (t1/2) of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA in T lymphocytes was short (1 hour) as determined by measuring decay of the message after addition of actinomycin D.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 170583616@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with this short t1/2, accumulation of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA increased in cells as their protein synthesis was inhibited.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 170583617@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further studies are required to understand the physiologic role of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors in myeloid cells and proliferating T lymphocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 170702701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immune response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to HBx-antigen of hepatitis B virus.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 170702702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The hepatitis B virus genome encodes a transcriptional transactivator protein designated HBxAg.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 170702703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have investigated whether this antigen is a target structure for human T-lymphocytes.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 170702704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using recombinant HBxAg protein, we found HBxAg-specific stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with acute hepatitis B virus infection (6 of 6) and chronic hepatitis B virus infection (6 of 17) but not in healthy individuals.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 170702705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@With HBxAg-specific synthetic polypeptides, several T-cell epitopes were identified.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 170702706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Most were located in the carboxyterminal half of the HBxAg protein.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 170702707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Five T-cell clones specific for a T-cell epitope located at the carboxyterminal region of HBxAg were established and found to belong to the CD2/CD4-positive, CD8-negative subtype.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 170702708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data establish for the first time HBxAg as an antigen in the cellular immune response.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 171222601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of jun and fos gene expression in human monocytes by the macrophage colony-stimulating factor.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 171222602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is required for the growth and differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 171222603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the signaling events responsible for these effects remain unclear.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 171222604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present studies have examined the effects of M-CSF on potential signaling pathways involving expression of the jun and fos early response genes.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 171222605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Low levels of c-jun transcripts were detectable in resting human peripheral blood monocytes.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 171222606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of these cells with 10(3) units/ml human recombinant M-CSF was associated with rapid and transient increases in c-jun mRNA levels.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 171222607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear run-on assays and mRNA stability studies demonstrated that M-CSF regulates c-jun expression by both an increase in transcription rate and a prolongation in the half-life of c-jun transcripts.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 171222608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@M-CSF treatment was also associated with a rapid induction of the jun-B gene, although expression of this gene was prolonged compared to that of c-jun.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 171222609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We further demonstrate that M-CSF increases c-fos mRNA levels in human monocytes through control at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 171222610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Maximal induction of the c-fos gene was followed by that for the fos-B gene.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 171222611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, M-CSF-induced expression of the fos-related gene, fra-1, was delayed compared to that for both c-fos and fos-B.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 171222612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, the results indicate that M-CSF treatment is associated with differential activation of multiple members of the jun/fos family and that expression of these genes could contribute to nuclear signaling mechanisms that regulate a specific program of monocyte differentiation.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 171551601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear association of a T-cell transcription factor blocked by FK-506 and cyclosporin A [see comments]@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 171551602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cyclosporin A and FK506 inhibit T- and B-cell activation and other processes essential to an effective immune response.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 171551603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In T lymphocytes these drugs disrupt an unknown step in the transmission of signals from the T-cell antigen receptor to cytokine genes that coordinate the immune response.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 171551604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The putative intracellular receptors for FK506 and cyclosporin are cis-trans prolyl isomerases.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 171551605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of the drug inhibits isomerase activity, but studies with other prolyl isomerase inhibitors and analysis of cyclosporin-resistant mutants in yeast suggest that the effects of the drug result from the formation of an inhibitory complex between the drug and isomerase, and not from inhibition of isomerase activity.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 171551606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A transcription factor, NF-AT, which is essential for early T-cell gene activation, seems to be a specific target of cyclosporin A and FK506 action because transcription directed by this protein is blocked in T cells treated with these drugs, with little or no effect on other transcription factors such as AP-1 and NF-kappa B.@@@@1@59@@oe@16-12-2010 171551607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate that NF-AT is formed when a signal from the antigen receptor induces a pre-existing cytoplasmic subunit to translocate to the nucleus and combine with a newly synthesized nuclear subunit of NF-AT.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 171551608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@FK506 and cyclosporin A block translocation of the cytoplasmic component without affecting synthesis of the nuclear subunit.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 171737701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To be or not to be a responder in T-cell responses: ubiquitous oligopeptides in all proteins.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 171737702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Amino acid sequences of all proteins are essays written in the same language.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 171737703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Accordingly, the same set of words and phrases (oligopeptides) appear in totally unrelated proteins.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 171737704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The reason that only certain individuals of particular major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes can mount T-cell responses against a given antigen of pathogens is found in the fact that T-cell receptors are designed to recognize 18-20 residue-long peptide fragments sandwiched between two alpha-helices of class I or class II MHC molecules.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 171737705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At this range of peptide lengths, most would appear as self, while nonselfness of the remainders are destined to be quite ambiguous, hence creating responders and nonresponders.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 171802501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T-helper-cell determinants in protein antigens are preferentially located in cysteine-rich antigen segments resistant to proteolytic cleavage by cathepsin B, L, and D.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 171802502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report on a computer algorithm capable of predicting the location of T-helper-cell epitopes in protein antigen (Ag) by analysing the Ag amino acid sequence.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 171802503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The algorithm was constructed with the aim of identifying segments in Ag which are resistant to proteolytic degradation by the enzymes cathepsin B, L, and D.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 171802504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These are prominent enzymes in the endocytic pathway through which soluble protein Ag enter APC, and resistant segments in Ag may, therefore, be expected to contain more T-cell determinants than susceptible segments.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 171802505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From information available in the literature on the substrate specificity of the three enzymes, it is clear that a cysteine is not accepted in any of the S2, S1, S1', and S2' subsites of cathepsin B and L, and not in the S1 and S1' subsites of cathepsin D.@@@@1@55@@oe@16-12-2010 171802506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, we have noticed that cysteine-containing T-cell determinants in a number of protein Ag are particularly rich in the amino acids alanine, glycine, lysine, leucine, serine, threonine, and valine.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 171802507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By searching protein Ag for clusters of amino acids containing cysteine and two of the other amino acids we were able to predict 17 out of 23 empirically known T-cell determinants in the Ag with a relatively low number of false (positive) predictions.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 171802508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we present a new principle for searching Ag for potential amphipatic alpha-helical protein segments.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 171802509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such segments accord well with empirically known T-cell determinants and our algorithm produces a lower number of false positive predictions than the principle based on discrete Fourier transformations previously described.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 171907701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Charybdotoxin-sensitive, Ca(2+)-dependent membrane potential changes are not involved in human T or B cell activation and proliferation.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 171907702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The involvement of ion channels in B and T lymphocyte activation is supported by many reports of changes in ion fluxes and membrane potential after mitogen binding.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 171907703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T and B lymphocytes demonstrate an early and transient hyperpolarization after ligand binding.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 171907704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inasmuch as the change in membrane potential is dependent on elevation of free cytosolic calcium, the hyperpolarization is presumably through opening of Ca(2+)-stimulated K+ channels.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 171907705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have used charybdotoxin, a known inhibitor of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels, to study the role of these channels in lymphocyte activation and mitogenesis.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 171907706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that charybdotoxin inhibits the ligand-induced transient membrane hyperpolarization in B and T cells in a dose-dependent fashion, without affecting changes in cytosolic Ca2+.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 171907707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, blockade of the Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel is not associated with changes in cell-cycle gene activation, IL-2 production, IL-2R expression or B and T cell mitogenesis.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 171907708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results imply that membrane potential changes secondary to the ligand-dependent opening of Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels are not involved in B and T lymphocyte activation and mitogenesis.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 171955101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@cAMP-dependent regulation of proenkephalin by JunD and JunB: positive and negative effects of AP-1 proteins.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 171955102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that JunD, a component of the AP-1 transcription factor complex, activates transcription of the human proenkephalin gene in a fashion that is completely dependent upon the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase A.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 171955103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of proenkephalin transcription by JunD is dependent upon a previously characterized cAMP-, phorbol ester-, and Ca(2+)-inducible enhancer, and JunD is shown to bind the enhancer as a homodimer.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 171955104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Another component of the AP-1 transcription complex, JunB, is shown to inhibit activation mediated by JunD.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 171955105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a homodimer JunB is unable to bind the enhancer; however in the presence of c-Fos, high-affinity binding is observed.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 171955106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, JunD is shown to activate transcription of genes linked to both cAMP and phorbol ester response elements in a protein kinase A-dependent fashion, further blurring the distinction between these response elements.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 171955107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrate that the transcriptional activity of an AP-1-related protein is regulated by the cAMP-dependent second-messenger pathway and suggest that JunD and other AP-1-related proteins may play an important role in the regulation of gene expression by cAMP-dependent intracellular signaling pathways.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 173486501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel primer extension method to detect the number of CAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene in families with X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 173486502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), an adult-onset form of motor neuron disease, was recently reported to be caused by amplification of the CAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 173486503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report here a simple and rapid strategy to detect the precise number of the CAGs.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 173486504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After the DNA fragment containing the CAG repeats is amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, a primer extension is carried out; the extension of the end-labelled reverse primer adjacent to 3' end of CAG repeats stops at the first T after CAG repeats with the incorporation of dideoxy ATP in the reaction mixture.@@@@1@56@@oe@16-12-2010 173486505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The resultant primer products are analysed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 173486506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This method could be quite useful to detect not only CAG repeats in SBMA but also other polymorphic dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 173494601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Influence of estradiol and tamoxifen on susceptibility of human breast cancer cell lines to lysis by lymphokine-activated killer cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 173494602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The design of combination hormonal and immunotherapeutic protocols for breast cancer patients may be facilitated by analysis of preclinical in vitro model systems.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 173494603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogen receptor positive (ER+: MCF-7) and negative (ER-: MDA-MB-231) human breast cancer cell lines were utilized to evaluate the effects of tamoxifen (TAM) and estradiol (E2) on modulation of breast cancer target susceptibility to lysis by lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 173494604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E2-stimulated ER+ cells were more susceptible to lysis by LAK cells than corresponding TAM-treated or control cells, while treatment of ER- cells with either E2 or TAM alone did not alter from control their susceptibility to this immune-mediated lysis.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 173494605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All ER+ and ER- cells tested remained sensitive after treatment with TAM to lysis by LAK cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 173494606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, an adenocarcinoma reactive human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody (ING-1) was able to significantly boost in vivo generated LAK cell-mediated lysis of control, E2-treated, and TAM-treated ER+ and ER- cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 173494607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These in vitro results provide a preclinical rationale for in vivo testing of TAM, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and breast cancer reactive antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity facilitating antibody in patients with refractory or high risk breast cancer.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 173654901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptor and inhibition of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose uptake by glucocorticoids in peripheral blood leukocytes from normal humans: correlation between receptor level and hormone effect in vitro.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 173654902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have measured the glucocorticoid receptor concentration in mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, both of which were isolated from peripheral blood from ten healthy male volunteers.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 173654903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In parallel, the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on 3-O-methyl-D-glucose uptake was assayed in the corresponding mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 173654904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The glucocorticoid receptor levels in mononuclear leukocytes correlated with those in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and there was a linear relationship between the cellular glucocorticoid receptor levels and glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of the uptake of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose in mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 173654905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When mononuclear leukocytes were incubated in the presence of 8-bromo-cAMP, cellular glucocorticoid receptor levels increased and a more pronounced inhibitory effect of dexamethasone was observed on the transport of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 173654906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that the cellular glucocorticoid receptor levels in peripheral blood leukocytes reflect in vitro responsiveness to glucocorticoids in mononuclear leukocytes from healthy males, and that the individual responsiveness may alter upon changes in the cellular levels of glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 174049401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cortisol resistance in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 174049402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study concerns 9 iv drug abusers with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who developed hypercortisolism without the clinical signs or metabolic consequences of hypercortisolism.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 174049403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All patients were characterized by an Addisonian picture (weakness, weight loss, hypotension, hyponatremia, and intense mucocutaneous melanosis).@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 174049404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An acquired form of peripheral resistance to glucocorticoids was suspected.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 174049405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We, therefore, examined glucocorticoid receptor characteristics on mononuclear leukocytes by measuring [3H]dexamethasone binding and the effect of dexamethasone on [3H]thymidine incorporation, which is one of the effects of glucocorticoid receptor activation.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 174049406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptor density was increased in AIDS patients with an Addisonian picture (group 1; 16.2 +/- 9.4 fmol/million cells) compared to values in 12 AIDS patients without an Addisonian picture (group 2; 6.05 +/- 2.6 fmol/million cells; P less than 0.01) and sex- and age-matched controls (3.15 +/- 2.3 fmol/million cells; P less than 0.01).@@@@1@66@@oe@16-12-2010 174049407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The affinity of glucocorticoid receptors (Kd) was strikingly decreased (9.36 +/- 3.44 nM in group 1; 3.2 +/- 1.5 nM in group 2; 2.0 +/- 0.8 nM in controls; P less than 0.01).@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 174049408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[3H]Thymidine incorporation was decreased dose-dependently by dexamethasone in controls and patients; the effect was significantly blunted (P less than 0.05) in group 1 patients, which suggests that activation of glucocorticoid receptor is impaired as a result of the glucocorticoid receptor abnormality.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 174049409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, AIDS patients with hypercortisolism and clinical features of peripheral resistance to glucocorticoids are characterized by abnormal glucocorticoid receptors on lymphocytes.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 174049410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Resistance to glucocorticoids implies a complex change in immune-endocrine function, which may be important in the course of immunodeficiency syndrome.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 174066301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of monocytic differentiation and NF-kappa B-like activities by human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection of myelomonoblastic cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 174066302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection on cellular differentiation and NF-kappa B DNA binding activity have been investigated in a new model of myeloid differentiation.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 174066303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PLB-985 cells represent a bipotential myelomonoblastic cell population capable of either granulocytic or monocytic differentiation after induction with appropriate inducers.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 174066304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By virtue of the presence of CD4 on the cell surface, PLB-985 cells were chronically infected with HIV-1 strain IIIB.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 174066305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PLB-IIIB cells clearly possessed a more monocytic phenotype than the parental myeloblasts, as determined by differential staining, increased expression of the myeloid-specific surface markers, and transcription of the c-fms proto-oncogene.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 174066306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B binding activity was inducible by tumor necrosis factor and phorbol myristate acetate in PLB-985.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 174066307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in PLB-IIIB cells, constitutive expression of a novel NF-kappa B complex was detected, composed of proteins ranging between 70 and 110 kD.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 174066308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These proteins interacted specifically with the symmetric NF-kappa B site from the interferon beta (IFN-beta) promoter.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 174066309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutations affecting the 5' guanine residues of the kappa B site were unable to compete for these NF-kappa B-related proteins.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 174066310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inducibility of endogenous IFN-beta and IFN-alpha RNA was also increased in PLB-IIIB cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 174066311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies indicate that HIV-1 infection of myelomonoblastic cells may select for a more mature monocytic phenotype and that unique subunit associations of NF-kappa B DNA binding proteins may contribute to differential NF-kappa B-mediated gene expression.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 174066701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The AP-1 site at -150 bp, but not the NF-kappa B site, is likely to represent the major target of protein kinase C in the interleukin 2 promoter.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 174066702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of T cells with antigen results in activation of several kinases, including protein kinase C (PKC), that may mediate the later induction of activation-related genes.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 174066703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined the potential role of PKC in induction of the interleukin 2 (IL-2) gene in T cells stimulated through the T cell receptor/CD3 complex.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 174066704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously shown that prolonged treatment of the untransformed T cell clone Ar-5 with phorbol esters results in downmodulation of the alpha and beta isozymes of PKC, and abrogates induction of IL-2 mRNA and protein.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 174066705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show that phorbol ester treatment also abolishes induction of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in Ar-5 cells transfected with a plasmid containing the IL-2 promoter linked to this reporter gene.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 174066706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IL-2 promoter contains binding sites for nuclear factors including NFAT-1, Oct, NF-kappa B, and AP-1, which are all potentially sensitive to activation of PKC.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 174066707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that induction of a trimer of the NFAT and Oct sites is not sensitive to phorbol ester treatment, and that mutations in the NF-kappa B site have no effect on inducibility of the IL-2 promoter.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 174066708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, mutations in the AP-1 site located at -150 bp almost completely abrogate induction of the IL-2 promoter, and appearance of an inducible nuclear factor binding to this site is sensitive to PKC depletion.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 174066709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, cotransfections with c-fos and c-jun expression plasmids markedly enhance induction of the IL-2 promoter in minimally stimulated T cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 174066710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results indicate that the AP-1 site at -150 bp represents a major, if not the only, site of PKC responsiveness in the IL-2 promoter.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 175140401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of jun and fos gene family members in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induced hemopoietic differentiation.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 175140402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Terminal differentiation of the leukemic cell lines U-937 and HL-60 by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate is accompanied by marked changes in gene expression.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 175140403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we demonstrate that the expression of jun and fos gene family members is induced with variable kinetics during 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induced differentiation, with c-jun expression best paralleling differentiation.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 175140404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The generation of AP-1 complexes, as measured by DNA binding activity, closely parallels morphological differentiation.