210918701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of a novel factor that interacts with an immunoglobulin heavy-chain promoter and stimulates transcription in conjunction with the lymphoid cell-specific factor OTF2.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
210918702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tissue-specific expression of the MOPC 141 immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene was studied by using in vitro transcription.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
210918703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B-cell-specific transcription of this gene was dependent on the octamer element 5'-ATGCAAAG-3', located in the upstream region of this promoter and in the promoters of all other immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain genes.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
210918704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The interaction of purified octamer transcription factors 1 and 2 (OTF1 and OTF2) with the MOPC 141 promoter was studied by using electrophoretic mobility shift assays and DNase I footprinting.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
210918705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Purified OTF1 from HeLa cells and OTF1 and OTF2 from B cells bound to identical sequences within the heavy-chain promoter.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
210918706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The OTF interactions we observed extended over the heptamer element 5'-CTCAGGA-3', and it seems likely that the binding of the purified factors involves cooperation between octamer and heptamer sites in this promoter.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
210918707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to these elements, we identified a second regulatory element, the N element with the sequence 5'-GGAACCTCCCCC-3'.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
210918708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The N element could independently mediate low levels of transcription in both B-cell and HeLa-cell extracts, and, in conjunction with the octamer element, it can promote high levels of transcription in B-cell extracts.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
210918709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The N element bound a transcription factor, NTF, that is ubiquitous in cell-type distribution, and NTF was distinct from any of the previously described proteins that bind to similar sequences.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
210918710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Based on these results, we propose that NTF and OTF2 interactions (both with their cognate DNA elements and possibly at the protein-protein level) may be critical to B-cell-specific expression and that these interactions provide additional pathways for regulating gene expression.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010
211119101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of mitogenic agents upon glucocorticoid action in human tonsillar T-lymphocytes.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
211119102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The treatment of human tonsillar T-lymphocytes with 4-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), resulted in about two fold increase in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) number, without any significant change in the receptor affinity.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
211119103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This increase disappeared in the presence of cycloheximide.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010
211119104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alone, PMA and calcium ionophore A23187 did not affect, but together stimulated, like phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), leucine and, in particular, thymidine incorporation.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
211119105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMA enhanced slightly the stimulatory effect of PHA.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010
211119106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alone, these agents failed to alter the suppressive effect of dexamethasone on thymidine and leucine incorporation; however, PMA-A23187 and PMA-PHA combinations appeared to antagonize the suppression by dexamethasone.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
211144701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of a second lymphoid-specific enhancer element in the regulation of immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene expression.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
211144702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine whether enhancer elements in addition to the highly conserved octamer (OCTA)-nucleotide motif are important for lymphoid-specific expression of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) gene, we have investigated the effect of mutating the binding site for a putative additional lymphoid-specific transcription factor, designated NF-microB, in the murine IgH enhancer.@@@@1@58@@oe@16-12-2010
211144703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that the NF-microB-binding site plays a critical role in the IgH enhancer, because mutation of the microB DNA motif decreased transcriptional activity of the IgH enhancer in cells of the B-cell lineage but not in nonlymphoid cells.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
211144704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This effect was comparable to or even stronger than the effect of a mutation in the OCTA site.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
211144705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, combined mutation of both microB and OCTA sites further reduced enhancer activity in lymphoid cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
211144706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, alteration of either the microB or E3 site in a 70-base-pair fragment of the IgH enhancer that lacks the binding site for OCTA abolished enhancer activity in lymphoid cells completely.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
211144707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nevertheless, a multimer of the microB motif alone showed no enhancer activity.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
211144708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNase footprinting analysis corroborated the functional data showing that a lymphoid-specific protein binds to the microB DNA motif.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
211144709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results suggest that the microB element is a new crucial element important for lymphoid-specific expression of the IgH gene but that interaction with another enhancer element is essential for its activity.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
211257501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc genes is regulated by heat shock in human lymphoid cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
211257502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of heat shock on the expression of the nuclear protooncogenes c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc was studied in human lymphoid cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
211257503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Heat shock caused an increase in c-fos and c-jun mRNA levels and a decrease in c-myc mRNA levels in pre-B (Hyon) and T (DND-41) cell lines as well as in freshly isolated normal human thymocytes.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
211257504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The changes in the mRNA levels of these protooncogenes in Hyon cells were most pronounced at 42 and 43 degrees C; kinetic analysis demonstrated that the changes could be detected within 30 min of heat shock.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
211257505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Altered transcription of c-fos and c-myc genes was the primary effect of heat shock.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
211257506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Secondarily, heat shock of Hyon cells stabilized the c-myc mRNA level by increasing its half-life from 24 to 45 min.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
211257507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The overall effect of heat shock on c-myc mRNA level, however, was a marked inhibition of its transcription.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
211257508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrate that the transcription of nuclear protooncogenes is regulated by heat shock indicating a role for nuclear protooncogenes in the stress response of lymphoid cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
211636201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel B-cell lineage-specific transcription factor present at early but not late stages of differentiation.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
211636202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel B-cell-specific transcription factor, BSAP, was identified as a mammalian homolog of the sea urchin protein TSAP, which interacts with the promoters of four tissue-specific late histone H2A-2 and H2B-2 genes.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
211636203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As shown by mobility-shift, methylation interference, and mutational analyses, the mammalian protein BSAP recognizes all four sea urchin binding sites in a manner indistinguishable from TSAP; however, the two proteins differ in molecular weight.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
211636204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BSAP is exclusively restricted to the B-cell lineage of lymphoid differentiation.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
211636205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Its expression appears to be activated during pro-B-cell development, is abundant at the pre-B- and mature B-cell stages, but is absent in terminally differentiated plasma cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
211636206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, BSAP is clearly a B-cell-specific transcription factor, as a wild-type but not a mutant TSAP-binding site of the sea urchin functions only in transfected B cells as an upstream promoter element.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
211636207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Competition experiments did not reveal any high-affinity binding site for BSAP in known regulatory regions of immunoglobulin and class II major histocompatibility (MHC) genes, suggesting that BSAP is a regulator of a different set of B-lymphoid-specific genes.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
211699001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tandem AP-1-binding sites within the human beta-globin dominant control region function as an inducible enhancer in erythroid cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
211699002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A powerful enhancer has been mapped to an 18-bp DNA segment located 11 kb 5' to the human epsilon-globin gene within the dominant control or locus-activating region.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
211699003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This enhancer is inducible in K562 human erythroleukemia cells, increasing linked gamma-globin promoter/luciferase gene expression to 170-fold over an enhancerless construct.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
211699004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The enhancer consists of tandem AP-1-binding sites, phased 10 bp apart, which are both required for full activity.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
211699005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA-protein binding assays with nuclear extracts from induced cells demonstrate a high molecular weight complex on the enhancer.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
211699006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The formation of this complex also requires both AP-1 sites and correlates with maximal enhancer activity.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
211699007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of the enhancer may have a role in the increase in globin gene transcription that characterizes erythroid maturation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
211699008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhancer activity appears to be mediated by the binding of a complex of proteins from the jun and fos families to tandem AP-1 consensus sequences.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
211804901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine receptors (T3R) of circulating human lymphocytes in hyper- and hypothyroidism and nonthyroidal diseases.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
211804902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The clinical implications of nuclear T3R alterations of circulating lymphocytes in hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and nonthyroidal diseases were investigated.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
211804903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear T3R in lymphocytes was determined by radio-ligand binding analysis.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
211804904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results showed that in hyper- and hypothyroid patients the nuclear affinity (Ka) for T3 was similar to that of normal subjects.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
211804905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In hyperthyroidism nuclear T3 maximal binding capacity (MBC) was unaltered, whereas in hypothyroidism the MBC was significantly increased.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
211804906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure and hepatic cirrhosis, the nuclear T3R MBC of lymphocytes was about 1.5-1.6 times of the normal controls.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
211804907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was concluded that there existed hormonal regulation of nuclear T3R, and up-regulation was seen in hypothyroidism and low T3 syndrome.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
212174601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Adherence-dependent increase in human monocyte PDGF(B) mRNA is associated with increases in c-fos, c-jun, and EGR2 mRNA.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
212174602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Adherence is an important initial step in the transition of a circulating monocyte to a tissue macrophage.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