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 175140405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the ability of these complexes to regulate gene expression is demonstrated by increased transcription from an AP-1 driven reporter construct and marked increases in the expression of endogenous AP-1 regulated genes.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 175140406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differentiation assays using water soluble phorbol esters reveal that differentiation becomes irreversible soon after AP-1 appears.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 175140407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This tight correlation between c-jun expression, the generation of AP-1 activity, and differentiation suggests a critical role for this gene and transcriptional complex during this process.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 176285201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Endocrine status changes in children with bronchial asthma]@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 176285202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A study was made of adrenocortical function by measuring blood plasma cortisol concentration and amount of glucocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes as well as thyroid function by measuring blood plasma triidothyronine and thyroxine concentration in 58 bronchial asthma children aged 1 to 14 years.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 176285203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The authors revealed alterations in the functional activity of the indicated endocrine glands depending on the intensity of bronchial patency disorders and the nature of the therapeutic measures carried out.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 176303501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 29-kDa proteins phosphorylated in thrombin-activated human platelets are forms of the estrogen receptor-related 27-kDa heat shock protein.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 176303502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thrombin plays a critical role in platelet activation, hemostasis, and thrombosis.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 176303503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cellular activation by thrombin leads to the phosphorylation of multiple proteins, most of which are unidentified.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 176303504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have characterized several 29-kDa proteins that are rapidly phosphorylated following exposure of intact human platelets to thrombin.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 176303505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A murine monoclonal antibody raised to an unidentified estrogen receptor-related 29-kDa protein selectively recognized these proteins as well as a more basic, unphosphorylated 27-kDa protein.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 176303506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cellular activation by thrombin led to a marked shift in the proportion of protein from the 27-kDa unphosphorylated form to the 29-kDa phosphoprotein species.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 176303507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using this antibody, we isolated and sequenced a human cDNA clone encoding a protein that was identical to the mammalian 27-kDa heat shock protein (HSP27), a protein of uncertain function that is known to be phosphorylated to several forms and to be transcriptionally induced by estrogen.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 176303508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 29-kDa proteins were confirmed to be phosphorylated forms of HSP27 by immunoprecipitation studies.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 176303509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the "estrogen receptor-related protein" is HSP27, and the three major 29-kDa proteins phosphorylated in thrombin-activated platelets are forms of HSP27.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 176303510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest a role for HSP27 in the signal transduction events of platelet activation.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 176332501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of a cofactor that regulates dimerization of a mammalian homeodomain protein.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 176332502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dimerization among transcription factors has become a recurrent theme in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 176332503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha (HNF-1 alpha) is a homeodomain-containing protein that functions as a dimer.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 176332504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A dimerization cofactor of HNF-1 alpha (DCoH) was identified that displayed a restricted tissue distribution and did not bind to DNA, but, rather, selectively stabilized HNF-1 alpha dimers.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 176332505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The formation of a stable tetrameric DCoH-HNF-1 alpha complex, which required the dimerization domain of HNF-1 alpha, did not change the DNA binding characteristics of HNF-1 alpha, but enhanced its transcriptional activity.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 176332506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, DCoH did not confer transcriptional activation to the GAL4 DNA binding domain.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 176332507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that DCoH regulates formation of transcriptionally active tetrameric complexes and may contribute to the developmental specificity of the complex.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 176527501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factor requirements for U2 snRNA-encoding gene activation in B lymphoid cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 176527502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription of a human U2 small nuclear RNA(snRNA)-encoding gene in HeLa cells requires a distal enhancer element, which is composed of one octamer motif (Oct) and three Sp 1-binding sites.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 176527503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To study the transcription factor requirement in B-cells, different U2 enhancer constructions were transfected into the lymphoid cell line, BJA-B.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 176527504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results showed that the activation of U2 snRNA transcription in B-cells also requires an enhancer comprising both the Oct and at least one Sp 1-binding site.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 176527505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletion of all the Sp 1-binding sites from the enhancer reduces transcription by 80-90% in HeLa, as well as in BJA-B cells, whereas the removal of the octamer-binding site reduces transcription to levels below detection in both cell types.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 176527506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhancers containing a single Oct have, nevertheless, the capacity to partially activate U2 snRNA transcription in both HeLa cells, in which only OTF-1 is expressed, and in BJA-B cells in which OTF-2 is the predominantly expressed octamer-binding factor.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 176527507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The most likely interpretation of our results is that both the ubiquitous transcription factor, OTF-1, and the B-cell-specific transcription factor, OTF-2, can activate U2 snRNA transcription.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 176527508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results also revealed a similar functional cooperation between the transcription factors which bind to the Oct and the adjacent Sp 1-binding site in BJA-B cells, as has been observed in HeLa cells, since a template which contains a weak binding site for OTFs expresses wild-type levels of U2 snRNA in both cell types when the weak octamer-binding site is combined with a Sp 1-binding site.@@@@1@69@@oe@16-12-2010 176865201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Kappa B-specific DNA binding proteins are differentially inhibited by enhancer mutations and biological oxidation.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 176865202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Kappa B (kappa B) enhancer binding proteins isolated from the nuclei of activated human T cells produce two distinct nucleoprotein complexes when incubated with the kappa B element from the interleukin-2 receptor-alpha (IL-2R alpha) gene.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 176865203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These two DNA-protein complexes are composed of at least four host proteins (p50, p55, p75, p85), each of which shares structural similarity with the v-rel oncogene product.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 176865204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear expression of these proteins is induced with distinctly biphasic kinetics following phorbol ester activation of T cells (p55/p75 early and p50/p85 late).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 176865205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA-protein crosslinking studies have revealed that the more rapidly migrating B2 complex contains both p50 and p55 while the more slowly migrating B1 complex is composed of p50, p55, p75, and p85.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 176865206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Site-directed mutagenesis of the wild-type IL-2R alpha kappa B enhancer (GGGGAATCTCCC) has revealed that the binding of p50 and p55 (B2 complex) is particularly sensitive to alteration of the 5' triplet of deoxyguanosine residues.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 176865207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, formation of the B1 complex, reflecting the binding of p75 and p85, critically depends upon the more 3' sequences of this enhancer element.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 176865208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA binding by all four of these Rel-related factors is blocked by selective chemical modification of lysine and arginine residues, suggesting that both of these basic amino acids are required for binding to the kappa B element.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 176865209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similarly, covalent modification of free sulfhydryl groups with diamide (reversible) or N-ethylmaleimide (irreversible) results in a complete loss of DNA binding activity.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 176865210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, mild oxidation with glucose oxidase selectively inhibits p75 and p85 binding while not blocking p50 and p55 interactions.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 176865211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest that reduced cysteine thiols play an important role in the DNA binding activity of this family of Rel-related transcription factors.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 177346301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Changes in leucocytic estrogen receptor levels in patients with climacteric syndrome and therapeutic effect of liuwei dihuang pills]@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 177346302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The numbers of estrogen receptor (ER) in human peripheral leucocytes in 22 women with climacteric syndrome were measured by radioligand method.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 177346303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results were compared with those of 12 normal child-bearing-age women.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 177346304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It wat found that the contents of leucocytic ER in climacteric syndrome patients were significantly lower than normal child-bearing-age women.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 177346305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The authors used a Chinese prescription--Liuwei Dihuang Pills (LDP) to treat the patients for 2 months.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 177346306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The numbers of leucocytic ER were significantly increased after treatment.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 177346307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data indicate that decrease of ER levels in cell may involve in the pathogenesis of climacteric syndrome.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 177346308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LDP not only increases plasma estradiol levels, but also increases the leucocytic ER levels.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 177346309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This may be the basis of the therapeutic effect on the disease.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 177748301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activity of the kappa B enhancer of the interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain in somatic cell hybrids is accompanied by the nuclear localization of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 177748302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two nuclear proteins NF-kappa B (consisting of subunits p50 and p65) and the DNA-binding subunit of NF-kappa B (p50) by itself, also called KBF1, are constitutively expressed and localized in the nucleus of the human T-cell line IARC 301.5.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 177748303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to define the roles of these two factors, which bind to the same kappa B enhancers, in transcription activation we have prepared somatic cell hybrids between IARC 301.5 and a murine myeloma.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 177748304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Most hybrids express both KBF1 and NF-kappa B in their nuclei, but one hybrid expresses only KBF1.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 177748305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The kappa B enhancer of the gene encoding the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor alpha chain (IL-2R alpha) is functional only in the hybrids expressing nuclear NF-kappa B.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 177748306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings show that nuclear NF-kappa B is necessary to activate the kappa B enhancer, while KBF1 by itself is not sufficient.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 177748307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose that KBF1 is a competitive inhibitor of NF-kappa B and discuss how these factors may be involved in the transient expression of IL-2 and IL-2R alpha genes during the immune response.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 178215101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of interferon beta gene transcription in vitro by purified NF-kappa B and a novel TH protein.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 178215102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human interferon beta (IFN-beta) regulatory element consists of multiple enhanson domains which are targets for transcription factors involved in inducible expression of the promoter.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 178215103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To further characterize the protein-DNA interactions mediating IFN-beta induction, positive regulatory domain (PRD) II binding proteins were purified from phorbol ester induced Jurkat T-cells and from IFN primed, cycloheximide/polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid treated HeLa S3 cells.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 178215104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From HeLa cells, two major proteins of 52 and 45 kilodaltons (kD) copurified with DNA binding activity, whereas from T-cells, four proteins--a major protein of 52 kD and three minor proteins of 82, 67, and 43-47 kD--were purified.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 178215105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Also, an induction specific DNA binding protein was purified from HeLa cells that interacted with the (AAGTGA)4 tetrahexamer sequence and the PRDI domain.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 178215106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This protein is immunologically distinct from IRF-1/ISGF2.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 178215107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Uninduced or Sendai virus induced HeLa extracts were used to examine transcription in vitro using a series of IFN beta promoter deletions.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 178215108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletions upstream of the PRDII element increased transcription in the uninduced extract, indicating predominantly negative regulation of the promoter.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 178215109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 2-4-fold increase in IFN-beta promoter transcription was observed in Sendai virus induced extracts, and deletion of PRDI and PRDII elements decreased this induced level of transcription.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 178215110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When purified PRDII and tetrahexamer binding proteins were added to the induced extract, a 4-fold increase in transcription was observed.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 178215111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These experiments demonstrate that it is possible to modulate IFN-beta transcription in vitro but indicate that additional proteins may be required to fully activate IFN-beta transcription.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 179631401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Regulatory effect of insulin on glucocorticoid receptor in human peripheral leukocytes]@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 179631402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The regulatory effect of insulin on the specific binding power of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) of human leukocytes was assessed by the unoccupied receptor sites capable of combining with [3H] labelled dexamethasone measured at 3 and 24 h after incubation with various concentrations of insulin added to the medium.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 179631403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After 3 h incubation the specific binding power with [3H] Dex was decreased by 23.3 +/- 10.0, 32.2 +/- 13.2 and 54.3 +/- 9.2% (P greater than 0.05, P greater than 0.05 and P less than 0.01 as compared with the control value of 100 in the absence of insulin) respectively in the presence of 20 mU/L (physiological testing concentration), 200 mU/L (physiological upper limit) and 2,000 mU/L (pharmacological concentration) insulin in the incubation medium.@@@@1@88@@oe@16-12-2010 179631404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After 24 h incubation the decrease of these values increased respectively to 43.5 +/- 19.0, 56.1 +/- 20.7 and 80.2 +/- 15.5 (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.01 compared with control).@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 179631405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus the inhibitory effect of insulin on the GR binding power is both dose- and time-dependent, which strongly suggests that GR is tonically controlled by insulin concentration change under physiological conditions.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 180542301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Hormonal interactions and glucocorticoid receptors in patients with the nephrotic syndrome]@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 180542302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As many as 27 children aged 6 to 15 years with morphologically verified nephropathies were examined.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 180542303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Four variants of changes in the thyroid status, characteristic of children with different variants of nephrotic syndrome were distinguished: 1) biochemical signs of primary hypothyroidism, 2) biochemical signs of secondary hypothyroidism, 3) low content of T3, 4) dysfunction of the hypophyseal and thyroid system.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 180542304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is shown that the low level of steroid receptors, thyroid hormones that the low level of steroid receptors, thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and cortisol is typical of children with the signs of renal dysplasia.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 180542305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is assumed that superaddition under such conditions of immune glomerulopathy (glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome) gives rise to the resistance to the treatment with glucocorticoids.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 180740401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Regulation of intracellular cholesterol synthesis in hypercholesterolemia by glucocorticoids]@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 180740402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The rate of endogenous cholesterol synthesis in blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts from patients with type IIa hyperlipidemia was found to be increased in comparison with healthy donors.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 180740403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cells of hyperlipidemic patients had lowered levels of glucocorticoid receptors concomitantly with a partial loss of their sensitivity to glucocorticoids.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 180740404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In fibroblasts from patients with hereditary hypercholesteremia of homozygous type the number of glucocorticoid receptors did not exceed 10% of their content in normal cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 180740405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The decrease of the number of glucocorticoid receptors in patients with type IIa hyperlipidemia seems to be a compensatory response of cells culminating in activation of endogenous cholesterol synthesis.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 181316901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Plasma cortisol concentration and blood leukocyte content of glucocorticoid receptors in patients with deficiency-cold vs deficiency-heat syndromes]@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 181316902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Plasma cortisol concentration and blood leukocyte content of glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) were assayed in 20 patients with deficiency syndromes, 10 cold in property (deficiency-cold), the other 10 hot in property (deficiency-heat), and also in 10 healthy individuals as normal control for the purpose of investigating the nature of cold and heat syndromes.@@@@1@62@@oe@16-12-2010 181316903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a result, the cases of deficiency-cold syndrome (DCS) had a normal concentration of plasma cortisol but a lowered content of GCR in leukocytes when compared with the normal control (P less than 0.05); the cases of deficiency-heat syndrome (DHS) had a higher concentration of plasma cortisol than the normal control (P less than 0.05) and a slightly higher content of GCR in leukocytes.@@@@1@75@@oe@16-12-2010 181316904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was concluded that the DCS is characterized by diminished biological effects of adrenocortical activity, while the DHS, by augmented biological effects of adrenocortical activity.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 181443401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Protein kinase C activation and protooncogene expression in differentiation/retrodifferentiation of human U-937 leukemia cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 181443402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human U-937 leukemia cells differentiate along the monocytic lineage following 3-day exposures to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA).@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 181443403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This induction of differentiation is accompanied by adherence and loss of proliferation, as well as expression/repression of differentiation-associated genes.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 181443404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Long term culture of TPA-differentiated U-937 cells in the absence of phorbol ester for 32-36 days resulted in a process of retrodifferentiation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 181443405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The retrodifferentiated cells detached from the substrate and reinitiated proliferation.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 181443406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Other cellular parameters, such as glycosidase activities, cytokine release, and filament expression, returned to levels similar to that observed in uninduced cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 181443407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of U-937 cells with TPA resulted in a rapid translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) from the cytosol to cell membrane fractions within 2-8 min.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 181443408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased levels of membrane-associated PKC activity persisted until 17-29 days.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 181443409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, longer periods of incubation were associated with a return to the distribution of PKC in control cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 181443410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of PKC has been implicated in the regulation of certain immediate early response genes, and in the present studies, TPA rapidly induced c-fos and c-jun gene expression.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 181443411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Levels of c-fos and c-jun transcripts remained elevated during periods of PKC activation and also returned to levels observed in control cells by 30-36 days, when the cells entered retrodifferentiation.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 181443412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Staurosporine, a nonspecific inhibitor of PKC, partially blocked TPA-induced adherence and growth inhibition and concomitantly prevented TPA-induced c-fos and c-jun gene expression.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 181443413@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 182713801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning of murine TCF-1, a T cell-specific transcription factor interacting with functional motifs in the CD3-epsilon and T cell receptor alpha enhancers.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 182713802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD3-epsilon gene expression is confined to the T cell lineage.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 182713803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently identified and cloned a human transcription factor, TCF-1, that binds to a functional element in the T lymphocyte-specific enhancer of CD3-epsilon.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 182713804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a panel of human cell lines, TCF-1 expression was restricted to T lineage cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 182713805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF-1 belonged to a novel family of genes that contain the so-called high mobility group 1 (HMG) box.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 182713806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report the cloning of murine TCF-1.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 182713807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two splice alternatives were identified that were not previously observed in human TCF-1.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 182713808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Murine and human TCF-1 displayed a 95.5% overall amino acid homology.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 182713809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recombinant murine and human TCF-1 recognized the same sequence motif in the CD3-epsilon enhancer as judged by gel retardation and methylation interference assays.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 182713810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@With the murine cDNA clones several aspects of TCF-1 were analyzed.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 182713811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@First, deletion analysis revealed that a region of TCF-1 containing the HMG box was sufficient for sequence-specific binding.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 182713812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Second, by high stringency Northern blotting and in situ hybridization, TCF-1 expression was shown to be confined to the thymus and to the T cell areas of the spleen.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 182713813@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Third, TCF-1 bound specifically to a functional T cell-specific element in the T cell receptor alpha (TCR-alpha) enhancer.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 182713814@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The T lineage-specific expression and the affinity for functional motifs in the TCR-alpha and CD3-epsilon enhancers imply an important role for TCF-1 in the establishment of the mature T cell phenotype.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 182964801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of an immediate-early gene induced in adherent monocytes that encodes I kappa B-like activity.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 182964802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have cloned a group of cDNAs representing mRNAs that are rapidly induced following adherence of human monocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 182964803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the induced transcripts (MAD-3) encodes a protein of 317 amino acids with one domain containing five tandem repeats of the cdc10/ankyrin motif, which is 60% similar (46% identical) to the ankyrin repeat region of the precursor of NF-kappa B/KBF1 p50.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 182964804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The C-terminus has a putative protein kinase C phosphorylation site.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 182964805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro translated MAD-3 protein was found to specifically inhibit the DNA-binding activity of the p50/p65 NF-kappa B complex but not that of the p50/p50 KBF1 factor or of other DNA-binding proteins.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 182964806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The MAD-3 cDNA encodes an I kappa B-like protein that is likely to be involved in regulation of transcriptional responses to NF-kappa B, including adhesion-dependent pathways of monocyte activation.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 183254701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of toremifene therapy on serum immunoglobulin levels in breast cancer.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 183254702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogens and anti-estrogens enhance the number of immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting cells in pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated lymphocyte cultures.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 183254703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocytes from patients who have received anti-estrogen therapy show similar enhancement of Ig-secreting cells after PWM stimulation.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 183254704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study the effect of anti-estrogen (toremifene) therapy on serum immunoglobulin (IgA, IgM, IgG) levels in breast cancer patients was investigated.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 183254705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Serum Ig levels were followed up to two years after or during the therapy.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 183254706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An unexpected finding was that the Ig levels decreased during the follow-up period.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 183254707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This decrease was seen in patients who responded to the therapy as well as in those who did not.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 183695801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF-1, a T cell-specific transcription factor of the HMG box family, interacts with sequence motifs in the TCR beta and TCR delta enhancers.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 183695802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently identified and cloned TCF-1, a T cell-specific transcription factor with specificity for the AACAAAG motif in the CD3 epsilon enhancer and for the TTCAAAG motif in the TCR alpha enhancer.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 183695803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF-1 belongs to the family of transcription-regulating proteins which share a region of homology termed the HMG-box.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 183695804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we show by gel retardation analysis that TCF-1 specifically recognizes the T beta 5 element of the TCR beta enhancer and the T delta 7 element of the TCR delta enhancer.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 183695805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Comparison of the sequences of all elements recognized by TCF-1 defines a consensus motif A/T A/T C A A/G A G.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 183695806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations imply that TCF-1 is involved in the control of several T cell-specific genes and might thus play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of the mature T cell phenotype.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 184717001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Platelet-activating factor induces phospholipid turnover, calcium flux, arachidonic acid liberation, eicosanoid generation, and oncogene expression in a human B cell line.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 184717002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Platelet-activating factor is a potent mediator of the inflammatory response.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 184717003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies of the actions of platelet-activating factor have centered mainly around neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 184717004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report we begin to uncover the influence of platelet-activating factor on B lymphocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 184717005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Employing the EBV-transformed human B cell line SKW6.4, we demonstrate that platelet-activating factor significantly alters membrane phospholipid metabolism indicated by the incorporation of 32P into phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidic acid but not significantly into phosphatidylethanolamine at concentrations ranging from 10(-9) to 10(-6) M.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 184717006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inactive precursor, lyso-platelet-activating factor, at a concentration as high as 10(-7) M had no effect on any of the membrane phospholipids.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 184717007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also show that platelet-activating factor from 10(-12) to 10(-6) M induced rapid and significant elevation in intracellular calcium levels, whereas lyso-platelet-activating factor was again ineffective.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 184717008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We further demonstrate the impact of platelet-activating factor binding to B cells by measuring platelet-activating factor induced arachidonic acid release and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid production.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 184717009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, platelet-activating factor was capable of inducing transcription of the nuclear proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-jun.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 184717010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally we explored the possible role of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid as a regulator of arachidonic acid liberation demonstrating that endogenous 5-lipoxygenase activity modulates platelet-activating factor induced arachidonic acid release perhaps acting at the level of phospholipase A2.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 184717011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In summary, platelet-activating factor is shown here to have a direct and profound effect on a pure B cell line.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 185041201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Vitamin D receptor expression in human lymphocytes.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 185041202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signal requirements and characterization by western blots and DNA sequencing.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 185041203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The signals controlling the expression of the receptor protein for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in normal human lymphocytes and the relationship of this protein to the classical vitamin D receptor were examined.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 185041204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocytes activated with the OKT3 antibody to the T-cell antigen receptor expressed fewer binding sites as compared to lymphocytes that were activated by the polyclonal activator phytohemagglutinin (PHA).@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 185041205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, combination of OKT3 and phorbol myristate acetate produced a concentration of binding sites similar to the PHA-activated cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 185041206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The receptor from OKT3 and OKT3 + phorbol myristate acetate-activated lymphocytes exhibited decreased binding to DNA-cellulose compared to PHA-activated lymphocytes.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 185041207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In lymphocytes activated either by PHA or OKT3 (but not in resting cells), a 50-kDa species cross-reacting with a monoclonal antibody against the intestinal vitamin D receptor was detected.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 185041208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, RNA from activated lymphocytes was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers flanking the 196 base pair long region encoding the DNA-binding domain of the human intestinal receptor.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 185041209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The amplified product showed an identical nucleotide sequence to the DNA-binding domain of the human intestinal receptor.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 185041210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest that expression of the 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor in lymphocytes is triggered by distinct and contingent signals, and that the protein and the mRNA encoding it are identical to the classical vitamin D receptor.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 185064401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Estrogen receptor content of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus]@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 185064402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ER content in lymphocytes of peripheral blood from 27 SLE patients and 20 healthy controls were determined by dextran-coated charcoal assay.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 185064403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ER content in lymphocytes of each sample was expressed by both fmol/mg of lymphocyte cytosolic protein and fmol/micrograms of lymphocyte DNA.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 185064404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results showed that there was no significant difference between the ER content of lymphocytes from the controls and that from patients with SLE.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 185064405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@But the logarithmic mean of ER content in lymphocytes, expressed by fmol/mg of cytosolic protein, in 14 patients with active SLE (0.9356 +/- 0.31) was significantly higher than that in 13 patients with inactive SLE (0.2979 +/- 0.23, P less than 0.001) and in the controls (0.6204 +/- 0.52, P less than 0.001).@@@@1@64@@oe@16-12-2010 185064406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The normal upper limit of ER content in lymphocytes, expressed by fmol/micrograms of DNA, was 0.136.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 185064407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The elevated rate of ER content in lymphocytes in 14 active SLE (92.9%) was also higher than that in quieiescent patients (23.1%, P less than 0.001) and in the controls (10%, P less than 0.001).@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 185064408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, the elevated level of ER content was found to be related to the positive antidsDNA antibody and hypocomplementemia.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 185084101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Role for the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 in viral promoter switching during initial stages of infection.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 185084102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of human B lymphocytes, six viral nuclear antigen (EBNAs) are expressed from long primary transcripts by means of alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylylation sites.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 185084103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These transcripts initiate from one of two promoters, Cp or Wp, that function in a mutually exclusive fashion.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 185084104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Wp is exclusively utilized during the initial stages of infection of primary B lymphocytes, followed by a switch to Cp usage.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 185084105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies have been extended to show that (i) a mutant EBV strain lacking the gene encoding EBNA 2 fails to switch from Wp to Cp usage in primary B lymphocytes, although the virus contains a functional Cp; (ii) a region from -429 to -245 base pairs upstream of Cp is essential for Cp activity in B lymphocytes, but only in the context of upstream and downstream sequences; (iii) this region contains an EBNA 2-dependent enhancer; and (iv) DNase I protection employing nuclear extracts from B and T lymphocytes revealed a B-cell-specific footprint in the region of the EBNA 2-dependent enhancer.@@@@1@115@@oe@16-12-2010 185084106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results support a model for viral promoter switching during the initial stages of infection in which Wp activity leads to the expression of EBNA 2, followed by activation of Cp through the EBNA 2-dependent enhancer.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 185174301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of protein phosphatases by okadaic acid induces AP1 in human T cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 185174302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To examine the role of protein phosphatases in T cell activation, Jurkat cells were treated with okadaic acid, an inhibitor of type 1 and 2A phosphatases, and nuclear extracts were examined for the presence of AP1 as a measure of early T cell activation.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 185174303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Okadaic acid was found to be a potent inducer of AP1.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 185174304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to phorbol esters such as phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), the induction of AP1 by okadaic acid occurs predominantly by transcriptional activation of the jun and fos family of proto-oncogenes.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 185174305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surprisingly, while the addition of phytohemagglutinin further enhanced the induction of AP1, the addition of PMA inhibited it.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 185174306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Okadaic acid treatment was found to dramatically increase mRNA transcripts of the jun family of proto-oncogenes including c-jun, junD, and junB and to a lesser extent the fos family including c-fos and fra-1.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 185174307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By comparison, PMA is a very inefficient inducer of the jun gene family in Jurkat cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 185174308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar to its effect on the induction of AP1 by okadaic acid, PMA inhibits the induction of c-jun mRNA by okadaic acid.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 185174309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection of c-jun promoter constructs confirmed the marked difference between PMA and okadaic acid in inducing c-jun transcription.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 185174310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of AP1 by okadaic acid suggests that protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A) may be involved in T cell activation as important negative regulators of the transcription factor AP1.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 185185801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differentiation-associated expression of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 transactivator protein in oral hairy leukoplakia.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 185185802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The BZLF1 protein of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a key immediate-early protein which has been shown to disrupt virus latency in EBV-infected B cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 185185803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have generated a monoclonal antibody, BZ1, to BZLF1 which reacts in immunohistology, immunoblotting, and immunoprecipitation and which recognizes both the active, dimeric form and the inactive, monomeric form of the protein.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 185185804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Biopsies of oral hairy leukoplakia, an AIDS-associated lesion characterized by high-level EBV replication, were examined by immunohistochemistry using the BZ1 monoclonal antibody.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 185185805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A differentiation-associated pattern of BZLF1 expression was observed, BZ1 reacting with nuclei of the upper spinous layer of the lesion.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 185185806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This finding suggests that the BZLF1 promoter may be regulated by the degree of squamous differentiation.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 185185807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A comparison of in situ hybridization to EBV DNA and viral capsid antigen staining with BZ1 reactivity suggested that BZLF1 expression precedes rampant virus replication.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 185185808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inability to detect EBV in the lower epithelial layers of oral hairy leukoplakia raises questions concerning the nature of EBV latency and persistence in stratified squamous epithelium.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 185186101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transactivation of the human immunodeficiency virus promoter by human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) strains GS and Z-29 in primary human T lymphocytes and identification of transactivating HHV-6(GS) gene fragments.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 185186102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) can activate the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) promoter and accelerate cytopathic effects in HIV-infected human T cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 185186103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study examines the regions of the HIV promoter required for HHV-6 transactivation in a heterogeneous population of primary human T lymphocytes with or without antigenic stimulation.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 185186104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two different strains of HHV-6, GS and Z29, transactivated the HIV promoter.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 185186105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GS strain transactivated the promoter in both stimulated and resting T cells, while the Z29 strain increased HIV promoter activity only in stimulated T cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 185186106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three DNA clones containing HHV-6(GS) genomic fragments transactivated the HIV promoter in cotransfected T cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 185186107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 21.4-kb DNA clone, pZVB70, showed the highest transactivating ability, while two other DNA fragments, pZVB10 (6.2 kb) and pZVH14 (8.7 kb), showed lower activity.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 185186108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of these clones, pZVH14, activated the HIV promoter construct containing a mutation in the NF kappa B site.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 185186109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, this mutated NF kappa B promoter was not transactivated during HHV-6(GS) infection or after cotransfection with pZVB70 or pZVB10.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 185186110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate that the NF kappa B sites of the HIV promoter are essential for its transactivation during HHV-6(GS) infection.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 185186111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By increasing HIV promoter activity in primary T lymphocytes, HHV-6 may consequently increase HIV replication, leading to an increase in the cytopathic effect on coinfected human T cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 186541301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors in systemic lupus erythematosus.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 186541302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticosteroids remain the major treatment modality for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but their mechanism of action is unclear.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 186541303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Over the past decade it has become clear that glucocorticosteroid receptors play a significant role in the mechanism of glucocorticosteroid action.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 186541304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We studied glucocorticosteroid receptor density and affinity on peripheral blood mononuclear cells by the glucocorticosteroid binding assay in 33 patients with SLE who had taken no glucocorticosteroid for the previous 6 months and in 32 healthy controls.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 186541305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Patients' disease activity was measured by the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI).@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 186541306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticosteroid receptors on leukocytes of patients with SLE were significantly higher than in healthy controls (4419 +/- 306 vs 3369 +/- 196, p less than 0.005).@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 186541307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The binding affinity was not different between patients and controls.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 186541308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was no correlation between glucocorticosteroid receptor number and SLE disease activity.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 187408501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Changes in leucocytic estrogen receptor levels in patients with gynecomastia]@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 187408502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of estrogen receptor (ER) in human peripheral leucocytes in 13 men with gynecomastia were measured by radioligand binding method.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 187408503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results were compared with those of 13 sex-and age-matched healthy subjects.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 187408504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was found that the number of ER in leucocytes was significantly increased in gynecomastia (Rs of leucocytes were 1054 +/- 254 sites/cell).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 187408505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It suggested that increase of ER levels play an important role in the pathogenesis of gynecomastia.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 187924301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Changes in levels of leucocytic estrogen receptor in patients with menopausal type II diabetes and its significance]@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 187924302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of estrogen receptors (ER) in human peripheral leucocytes in 12 women with menopausal type II diabetes was measured with radio-ligand binding method.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 187924303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results were compared with those of 12 menopausal women without diabetes and 12 normal women of childbearing age.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 187924304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was found that the number of ER in the patients was significantly decreased.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 187924305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data indicate that decrease of ER level in leukocytes may be related to the pathogenesis of type II diabetes in menopausal period.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 188352501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of M-CSF expression by M-CSF: role of protein kinase C and transcription factor NF kappa B.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 188352502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), also referred to as CSF-1, regulates the survival, growth, differentiation and functional activity of monocytes by binding to a single class of high-affinity cell surface receptors, known to be the product of the c-fms protooncogene.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 188352503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The detection of both M-CSF and c-fms expression by cells of the monocyte lineage has suggested that M-CSF may act by an autocrine mechanism.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 188352504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, it has been shown that M-CSF can induce the expression of its own gene.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 188352505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although sensitivity to M-CSF can be modulated by regulation of receptor expression and function, M-CSF responsiveness is largely determined at a postreceptor level.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 188352506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To date, little is known about the intracellular pathway of M-CSF signal transduction.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 188352507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have therefore investigated the changes in protein kinase C (PKC) activity upon exposure of monocytes to M-CSF.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 188352508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that M-CSF activates and translocates PKC.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 188352509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of PKC by the isoquinoline derivative H7 abolishes induction of M-CSF by M-CSF.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 188352510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, activation of PKC was pertussis-toxin-sensitive and was associated with the detection of an NF kappa B protein in nuclear extracts of M-CSF-induced blood monocytes but not in monocytes exposed to medium treatment only.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 188352511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results suggest that M-CSF induction of M-CSF involves G proteins, PKC and NF kappa B.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 188868301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of glucocorticoid receptors in human mononuclear cells: effects of glucocorticoid treatment, Cushing's disease and ketoconazole.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 188868302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors (GcR) were determined by a whole cell assay in human mononulear leukocytes (hMNL) from control subjects, patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy for systemic diseases and Cushing's disease patients with or without ketoconazole therapy.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 188868303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Prolonged corticosteroid treatment resulted in down-regulation of GcR, while the mean level of GcR in Cushing's disease was normal.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 188868304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this group, however, receptor levels and morning plasma cortisol values showed a negative correlation, indicating a subtle down-regulatory effect.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 188868305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, GcR were unaltered after these patients received ketoconazole, in spite of a marked reduction in morning plasma cortisol and urinary free cortisol.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 188868306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also observed that ketoconazole was a weak competitor of GcR in intact cells, although it significantly inhibited [3H] dexamethasone binding in cytosolic preparations from rat tissues.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 188868307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results suggested that GcR in hMNL are down-regulated by synthetic steroids given in vivo, but they showed very mild down-regulation in hypercortisolemic patients suffering from Cushing's disease.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 188868308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, we did not observed either up-regulation or antagonism of GcR by ketoconazole treatment, at the time that cortisol levels of patients with Cushing's disease were reduced.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 188868309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This indicates that the beneficial effects of ketoconazole in Cushing's disease are due to adrenal cortisol suppression and not to interaction with GcR of target cells, and that the process of GcR regulation in hMNL is a complex phenomenon awaiting further elucidation.