212174603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This differentiation is accompanied by an augmented capacity to generate growth factors.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
212174604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We hypothesized that adherence itself might be an important trigger for a sequence of gene activation culminating in cells with increased mRNA encoding profibrotic growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor B subunit (PDGF[B]) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta).@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010
212174605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After in vitro adherence, human monocytes had a biphasic increase in PDGF(B) mRNA with peaks at 6 h and 13 d.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
212174606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No increase in TGF-beta mRNA was observed.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010
212174607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 6-h increase in PDGF(B) mRNA was adherence dependent, and in addition, was abrogated when the cytoskeletal integrity was compromised by cytochalasin D.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
212174608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 6-h increase in PDGF(B) mRNA was unaltered by adherence in the presence of the monocyte stimulus lipopolysaccharide.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
212174609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Adherence to either fibronectin or collagen-coated plastic had little consistent effect on PDGF(B) mRNA accumulation.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
212174610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The increased PDGF(B) mRNA observed in adherent monocytes was accompanied by increases in mRNAs of the early growth response genes c-fos (maximal at 20 min), c-jun, and EGR2 (maximal at 6-24 h).@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
212174611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The increase in c-jun and EGR2, but not c-fos, mRNA was also abrogated by cytochalasin D.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
212174612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations suggest that adherence results in increases of c-fos, c-jun, EGR2, and PDGF(B) mRNA.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
212174613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the increases in c-jun, EGR2, and PDGF(B) may depend on cytoskeletal rearrangement.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
212174614@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Modulation of these events at the time of adherence offers a mechanism by which differential priming of the cells may be accomplished.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
212217301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferon-gamma and the sexual dimorphism of autoimmunity.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010
212217302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The sexual difference in the incidence of autoimmune diseases has remained an enigma for many years.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
212217303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the examination of the induction of autoimmunity in transgenic mice, evidence has been obtained further implicating the lymphokine interferon-gamma in the etiology of autoimmunity.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
212217304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sex steroid regulation of the production of this molecule, as well as other cytokines, may help explain the gender-specific differences in the immune system, including autoimmunity.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
212346801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Single cell assay of a transcription factor reveals a threshold in transcription activated by signals emanating from the T-cell antigen receptor.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
212346802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of T lymphocytes through their antigen receptor leads to the appearance of several transcription factors, including NF-AT and NF-kappa B, which are involved in regulating genes required for immunologic activation.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
212346803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate the activity of a single transcription factor in individual viable cells, we have applied an assay that uses the fluorescence-activated cell sorter to quantitate beta-galactosidase (beta-gal).@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
212346804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have analyzed the distribution of NF-AT transcriptional activity among T cells undergoing activation by using a construct in which three tandem copies of the NF-AT-binding site directs transcription of the lacZ gene.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
212346805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unexpectedly, stimulation of cloned stably transfected Jurkat T cells leads to a bimodal pattern of beta-gal expression in which some cells express no beta-gal and others express high levels.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
212346806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This expression pattern cannot be accounted for by cell-cycle position or heritable variation.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
212346807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further results, in which beta-gal activity is correlated with NF-AT-binding activity, indicate that the concentration of NF-AT must exceed a critical threshold before transcription initiates.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
212346808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This threshold likely reflects the NF-AT concentration-dependent assembly of transcription complexes at the promoter.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
212346809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar constructs controlled by NF-kappa B or the entire interleukin-2 enhancer show bimodal expression patterns during induction, suggesting that thresholds set by the concentration of transcription factors may be a common property of inducible genes.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
212355301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two distinct signal transmission pathways in T lymphocytes are inhibited by complexes formed between an immunophilin and either FK506 or rapamycin.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
212355302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proliferation and immunologic function of T lymphocytes are initiated by signals from the antigen receptor that are inhibited by the immunosuppressant FK506 but not by its structural analog, rapamycin.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
212355303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the other hand, interleukin 2 (IL-2)-induced signals are blocked by rapamycin but not by FK506.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
212355304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Remarkably, these two drugs inhibit each other's actions, raising the possibility that both act by means of a common immunophilin (immunosuppressant binding protein).@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
212355305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We find that the dissociation constant of rapamycin to the FK506 binding protein FKBP (Kd = 0.2 nM) is close to the dissociation constant of FK506 to FKBP (Kd = 0.4 nM) and to their effective biologic inhibitory concentrations.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010
212355306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, an excess of rapamycin is needed to revert FK506-mediated inhibition of IL-2 production, apoptosis, and transcriptional activation of NF-AT, a T-cell-specific transcription factor necessary for IL-2 gene activation.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
212355307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similarly, an excess of FK506 is needed to revert rapamycin-mediated inhibition of IL-2-induced proliferation.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
212355308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The drug concentrations required for antagonism may be explained by the relative affinity of the drugs to, and by the abundance of, the immunophilin FKBP.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
212355309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@FKBP has been shown to catalyze the interconversion of the cis- and trans-rotamers of the peptidyl-prolyl amide bond of peptide substrates; here we show that rapamycin, like FK506, is a potent inhibitor of the rotamase activity of FKBP (Ki = 0.2 nM).@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010
212355310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither FKBP binding nor inhibition of rotamase activity of FKBP alone is sufficient to explain the biologic actions of these drugs.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
212355311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rather, these findings suggest that immunophilin bound to FK506 interferes with antigen receptor-induced signals, while rapamycin bound to the immunophilin interferes with IL-2-induced signals.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
212497301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TAR independent activation of the human immunodeficiency virus in phorbol ester stimulated T lymphocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
212497302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Multiple regulatory elements in the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat (HIV LTR) are required for activation of HIV gene expression.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
212497303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous transfection studies of HIV LTR constructs linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene indicated that multiple regulatory regions including the enhancer, SP1, TATA and TAR regions were important for HIV gene expression.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
212497304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To characterize these regulatory elements further, mutations in these regions were inserted into both the 5' and 3' HIV LTRs and infectious proviral constructs were assembled.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
212497305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These constructs were transfected into either HeLa cells, Jurkat cells or U937 cells in both the presence and absence of phorbol esters which have previously been demonstrated to activate HIV gene expression.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
212497306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Viral gene expression was assayed by the level of p24 gag protein released from cultures transfected with the proviral constructs.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
212497307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Results in all cell lines indicated that mutations of the SP1, TATA and the TAR loop and stem secondary structure resulted in marked decreases in gene expression while mutations of the enhancer motif or TAR primary sequence resulted in only slight decreases.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010
212497308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, viruses containing mutations in either the TAR loop sequences or stem secondary structure which were very defective for gene expression in untreated Jurkat cells, gave nearly wild-type levels of gene expression in phorbol ester-treated Jurkat cells but not in phorbol ester-treated HeLa or U937 cells.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010
212497309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High level gene expression of these TAR mutant constructs in phorbol ester-treated Jurkat cells was eliminated by second site mutations in the enhancer region or by disruption of the tat gene.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
212497310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010
212769201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional down-regulation of c-myc expression by protein synthesis-dependent and -independent pathways in a human T lymphoblastic tumor cell line.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
212769202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that in the human T lymphoblastic tumor cell line Molt4 c-myc mRNA and protein expression is down-regulated after exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide, to phorbol myristate acetate, or to the calcium ionophore A23187, which raises the intracellular calcium concentration.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010
212769203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A block to RNA elongation is largely responsible for decreased c-myc transcription.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
212769204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although negative regulation by dimethyl sulfoxide takes place even when protein synthesis is inhibited by cycloheximide, the phorbol myristate acetate effect is blocked to some extent only by cycloheximide.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
212769205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The calcium ionophore-induced c-myc suppression, however, strictly requires de novo protein synthesis.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
212769206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, two different negative regulatory pathways are involved in c-myc regulation: one which is independent and one which depends on de novo protein synthesis.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
212769207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The latter one appears to be mediated by a rapidly calcium-dependent induced gene product.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
212894001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A case of hypersensitivity to thyroid hormones with normally functioning thyroid gland and increased nuclear triiodothyronine receptors.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
212894002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 52-year-old male presented himself with tachycardia crises which appeared first during childhood, increased in frequency without goiter or exophthalmos.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
212894003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cardiac and adrenergic diseases were excluded.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010
212894004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The thyroid function was normal regarding T4, free T4 and T3, TBG, radioiodine uptake, TSH and T3 suppressibility; however the TSH response to TRH was decreased.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
212894005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The lymphocyte nuclear T3 receptor was found with an affinity close to that of normal volunteers (Ka: 1.42 x 10(10) M-1 vs 1.95 +/- 0.35 x 10(10) M-1) and a binding capacity markedly increased (9.9 vs 3.7 +/- 0.4 fmol T3/100 micrograms DNA).@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010
212894006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pindolol was inefficient on the dysrhythmia which disappeared with carbimazole and relapsed after withdrawal of the antithyroid drug.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
212894007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Under carbimazole, the plasma T4 markedly decreased (27.7 +/- 3.6 nmol/l) but the patient remained euthyroid.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
212894008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The clinical course and the laboratory data suggest that the tachycardia crises are the consequence of a hypersensitivity of the heart to thyroid hormones, associated with an increased number of T3 nuclear receptor sites in lymphocytes.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
213783101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pseudohypoaldosteronism in eight families: different forms of inheritance are evidence for various genetic defects.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
213783102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pseudohypoaldosteronism is a rare hereditary disorder presenting in early infancy with renal salt loss leading to hyponatremia and hyperkalemia despite high levels of plasma aldosterone.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
213783103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The patients are insensitive to mineralocorticoids; however, sodium supplementation is able to correct electrolyte abnormalities.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
213783104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Absent or greatly diminished type I aldosterone receptors in peripheral mononuclear leucocytes have been recently demonstrated and explain the lack of response to mineralocorticoids.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
213783105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have studied the mode of inheritance in eight families with a total of nine patients.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
213783106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was evidence for an autosomal recessive form of inheritance in four families, while the other four families appeared to have an autosomal dominant mode of transmission.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
213783107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In three families the autosomal recessive form was characterized by normal receptor as well as hormone data in both parents, while in one family receptor levels in both parents were greatly reduced, but hormone levels were normal.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
213783108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the four families with an autosomal dominant mode of transmission there was always one parent with reduced receptor binding in peripheral mononuclear leucocytes and elevated serum hormone levels.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
213783109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These parents were entirely asymptomatic.@@@@1@6@@oe@16-12-2010
213783110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an extended family we were able to study an aunt and her newborn daughter, who were both also biochemically affected but clinically asymptomatic.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
213783111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It, therefore, appears that this dual pattern of genetic transmission may indicate differing genetic defects which cause the same clinical picture of pseudohypoaldosteronism.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
213989601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human immunodeficiency virus vpr product is a virion-associated regulatory protein.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
213989602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The vpr product of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acts in trans to accelerate virus replication and cytopathic effect in T cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
213989603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here it is shown that the HIV-1 viral particle contains multiple copies of the vpr protein.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
213989604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The vpr product is the first regulatory protein of HIV-1 to be found in the virus particle.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
213989605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This observation raises the possibility that vpr acts to facilitate the early steps of infection before de novo viral protein synthesis occurs.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
214252801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two distinct forms of active transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element binding protein).@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
214252802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mammalian cells express two distinct forms of transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) that are apparently the products of alternative splicing of the CREB gene transcript.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
214252803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two proteins differ by a 14-amino acid serine-rich insertion present in one of the CREB isoforms.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
214252804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that both CREB isoforms are expressed in many cell types and mammalian species.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
214252805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both encode proteins that bind specifically to a cAMP response element in vitro.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
214252806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As expected for proteins of this class, the CREB proteins bind DNA as dimers.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
214252807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both proteins impart cAMP-regulated transcriptional activity to a heterologous DNA-binding domain, showing that cAMP directly modulates the transcriptional stimulatory activity of CREB.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
214252808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of multiple CREB isoforms with identical DNA-binding specificities but differences in the presumed regulatory domain raises the possibility that CREB proteins may be able to integrate distinct regulatory signals at the level of gene transcription.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
214455101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of immediate early response genes by macrophage colony-stimulating factor in normal human monocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
214455102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A group of coordinately induced protooncogenes, cytoskeletal, and extracellular matrix genes have been termed immediate early response genes, and their induction has been associated with growth factor-stimulated cell proliferation.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
214455103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have investigated the induction of these genes by macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) in human monocytes that do not proliferate in response to M-CSF but require the factor for optimal cell differentiation.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
214455104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Normal human monocytes were isolated, carefully washed, and incubated for 36 to 48 h in fetal bovine serum-containing medium.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
214455105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At the end of this incubation the resting cells were stimulated with M-CSF, and RNA was isolated for analysis by Northern blotting.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
214455106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RNA from control resting cells contained low to undetectable levels of c-jun, fibronectin receptor, and actin mRNA.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
214455107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within 15 to 30 min of addition of M-CSF, however, there was a dramatic coordinate induction of these genes.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
214455108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The c-jun gene expression was very transient and was not detectable by 60 min after M-CSF addition.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
214455109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the expression of actin and fibronectin receptor mRNA was more sustained, and the expression of these genes remained elevated at 24 to 48 h after M-CSF addition.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
214455110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also observed the induction of the myelomonocytic specific tyrosine kinase hck gene simultaneously with the other immediate early response genes.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
214455111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide did not block the induction of any of these genes, and in fact, super-induced the expression of c-jun and hck.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
214455112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear run on transcription of the c-jun, hck, and actin genes.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
214455113@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, in normal human monocytes M-CSF induces immediate early response genes without inducing cell proliferation.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
214455114@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These genes may then play a role in altering the physiologic status of the cells in response to CSF.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
214477701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retroviral mediated transfer and expression of exogenous genes in primary lymphoid cells: assaying for a viral transactivator activity in normal and malignant cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
214477702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report we describe the use of recombinant retroviruses to characterize the activity of an exogenous promoter in primary cells obtained from patients with lymphoproliferative disorders.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
214477703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The infection of a variety of cultured and primary lymphoid cells with a recombinant retrovirus containing a histone promoter-driven beta-galactosidase gene is shown to result in the expression of beta-galactosidase in 50% to 100% of the cells.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
214477704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A similar infection with a recombinant retrovirus containing the beta-galactosidase gene with an adenovirus E2 promoter, results in beta-galactosidase activity in a limited number of cultured and primary cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
214477705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since the adenovirus E2 promoter has been well characterized and is known to be regulated by transactivators encoded by many viruses, the activity of this promoter in specific cell types is discussed in reference to both the biology of the cell and the possible presence of as yet undetected viral gene products.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010
214667601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of a human T-cell clone with anti-CD3 or tumor necrosis factor induces NF-kappa B translocation but not human immunodeficiency virus 1 enhancer-dependent transcription.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
214667602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of transiently transfected expression vectors under the control of the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or its enhancer sequence and the translocation of the HIV enhancer-binding protein NF-kappa B were analyzed in two human T-cell clones stimulated through their T-cell receptor complex or by tumor necrosis factor or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate.@@@@1@63@@oe@16-12-2010
214667603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found a dissociation of NF-kappa B translocation from transactivation of either the HIV LTR or the HIV enhancer.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
214667604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin 2 induced proliferation but not NF-kappa B translocation or LTR transactivation.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
214667605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phorbol ester or specific antigen recognition induced HIV LTR transactivation, whereas stimulation with tumor necrosis factor or antibody to CD3 did not.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
214667606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two latter signals were nevertheless able to induce NF-kappa B translocation with a pattern in the band-shift assay indistinguishable from that observed using phorbol ester.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
214667607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our finding that induction of NF-kappa B by tumor necrosis factor or antibody to CD3 is not sufficient to induce HIV enhancer-dependent transcription in cloned T cells contrasts with results obtained in most lymphoblastoid T-cell lines and indicates that normal T lymphocytes differ from tumoral T cells in terms of requirements for HIV LTR activation.@@@@1@56@@oe@16-12-2010
214667608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, our results suggest that events linked to T-cell activation, in addition to NF-kappa B translocation per se, induce functional interactions of the NF-kappa B complex with the HIV enhancer.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
214685201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Extrarenal receptor-effector-mechanisms for aldosterone: the sequence of effects on the cellular electrolyte transport in human lymphocytes and their implications for disorders of the water and electrolyte balances.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