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 188914201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes in anorexia nervosa.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 188914202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE: The aim was to explore the down-regulation of the glucocorticoid receptors during hypercortisolaemia in anorexia nervosa.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 188914203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DESIGN: Urine and plasma samples were obtained for cortisol determination and blood lymphocytes were isolated for receptor binding studies.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 188914204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PATIENTS: Sixteen anorexic patients, aged 16-27 years, with a mean +/- SEM body mass index of 14.2 +/- 2.0 (ranging from 11.1 to 17.4), and 15 normal women were studied.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 188914205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Six patients were reinvestigated after a significant weight gain.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 188914206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MEASUREMENTS: The binding capacity and affinity of the glucocorticoid receptors were measured with dexamethasone as ligand on lymphocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 188914207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: In patients, both total and free plasma cortisol concentrations were higher than in the normal women, as was their urinary free cortisol; the number of glucocorticoid receptors per cell (Ro) and the binding affinity (Kd) for dexamethasone were, however, not significantly different (Ro: 7687 +/- 1750 vs 7347 +/- 1285 sites/cell; Kd: 7.7 +/- 2.4 vs 7.4 +/- 1.7 nM at 24 degrees C).@@@@1@81@@oe@16-12-2010 188914208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After weight gain (14 +/- 2 to 16 +/- 2 kg/m2), receptor numbers were 8421 +/- 2126 (pre) and 9011 +/- 500 (post) sites/cell, which are not significantly different (P greater than 0.2); the Kd was unchanged (9.3 +/- 2.6 vs 9.2 +/- 2.4 nM).@@@@1@59@@oe@16-12-2010 188914209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS Hypercortisolaemia does not down-regulate the lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors in anorexia nervosa and a post-receptor defect might be involved in peripheral tissue resistance to the effects of glucocorticoid hormones in undernutrition.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 189664401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV1 infection of human monocytes and macrophages promotes induction or translocation of NF-KB-related factors.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 189664402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In 1991, we demonstrated, using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, that 3 different factors (termed B1, B2 and B3) with affinity for the KB-enhancer target sequence were specifically detected in nuclear extracts from HIV1-infected monocytes and macrophages.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 189664403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The B2 factor was induced in the nuclei of these cells only upon HIV1 infection.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 189664404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The B3 factor was only slightly evident in nuclei of uninfected cells but was readily detectable in nuclei of infected monocytes.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 189664405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Its expression remained very low in nuclei of HIV1-infected macrophages.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 189664406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this paper, we demonstrate that the B2 factor is expressed in the cytosol of monocytes and macrophages as a DNA-binding protein, indicating that it is not associated with an inhibitor (IKB).@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 189664407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This factor remained clustered in the cytosol and was translocated to the nuclei only after HIV1 infection.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 189664408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The B3 factor is detected in the cytosol only when cells are HIV1-infected.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 189664409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of HIV1 infection in the expression and the translocation of these factors is discussed.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 189664501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of NF-kappa B during monocyte differentiation is associated with activation of HIV-gene expression.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 189664502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage are important targets of HIV infection.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 189664503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report here that the phenotypic differentiation of monocyte cell lines induced by phorbol esters or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) is associated with expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B).@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 189664504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In parallel with such differentiation, HIV transcription, monitored using an HIV long terminal repeat reporter gene construct, is activated in such cells under the influence of enhanced NF-kappa B expression.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 189664505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Also, in a promonocyte cell line chronically infected with HIV, NF-kappa B expression and HIV transcription were enhanced on stimulation with phorbol ester or TNF alpha.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 189664506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, stimulation of monocyte cell lines by phorbol esters or TNF alpha induces cell differentiation and activates HIV transcription.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 189664507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such a process may have fundamental implications in AIDS pathogenesis in vivo and may be important in disease progression induced by opportunistic infections directly or indirectly involving macrophages.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 189933501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of c-jun, jun B and jun D proto-oncogenes in human peripheral-blood granulocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 189933502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have found that purified human peripheral-blood granulocytes express constitutively significant levels of proto-oncogenes c-jun, jun B and jun D mRNA.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 189933503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upon functional activation of granulocytes by 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), the levels of c-jun, jun B and jun D transcripts were increased.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 189933504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The three jun genes showed a similar time course in their induction by PMA, maximal mRNA levels being reached after 60 min of induction.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 189933505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that expression of c-jun, jun B and jun D genes might be involved in terminal granulocyte differentiation or in regulating granulocyte functionality.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 190138901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A study on the circadian rhythm of glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 190138902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Circadian rhythm in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was studied in the rat liver and human peripheral leukocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 190138903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For rats exposed to a natural environmental photic cycle or a 12L:12D artificial light regime, peak values of hepatic GR were detected between 23:00 and 02:00 h.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 190138904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Except for a 4-hour advancement of the peak, a similar circadian rhythm of hepatic GR was detected in rats reared under a reversed lighting regimen (12D:12L; lights on between 18:30 and 06:30 h).@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 190138905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In human leukocytes, the peak value of GR was found to parallel that of plasma cortisol with high and low values detected at 04:00-08:00 h and 23:00-24:00 h, respectively.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 190138906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In patients suffering from Cushing's syndrome, the circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol either disappeared or was inverted while that of GR did not significantly deviate from the normal subjects.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 190138907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For apoplexic patients with lesions localized to the base of the brain as indicated by computerized tomography, the diurnal variation of GR was abolished.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 190138908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Conversely, diurnal rhythmicity persisted in apoplexy patients whose lesions were in the cerebral cortex.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 190138909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, we postulated that the circadian modification of GR was independent of the diurnal fluctuations in plasma cortisol level or the circadian variations in environmental lighting and that the rhythmicity might be regulated by the 'circadian pacemaker' located in the human basal brain.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 190138910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These diurnal variations in GR might serve to coordinate the reactivity of the target cells to cortisol because the diurnal rhythms of a GR-mediated response, the fractional inhibition of chemotactic migration rate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by cortisol, were found to be synchronous with those of GR.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010 190341701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transforming growth factor-beta suppresses human B lymphocyte Ig production by inhibiting synthesis and the switch from the membrane form to the secreted form of Ig mRNA.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 190341702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) inhibits B cell Ig secretion and reduces B cell membrane Ig expression.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 190341703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The addition of TGF-beta to human B lymphocyte cultures stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain I and IL-2 completely inhibited B cell Ig secretion (greater than 90%) and decreased B cell surface IgM, IgD, kappa L chain, and lambda L chain expression.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010 190341704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, TGF-beta had only minimal effects on two other B cell membrane proteins, HLA-DR and CD20.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 190341705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Internal labeling with [35S]methionine and immunoprecipitation with anti-IgM, anti-kappa, and anti-lambda antibodies revealed a striking reduction in kappa L chain in the presence of TGF-beta.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 190341706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A less pronounced reduction in lambda L chain and microH chain was also noted.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 190341707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot analysis of RNA purified from B cells treated with TGF-beta for varying time intervals revealed a significant decrease in steady state kappa and lambda L chain mRNA levels.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 190341708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, a significant decrease in the switch from the membrane forms of mu and gamma to their respective secreted forms was noted in the presence of TGF-beta.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 190341709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear run-on experiments demonstrated decreased transcription of kappa L chain.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 190341710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of TGF-beta on two transcriptional regulatory factors, Oct-2 and nuclear factor (NF) kappa B, known to be important in Ig gene transcription were examined.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 190341711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oct-2 mRNA levels and both Oct-2 and NF-kappa B proteins in nuclear extracts were not altered by treatment with TGF-beta.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 190341712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, levels of the transcriptional factor AP-1, which is not known to be important in B cell Ig production, were reduced by TGF-beta.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 190341713@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings demonstrate that TGF-beta decreases B lymphocyte Ig secretion by inhibiting the synthesis of Ig mRNA and inhibiting the switch from the membrane form to the secreted forms of mu and gamma mRNA.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 190341714@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism by which TGF-beta inhibits Ig chain synthesis is unclear although it does not involve inhibition of the binding of NF-kappa B or Oct-2 to their respective target sequences.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 190615501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HTLV-1 Tax induces expression of various immediate early serum responsive genes.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 190615502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL).@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 190615503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We showed here by mobility-shift assay that T-cell lines transformed with the virus contained high levels of AP-1 activities.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 190615504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with this result, these cell lines expressed increased levels of mRNAs encoding the AP-1 proteins, c-Fos, Fra-1, c-Jun, JunB, and JunD.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 190615505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previously, transcription of the c-fos gene has been reported to be transactivated by the viral transcription factor, Tax1.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 190615506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By using the human T-cell line (JPX-9), in which expression of the Tax1 is inducible, we showed that expression of mRNAs for Fra-1, c-Jun, and JunD was also transactivated by Tax1.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 190615507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, Tax1 activated expression of two other transcription factors having zinc finger motifs, Egr-1 and Egr-2, in the same cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 190615508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Tax1-inducible transcription factors identified here are encoded by the members of immediate early genes under the control of growth signals.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 190615509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, Tax1 was suggested to replace growth signals, at least in part, by this mechanism.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 190746001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of HIV-1 replication and NF-kappa B activity by cysteine and cysteine derivatives.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 190746002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV-1 proviral DNA contains two binding sites for the transcription factor NF-kappa B.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 190746003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV-1-infected individuals have, on average, abnormally high levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and abnormally low plasma cysteine levels.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 190746004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We therefore investigated the effects of cysteine and related thiols on HIV-1 replication and NF-kappa B expression.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 190746005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The experiments in this report show that cysteine or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) raise the intracellular glutathione (GSH) level and inhibit HIV-1 replication in persistently infected Molt-4 and U937 cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 190746006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, inhibition of HIV-1 replication appears not to be directly correlated with GSH levels.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 190746007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cysteine and NAC also inhibit NF-kappa B activity as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT) gene expression under control of NF-kappa B binding sites in uninfected cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 190746008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This suggests that the cysteine deficiency in HIV-1-infected individuals may cause an over-expression of NF-kappa B-dependent genes and enhance HIV-1 replication.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 190746009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NAC may be considered for the treatment of HIV-1-infected individuals.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 190974001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA accumulation in human myelomonocytic cell lines.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 190974002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Role of transcriptional regulation by DNA sequence motifs and mRNA stabilization.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 190974003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cytokine TNF mediates many of the pathologic signs of cachexia, inflammation, and sepsis.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 190974004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The current work describes the regulation of TNF in human myelomonocytic cell lines after PMA stimulation.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 190974005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cell lines exhibit a low level of constitutive TNF mRNA expression.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 190974006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within 2 to 4 h of PMA exposure, steady state levels of TNF mRNA are markedly elevated in all myelomonocytic cell lines studied.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 190974007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This rise is due to increased mRNA stability, which increased by almost twofold, and to an overall increase in transcription, which rises by more than sixfold.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 190974008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At the level of the genomic TNF gene, a DNase I hypersensitive site is detected within the TNF promoter between -200 to -100 bp relative to the transcription initiation site.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 190974009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although absent in nonexpressing erythroleukemia cell lines, the DNase I site is present in uninduced myelomonocytic cell lines and is not changed after PMA induction.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 190974010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The PMA induction of c-fos mRNA correlated well with TNF gene induction; expression of genes encoding other proteins in the AP-1 complex (junB and junD) were also induced by PMA.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 190974011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The nuclear extracts from resting and induced ML-1 cells contain proteins binding specifically to the AP-1, AP-2, and NF kappa B sequence located within the TNF promoter.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 190974012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMA induction increases the level of a number of specific binding complexes relative to the resting cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 190974013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The regulatory mechanisms of the human and murine TNF genes are discussed.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 191154801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A nuclear factor NF-GM2 that interacts with a regulatory region of the GM-CSF gene essential for its induction in responses to T-cell activation: purification from human T-cell leukemia line Jurkat cells and similarity to NF-kappa B.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 191154802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of T cells by antigen, lectin, or a combination of phorbol-12-myristate acetate (PMA) and calcium ionophore (A23187) leads to the induction of genes for a set of lymphokines, including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 191154803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrated in earlier studies that the upstream region of the mouse GM-CSF promoter at positions between -95 and -73 is essential for transcriptional activation in response to PMA/A23187.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 191154804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This region contains two DNA-binding motifs, GM2 and GC-box.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 191154805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GM2 sequence (GGTAGTTCCC) is recognized by an inducible factor NF-GM2; the other (CCGCCC) by constitutive factors A1, A2, and B.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 191154806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To elucidate the mechanism of GM-CSF gene activation, we have purified the inducible factor NF-GM2 from the nuclear extract of stimulated Jurkat cells on the basis of specific DNA-binding activity.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 191154807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The purified NF-GM2 consists of 50 (p50) and 65 kDa (p65) polypeptides and has a binding activity specific for both the GM-CSF and immunoglobulin kappa (GGAAAGTCCC) enhancers.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 191154808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretically purified p50 alone can form a protein-DNA complex, but in the mixture, p50 associates preferentially with p65 to form the NF-GM2 complex.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 191154809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, p65 gave per se, with low affinity, a protein-DNA complex that migrated more slowly than native NF-GM2 complex.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 191154810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, an antiserum against KBF1 (identical to 50 kDa NF-kappa B protein) reacted with the p50 of NF-GM2, indicating that the NF-GM2 polypeptide cannot be immunologically differentiated from the 50 kDa subunit of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 191154811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The purified NF-GM2 activated in vitro transcription from the kappa B enhancer, while it failed to stimulate transcription from the GM-CSF promoter harboring the GM2 sequence.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 191154812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This suggests that the activation mechanism of the GM-CSF gene through the GM2/GC-box sequence is different from that of genes carrying the kappa B enhancer alone.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 191417001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors in normal leukocytes: effects of age, gender, season, and plasma cortisol concentrations.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 191417002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We measured glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) isolated from peripheral blood of 145 apparently healthy volunteers (86 men and 59 women).@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 191417003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An age-related decrease in the number of GR was suggested between subjects younger than 20 years and elderly subjects; there was no apparent seasonal variation in GR.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 191417004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gender difference in the number of GR was not significant, although women showed slightly fewer GR.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 191417005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eight patients with dermatomyositis/polymyositis were examined to determine whether the number of GR in MNL could be down-regulated by their cognate ligands.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 191417006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of GR in MNL from these patients was significantly decreased one month after the initiation of prednisolone therapy.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 191417007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in normal subjects, the GR in MNL did not demonstrate circadian variation, in contrast to concentrations of plasma cortisol.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 193069301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A human putative lymphocyte G0/G1 switch gene containing a CpG-rich island encodes a small basic protein with the potential to be phosphorylated.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 193069302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Genes actively involved in the G0/G1 switch (G0S genes) may be differentially expressed during the lectin-induced switch of lymphocytes from the G0 to the G1 phases of the cell cycle.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 193069303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This paper presents studies of G0S2, a member of a set of putative G0S genes, for which cDNAs were cloned and selected on the basis of differential cDNA hybridization.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 193069304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@G0S2 mRNA increases transiently within 1-2 hr of the addition of lectin or cycloheximide to cultured blood mononuclear cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 193069305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Comparison of a nearly full-length cDNA sequence with the corresponding genomic sequence reveals one small intron and an open reading frame in the second exon.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 193069306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The derived 103-amino-acid basic protein has two potential alpha-helical domains separated by a hydrophobic region with the potential to generate turns and assume a beta-sheet conformation.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 193069307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with involvement in the G0/G1 switch, the protein contains potential sites for phosphorylation by protein kinase C and casein kinase II.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 193069308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The gene contains a CpG-rich island suggesting expression in the germ line.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 193069309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An upstream segment contains tandem dinucleotide repeats (CT)19/(CA)16.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 193069310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There is a suitably located TATA box, but potential sites for CCAAT-box binding factors are far upstream, embedded in a 42-nucleotide repeat element.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 193069311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Potential sites for transcription factors AP1, AP2, and AP3 are consistent with rapid transcriptional activation in response to inducing agents.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 193183401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synergism between two distinct elements of the HTLV-I enhancer during activation by the trans-activator of HTLV-I.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 193183402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have conducted functional studies of the enhancer elements of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) using the human T-cell lines Jurkat and MOLT 4, which are negative for HTLV-I, and MT-2 and TL-Mor, which carry the proviral genome of HTLV-I.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 193183403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two distinct elements have been implicated in function of the HTLV-I enhancer.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 193183404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One is the 21-base-pair (bp) core element that is responsible for trans-activation by the HTLV-I trans-activator p40tax and that has the ability to bind to cyclic-AMP responsive element binding factor (CREB)-like factor(s).@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 193183405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The other is a region interposed between the 21-bp elements.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 193183406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study we demonstrate that a subfragment (C26) in the region between the 21-bp elements is involved in trans-activation by p40tax, possibly through binding to an NF-kappa B-like nuclear factor or factors.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 193183407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Formation of the protein-DNA complex with the C26 subfragment was positively affected by p40tax.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 193183408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The C26 element conferred partial responsiveness to p40tax when linked to one copy of the 21-bp element that, by itself, showed little activation in response to p40tax.