214685202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High affinity aldosterone binding sites have not only been described in the classic target tissues such as the renal tubules, but also in non-classic target tissues such as the hippocampus, mammary gland, endothelial cells and, recently, human mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010
214685203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An in vitro effect of aldosterone on intracellular sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations and cell volume was shown in human mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
214685204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the absence of aldosterone, the intracellular Na+, K+ and Ca2+ concentrations and the cell volume decreased significantly, but remained constant when aldosterone (1.4 nmol/l) was added to the incubation medium.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
214685205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These effects of aldosterone were blocked by the aldosterone antagonist canrenone (140 nmol/l).@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
214685206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The sodium/proton exchanger of the cell membrane could be identified as the primary target of the aldosterone action, possibly non-genomically mediated through membrane receptors.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
214685207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The clinical significance of this model was underlined by the demonstration of absent or a decreased number of mineralocorticoid receptors and the lack of electrolyte response to aldosterone in human mononuclear leukocytes of patients with pseudohypoaldosteronism and aldosteronism.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
214685208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additionally, an abnormal effector mechanism could be demonstrated in human mononuclear leukocytes from essential hypertensives.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
214685209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies are the first to demonstrate the significance of extrarenal, nonepithelial mineralocorticoid receptors and the related effector mechanism in different disorders of the water and electrolyte balance in man.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
214829001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphoid specific gene expression of the adenovirus early region 3 promoter is mediated by NF-kappa B binding motifs.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
214829002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A primary site of infection by human adenoviruses is lymphoid cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
214829003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, analysis of the viral control elements and the cellular factors that regulate adenoviral gene expression in lymphocytes has not been reported.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
214829004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The adenovirus early region 3 (ES) gene products are involved in the maintenance of viral persistence by complexing with the class I MHC antigens, thus preventing their cell surface expression with a resultant decrease in host immunologic destruction.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010
214829005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine whether different cellular factors were involved in E3 regulation in lymphocytes as compared with HeLa cells, both DNA binding and transfection analysis with the E3 promoter in both cell types were performed.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
214829006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies detected two novel domains referred to as L1 and L2 with a variety of lymphoid but not HeLa extracts.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
214829007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Each of these domains possessed strong homology to motifs previously found to bind the cellular factor NF-kappa B.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
214829008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfections of E3 constructs linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene revealed that mutagenesis of the distal NF-kappa B motif (L2) had minimal effects on promoter expression in HeLa cells, but resulted in dramatic decreases in expression by lymphoid cells.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
214829009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, mutagenesis of proximal NF-kappa B motif (L1) had minimal effects on gene expression in both HeLa cells and lymphoid cells but resulted in a small, but reproducible, increase in gene expression in lymphoid cells when coupled to the L2 mutation.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010
214829010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reversing the position and subsequent mutagenesis of the L1 and L2 domains indicated that the primary sequence of these motifs rather than their position in the E3 promoter was critical for regulating gene expression.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
214829011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010
215604301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive expression of HIV-1 tat protein in human Jurkat T cells using a BK virus vector.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
215604302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The production and characterization of Jurkat cell lines that constitutively express functional human immune deficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) tat protein, using a BK virus plasmid expression vector and HIV-1 tat cDNA, is described.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
215604303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An increased growth rate of these Jurkat-tat cell lines as compared with control cell lines was observed.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
215660701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Risk factors for breast recurrence in premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with ductal cancers treated by conservation therapy.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
215660702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Risk factors for local failure were evaluated for 496 clinical Stage I-II patients with infiltrating ductal carcinomas (median follow-up, 71 months) treated by conservative surgery and radiotherapy.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
215660703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monofactorial analysis identified the following factors to be correlated with increased risk: moderate/marked mononuclear cell reaction (MCR), high histologic grade (G), extensive intraductal component (EIC), tumor necrosis, macroscopic multiplicity, estrogen receptor negativity, anatomic tumor size, age younger than 40 years, and vascular invasion.@@@@1@59@@oe@16-12-2010
215660704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Only MCR, G, and EIC proved significant in Cox multivariate analysis.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
215660705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These risk factors were highly age dependent, with EIC markedly more prevalent in women younger than 50, MCR and G in women younger than 40.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
215660706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Separate Cox analysis for premenopausal patients showed that MCR/EIC determined risk independent of resection margins: tumors with MCR had a 28%, and with EIC a 22% probability of recurring locally by 5 years.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
215660707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Premenopausal patients with neither risk factor had a very low failure rate (2.6% at 5 years), regardless of age.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
215660708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For postmenopausal patients risk of breast recurrence was determined both by adequacy of resection margins and grade, with a high local failure rate for patients having G3 tumors with positive or indeterminate margins (31% at 5 years).@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010
215660709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The authors conclude that the microscopic examination is the only useful tool for assessing the risk of local failure, which is quite low for the majority of patients treated with breast conservation.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
215660710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High-risk patients can be recognized morphologically.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010
215660711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The age dependence of morphologic risk factors appears to explain the high local failure rate seen in patients younger than 40.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
215708901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of aldosterone on intralymphocytic sodium and potassium in patients with essential hypertension.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
215708902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro binding of aldosterone to mineralocorticoid receptors on human mononuclear leukocytes (HML) and its effects on the intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations of HML have already been described.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
215708903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present paper this easily accessible human cell model was investigated in 13 patients with essential hypertension.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
215708904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In only four patients sodium in HML without incubation was elevated compared with the range for normal persons.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
215708905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A decrease of intracellular sodium or potassium occurred during incubation without aldosterone (P less than 0.02).@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
215708906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The addition of 1.4 nM aldosterone did not prevent this loss of electrolytes as observed in normal persons.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
215708907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Plasma renin activity and aldosterone were not correlated with the electrolyte response and were within the normal limits.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
215708908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of mineralocorticoid receptors/cell were within or close to the normal range (n = 9).@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
215708909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The independence of intracellular electrolytes from aldosterone despite a normal number of mineralocorticoid receptors may reflect an impairment of the mineralocorticoid effector mechanism in the HML of patients with essential hypertension.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
215902401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25(OH)2D2 production by T lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages recovered by lavage from normocalcemic patients with tuberculosis.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
215902402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To compare extra-renal 1,25(OH)2D3 production in different types of granulomatous disease, and to identify the cell types responsible, we have evaluated the conversion of 25(OH)D3 in 1,25(OH)2D3 by uncultured cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage and blood mononuclear cells from normocalcemic patients with sarcoidosis and tuberculosis.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010
215902403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25(OH)2D3 was produced both by lavage cells (12/12 tuberculosis patients, 2/6 sarcoidosis patients) and blood mononuclear cells (3/5 tuberculosis patients, 0/3 sarcoidosis patients) from patients but not controls, but significantly greater amounts were produced by lavage cells from tuberculosis patients than those of sarcoidosis patients (P less than 0.001).@@@@1@59@@oe@16-12-2010
215902404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25(OH)2D3 production by lavage cells from tuberculosis patients correlated with the number of CD8+ T lymphocytes present but not other cell types.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
215902405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T lymphocytes appeared to be an important source of 1,25(OH)2D3 production, since purified T lymphocytes from all patients with tuberculosis produced 1,25(OH)2D3, and 1,25(OH)2D3 production by these cells correlated closely with that produced by unseparated lavage cells.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
215902406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because 1,25(OH)2D3 can improve the capacity of macrophages to kill mycobacteria, our results support the conclusion that macrophage-lymphocyte interactions, mediated at least in part by 1,25(OH)2D3, may be an important component of a successful antituberculous immune response.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
215937201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line RWLeu-4.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
215937202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) on proliferation, differentiation, and macromolecular synthesis in the new Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line, RWLeu-4, were investigated.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
215937203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of [3H]VD3 was saturable, with approximately 2000-3000 sites/cell, and half-maximal binding occurring at 0.21-0.33 nM.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
215937204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of RWLeu-4 cells with VD3 induced 24R-hydroxylase activity, a marker of vitamin D3 responsiveness in many tissues.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
215937205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Exposure of RWLeu-4 cells to VD3 also inhibited proliferation and DNA synthesis with a 50% effective dose of 3.5-10 nM within 72 h; in addition, protein and RNA synthesis were inhibited by VD3 treatment.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
215937206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Exposure of RWLeu-4 cells to 5 nM VD3 for 72 h caused 50% of the cells to differentiate into macrophage/monocyte type cells as judged by nitroblue tetrazolium staining and adherence to plastic.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
215937207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Progressive expression of cell surface maturation-specific antigens of the monocyte/macrophage lineage was induced by treatment of RWLeu-4 cells with VD3 for 24 to 72 h at doses that inhibited cellular proliferation.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
215937208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-myc RNA, which is constitutively expressed in RWLeu-4 cells, increased after 0.5 h of treatment with 50 nM VD3 and then rapidly decreased to barely detectable levels after 4 h of treatment.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
215937209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, the in vitro tyrosine kinase activity associated with the p210bcr-abl oncogene product was decreased approximately 50% by VD3 treatment.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
215937210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because of the presence of a functional receptor-effector system for VD3 and multiple biological responses to the hormone, these cells provide a unique model system with which to probe the specific effects of VD3 on cell growth and differentiation in chronic myelogenous leukemia.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010
215954501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ORI1yt enhancer is not B-cell specific and does not respond synergistically to the EBV transcription factors R and Z.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
215954502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Epstein-Barr virus DR promoter is located upstream of the PstI repeats, and in addition to the TATA box, it contains an upstream region (positions -69 to -220) responsive to EB1 (Z) (the BZLF1-encoded transcription factor) and an enhancer with two functionally distinct domains, A and B.@@@@1@55@@oe@16-12-2010
215954503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Domain B has been described as a B-cell-specific EB1-responsive element (P.M.Lieberman, J.M.Hardwick, and S.D.Hayward, J.Virol.63:3040-3050, 1989) activated synergistically by EB1 and R, an EBV early product encoded by the open reading frame BRLF1 (M.A. Cox, J.Leahy, and J.M.Hardwick, J.Virol.64:313-321, 1990).@@@@1@58@@oe@16-12-2010
215954504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here that domain B is an R-responsive element in HeLa cells and is therefore not an EB1-responsive B-cell-specific element.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
215954505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, there is an EB1-binding site (ZRE-B) located within the R-responsive enhancer region.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
215954506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ZRE-B can be deleted without affecting the R-dependent enhancer activity.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
215954507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, there is no cooperation or synergy between R and EB1 when activating the B domain (ZRE-B plus the R-responsive element) positioned as an enhancer.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
215954508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ZRE-B is therefore not part of the R- inducible enhancer.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
215954509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have tested several subregions of the DR enhancer B domain, either alone or in combination, for their capacity to transmit the R-activating signal to the rabbit beta-globin promoter.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
215954510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that the R-responsive element is composed of four protoenhancers that span the whole B domain.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
215954511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These protoenhancers alone are weakly or not responsive to R.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
215954512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the protoenhancers contains the overlapping palindromes 5'-TTGTCCcgtGGACAAaTGTCC-3'.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
215954513@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, one palindrome, either alone or duplicated, or the overlapping palindromes did not respond to R.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
215968401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Type II estrogen binding sites in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: variations during the menstrual cycle.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
215968402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously reported that human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) contain type II estrogen binding sites (type II EBS).@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
215968403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, the fluctuations of type II EBS during the menstrual cycle were analyzed in 6 normally menstruating women.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
215968404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Approximately 3 times higher levels of type II EBS were found in the periovulatory period with respect to both follicular and luteal phases.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
215968405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In postmenopausal women the mean type II EBS levels were similar to those observed in the follicular phase of the cycle.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
215968406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in 3 postmenopausal patients a short course of estrogen or tamoxifen resulted in a marked increase of type II EBS levels.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
215968407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tamoxifen was also found to compete with 17 beta-estradiol for type II EBS in PBMC, although to a lesser extent than diethylstilbestrol.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
216038001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocyte cell lines from vitamin D-dependent rickets type II show functional defects in the 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
216038002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocyte cell lines were established from five patients with vitamin D-dependent rickets, type II (VDDR-II).@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
216038003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These lines were established by infection with human T-lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-I).@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
216038004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of [3H]1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) to its receptor in these cell lines was compared to binding studies using a T-lymphocyte cell line (S-LB1) from a normal individual.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
216038005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor of S-LB1 was comparable to the well-characterized chick intestinal 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor in terms of its ligand binding affinity and capacity, its mobility on 5-20% sucrose gradients, and its adsorption to and elution properties from DNA-cellulose.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010
216038006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three cell lines established from patients with VDDR-II (Rh-VDR, Sh-VDR, and Ab-VDR) showed no specific binding of 1,25(OH)2D3 to a receptor and treatment of the cultured cells with 1,25(OH)2D3 did not stimulate production of 24,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3), a response which is diagnostic of the presence of a functional 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor.@@@@1@58@@oe@16-12-2010
216038007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a fourth cell line, A1-VDR, the receptor for 1,25(OH)2D3 had a low binding capacity and 25(OH)D3-24-hydroxylase activity was not detectable.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
216038008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of 24,25-(OH)2D3 synthesis by 1,25(OH)2D3 was observed in the fifth cell line, designated Ro-VDR, although the sensitivity to hormone treatment was lower than in the control cell line from a normal donor.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
216038009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The capacity of the receptor for 1,25(OH)2D3 was low in Ro-VDR.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
216038010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In all cell lines where 1,25(OH)2D3 binding to a receptor was detectable, the receptor had the typical sedimentation coefficient of 3.7 S on sucrose density gradient analysis.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
216038011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding and elution properties to DNA-cellulose, however, differed from normal in both Ro-VDR and A1-VDR cells where elution from DNA-cellulose occurred at a lower salt concentration than is typical of the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
216038012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While Ro-VDR cells showed typical nuclear localization of the unoccupied 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor, neither the unoccupied nor the occupied receptor from A1-VDR cells was completely localized in the nucleus.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
216038013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a series of functional studies we found that modulation of the level of the mRNAs coding for both the c-myc oncogene and the growth factor known as granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating activity by 1,25(OH)2D3 correlated with the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor status of these cells.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010
216038014@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Use of these cell lines will facilitate further study of the molecular defect(s) in the receptor for 1,25(OH)2D3 in vitamin D-dependent rickets type II and will allow a correlation with impairment of cellular functions.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
216181301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Heterogeneity of antigen molecules recognized by anti-tax1 monoclonal antibody Lt-4 in cell lines bearing human T cell leukemia virus type I and related retroviruses.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
216181302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a monoclonal antibody, Lt-4, directed against human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) trans-activator (tax1) antigen, we examined the expression of tax1 and related antigens in a variety of T cell lines bearing HTLV-I and related retroviruses, simian T cell leukemia virus type I (STLV-I) and HTLV-II, by immunofluorescence and immunoblot assays.@@@@1@66@@oe@16-12-2010
216181303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lt-4 reacted with all HTLV-I-bearing cell lines tested and five out of eight simian cell lines bearing STLV-I, but not with an HTLV-II-bearing cell line.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
216181304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lt-4 detected 40 kd tax1 antigen molecules in most HTLV-I-bearing cell lines except one cell line that expressed 39 kd tax1 antigen.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
216181305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the STLV-I-bearing T cell lines, tax1-related antigen molecules detected by Lt-4 were heterogeneous, having molecular weights in the range of 36-41 kd.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
216334701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sequence-specific DNA binding of the proto-oncoprotein ets-1 defines a transcriptional activator sequence within the long terminal repeat of the Moloney murine sarcoma virus.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
216334702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ets proto-oncogene family is a group of sequence-related genes whose normal cellular function is unknown.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
216334703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a study of cellular proteins involved in the transcriptional regulation of murine retroviruses in T lymphocytes, we have discovered that a member of the ets gene family encodes a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
216334704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A mouse ets-1 cDNA clone was obtained by screening a mouse thymus cDNA expression library with a double-stranded oligonucleotide probe representing 20 bp of the Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) long terminal repeat (LTR).@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
216334705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cDNA sequence has an 813-bp open reading frame (ORF) whose predicted amino acid sequence is 97.6% identical to the 272 carboxy-terminal amino acids of the human ets-1 protein.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
216334706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ORF was expressed in bacteria, and the 30-kD protein product was shown to bind DNA in a sequence-specific manner by mobility-shift assays, Southwestern blot analysis, and methylation interference.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
216334707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A mutant LTR containing four base pair substitutions in the ets-1 binding site was constructed and was shown to have reduced binding in vitro.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
216334708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional efficiency of the MSV LTR promoter containing this disrupted ets-1 binding site was compared to the activity of a wild-type promoter in mouse T lymphocytes in culture, and 15- to 20-fold reduction in expression of a reporter gene was observed.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
216334709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose that ets-1 functions as a transcriptional activator of mammalian type-C retroviruses and speculate that ets-related genes constitute a new group of eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
216459501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BMRF1 promoter for early antigen (EA-D) is regulated by the EBV transactivators, BRLF1 and BZLF1, in a cell-specific manner.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
216459502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Epstein-Barr virus early antigen diffuse component (EA-D) is essential for Epstein-Barr virus DNA polymerase activity, and its activity is suppressed during latent infection.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
216459503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated the regulation of the promoter (BMRF1) for this early gene by studying its responsiveness in vitro to two immediate-early viral transactivators, BZLF1 (Z) and BRLF1 (R), focusing on the differences in response in lymphoid cells and epithelial cells.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010