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 193183409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the C26 element alone, even when repeated, could not be activated by p40tax, unlike other NF-kappa B-binding elements.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 193183410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the C26 element itself was profoundly activated upon stimulation with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 193183411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings therefore suggest that the HTLV-I enhancer contains multiple functional elements, including binding sites for at least CREB- and NF-kappa B-like factors, which synergistically cooperate in activation of the HTLV-I enhancer in response to p40tax.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 193183412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results also demonstrate that TPA-dependent activation of the HTLV-I enhancer may be mediated through the C26 element.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 193934101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of phorbol ester-induced monocytic differentiation by dexamethasone is associated with down-regulation of c-fos and c-jun (AP-1).@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 193934102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous studies have shown that treatment of human myeloid leukemia cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is associated with induction of monocytic differentiation and expression of the c-jun and c-fos early response genes.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 193934103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present work demonstrates that the glucocorticoid dexamethasone inhibits TPA-induced increases in c-jun and c-fos mRNA levels in U-937 leukemia cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 193934104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings were associated with a block in appearance of the monocytic phenotype, including inhibition of TPA-induced increases in lamin A, lamin C, and vimentin transcripts.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 193934105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Other studies have demonstrated that TPA-induced monocytic differentiation and expression of the c-jun and c-fos genes in myeloid leukemia cells are regulated by protein kinase C (PKC).@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 193934106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The finding that dexamethasone has no effect on TPA-induced activation of PKC suggests that this glucocorticoid inhibits signals downstream or parallel to this enzyme.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 193934107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear run-on assays demonstrate that: (1) induction of c-jun and c-fos expression by TPA is regulated by transcriptional mechanisms, (2) TPA-induced expression of c-jun and c-fos does not require protein synthesis, and (3) TPA-induced expression of both genes is inhibited at the transcriptional level by dexamethasone.@@@@1@56@@oe@16-12-2010 193934108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To further define the effects of dexamethasone at the molecular level, we prepared a series of deleted c-jun promoter fragments linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 193934109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increases in CAT activity during transient expression of these constructs in TPA-treated U-937 cells could be assigned to the region (-97 to -20) of the promoter that contains the AP-1 binding site.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 193934110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This induction of CAT activity was sensitive to dexamethasone.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 193934111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest that dexamethasone down-regulates TPA-induced transcription of the c-jun gene during monocytic differentiation by inhibiting activation of the AP-1 site.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 194429401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Evaluation of the role of ligand and thermal activation of specific DNA binding by in vitro synthesized human glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 194429402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have used a DNA-binding/immunoprecipitation assay to analyze the capacity of human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR), generated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, to bind DNA.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 194429403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro translated hGR was indistinguishable from native hGR, as determined by migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, sedimentation on sucrose density gradients, and reactivity with antipeptide antibodies generated against hGR.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 194429404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, cell-free synthesized hGR was capable of specific binding to glucocorticoid response element (GRE)-containing DNA fragments.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 194429405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using this assay system, we have evaluated the contributions of ligand binding and heat activation to DNA binding by these glucocorticoid receptors.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 194429406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro translated hGR was capable of selective DNA binding even in the absence of glucocorticoid.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 194429407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment with dexamethasone or the antiglucocorticoid RU486 had no additional effect on the DNA-binding capacity when receptor preparations were maintained at 0 C (no activation).@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 194429408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, addition of either ligand or antagonist in combination with a heat activation step promoted DNA binding by approximately 3-fold over that of heat-activated unliganded receptors.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 194429409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Agonist (dexamethasone) was slightly more effective in supporting specific DNA binding than antagonist (RU486).@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 194429410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA binding by in vitro synthesized GR was blocked by the addition of sodium molybdate to the receptor preparations before steroid addition and thermal activation.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 194429411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of KCl resulted in less DNA binding either due to blockage of DNA-receptor complex formation or disruption of the complexes.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 194429412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The specificity of DNA binding by cell-free synthesized hGR was analyzed further by examining the abilities of various DNAs to compete for binding to a naturally occurring GRE found in the mouse mammary tumor virus-long terminal repeat.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 194429413@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oligonucleotides containing the consensus GRE were the most efficient competitors, and fragments containing regulatory sequences from glucocorticoid-repressible genes were somewhat competitive, whereas single stranded oligonucleotides were unable to compete for mouse mammary tumor virus-long terminal repeat DNA binding, except when competitor was present at extremely high concentrations.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 194429414@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Together these studies indicate that hGR synthesized in rabbit reticulocyte lysates displays many of the same properties, including GRE-specific DNA binding, observed for glucocorticoid receptor present in cytosolic extracts of mammalian cells and tissues.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 194429415@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similarities between the effects of dexamethasone and RU486 suggest that the antiglucocorticoid properties of RU486 do not occur at the level of specific DNA binding.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 194587901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One base pair change abolishes the T cell-restricted activity of a kB-like proto-enhancer element from the interleukin 2 promoter.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 194587902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inducible, T cell-specific enhancers of murine and human Interleukin 2 (Il-2) genes contain the kB-like sequence GGGATTTCACC as an essential cis-acting enhancer motif.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 194587903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When cloned in multiple copies this so-called TCEd (distal T cell element) acts as an inducible proto-enhancer element in E14 T lymphoma cells, but not in HeLa cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 194587904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In extracts of induced, Il-2 secreting El4 cells three individual protein factors bind to TCEd DNA.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 194587905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The binding of the most prominent factor, named TCF-1 (T cell factor 1), is correlated with the proto-enhancer activity of TCEd.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 194587906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF-1 consists of two polypeptides of about 50 kD and 105 kD; the former seems to be related to the 50 kD polypeptide of NF-kB.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 194587907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Purified NF-kB is also able to bind to the TCEd, but TCF-1 binds stronger than NF-kB to TCEd DNA.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 194587908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The conversion of the TCEd to a 'perfect' NF-kB binding site leads to a tighter binding of NF-kB to TCEd DNA and, as a functional consequence, to the activity of the 'converted' TCEd motifs in HeLa cells.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 194587909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the substitution of the underlined A residue to a C within the GGGATTTCACC motif abolishes its T cell-restricted activity and leads to its functioning in both El4 cells and HeLa cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 194587910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that lymphocyte-specific factors binding to the TCEd are involved in the control of T cell specific-transcription of the Il-2 gene.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 194635601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Negative regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression in monocytes: role of the 65-kDa plus 50-kDa NF-kappa B dimer.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 194635602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although monocytic cells can provide a reservoir for viral production in vivo, their regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transcription can be either latent, restricted, or productive.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 194635603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These differences in gene expression have not been molecularly defined.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 194635604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In THP-1 cells with restricted HIV expression, there is an absence of DNA-protein binding complex formation with the HIV-1 promoter-enhancer associated with markedly less viral RNA production.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 194635605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This absence of binding was localized to the NF-kappa B region of the HIV-1 enhancer; the 65-kDa plus 50-kDa NF-kappa B heterodimer was preferentially lost.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 194635606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Adding purified NF-kappa B protein to nuclear extracts from cells with restricted expression overcomes this lack of binding.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 194635607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, treatment of these nuclear extracts with sodium deoxycholate restored their ability to form the heterodimer, suggesting the presence of an inhibitor of NF-kappa B activity.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 194635608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, treatment of nuclear extracts from these cells that had restricted expression with lipopolysaccharide increased viral production and NF-kappa B activity.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 194635609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antiserum specific for NF-kappa B binding proteins, but not c-rel-specific antiserum, disrupted heterodimer complex formation.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 194635610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, both NF-kappa B-binding complexes are needed for optimal viral transcription.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 194635611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of the 65-kDa plus 50-kDa heterodimer to the HIV-1 enhancer can be negatively regulated in monocytes, providing one mechanism restricting HIV-1 gene expression.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 194640501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Isolation of a candidate repressor/activator, NF-E1 (YY-1, delta), that binds to the immunoglobulin kappa 3' enhancer and the immunoglobulin heavy-chain mu E1 site.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 194640502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have determined that the developmental control of immunoglobulin kappa 3' enhancer (kappa E3') activity is the result of the combined influence of positive- and negative-acting elements.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 194640503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that a central core in the kappa E3' enhancer is active at the pre-B-cell stage but is repressed by flanking negative-acting elements.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 194640504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The negative-acting sequences repress enhancer activity in a position- and orientation-independent manner at the pre-B-cell stage.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 194640505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have isolated a human cDNA clone encoding a zinc finger protein (NF-E1) that binds to the negative-acting segment of the kappa E3' enhancer.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 194640506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This protein also binds to the immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer mu E1 site.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 194640507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-E1 is encoded by the same gene as the YY-1 protein, which binds to the adeno-associated virus P5 promoter.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 194640508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-E1 is also the human homologue of the mouse delta protein, which binds to ribosomal protein gene promoters.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 194640509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The predicted amino acid sequence of this protein contains features characteristic of transcriptional activators as well as transcriptional repressors.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 194640510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cotransfection studies with this cDNA indicate that it can repress basal promoter activity.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 194640511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The apparent dual function of this protein is discussed.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 195242601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid resistance in chronic asthma.@@@@1@6@@oe@16-12-2010 195242602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid pharmacokinetics, glucocorticoid receptor characteristics, and inhibition of peripheral blood T cell proliferation by glucocorticoids in vitro.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 195242603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A total of 37 chronic, severe, nonsmoking asthmatic patients with documented reversible airways obstruction were classified as glucocorticoid-sensitive or -resistant on the basis of changes in FEV1, FVC, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) after oral prednisolone.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 195242604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The resistant patients showed no significant improvements in airflow limitation.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 195242605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced proliferation of peripheral blood T lymphocytes from the sensitive but not the resistant asthmatic patients was significantly (p less than 0.01) inhibited by dexamethasone (10(-7) mol/L), reflecting a shift of the dose-response curve.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 195242606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When all the asthmatic patients were analyzed together, there was a significant correlation between the degree of sensitivity of T cells to dexamethasone and the clinical responsiveness to prednisolone (p less than 0.01).@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 195242607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No differences were observed between six of the sensitive and resistant patients in the clearance of plasma prednisolone derived from orally administered prednisone.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 195242608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peripheral blood mononuclear cell glucocorticoid receptors were also characterized in five sensitive and seven resistant patients.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 195242609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The numbers and binding affinities of these receptors could not account for the observed difference in the susceptibility of these cells to functional inhibition by dexamethasone in vitro.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 195242610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that clinical glucocorticoid resistance in chronic asthma does not reflect abnormal glucocorticoid clearance but may be due at least partly to a relative insensitivity of T lymphocytes to glucocorticoids.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 195242611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This lack of sensitivity is unexplained but is not attributable to abnormalities of cellular glucocorticoid receptors.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 195378501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of interleukin-1 beta production by glucocorticoids in human monocytes: the mechanism of action depends on the activation signal.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 195378502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoids are known to downregulate interleukin-1 beta production in monocytic cells by two different mechanims: direct inhibition of the gene transcription and destabilization of the preformed interleukin-1 beta mRNA.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 195378503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Now we have examined the effect of the nature of the monocyte activating signal on these two inhibitory mechanims.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 195378504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When human monocytes were preincubated with dexamethasone for 1 hour and then stimulated either with bacterial lipopolysaccharide or phorbol myristate, it was found that dexamethasone inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1 beta protein production, but the phorbol myristate-induced production was increased 3-10 fold.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 195378505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This difference was also seen at the mRNA level.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 195378506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When dexamethasone was added to the cultures 3 hours after the stimulators, it clearly decreased the interleukin-1 beta mRNA levels regardless of the stimulator used (although the effect was clearly weaker on the PMA-induced mRNA).@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 195378507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus these data suggest that the phorbol myristate-induced signal (prolonged protein kinase C activation?) cannot be inhibited by prior incubation with dexamethasone and it also protects the induced mRNA for the degradative action of dexamethasone.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 195676901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of transcriptional suppressor proteins that bind to the negative regulatory element of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 195676902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two different proteins which independently bound to neighboring sequences within the negative regulatory element (NRE) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were detected in the nuclear extract of a virus-infected human T cell line.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 195676903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the factors bound to a novel dyad symmetrical sequence.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 195676904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This sequence is well conserved in various HIV-1 isolates and partial homology was found with the promoter region of the human retinoblastoma gene.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 195676905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar DNA binding activity was detected in a variety of virus-uninfected human T cell lines and HeLa cells by means of a gel mobility shift assay.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 195676906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The other factor bound to a putative AP-1 recognition sequence predicted for the HIV-1 NRE.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 195676907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, this factor did not bind to a typical AP-1 site.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 195676908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The insertion of multiple copies of the binding site for the former or latter factor into a heterologous promoter reduced the promoter activity to one-tenth or one-third, respectively.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 195676909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, each factor may function as a novel negative regulator of transcription.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 195822201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive activation of NF-kB in human thymocytes.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 195822202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kB is a eukaryotic transcription regulatory factor.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 195822203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In T cells and T cell lines, NF-kB is bound to a cytoplasmic proteic inhibitor, the IkB.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 195822204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of T cells with mitogens (phorbol esters) or cytokines (TNF alpha) induces NF-kB nuclear translocation and the subsequent expression of NF-kB dependent T cell genes.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 195822205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we examined the activation of NF-kB in human T cell thymic progenitors.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 195822206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report differences in (Ca2+)i requirement for NF-kB activation in thymocytes as compared to mature T cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 195822207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, our results indicated that thymocytes have a constitutively active form of NF-kB, suggesting that they are activated in vivo.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 196369001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors on mononuclear leukocytes in Alzheimer's disease.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 196369002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several lines of evidence suggest disturbances of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system in Alzheimer's disease (AD).@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 196369003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an exploration of the potential role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in AD, GR density and affinity were assessed on mononuclear leukocytes of 12 AD patients and 12 healthy controls.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 196369004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GR binding characteristics did not differ between patients and controls or between patients subdivided according to diagnosis or associated clinical features.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 196369005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that the abnormalities of the HPA system in AD are not related to a GR deficiency.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 196406101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sex and age distribution of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal human subjects.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 196406102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific receptors for 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 have been described in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 196406103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have tried to find out whether these receptors could show any difference in sex or age distribution.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 196406104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Twenty two healthy men aged 21-66 yr (mean +/- SD 41.0 +/- 13.6) and nineteen healthy women aged 22-60 yr (38.9 +/- 13.9) have been studied.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 196406105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mean dissociation constant (Kd) was similar in both sexes (1.35 +/- 0.70 x 10(-10) M in males, 1.13 +/- 0.66 x 10(-10) M in females), but the concentration of binding sites (Nmax) was significantly lower in females (2.32 +/- 0.92 fmol/10(7) PBMC vs 4.43 +/- 1.38 fmol/10(7) PBMC in males; p = 0.0001).@@@@1@66@@oe@16-12-2010 196406106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither Kd nor Nmax were significantly correlated with age.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 196406107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No difference was found between pre and postmenopausal women.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 196406108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further studies are needed to elucidate if this sex difference in PBMC receptors for 1.25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is of any pathophysiological relevance.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 196408801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Suppression of signals required for activation of transcription factor NF-kappa B in cells constitutively expressing the HTLV-I Tax protein.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 196408802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient short-term expression of the Tax protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I) leads to activation of the pleiotropic transcription factor NF-kappa B.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 196408803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with findings obtained with transient expression assays, we observed marked accumulation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B in the nucleus of Namalwa B lymphoid cells, which constitutively express Tax.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 196408804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, NF-kappa B activity was not detected in the nucleus following long-term expression of Tax in Jurkat T lymphocytes.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 196408805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ability of both mitogens and cytokines to activate NF-kappa B was also blocked in Jurkat cells constitutively expressing Tax.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 196408806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the activation of other mitogen-inducible transcription factors, such as Fos and Jun, was unaffected.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 196408807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, depending on the cellular environment, the short- and long-term effects of Tax expression can be quite different.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 196408808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consequently, one function of Tax in cells infected with HTLV-I might involve cell-type-specific suppression, as opposed to activation, of distinct signal pathways.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 196408809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cells lines described here should be useful for the delineation of signaling pathways utilized in the selective regulation of gene expression.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 196686901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo and in vitro effects of glucocorticoids on lymphocyte proliferation in man: relationship to glucocorticoid receptors.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 196686902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interrelations between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system (HPA) and the immune system represent a well-documented biological phenomenon.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 196686903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While in vitro administration of glucocorticoids may inhibit concanavalin A (Con A)- and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced T-cell proliferation, pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-driven B-cell mitogenesis is relatively resistant to glucocorticoids.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 196686904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To further explore the link between the HPA and the immune system in relation to glucocorticoid receptor function, dose-response curves were obtained for Con A- and PHA-induced T-cell mitogenesis, PWM-generated B-cell mitogenesis and spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation in 13 healthy controls.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 196686905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid effects were assessed in vivo by depletion of endogenous glucocorticoids after oral administration of 1.5 g metyrapone (MET) and subsequent glucocorticoid replacement, and in vitro by incubation of the cells with different doses of dexamethasone (DEX).@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 196686906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was a significant decrease in PWM-induced B-cell mitogenesis and a more pronounced effect of DEX administered in vitro on spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation after MET treatment when compared with the DEX plus MET pretreated condition in vivo.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 196686907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that the inhibition of spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation by glucocorticoids in vitro is related to glucocorticoid receptor function.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 196686908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The decrease in PWM-generated B-cell proliferation following cortisol depletion by MET may be seen in connection with impaired glucocorticoid-mediated induction of interleukin-1 receptor synthesis.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 196725901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anti-Ro(SSA) autoantibodies are associated with T cell receptor beta genes in systemic lupus erythematosus patients.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 196725902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several of the heterogeneous clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus have been associated with specific autoantibodies.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 196725903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Associations between HLA class II antigens and autoantibodies to the ribonucleoproteins Ro(SSA) and La(SSB) have been reported in these patients.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 196725904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because HLA class II molecules present antigen to T cell receptors (TCRs), we have searched for a TCR gene associated with the production of anti-Ro(SSA) antibodies.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 196725905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A pair of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), one of which hybridizes to the TCR constant region C beta 1 and the other to the C beta 2 gene, has been identified, suggesting these may be genotypic markers for an extended region of the TCR beta locus.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 196725906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This RFLP pair occurs in 76% of patients with Ro(SSA) precipitins, 84% of anti-Ro(SSA)-positive patients lacking La(SSB) precipitins, but only 41% of the patients lacking both precipitins (P = 0.0004).@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 196725907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This disproportionate occurrence in a subset of lupus patients indicates that these RFLPs are not disease susceptibility markers, but rather are important markers for TCR genes whose products are involved in the production of anti-Ro(SSA) antibodies.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 196725908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The majority of patients who have these RFLPs and HLA class II antigens previously associated with the anti-Ro(SSA) response make this antibody, suggesting that interactions between products of these loci occur in response to Ro(SSA).@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 196852501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Steroid mediated lysis of lymphoblasts requires the DNA binding region of the steroid hormone receptor.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 196852502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoids kill certain types of lymphoblasts, but the mechanisms are unknown.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 196852503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is clear that sufficient numbers of functional glucocorticoid receptors are required to mediate lysis, but whether they do so through the classical model of steroid hormone activation and modulation of gene expression has not been established.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 196852504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report we have asked which region(s) of the steroid receptor are important for mediating lysis in leukemic T lymphoblasts.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 196852505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CEM-ICR 27 leukemic lymphoblasts, a clone of CEM cells which lack functional glucocorticoid receptors and therefore are neither lysed by dexamethasone nor capable of showing glutamine synthetase induction, were provided with steroid receptors by DNA transfections of various receptor gene constructs.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 196852506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We measured steroid mediated lysis, receptor number and induction of glutamine synthetase in the transfected cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 196852507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results provide evidence that the lysis mechanism in the ICR27 lymphoblasts is restored when functional receptor number is restored.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 196852508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The DNA binding region specifying high affinity for GRE sites is required.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 196852509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lysis is mediated by any steroid that allows for activation of the receptor containing such a region.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 196852510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data support the view that steroid-mediated cell death occurs by a process requiring direct interaction of steroid-receptor complexes with the genome.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 197270201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased glucocorticoid responsiveness of CD4+ T-cell clonal lines grown in serum-free media.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 197270202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CEM-C7, a human leukemic CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell line and three of its subclones, CEM-4R4, CEM-3R43, and ICR-27, previously cultured in a medium supplemented with 5 to 10% fetal bovine serum, have been adapted to serum-free media.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 197270203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The best medium of those tested was RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5 micrograms/ml each transferrin and insulin + 5 ng/ml sodium selenite +/- 0.1% bovine serum albumin.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 197270204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While growing either with or without albumin, the several clonal lines of CEM cells displayed growth similar to serum-supplemented cultures.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 197270205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell proliferation of CEM-C7 cells cultured in both serum-free media has been sustained for 3 mo. with culture doubling times of about 25 h for both serum-supplemented and serum-free cultures (viability greater than or equal to 90%).@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 197270206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell morphology remained essentially the same in serum-free or serum containing media.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 197270207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of CD4, a marker for T-derived lymphoid cells, was not significantly different in serum-free medium.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 197270208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When grown in serum-free medium, CEM-C7 cells exhibited increased steroid responsiveness as evidenced by increased glucocorticoid receptor binding sites, increased induction of glutamine synthetase, and cell lysis at lower concentrations of steroid.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 197270209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Receptor mutant subclones of CEM-C7, which are proven to be completely unresponsive to micromolar concentrations of dexamethasone when grown in serum-supplemented medium, become partially sensitive to the hormone after growth in defined medium.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 197270210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The increased sensitivity of CEM-C7 cells and its subclones to dexamethasone in serum-free medium returned to previous levels when these cells were recultured in serum-containing medium.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 197270211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results suggest that substances in serum influence steroid effects on these cells and that the molecular details of glucocorticoid hormone action may be pursued more precisely in a clearly defined culture medium.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 197288901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) gene expression by the cytomegalovirus and HIV-2 transactivator gene.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 197288902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) often causes latent infection.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 197288903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transactivation by some DNA viruses has been implicated in inducing HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 197288904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transactivator (IE-2) gene of the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) can enhance HIV-2 as well as HIV-1 gene expression in vitro.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 197288905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This inducer can act in concert with the HIV-2 tat gene and T-cell activation in enhancing gene expression in human CD4+ lymphocytes.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 197288906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While the HIV-2 and HIV-1 tat genes and T-cell activators apparently employ independent modes of action, the CMV transactivator in combination with the HIV-2 tat or T-cell activators may employ a gene activation pathway with some common and some distinct components.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 197288907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both HIV-2 and CMV transactivators enhance HIV-2 gene expression by transcriptional activation involving transcript initiation as well as elongation, with CMV transactivator affecting elongation more than the initiation.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 197288908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A significant proportion of transcripts appear to terminate prematurely in the absence of transactivators.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 197288909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletion mutation analysis of the HIV-2 long terminal repeat (LTR) suggests that the element that responds to CMV transactivation in human CD4+ lymphocytes is either a diffuse one or located downstream of the HIV-2 enhancer element.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 198012501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oncogene amplification correlates with dense lymphocyte infiltration in human breast cancers: a role for hematopoietic growth factor release by tumor cells?@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 198012502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One hundred six primary breast cancer samples were analysed for c-erbB2, int-2, and c-myc gene amplification.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 198012503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surgically confirmed nodal involvement was observed in 42%.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 198012504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Level of gene amplification was studied by Southern and/or slot blot techniques.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 198012505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Amplified c-erbB2 gene sequences were present in 21.5% of all samples.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 198012506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Int-2 was amplified in 13.1% and c-myc was amplified in 10.3%.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 198012507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a non-parametric test (Kruskal-Wallis) a strong negative association was found between high levels of c-erbB2 amplification and absence of estrogen receptor (ER) (P = .0009) or progesterone receptor (PR) (P = .011) expression.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 198012508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No correlations were found between all or high levels of amplification of each oncogene separately or combined with T, N, grade, multifocality of tumor, or associated carcinoma in situ.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 198012509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was a trend approaching statistical significance for patients with c-erbB2 amplifications to have positive lymph nodes at surgery (P = 0.09).@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 198012510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A somewhat surprising finding however was a very strong association between oncogene amplification and dense lymphocyte infiltration of the tumor (P = .05).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 198012511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This correlation is even stronger when only high levels of amplification are considered, either for each oncogene separately (P = .0048) or in combination (P = .0007).@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 198012512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose that malignant cell cytokine production may help explain this observation.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 198184401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human immunodeficiency virus type-2 gene expression: two enhancers and their activation by T-cell activators.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 198184402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) may include a spectrum of retroviruses with varying potential to infect their host, undergo long periods of latent infection, and induce pathology.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 198184403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since expression of the viruses is in large part regulated by the sequence elements in their long terminal repeats (LTRs), this study was directed to an analysis of the regulatory elements in the HIV-2 LTR.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 198184404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The HIV-2 LTR was found to contain two enhancers.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 198184405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of these enhancers is, in part, identical to the HIV-1 enhancer.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 198184406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This enhancer in HIV-1 is the T-cell activation response element; in HIV-2, however, it is the second enhancer that is mainly responsible for activation in response to T-cell activators.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 198184407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The second enhancer interacts with two nuclear binding proteins (85 kD and 27 kD mobility) that appear to be required for optimal enhancer function and activation.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 198184408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Observations such as these encourage the speculation that there may be subtle differences in the regulation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 expression that may be relevant to the possible longer latency and reduced pathogenicity of HIV-2.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 198444901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of NF-KB during monocyte differentiation by HIV type 1 infection.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 198444902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The production of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) progeny was followed in the U937 promonocytic cell line after stimulation either with retinoic acid or PMA, and in purified human monocytes and macrophages.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 198444903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and Southwestern blotting experiments were used to detect the binding of cellular transactivation factor NF-KB to the double repeat-KB enhancer sequence located in the long terminal repeat.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 198444904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMA treatment, and not retinoic acid treatment of the U937 cells acts in inducing NF-KB expression in the nuclei.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 198444905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In nuclear extracts from monocytes or macrophages, induction of NF-KB occurred only if the cells were previously infected with HIV-1.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 198444906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When U937 cells were infected with HIV-1, no induction of NF-KB factor was detected, whereas high level of progeny virions was produced, suggesting that this factor was not required for viral replication.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 198444907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that in monocytic cell lineage, HIV-1 could mimic some differentiation/activation stimuli allowing nuclear NF-KB expression.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 198625401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Positive and negative regulation of immunoglobulin gene expression by a novel B-cell-specific enhancer element.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 198625402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A new B-cell-specific enhancer element has been identified 3' of E4 and the octamerlike motifs in the human immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene enhancer.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 198625403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tandem copies of this 67-bp MnlI-AluI fragment, when fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene driven by the conalbumin promoter, stimulated transcription in B cells but not in Jurkat T cells or HeLa cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 198625404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Footprinting analysis revealed that the identical sequence CCGAAACTGAAAAGG, designated E6, was protected by nuclear extracts from B cells, T cells, or HeLa cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 198625405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel mobility shift assays using a synthetic E6 motif detected a B-cell-specific complex in addition to a ubiquitous band found also in T cells and HeLa cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 198625406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In agreement with the results of gel retardation assays, tandem copies of the E6 motif stimulated transcription in ARH77 and Raji cells but not in Jurkat or HeLa cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 198625407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, a mutant E6 motif lost both in vitro binding activity and in vivo enhancer activity.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 198625408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In striking contrast to the mouse Ig heavy-chain enhancer, in which the octamer motif acts as a B-cell-specific enhancer element, the human enhancer contains an octamerlike sequence with one base substitution which bound octamer-binding proteins with only very low affinity and showed no enhancer activity of its own.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 198625409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, the MnlI-AluI fragment could suppress the basal-level activity of the conalbumin promoter in both Jurkat and HeLa cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 198625410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, simian virus 40 enhancer activity was blocked by the MnlI-AluI fragment in HeLa cells but not in B cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 198625411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the novel enhancer element identified in this study is probably a target site for both positive and negative factors.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 198735301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NF kappa B independent cis-acting sequences in HIV-1 LTR responsive to T-cell activation.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 198735302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The rate of transcription initiation directed by the long terminal repeat (LTR) of HIV-1 increases in response to mitogenic stimuli of T cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 198735303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show that the response of the HIV-1 LTR may be governed by two independent sequences located 5' to the site of transcription initiation sequences that bind either NFAT-1 or NF kappa B.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 198735304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The rate of LTR-directed gene expression increased in response to treatment with either a phorbol ester or tumor necrosis factor alpha if either the NFAT-1 or NF kappa B binding sites were deleted, but failed to respond to these mitogenic stimuli if both sequences were absent.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 198735305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The HIV-1 mutant virus containing both NF kappa B and NFAT-1 deletion was able to replicate although at a much decreased growth rate, while the deletion of NFAT-1 alone increased the viral growth rate in Jurkat cells.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 198735306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither deletion of NF kappa B nor deletion of NFAT-1 decreased activation of viral replication by phorbol ester.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 198895101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific depletion of the B-cell population induced by aberrant expression of human interferon regulatory factor 1 gene in transgenic mice.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 198895102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferons (IFNs) are well known both as antiviral proteins and as potent regulators of cell growth and differentiation.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 198895103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In fact, IFNs inhibit growth of various normal and transformed cell types.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 198895104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previously, a nuclear factor, IRF-1 (interferon regulatory factor 1), which binds to type I IFN and some IFN-inducible gene promoters, was identified and cloned.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 198895105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since the IRF-1 gene is both virus and IFN inducible, an intriguing issue is raised as to whether the IRF-1 gene is functioning in IFN-mediated regulation of cell growth and differentiation.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 198895106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we generated transgenic mice carrying the human IRF-1 gene linked to the human immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 198895107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the transgenic mice, all the lymphoid tissues examined showed a dramatic reduction in the number of B lymphocytes (B cells).@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 198895108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Preparation and analysis of bone marrow cells from the chimeric mice indicated that the bone marrow is the effective site for specific depletion of the B-cell population.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 198895109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In fact, transgenic bone marrow cells cocultured with a bone marrow-derived stromal cell line revealed an altered B-cell maturation pattern.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 198988001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification and cloning of TCF-1, a T lymphocyte-specific transcription factor containing a sequence-specific HMG box.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 198988002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD3-epsilon expression is controlled by a downstream T lymphocyte-specific enhancer element.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 198988003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report the identification of a T cell-specific transcription factor, TCF-1, binding to this element.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 198988004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The multimerized recognition motif of TCF-1 constituted a T cell-specific enhancer.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 198988005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Subsequent cloning of TCF-1 identified three splice alternatives.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 198988006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF-1 contained a single DNA-binding HMG box most closely related to similar boxes in the putative mammalian sex-determining gene SRY and in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Mc mating type gene.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 198988007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF-1 mRNA was expressed uniquely in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 198988008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upon cotransfection into non-T cells, TCF-1 could transactivate through its cognate motif.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 198988009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results identify TCF-1 as a T cell-specific transcription factor, which might play a role in the establishment of the mature T cell phenotype.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 199026301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factor kappa B activates proenkephalin transcription in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 199026302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upon activation, T lymphocytes accumulate high levels of the neuropeptide enkephalin which correlate with high levels of proenkephalin mRNA in the cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 199026303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we investigated the transcriptional basis for these changes.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 199026304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The proenkephalin promoter contains a sequence GGGGACGTCCCC, named B2, which is similar to the kappa B sequence GGGGACTTTCC, the binding site of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 199026305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of T lymphocytes induces an NF-kappa B-like binding activity to the B2 site, concomitant with activation of the proenkephalin promoter.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 199026306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutations at the B2 site abolish this transcriptional activation.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 199026307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The purified homodimer (two p50s) of the DNA-binding subunit of NF-kappa B binds the B2 site of proenkephalin relatively better than does the heterotetramer (two p65s plus two p50s) form of the factor.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 199026308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, it appears that the T-cell-specific activation of the proenkephalin promoter is mediated by NF-kappa B.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 199026309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, as NF-kappa B is ubiquitous and the transcriptional activation through the B2 site is T cell specific, yet another T-cell-specific factor which synergizes with NF-kappa B should be considered.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 199457201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel HIV-1 isolate containing alterations affecting the NF-kappa B element.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 199457202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three molecular clones of HIV-1, derived from a single isolate (AL1), exhibited distinct replicative and cytopathic properties during propagation in a human T cell line.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 199457203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The phenotypic differences observed were attributable, in large part, to changes affecting the viral LTR.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 199457204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nucleotide sequence and PCR analyses demonstrated the presence of novel duplications or deletions involving the NF-kappa B motif.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 199457205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These changes in the enhancer element were identified in the original AL1 virus stock.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 199457206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Subcloning of the variant NF-kappa B segments into LTR-driven CAT expression vectors confirmed a correlation between promoter activity and replicative/cytopathic capacity.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 200540401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Kappa B binding proteins are constitutively expressed in an IL-2 autocrine human T cell line.