216459504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In lymphoid cells, Z or R alone produced only small increases in EA-D promoter activity, whereas both transactivators together produced a large stimulatory effect.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
216459505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In epithelial cells, the Z transactivator alone produced maximal stimulation of the EA-D promoter; the effect of R and Z together was no greater than that of Z alone.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
216459506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletional analysis and site-directed mutagenesis of the EA-D promoter demonstrated that in epithelial cells the potential AP-1 binding site plays an essential role in Z responsiveness, although sequences further upstream are also important.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
216459507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In lymphoid cells, only the upstream sequences are required for transactivation by the Z/R combination, and the AP-1 site is dispensable.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
216459508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that EA-D (BMRF1) promoter regulation by Z and R is cell type specific and appears to involve different mechanisms in each cell type.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
217170401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Decreased concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in peripheral mononuclear cells of patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets: effect of phosphate supplementation.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
217170402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Abnormal renal tubular phosphate transport is considered to be the primary defect in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH).@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
217170403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the resistance to vitamin D treatment in XLH cannot be explained by hypophosphatemia alone.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
217170404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since most of the actions of vitamin D are mediated by its receptors (VDR), abnormalities of VDR have been postulated in XLH.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
217170405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to investigate this possibility, we measured the concentration of VDR in PHA-activated peripheral mononuclear cells from 10 XLH patients.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
217170406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Patients without phosphate supplementation showed significantly lower concentration (21.7 +/- 5.1 fmol/mg protein, mean +/- SEM) compared to the normal controls (60.7 +/- 4.0).@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
217170407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the contrary, there was no significant difference between the phosphate-supplemented patients (58.3 +/- 2.7) and controls.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
217170408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was a significant positive correlation between VDR concentration and serum phosphate (P less than 0.05).@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
217170409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In two patients, VDR was increased after daily phosphate supplementation was started.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
217170410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that a decreased concentration of VDR secondary to persistent hypophosphatemia is one of the causes of vitamin D resistance in XLH.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
217216601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of defensin resistance phenotypes associated with mutations in the phoP virulence regulon of Salmonella typhimurium.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
217216602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The defensin sensitivities of Salmonella typhimurium strains with mutations in the phoP/phoQ two-component virulence regulon were tested by using purified defensins NP-1 and NP-2.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
217216603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Strains with mutations in either gene of the regulatory pair (phoP [transcriptional activator] or phoQ [membrane sensor kinase]) had increased sensitivities to defensin.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
217216604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The predicted periplasmic domain of the PhoQ protein contained a markedly anionic domain that could interact with cationic proteins and that could be responsible for resistance to defensin.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
217216605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because insertion mutations in phoP are polar on phoQ, we constructed strains that expressed the PhoQ protein in the absence of PhoP to test whether resistance to defensin requires only the phoQ gene product.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
217216606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that resistance to defensin requires the function of both components of this regulatory system, because strains expressing PhoQ without PhoP were still markedly sensitive to defensins.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
217216607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This implied that a pag (phoP-activated gene) product is responsible for defensin resistance.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
217216608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also tested for the ability of defensins NP-1, NP-5, and HNP-1 to activate pag expression and found that these peptides have no effect.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
217216609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Defensin resistance is not the only virulence characteristic controlled by the PhoP-PhoQ regulon because mutations in pagC, as well as ones in the phoP locus that resulted in constitutive pag activation (phenotype PhoPc), had no effect on defensin resistance, even though they rendered the organism avirulent and deficient in survival within macrophages.@@@@1@58@@oe@16-12-2010
217216610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The virulence defect conferred by mutations in the phoP-phoQ two-component regulatory system is not completely explained by alterations in resistance to cationic proteins and involves the control of other proteins necessary for S. typhimurium survival within macrophages.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
217242201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunohistochemical study of steroid hormones and an estrogen binding assay in malignant soft tissue tumors.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
217242202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunohistochemically, the immunoreaction against 5 steroid hormone anti-sera (estradiol, estriol, cortisol, progesterone and testosterone) was examined in 39 cases with the malignant soft tissue tumors (fibrosarcoma: 8, malignant fibrous histiocytoma: 6, rhabdomyosarcoma: 10, leiomyosarcoma: 10, liposarcoma: 5).@@@@1@55@@oe@16-12-2010
217242203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Seventeen cases revealed distinct immunostaining against at least 1 of the 5 steroid hormones.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
217242204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunostained tumor cells were more frequently distributed in the area where tumor cell infiltration was more invasive.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
217242205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The majority of the positive cases occurred in female cases.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
217242206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the existence of estrogen receptor (estrogen binding activity) was examined histochemically in 39 cases and it was detected in 8.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
217242207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We concluded that steroid hormones might be closely related to tumor cell infiltration of some malignant soft tissue tumors.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
219199201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Steroid dose sparing: pharmacodynamic responses to single versus divided doses of methylprednisolone in man.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
219199202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibitory drug interactions affecting the metabolism of methylprednisolone (MP) may produce either steroid sparing or adverse effects partly by increasing the exposure time to the steroid.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
219199203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This phenomenon can be mimicked by administering MP in divided doses.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
219199204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two types of responses were compared after a single MP dose (40 mg bolus) and a divided regimen (20 mg bolus and a 5 mg bolus 8 hours later) in six healthy male volunteers.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
219199205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The suppression of basophils measured as whole blood histamine and plasma cortisol concentrations was assessed during 32 hours.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
219199206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 37.5% reduction in dose produced a 23% overall decreased blood histamine response.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
219199207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A pharmacodynamic model for basophil cell distribution to and from an extravascular compartment describes the effects of MP after both regimens.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
219199208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A slower initial decline in blood histamine after the divided regimen may be related to incomplete suppression of basophil cell return to blood.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
219199209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 50% inhibitory concentrations of MP of about 5 ng/ml were similar for both regimens.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
219199210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The decline and return of cortisol concentrations were similar between MP treatments with suppression continuing for 24 hours.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
219199211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 50% inhibitory concentrations of MP values for adrenal suppression were about 1 ng/ml.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
219199212@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pharmacodynamic modeling is useful in quantitating corticosteroid responses and generally predicted the "dose-sparing" effects that were achieved by prolonging MP plasma concentrations.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
219199213@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study supports previous clinical observations that patients may require morning through evening exposure to MP to optimize efficacy while adrenal suppression is being minimized.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
219226401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases in the signal transduction pathway for interleukin-1.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
219226402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of a highly specific protein inhibitor for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases in interleukin-1 (IL-1)-responsive cells blocked IL-1-induced gene transcription that was driven by the kappa immunoglobulin enhancer or the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
219226403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This inhibitor did not affect protein kinase C-mediated gene transcription, suggesting that cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases are involved in the signal transduction pathway for IL-1 in a number of responsive cell types.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
219309701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lipopolysaccharide is a potent monocyte/macrophage-specific stimulator of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
219309702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) potently stimulates human immunodeficiency virus type 1-long terminal repeat (HIV-1-LTR) CAT constructs transfected into monocyte/macrophage-like cell lines but not a T cell line.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
219309703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This effect appears to be mediated through the induction of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B).@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
219309704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrate that LPS induces a DNA binding activity indistinguishable from NF-kappa B in U937 and THP-1 cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
219309705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LPS is also shown to dramatically increase HIV-1 production from a chronically infected monocyte/macrophage-like cloned cell line, U1, which produces very low levels of HIV-1 at baseline.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
219309706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The stimulation of viral production from this cell line occurs only if these cells are treated with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) before treatment with LPS.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
219309707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This stimulation of HIV-1 production is correlated with an increase in the level of HIV-1 RNA and and activation of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
219309708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LPS is not able to induce HIV-1 production in a cloned T cell line.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
219309709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of LPS on HIV-1 replication occurs at picogram per milliliter concentrations and may be clinically significant in understanding the variability of the natural history of HIV-1 infection.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
219428901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning of a transcriptionally active human TATA binding factor.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
219428902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factor IID (TFIID) binds to the TATA box promoter element and regulates the expression of most eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
219428903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding a human TFIID protein has been cloned.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
219428904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human TFIID polypeptide has 339 amino acids and a molecular size of 37,745 daltons.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
219428905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The carboxyl-terminal 181 amino acids of the human TFIID protein shares 80% identity with the TFIID protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
219428906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The amino terminus contains an unusual repeat of 38 consecutive glutamine residues and an X-Thr-Pro repeat.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
219428907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of DNA in reticulocyte lysates or in Escherichia coli yielded a protein that was competent for both DNA binding and transcription activation.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
219638701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inducible nuclear factor binding to the kappa B elements of the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer in T cells can be blocked by cyclosporin A in a signal-dependent manner.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
219638702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cyclosporin A (CsA) is thought to exert its immunosuppressive effects by inhibiting the expression of a distinct set of lymphokine genes which are induced upon T-cell activation, among them the gene coding for interleukin-2.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
219638703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the activation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is partially suppressed.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
219638704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying suppression by CsA, we have investigated the effects of this drug on transcription factors in T cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
219638705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that the formation of two distinct mitogen-inducible DNA-binding complexes, the kappa B complex within the HIV enhancer and the NFAT-1 complex within the interleukin-2 enhancer, is inhibited in the presence of CsA.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
219638706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The kappa B-binding activity with the HIV enhancer is inhibited only if it is activated via the mitogen phytohemagglutinin whereas phorbol myristate acetate-mediated activation is completely insensitive to the drug.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
219638707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This suggests a model in which functionally indistinguishable kappa B complexes can be activated via two separate pathways of signal transduction distinguishable by CsA.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
220472301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell-specific differences in activation of NF-kappa B regulatory elements of human immunodeficiency virus and beta interferon promoters by tumor necrosis factor.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
220472302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three aspects of the involvement of tumor necrosis factor in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis were examined.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
220472303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA production was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction amplification in monocytic U937 cells and in a chronically HIV infected U937 cell line (U9-IIIB).@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
220472304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TNF-alpha RNA was undetectable in U937 cells, whereas a low constitutive level was detected in U9-IIIB cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
220472305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Paramyxovirus infection induced a 5- to 10-fold increase in the steady-state level of TNF-alpha RNA in U9-IIIB cells compared with U937 cells, suggesting that HIV-infected monocytic cells produced higher levels of TNF-alpha than did normal cells after a secondary virus infection.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
220472306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of TNF-alpha on gene expression were examined by transient expression assays using reporter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase plasmids linked to regulatory elements from the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) and the beta interferon promoter.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
220472307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In U937 and Jurkat T lymphoid cells, the inducibility of the different hybrid promoters by TNF-alpha or phorbol ester varied in a cell type- and promoter context-specific manner; the levels of gene activity of NF-kappa B-containing plasmids correlated directly with induction of NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010
220472308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although the intact beta interferon promoter was only weakly stimulated by phorbol ester or TNF-alpha, multimers of the PRDII NF-kappa B-binding domain were inducible by both agents.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
220472309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TNF-alpha was able to increase expression of the HIV LTR in T cells, but in monocytic cells, TNF-alpha did not induce the HIV LTR above a constitutive level of activity.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
220472310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This level of NF-kappa B-independent activity appears to be sufficient for virus multiplication, since TNF-alpha treatment had no effect on the kinetics of de novo HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection and viral RNA production in U937 cells.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
220472311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in Jurkat cells, TNF-alpha dramatically enhanced the spread of HIV-1 through the cell population and increased viral RNA synthesis, indicating that in T cells HIV-1 multiplication was stimulated by TNF-alpha treatment.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
220547701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two glucocorticoid binding sites on the human glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
220547702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoids are known to have a lytic effect in leukemic cells via interactions with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR).@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
220547703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cortisol and various synthetic glucocorticoids bind to the GR with one-site kinetics.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
220547704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cortivazol (CVZ) is a unique, high potency synthetic glucocorticoid, which has a phenylpyrazol fused to the A-ring of the steroid nucleus and displays binding consistent with two or more sites in the cytosol from CEM C7 cells (a human acute lymphoblastic T-cell line).@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010
220547705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has previously been shown that the lower affinity class of sites are similar in affinity and site molarity to those recognized by dexamethasone.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
220547706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The higher affinity sites bind CVZ with 20- to 50-fold greater affinity, consistent with CVZ's enhanced biological effects.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
220547707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In mutant leukemic cells resistant to the lytic effects of dexamethasone, CVZ both lyses the cells and recognizes a single class of sites similar to the high affinity site in CEM C7 cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
220547708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have carried out experiments to define the nature of the higher affinity CVZ binding site.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
220547709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We now show that: 1) CVZ has more than one binding site in a second, independent, B-cell line, IM-9; 2) the antiglucocorticoid RU 38486 is able to block both CVZ's higher and lower affinity sites; 3) all of CVZ's binding sites are on a protein immunologically indistinguishable from the human GR; and 4) freshly isolated clones of CVZ-resistant cells have lost all binding sites for CVZ.@@@@1@80@@oe@16-12-2010
220547710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate that CVZ is recognizing two glucocorticoid binding sites on the human GR or a protein very similar to it.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
221462001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[The role of glucocorticoid receptors and HLA antigens in the pathogenesis of Cushing's syndrome]@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
221462002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocytic levels of glucocorticoid receptors were evaluated in 114 patients suffering from Icenko-Cushing's syndrome.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
221462003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Incidence of HLA antigens was determined in 94 of them.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
221462004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A significant rise of A10 and B27 antigen incidence compared to that in normal subjects allows these antigens to be considered genetic markers of Icenko-Cushing's syndrome.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
221462005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The levels of glucocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes of the patients are lower than in normal subjects both in the active stage of the disease and following bilateral total adrenalectomy.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
221462006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The patients carrying B27 antigen had lymphocytic receptor concentrations under the levels of such in patients free of the antigen carriage.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
221462007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antigen B27 seems to be a cause of lower levels of glucocorticoid receptors in blood lymphocytes.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
221672201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Astrocytes and glioblastoma cells express novel octamer-DNA binding proteins distinct from the ubiquitous Oct-1 and B cell type Oct-2 proteins.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
221672202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 'octamer' sequence, ATGCAAAT or its complement ATTTGCAT, is a key element for the transcriptional regulation of immunoglobulin genes in B-lymphocytes as well as a number of housekeeping genes in all cell types.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
221672203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In lymphocytes, the octamer-binding protein Oct-2A and variants thereof are thought to contribute to the B-cell specific gene expression, while the ubiquitous protein Oct-1 seems to control general octamer site-dependent transcription.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
221672204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Various other genes, for example interleukin-1 and MHC class II genes, contain an octamer sequence in the promoter and are expressed in cells of both the immune and nervous systems.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
221672205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This prompted us to analyze the octamer-binding proteins in the latter cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
221672206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, at least six novel octamer binding proteins were detected in nuclear extracts of cultured mouse astrocytes.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
221672207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These proteins are differentially expressed in human glioblastoma and neuroblastoma cell lines.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
221672208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The nervous system-derived (N-Oct) proteins bound to the octamer DNA sequence in a manner which is indistinguishable from the Oct-1 and Oct-2A proteins.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
221672209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The relationship of the N-Oct proteins to Oct-1 and Oct-2A was analyzed by proteolytic clipping bandshift assays and by their reactivity towards antisera raised against recombinant Oct-1 and Oct-2A proteins.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
221672210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the basis of these assays, all N-Oct-factors were found to be distinct from the ubiquitous Oct-1 and the lymphoid-specific Oct-2A proteins.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
221672211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In melanoma cells that contain the N-Oct-3 factor, a transfected lymphocyte-specific promoter was neither activated nor was it repressed upon contransfection with an Oct-2A expression vector.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
221672212@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We therefore speculate that N-Oct-3 and other N-Oct factors have a specific role in gene expression in cells of the nervous system.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
221722801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Circadian rhythm of glucocorticoid receptors in human peripheral leukocytes and their reactivity to glucocorticoids.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
221722802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1) There exists a CR of GR in human leukocytes, PMN, and monocytes with the peak values from 0400 to 0800 hr and the trough values between 2300 and 0000 hr.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
221722803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The difference between them was significant statistically.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010
221722804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@2) The FI of the chemotactic migration rate of PMN by cortisol also showed diurnal changes which were synchronous with that of GR.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
221722805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This indicates that the CR of GR may be of functional significance.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