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 200540402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IL-2 and the IL-2-R alpha genes are both expressed transiently in normal T lymphocytes after Ag or mitogen activation.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 200540403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the human T cell line, IARC 301, expresses these two genes constitutively and we have previously demonstrated that its growth depends on the autocrine production of this T cell growth factor and high affinity IL-2R.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 200540404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To dissect the molecular basis for the unusual persistent expression of the IL-2 and IL-2-R alpha genes in these IARC 301 T cells, we have analyzed the interactions of constitutively expressed nuclear proteins with the 5' flanking regions of the IL-2 and IL-2-R alpha genes using both DNase I footprinting and gel retardation techniques.@@@@1@56@@oe@16-12-2010 200540405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have found that a region in both genes (-276 to -250 for IL-2-R alpha and -203 to -183 for IL-2), which corresponds to a kappa B enhancer element, is specifically protected by nuclear proteins from IARC 301.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 200540406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In agreement with this finding, both the IL-2 and IL-2-R alpha promoters are active in transient transfection assays in IARC 301 cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 200540407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, mutation of the kappa B enhancer results in markedly attenuated activities of both promoters.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 200540408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two proteins binding the kappa B sequence, NF-kappa B and KBF1, are constitutively expressed in IARC 301 nuclei and induced by PMA and PHA in Jurkat.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 200540409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They bind to the kappa B motifs with different relative affinities that may reflect their different contribution in the expression of various promoters.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 200615101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Comparison of constitutive and inducible transcriptional enhancement mediated by kappa B-related sequences: modulation of activity in B cells by human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax gene.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 200615102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The kappa B sequence (GGGACTTTCC) binds a factor, NF-kappa B, that is constitutively found in its functional, DNA binding form only in B lymphocytes.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 200615103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A factor with apparently indistinguishable sequence specificity can be induced in many other cell types, where it is used to regulate inducible gene expression.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 200615104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For example, kappa B-related sequences have been shown to be important for the transcription of a few inducible genes, such as the interleukin 2 receptor alpha-chain gene and the beta-interferon gene.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 200615105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, these genes are not constitutively active in B lymphocytes, suggesting that other regulatory mechanisms must play a role in determining the patterns of expression.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 200615106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have investigated the constitutive and inducible transcriptional activity mediated by five kappa B-related sequence elements in two different cell types.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 200615107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that in S194 plasma cells the activity of each element correlates well with the relative affinity of B-cell-derived NF-kappa B for that element.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 200615108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This leads to significantly lower transcription enhancement by sites derived from the interleukin 2 receptor or T-cell receptor genes in S194 cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 200615109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in either EL-4 (T) cells or S194 cells, both lower-affinity sites can be significantly induced by the tax gene product of human T-cell leukemia virus type I, showing that NF-kappa B activity can be modulated even in a B-cell line that constitutively expresses this factor.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 200642301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Isolation of a rel-related human cDNA that potentially encodes the 65-kD subunit of NF-kappa B [published erratum appears in Science 1991 Oct 4;254(5028):11]@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 200642302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A DNA probe that spanned a domain conserved among the proto-oncogene c-rel, the Drosophila morphogen dorsal, and the p50 DNA binding subunit of NF-kappa B was generated from Jurkat T cell complementary DNA with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and degenerate oligonucleotides.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 200642303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This probe was used to identify a rel-related complementary DNA that hybridized to a 2.6-kilobase messenger RNA present in human T and B lymphocytes.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 200642304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro transcription and translation of the complementary DNA resulted in the synthesis of a protein with an apparent molecular size of 65 kilodaltons (kD).@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 200642305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The translated protein showed weak DNA binding with a specificity for the kappa B binding motif.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 200642306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This protein-DNA complex comigrated with the complex obtained with the purified human p65 NF-kappa B subunit and binding was inhibited by I kappa B-alpha and -beta proteins.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 200642307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the 65-kD protein associated with the p50 subunit of NF-kappa B and the kappa B probe to form a complex with the same electrophoretic mobility as the NF-kappa B-DNA complex.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 200642308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore the rel-related 65-kD protein may represent the p65 subunit of the active NF-kappa B transcription factor complex.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 200669701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor number in posttraumatic stress disorder.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 200669702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE: The authors' objective was to investigate the possibility that glucocorticoid receptor changes may be involved in the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 200669703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHOD: They measured the number of lymphocyte cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors and plasma cortisol concentrations in 15 consecutively admitted male combat Vietnam veterans with PTSD and in a normal comparison group of 11 subjects.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 200669704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: Both the patients and the normal comparison subjects showed a morning-to-afternoon decline in glucocorticoid receptor concentrations, paralleling the normal diurnal decline in cortisol levels.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 200669705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of glucocorticoid receptors was 63% greater in the morning and 26% greater in the afternoon in the patients with PTSD than in the normal subjects.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 200669706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No group differences in cortisol levels were observed, nor were glucocorticoid receptor number and cortisol levels correlated.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 200669707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of morning glucocorticoid receptors was positively correlated with symptoms of PTSD and anxiety.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 200669708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: These results provide further evidence for a dysregulation of the HPA axis in PTSD.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 200669709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The finding that patients with PTSD had a substantially greater number of lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors than normal comparison subjects is consistent with the authors' previous observations of low 24-hour urinary cortisol excretion in subjects with PTSD.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 200669710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the receptor changes observed are opposite of those reported in major depressive disorder.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 200669711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present data, along with other findings of HPA abnormalities in PTSD, support the possibility of a greater negative feedback sensitivity at one or more levels of the HPA axis.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 201009001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A thymus-specific member of the HMG protein family regulates the human T cell receptor C alpha enhancer.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 201009002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human T cell-specific transcription factor TCF-1 alpha plays a key role in the tissue-specific activation of the T cell receptor (TCR) C alpha enhancer and binds to pyrimidine-rich elements (5'-PyCTTTG-3') present in a variety of other T cell-specific control regions.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 201009003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using amino acid sequence information derived from the DNA affinity-purified protein, we have now isolated cDNA clones encoding TCF-1 alpha.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 201009004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The TCF-1 alpha cDNA contains a single 68-amino-acid domain that is homologous to a region conserved among high-mobility group (HMG) and nonhistone chromosomal proteins.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 201009005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of full-length and mutant cDNA clones in bacteria reveal that the single HMG motif, which is predicted to contain two extended alpha-helical segments, is sufficient to direct the sequence-specific binding of TCF-1 alpha to DNA.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 201009006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot experiments demonstrate further that TCF-1 alpha mRNA is highly tissue specific, found primarily in the thymus or T cell lines.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 201009007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immature CEM T cell line expresses relatively low levels of TCF-1 alpha mRNA, which are increased upon activation of these cells by phorbol esters.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 201009008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, the cloned TCF-1 alpha protein is a potent transcriptional activator of the human TCR alpha enhancer in nonlymphoid cell lines, whereas the activity of the endogenous protein in T cell lines is strongly dependent on an additional T cell-specific protein that interacts with the core enhancer.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 201009009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF-1 alpha is currently unique among the newly emerging family of DNA-binding regulatory proteins that share the HMG motif in that it is a highly tissue-specific RNA polymerase II transcription factor.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 201151201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Multiple Oct2 isoforms are generated by alternative splicing.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 201151202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The interaction of the Oct2 transcription factor with the cognate octamer motif ATGCAAAT is a critical determinant of the lymphoid-specific expression of immunoglobulin genes.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 201151203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ectopic expression of cloned Oct2 cDNA was shown to be sufficient to reconstitute at least some aspects of this regulation in non-lymphoid cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 201151204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We describe the isolation and characterization of multiple cDNAs encoding mouse Oct2 from a mature B-cell line and we show that a variety of isoforms of this transcription factor is generated from a single gene by an alternative splicing mechanism.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 201151205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All the isoforms retain the previously characterized POU-domain and are therefore able to bind to the octamer motif.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 201151206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Different amounts of the various isoforms are present within the same B-cell regardless of the developmental stage of B-cell differentiation and at least some of the isoforms are conserved between mouse and humans.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 201151207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In cotransfection experiments we show that all the isoforms are able to activate an octamer containing promoter element in fibroblasts revealing an unexpected functional redundancy.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 201151208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, we show that one of the isoforms encodes the previously described lymphoid-specific Oct2B protein which has been suggested to be involved in the function of the octamer motif in the context of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) enhancer.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 201717701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Murine and human T-lymphocyte GATA-3 factors mediate transcription through a cis-regulatory element within the human T-cell receptor delta gene enhancer.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 201717702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A family of transcriptional activators has recently been identified in chickens; these transcriptional activators recognize a common consensus motif (WGATAR) through a conserved C4 zinc finger DNA-binding domain.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 201717703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the members of this multigene family, cGATA-3, is most abundantly expressed in the T-lymphocyte cell lineage.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 201717704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of human and murine GATA-3 factors shows a striking degree of amino acid sequence identity and similar patterns of tissue specificity of expression in these three organisms.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 201717705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The murine and human factors are abundantly expressed in a variety of human and murine T-cell lines and can activate transcription through a tissue-specific GATA-binding site identified within the human T-cell receptor delta gene enhancer.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 201717706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We infer that the murine and human GATA-3 proteins play a central and highly conserved role in vertebrate T-cell-specific transcriptional regulation.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 201725801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Processing of the precursor of NF-kappa B by the HIV-1 protease during acute infection.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 201725802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) genome is regulated in part by cellular factors and is stimulated by activation of latently infected T cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 201725803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T-cell activation also correlates with the induction of the factor NF-kappa B which binds to two adjacent sites in the HIV-1 long terminal repeat.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 201725804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This factor consists of two DNA-binding subunits of relative molecular mass 50,000 (50K) associated with two 65K subunits.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 201725805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is located in the nucleus in mature B cells, but is present in other cell types as an inactive cytoplasmic complex.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 201725806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@External stimuli, including those that activate T cells, result in nuclear translocation of active NF-kappa B.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 201725807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cloning of the complementary DNA for the 50K subunit helped to identify an exclusively cytoplasmic 105K precursor (p105) (V.B., P.K. and A.I., manuscript submitted).@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 201725808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of active NF-kappa B might therefore also be regulated by the extent of processing of p105.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 201725809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because HIV-1 requires active NF-kappa B for efficient transcription, we tested the effect of HIV-1 infection on the processing of the human 105K precursor.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 201725810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here that the HIV-1 protease can process p105 and increases levels of active nuclear NF-kappa B complex.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 202363301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV enhancer activity perpetuated by NF-kappa B induction on infection of monocytes [see comments]@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 202363302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Permissiveness to replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) differs in T lymphocytes and macrophages.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 202363303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In T cells, HIV transcription is poorly detected in vivo.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 202363304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloned, normal T lymphocytes show very little, if any, basal activity of the HIV enhancer and low nuclear expression of NF-kappa B, a potent transcriptional activator of the HIV enhancer.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 202363305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, fixed tissue macrophages express detectable HIV proteins, indicating permanent virus transcription.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 202363306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One explanation for the perpetuation of virus infection in macrophages could be sustained nuclear NF-kappa B expression.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 202363307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the U937 monocytic cell line, which is fully permissive to HIV replication, is known to express only low levels of nuclear NF-kappa B.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 202363308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here that chronic HIV infection results in both induction of a nuclear factor with antigenic properties indistinguishable from those of NF-kappa B and permanently increased HIV enhancer activity.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 202363309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This phenomenon, which is independent of tumour necrosis factor, is associated with HIV replication, and is thus likely to explain at least in part the perpetuation of HIV infection in monocytes.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 202481001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptor characteristics in monocytes of patients with corticosteroid-resistant bronchial asthma.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 202481002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism of corticosteroid resistance in bronchial asthma has been studied by determining the rank order of potency for different corticosteroids in inhibiting the generation of a 3 kD molecule from peripheral blood monocytes isolated from corticosteroid-sensitive (CS) and corticosteroid-resistant (CR) asthmatic subjects, which augments leukotriene B4 (LTB4) generation by human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated by calcium ionophore.@@@@1@67@@oe@16-12-2010 202481003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, binding studies with (3H) dexamethasone have been performed to determine the dissociation constant (Kd) and receptor numbers (Ro) in the monocytes of these two groups of subjects.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 202481004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The concentration of corticosteroid producing 50% inhibition (IC50) was 600 nM, 70 nM, and 0.5 nM for hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone, respectively, in monocytes from CS individuals.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 202481005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was only weak inhibition of the generation of enhancing activity by the corticosteroids in the CR asthmatic individuals.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 202481006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The dexamethasone Kd was 2.45 +/- 0.58 nM (mean +/- SEM, n = 6) in the CS group and 1.6 +/- 0.35 nM (mean +/- SEM, n = 6) in the CR group of patients (p = 0.14).@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 202481007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Ro in the CS group was 3,605 +/- 984 binding sites per nucleus (mean +/- SEM, n = 6) and 4,757 +/- 692 binding sites per nucleus (mean +/- SEM, n = 6) in the CR group (p = 0.23).@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 202481008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings indicate that corticosteroid resistance in bronchial asthma cannot be explained by abnormalities in corticosteroid receptor characteristics.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 202660501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tissue-specific expression of the platelet GPIIb gene.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 202660502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the major objectives in the study of thrombogenesis is to determine the mechanisms by which a hematopoietic progenitor is activated and committed to the megakaryocytic lineage.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 202660503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent development of primary cultures of human megakaryocytes and the molecular cloning of genes that are specific to this lineage offer the possibility of getting some insights into the genetic mechanisms that control megakaryocytopoiesis.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 202660504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One gene of interest is the glycoprotein IIb (GPIIb) gene; GPIIb, the alpha subunit of the platelet cytoadhesin GPIIb-IIIa, is produced in megakaryocytes at an early stage of the differentiation, whereas the other subunit of this complex, GPIIIa, is expressed in other cells.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 202660505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For these reasons, the 5'-flanking region of the GPIIb gene was used to identify the regions that interact with DNA-binding nuclear factors.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 202660506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A fragment extending from -643 to +33 is capable of controlling the tissue-specific expression of the CAT gene in transfection experiments.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 202660507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within this region, we have identified several sequences that are implicated in DNA protein interactions as shown in DNAse I footprints and gel mobility shift assays.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 202660508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One region, centered at -54, is similar to a nuclear factor E1-binding site, and a region located at position -233 contains a CCAAT motif.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 202660509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two domains centered at positions -345 and -540, respectively, bind proteins that are present in megakaryocytic cells and nonrelated cells as well.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 202660510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, two other domains, located at positions -460 and -510, interact with proteins that are only present in megakaryocytic cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 202660511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, deletion of the region containing these two domains results in a significant decrease of the promoter activity.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 202660512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is very likely that these domains bind megakaryocyte-specific nuclear proteins acting as positive transcription factors.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 203309001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Demonstration of estrogen and progesterone receptors as well as Ki-67 and p-145 antigens in single tumor cells from blood and pleural effusions using a slide assay.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 203309002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We describe a slide assay that allows the demonstration of antigens localized in the nucleus from isolated white blood cells as well as from single tumor cells derived from malignant effusions.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 203309003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@With the antibodies Ki-67 and anti-p-145 an increased rate of nuclear and nucleolar staining resulted in cells from highly malignant lymphomas.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 203309004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An almost identical reaction was obtained when tumor cells from malignant effusions were tested.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 203309005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells isolated from the blood of patients with leukemic spread of lymphomas of low malignancy yielded a weak staining comparable to that of normal mesothelial cells from non-tumorous cavity fluids.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 203309006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The detection of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) localized in the cell nucleus can be achieved by the same assay.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 203309007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The reaction is enhanced by incubation of the tumor cells for 30 min at 37 degrees C prior to fixation.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 203309008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pleural effusions from 20 patients with breast cancer were tested.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 203309009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ER was positive in 13 and PR was positive in 12 of the 20 samples.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 203309010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In 5 cases there was a divergent reaction with ER and PR antibody.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 203309011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The hormone receptors of the primary tumor were known in 15 (ER) and 14 (PR) patients, respectively.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 203309012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In each cohort there was only one case with a negative reaction of the primary tumor and a positive reaction with the isolated tumor cells from the pleural effusions.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 203309013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that the demonstration of hormone receptor proteins in cells from malignant effusions is possible and that there is a correlation with the status of the primary site of cancer.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 203467601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The rhombotin family of cysteine-rich LIM-domain oncogenes: distinct members are involved in T-cell translocations to human chromosomes 11p15 and 11p13.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 203467602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A chromosomal translocation in a T-cell leukemia involving the short arm of human chromosome 11 at band 11p15 disrupts the rhombotin gene.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 203467603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This gene encodes a protein with duplicated cysteine-rich regions called LIM domains, which show homology to zinc-binding proteins and to iron-sulfur centers of ferredoxins.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 203467604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two homologues of the rhombotin gene have now been isolated.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 203467605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of these, designated Rhom-2, is located on human chromosome 11 at band 11p13, where a cluster of T-cell leukemia-specific translocations occur; all translocation breakpoints at 11p13 are upstream of the Rhom-2 gene.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 203467606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human and mouse Rhom-2 are highly conserved and, like rhombotin, encode two tandem cysteine-rich LIM domains.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 203467607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rhom-2 mRNA is expressed in early mouse development in central nervous system, lung, kidney, liver, and spleen but only very low levels occur in thymus.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 203467608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The other gene, designated Rhom-3, is not on chromosome 11 but also retains homology to the LIM domain of rhombotin.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 203467609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since the Rhom-2 gene is such a common site of chromosomal damage in T-cell tumors, the consistency of translocations near the rhombotin gene was further examined.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 203467610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A second translocation adjacent to rhombotin was found and at the same position as in the previous example.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 203467611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, chromosome bands 11p15 (rhombotin) and 11p13 (Rhom-2) are consistent sites of chromosome translocation in T-cell leukemia, with the 11p15 target more rarely involved.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 203467612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results define the rhombotin gene family as a class of T-cell oncogenes with duplicated cysteine-rich LIM domains.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 203975201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cortivazol mediated induction of glucocorticoid receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in wild-type and dexamethasone-resistant human leukemic (CEM) cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 203975202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cortivazol is a phenylpyrazolo glucocorticoid of high potency and unusual structure.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 203975203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In both wild-type and highly dexamethasone(dex)-resistant clones of the human leukemic cell line CEM, exposure to cortivazol leads to cell death.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 203975204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has been shown recently that in wild-type CEM cells but not in a dex-resistant, glucocorticoid receptor(GR)-defective clone ICR-27 TK-3, dex induces GR mRNA.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 203975205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To test the hypothesis that cortivazol acts in dex-resistant cells by making use of the residual GR found there, wild-type and dex-resistant clones were treated with various concentrations of cortivazol and induction of GR mRNA was studied.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 203975206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cortivazol significantly induced GR mRNA in the normal CEM-C7 as well as in two classes of dex-resistant clones, although the dex-resistant clones needed at least 10 times more cortivazol than the normal cells for significant GR mRNA induction.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 203975207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased levels of GR mRNA were noticed as early as 3 h after treatment.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 203975208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A general correlation between induction of GR mRNA and lysis of the normal and dex-resistant cells was found.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 203975209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Positive induction of GR mRNA might be one of the earliest crucial steps in the lysis of normal and dex-resistant CEM cells, or might serve as a marker for the process.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 203975210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the lysis pathway in the dex-resistant cells is defective in that dex-resistant clones needed significantly more cortivazol than the normal cells for lysis of the cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 205012501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase: promoter analysis and identification of an iron-responsive element in the mRNA.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 205012502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@5-Aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS) catalyzes the first step of the heme biosynthetic pathway.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 205012503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@cDNA clones for the human erythroid ALAS isozyme were isolated from a fetal liver library.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 205012504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It can be deduced that the erythroid ALAS precursor protein has a molecular weight of 64.6 kd, and is similar in size to the previously isolated human housekeeping ALAS precursor of molecular weight 70.6 kd.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 205012505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mature mitochondrial forms of the erythroid and housekeeping ALAS isozymes are predicted to have molecular weights of 59.5 kd and 64.6 kd, respectively.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 205012506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two isozymes show little amino acid identity in their N-terminal signal sequences but have considerable sequence identity in the C-terminal two-thirds of their proteins.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 205012507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An analysis of the immediate promoter of the human erythroid ALAS gene revealed several putative erythroid-specific cis-acting elements including both a GATA-1 and an NF-E2 binding site.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 205012508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An iron-responsive element (IRE) motif has been identified in the 5'-untranslated region of the human erythroid ALAS mRNA, but is not present in the housekeeping ALAS mRNA.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 205012509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel retardation experiments established that this IRE motif formed a protein - RNA complex with cytosolic extracts from human K562 cells and this binding was strongly competed with IRE transcripts from ferritin or transferrin receptor mRNAs.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 205012510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A transcript of the ALAS IRE, mutated in the conserved loop of the IRE, did not readily form this protein - RNA complex.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 205012511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that the IRE motif in the ALAS mRNA is functional and imply that translation of the mRNA is controlled by cellular iron availability during erythropoiesis.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 205628201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human tumor necrosis factor alpha gene regulation in phorbol ester stimulated T and B cell lines.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 205628202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The minimal region of the human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene promoter necessary for its transcriptional induction by phorbol esters (PMA) in human T and B lymphocyte cell lines has been localized between -52 and +89 nucleotides (nt) relative to the gene's transcriptional start site.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 205628203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Comparison of these sequences to those required to mediate virus or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction of the gene reveal significant differences, and thus, the sequence requirements for PMA induction are distinct from those that mediate induction by virus or LPS.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 205628204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although three sites in the TNF-alpha promoter (kappa 1, kappa 2, and kappa 3) specifically bind the transcription factor NF-kappa B in lymphoid nuclear extracts, TNF-alpha mRNA induction by PMA does not correlate with NF-kappa B binding activities displayed by different T and B cell lines.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 205628205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, kappa 1-kappa 3 can each be deleted from the TNF-alpha promoter with little effect on the gene's inducibility by PMA.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 205628206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, TNF-alpha mRNA induction by PMA, like its induction by virus and LPS, is not primarily mediated by NF-kappa B, but rather is mediated through other sequences and protein factors.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 205628207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surprisingly, multimers of kappa 1-kappa 3 can confer PMA inducibility on a heterologous promoter in a B (Raji), but not a T (HUT78) cell line.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 205628208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However they are not functional on a truncated TNF-alpha promoter, indicating that promoter context and cell type specificity influence the PMA inducible function of these NF-kappa B binding sites.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 206566301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-kappa B transcription factor and HIV-1.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 206566302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hydrogen peroxide and oxygen radicals are agents commonly produced during inflammatory processes.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 206566303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we show that micromolar concentrations of H2O2 can induce the expression and replication of HIV-1 in a human T cell line.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 206566304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect is mediated by the NF-kappa B transcription factor which is potently and rapidly activated by an H2O2 treatment of cells from its inactive cytoplasmic form.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 206566305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a well characterized antioxidant which counteracts the effects of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) in living cells, prevented the activation of NF-kappa B by H2O2.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 206566306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NAC and other thiol compounds also blocked the activation of NF-kappa B by cycloheximide, double-stranded RNA, calcium ionophore, TNF-alpha, active phorbol ester, interleukin-1, lipopolysaccharide and lectin.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 206566307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This suggests that diverse agents thought to activate NF-kappa B by distinct intracellular pathways might all act through a common mechanism involving the synthesis of ROI.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 206566308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ROI appear to serve as messengers mediating directly or indirectly the release of the inhibitory subunit I kappa B from NF-kappa B.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 207245401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Contribution of NF-kappa B and Sp1 binding motifs to the replicative capacity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: distinct patterns of viral growth are determined by T-cell types.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 207245402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Starting with a replication-incompetent molecular clone of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, lacking all the NF-kappa B and Sp1 binding sites present in the native long terminal repeat (LTR), proviruses containing reconstructed LTRs with individual or combinations of NF-kappa B and Sp1 elements were generated and evaluated for their capacity to produce virus progeny following transfection-cocultivation.@@@@1@61@@oe@16-12-2010 207245403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Virus stocks obtained from these experiments exhibited a continuum of replicative capacities in different human T-cell types depending on which element(s) was present in the LTR.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 207245404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For example, in experiments involving proviral clones with LTRs containing one or two NF-kappa B elements (and no Sp1 binding sites), a hierarchy of cellular permissivity to virus replication (peripheral blood lymphocytes = MT4 greater than H9 greater than CEM greater than Jurkat) was observed.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 207245405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Of note was the associated emergence of second-site LTR revertants which involved an alteration of the TATA box.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 207245406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 LTR possesses functional redundancy which ensures virus replication in different T-cell types and is capable of changing depending on the particular combination of transcriptional factors present.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 207739601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogen receptor concentration and social factors as predictors of natural killer cell activity in early-stage breast cancer patients.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 207739602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Confirmation of a model.@@@@1@5@@oe@16-12-2010 207739603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous work of ours has demonstrated that a significant amount of natural killer (NK) activity variance after surgery in stage I and II breast cancer patients could be accounted for by both the estrogen receptor (ER) status of the tumor and by social factors, namely, perceived social support and seeking social support as a general coping strategy.@@@@1@64@@oe@16-12-2010 207739604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As considerable evidence has accumulated that social support in both animal and human populations may have survival value, we sought to test the reliability of this regression model, using coping and perceived support factor values obtained at 3 months after surgery to account for concurrent follow-up NK activity in this serially assessed group of patients.@@@@1@58@@oe@16-12-2010 207739605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was found that the most significant variable predicting NK activity at follow-up was tumor ER concentration, with higher NK activity associated with ER- status.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 207739606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, seeking social support as a coping strategy, as well as the perceived quality of support, also entered the model to account for a significant amount of NK activity variance (multivariate F = 5.25, p less than 0.001).@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 207739607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@If, as the literature suggests, NK activity is relevant to breast cancer control, and since ER- tumors have a worse prognosis, we suggest here that perhaps such tumors are resistant to control by NK cells because they lack the ability to attract an accumulation of effector cells to the tumor site, or because blocking factors at the site of the tumor prevent local tumor control at the site of action.@@@@1@76@@oe@16-12-2010 207739608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The finding related to social support also replicates results from an independent sample of breast cancer patients.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 207739609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This finding, taken together with other evidence that this social variable is associated with longer survival in breast cancer populations, underscores the potential importance of this social support variable.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 207739610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our findings also suggest one possible immunological variable involved, with potential clinical significance, for this patient population.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 208325301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Purification of TCF-1 alpha, a T-cell-specific transcription factor that activates the T-cell receptor C alpha gene enhancer in a context-dependent manner.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 208325302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The differentiation of T cells into functionally diverse subpopulations is controlled in part, by transcriptional activation and silencing; however, little is known in detail about the proteins that influence this developmental process.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 208325303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have purified a new T-cell-specific factor, TCF-1 alpha, that is implicated in the activation of genes encoding a major component of the human T-cell receptor (TCR).@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 208325304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF-1 alpha, originally identified and purified through its binding sites on the HIV-1 promoter, was found to bind to the TCR alpha enhancer and to promoters for several genes expressed at significantly earlier stages of T-cell development than the TCR alpha gene (e.g., p56lck and CD3 delta).@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 208325305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sequences related to the TCF-1 alpha binding motif (5'-GGCACCCTTTGA-3') are also found in the human TCR delta (and possibly TCR beta) enhancers.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 208325306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Southwestern and gel renaturation experiments with the use of purified protein fractions revealed that TCF-1 alpha activity is derived from a family of 57- to 53-kD proteins that are abundantly expressed in mature and immature T-cell lines (Jurkat, CCRF-CEM) and not in mature B cells (JY, Namalwa) or nonlymphoid (HeLa) cell lines.@@@@1@61@@oe@16-12-2010 208325307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A small 95-bp fragment of the TCR alpha control region that contains the TCF-1 alpha binding site juxtaposed between a cAMP-response element (the CRE or T alpha 1 motif) and the binding site for a distinct lymphoid-specific protein (TCF-2 alpha) behaved as a potent T-cell-specific enhancer in vivo.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 208325308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tandem copies of this enhancer functioned synergistically in mature (Jurkat) T-cell lines as well as resting and activated immature (CCRF-CEM) T-cell lines.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 208325309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation of the TCF-1 alpha binding site diminished enhancer activity and disrupted the synergism observed in vivo between tandem enhancer repeats.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 208325310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The TCF-1 alpha binding site was also required for TCR alpha enhancer activity in transcriptionally active extracts from Jurkat but not HeLa cells, confirming that TCF-1 alpha is a T-cell-specific transcription factor.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 208325311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Curiously, the TCF-1 alpha binding element was inactive in vivo when removed from its neighboring elements on the TCR alpha enhancer and positioned in one or more copies upstream of a heterologous promoter.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 208325312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the transcriptional activity of TCF-1 alpha appears to depend on the TCF-2 alpha and T alpha 1 (CREB) transcription factors and the context of its binding site within the TCR alpha enhancer.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 208850501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel T-cell trans-activator that recognizes a phorbol ester-inducible element of the interleukin-2 promoter.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 208850502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The interleukin 2 (IL-2) gene promoter is recognized by several cell-type-specific and ubiquitous transcriptional regulators that integrate information transmitted by various signaling systems leading to IL-2 production and T-cell activation.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 208850503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a combination of transfection, protein-DNA binding, and in vitro transcription methods, we have discovered the novel T-cell-specific transcriptional activator TCF-1 (for T-Cell Factor-1), which recognizes a T-cell-specific response element (TCE) located within the IL-2 promoter.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 208850504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although the TCE is similar in sequence to a consensus NF kappa B site, several criteria indicate that TCF-1 is distinct from NF kappa B.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 208850505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, like NF kappa B, TCF-1 activity is induced by phorbol esters and other T-cell activators.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 210516701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reactivity of lymphocytes to a progesterone receptor-specific monoclonal antibody.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 210516702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study we present evidence for reactivity of pregnancy lymphocytes, but not nonpregnancy lymphocytes, with the progesterone receptor-specific monoclonal antibody mPRI.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 210516703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using an avidin-biotin peroxidase detection system, we found a nuclear staining in 14.6 +/- 3.7% (mean +/- SEM, N = 27) of pregnancy lymphocytes, while only 0.47 +/- 0.33% (mean +/- SEM, N = 15) of nonpregnancy lymphocytes reacted with the antibody.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 210516704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To characterize the receptor-bearing subset, CD8+ and CD4+ cells were depleted by complement-dependent lysis.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 210516705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Depletion of CD8+ cells was accompanied by 62 +/- 18% loss of progesterone receptor-bearing cells, while depletion of CD4+ cells resulted in a twofold increase in the number of positively staining lymphocytes.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 210516706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In nonpregnancy lymphocytes a 3-day PHA treatment, as well as allogeneic stimulation, resulted in a significant increase in the number of receptor-containing cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 210516707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that pregnancy, but not nonpregnancy, lymphocytes contain progesterone binding structures, and that these are inducible by mitogenic or alloantigenic stimuli.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 210552801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two distinct transcription factors that bind the immunoglobulin enhancer microE5/kappa 2 motif.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 210552802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activity of the immunoglobulin heavy and kappa light chain gene enhancers depends on a complex interplay of ubiquitous and developmentally regulated proteins.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 210552803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two complementary DNAs were isolated that encode proteins, denoted ITF-1 and ITF-2, that are expressed in a variety of cell types and bind the microE5/kappa 2 motif found in both heavy and kappa light chain enhancers.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 210552804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The complementary DNAs are the products of distinct genes, yet both ITF-1 and ITF-2 are structurally and functionally similar.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 210552805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two proteins interact with one another through their putative helix-loop-helix motifs and each possesses a distinct domain that dictates transcription activation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 210588701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A factor known to bind to endogenous Ig heavy chain enhancer only in lymphocytes is a ubiquitously active transcription factor.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 210588702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcriptional enhancer located in the first intron of the immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region is a major determinant of B-cell-specific expression of immunoglobulin genes.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 210588703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Like other enhancers, the Ig heavy chain enhancer contains several short sequence motifs that bind specific transcription factors.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 210588704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Each binding site contributes to the overall activity of the enhancer, however no single element seems absolutely required for activity.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 210588705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For a better understanding of the Ig heavy chain enhancer components, we have cloned and analyzed individual sequence elements.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 210588706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We find that the factor that binds to the E3 enhancer motif, CATGTGGC, is a ubiquitous transcription factor.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 210588707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is present in an active form in both B cells and non-B cells, where it can mediate transcriptional activation in vitro and in vivo.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 210588708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, despite its ability to activate transcription of a transfected reporter gene, the factor is apparently unable to bind to the endogenous Ig heavy chain enhancer in non-lymphoid cells: In previous experiments by others, the characteristic in vivo footprint of this factor, designated NF-muE3, was detected in B cells but not in non-B cells.@@@@1@61@@oe@16-12-2010 210588709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From this and other findings the picture emerges that there are at least three categories of factors which mediate cell-type-specific transcription in B lymphocytes: (a) cell-specific factors such as Oct-2A and Oct-2B that are not expressed in most other cell types: (b) ubiquitous factors such as NF-kappa B that are constitutively active in B cells but are sequestered in an inactive form in other cells; (c) ubiquitously active factors, exemplified by the one binding to the E3 sequence motif.@@@@1@90@@oe@16-12-2010 210588710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This factor is present in an active form in a variety of cell types but is apparently unable to bind to the endogenous Ig heavy chain enhancer in non-B cells, perhaps due to a non-permissive chromatin structure of the Ig heavy chain locus.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 210594601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of c-jun expression during monocytic differentiation of human myeloid leukemic cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 210594602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AP-1, the polypeptide product of c-jun, recognizes and binds to specific DNA sequences and stimulates transcription of genes responsive to certain growth factors and phorbol esters such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA).@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 210594603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We studied the effects of TPA on the regulation of c-jun gene expression in HL-60 cells during monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 210594604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Low levels of c-jun transcripts were detectable in untreated HL-60 leukemic cells, increased significantly by 6 h, and reached near maximal levels by 24 h of exposure to 32 nM TPA.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 210594605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar kinetics of c-jun induction by TPA were observed in human U-937 and THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 210594606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar findings were obtained with bryostatin 1 (10 nM), another activator of protein kinase C and inducer of monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 210594607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (0.5 microM), a structurally distinct agent which also induces HL-60 monocytic differentiation, increased c-jun expression.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 210594608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TPA treatment of HL-60 cells in the presence of cycloheximide was associated with superinduction of c-jun transcripts.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 210594609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Run-on analysis demonstrated detectable levels of c-jun gene transcription in untreated HL-60 cells, and that exposure to TPA increases this rate 3.3-fold.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 210594610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of HL-60 cells with both TPA and cycloheximide had no effect on the rates of c-jun transcription.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 210594611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The half-life of c-jun RNA as determined by treating HL-60 cells with TPA and actinomycin D was 30 min.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 210594612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the half-life of c-jun RNA in TPA-treated HL-60 cells exposed to cycloheximide and actinomycin D was greater than 2 h.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 210594613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggested that the increase in c-jun RNA observed during TPA-induced monocytic differentiation is mediated by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010