221722806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@3) In Cushing's syndrome, the CR of GR was normal in spite of the fact that the CR of plasma cortisol was disturbed.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
221722807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This indicates the independency of the CR of GR from that of cortisol.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
221722808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@4) In apoplexy caused by brain ischemia, the CR of GR was abolished in patients with basal lesions but preserved when the lesions were located in the cerebral cortex.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
221722809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results strongly suggest that the main "circadian pacemaker" of GR is located in the basal brain, most probably in the suprachiasmatic nuclei as has been suggested for rodents.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
222277401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Progesterone suppression of pregnancy lymphocytes is not mediated by glucocorticoid effect.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
222277402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study investigated whether the suppressive effect of progesterone on pregnancy lymphocytes is mediated by specific progesterone receptors.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
222277403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of a competitive progesterone antagonist (RU486) and a specific glucocorticoid receptor blocker (RU43044) were tested on the release of a blocking factor by progesterone-treated pregnancy lymphocytes.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
222277404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RU 486 tested at an equal concentration as progesterone significantly inhibited the production of the blocking factor, while RU 43044 was without effect.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
222277405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that in pregnancy, lymphocyte progesterone acts on specific progesterone receptors and glucocorticoid binding sites are not involved.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
223406201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning of a mitogen-inducible gene encoding a kappa B DNA-binding protein with homology to the rel oncogene and to cell-cycle motifs.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
223406202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have cloned and characterized a mitogen-inducible gene isolated from human T cells that predicts a protein of 968 amino acids.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
223406203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The amino-terminal domain has regions homologous to the oncogene rel and to the developmentally important gene dorsal of Drosophila.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
223406204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The carboxy-terminal domain contains repeat structures found in a variety of proteins that are involved in cell-cycle control of yeast and in tissue differentiation in Drosophila and Ceanorhabditis elegans, as well as in the putative human oncogene bcl-3 and in the ankyrin protein.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010
223406205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A truncated form of the product of this gene translated in vitro is a DNA-binding protein which interacts specifically with the kappa B binding site found in many inducible genes, including the enhancer in human immunodeficiency virus.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
223406206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This gene is yet another in a growing list of important regulatory molecules whose expression is transcriptionally induced upon cellular activation.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
223744401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of gene expression with double-stranded phosphorothioate oligonucleotides.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010
223744402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alteration of gene transcription by inhibition of specific transcriptional regulatory proteins is necessary for determining how these factors participate in cellular differentiation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
223744403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The functions of these proteins can be antagonized by several methods, each with specific limitations.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
223744404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins was achieved with double-stranded (ds) phosphorothioate oligonucleotides that contained octamer or kappa B consensus sequences.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
223744405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The phosphorothioate oligonucleotides specifically bound either octamer transcription factor or nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
223744406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The modified oligonucleotides accumulated in cells more effectively than standard ds oligonucleotides and modulated gene expression in a specific manner.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
223744407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Octamer-dependent activation of a reporter plasmid or NF-kappa B-dependent activation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enhancer was inhibited when the appropriate phosphorothioate oligonucleotide was added to a transiently transfected B cell line.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
223744408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides that contained the octamer consensus to Jurkat T leukemia cells inhibited interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion to a degree similar to that observed with a mutated octamer site in the IL-2 enhancer.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
223744409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ds phosphorothioate oligonucleotides probably compete for binding of specific transcription factors and may provide anti-viral, immunosuppressive, or other therapeutic effects.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
223852301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[The effect of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (dioxyvit) on Ca metabolism and immune status during chronic kidney failure]@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
223852302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Active metabolite of vitamin D3, 24R,25 (OH)2D3 (dioxyvit) was used at a daily dose of 100 micrograms in treatment of children affected with tubulointerstitial disease of kidney and with chronic glomerulonephritis under conditions of kidney insufficiency.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
223852303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The drug exhibited distinct normalizing effect on patterns of calcium metabolism: increase of total and ionized Ca2+ and of 25-OHD, decrease in concentration of parath hormone and osteocalcine in blood serum as well as on immunological parameters: restoration of decreased content of T- and 0-lymphocytes.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010
223852304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Concentration of receptors of hormonal form of 1,25(OH)2D3 was found to be minimal in lymphocytes under conditions of chronic kidney insufficiency, while their expression, after the dioxyvit action, was detected only in patients with glomerulonephritis.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
223852305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific calcitropic effect of dioxyvit with simultaneous correction of vitamin D deficiency were apparently responsible for high efficacy of the drug in treatment of calcium metabolism and immunity impairments in children with renal deteriorations at the step of chronic kidney insufficiency.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010
224989901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Type-II estrogen binding sites in a lymphoblastoid cell line and growth-inhibitory effect of estrogen, anti-estrogen and bioflavonoids.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
224989902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Type-II estrogen-binding sites (type-II EBS) have been demonstrated in the human lymphoblastoid cell line IM-9 using a whole-cell assay with (6,7-3H) estradiol (3H-E2) as tracer.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
224989903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Competition analysis showed that the anti-estrogen tamoxifen and the flavonoids quercetin and rutin competed for (3H)-E2 binding to type-II EBS.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
224989904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Growth experiments demonstrated that diethylstilbestrol (DES) tamoxifen (TAM), quercetin and rutin exerted a reversible dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in the range of concentrations between 10 nM and 10 microM.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
224989905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The relative binding affinity of quercetin, rutin, DES and TAM for type-II EBS correlated well with their potency as cell growth inhibitors.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
224989906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, hesperidin, a flavonoid which does not bind to type-II EBS, was ineffective in inhibiting cell growth.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
224989907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell-cycle analysis showed that the growth-inhibitory effect of DES, TAM or quercetin was due to a blocking effect in the G0-G1 phases.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
224989908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results suggest that high estrogen and anti-estrogen concentrations and flavonoids may regulate IM-9 cell growth through a common mechanism involving a binding interaction with type-II EBS.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
225591401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Disruption of the human SCL locus by "illegitimate" V-(D)-J recombinase activity.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
225591402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A fusion complementary DNA in the T cell line HSB-2 elucidates a provocative mechanism for the disruption of the putative hematopoietic transcription factor SCL.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
225591403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The fusion cDNA results from an interstitial deletion between a previously unknown locus, SIL (SCL interrupting locus), and the 5' untranslated region of SCL.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
225591404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar to 1;14 translocations, this deletion disrupts the SCL 5' regulatory region.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
225591405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This event is probably mediated by V-(D)-J recombinase activity, although neither locus is an immunoglobulin or a T cell receptor.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
225591406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two other T cell lines, CEM and RPMI 8402, have essentially identical deletions.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
225591407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, in lymphocytes, growth-affecting genes other than immune receptors risk rearrangements.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
225862301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differences in transcriptional enhancers of HIV-1 and HIV-2.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010
225862302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Response to T cell activation signals.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010
225862303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cell activation results in high levels of HIV replication and is thought to be one mechanism leading to the conversion from latent to active viral infection.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
225862304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In HIV-1, the sequences that respond to these signaling events are found in the long terminal repeat (LTR) and comprise the transcriptional enhancer, which contains two conserved binding sites for the nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B).@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010
225862305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The corresponding region in the second AIDS retrovirus, HIV-2, contains a conserved and a divergent NF kappa B binding site.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
225862306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that the HIV-1 LTR responds better than the HIV-2 LTR to T cell activation signals.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
225862307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These qualitative differences in the response to T cell activation are reproduced not only when HIV-1 or HIV-2 enhancers are placed upstream of a heterologous promoter but also when these enhancers are switched between their respective LTR.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
225862308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, NF kappa B binds to both conserved sites in the HIV-1 transcriptional enhancer and only to the single conserved site in the HIV-2 transcriptional enhancer.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
225862309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Instead of NF kappa B, the activator protein 3 binds to the divergent site in HIV-2.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
225862310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, HIV-1 and HIV-2 are differentially regulated by T cell activation signals, and this difference may account for the longer period of viral latency observed with HIV-2 than with HIV-1 infection.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
226855801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synthesis of 4,19-disubstituted derivatives of DOC.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010
226855802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Radioreceptor assay of some corticosteroid derivatives in human mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
226855803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several new 4,19-substituted steroids and previously synthesized corticosteroids were assayed for affinity to type 1 receptors in human mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
226855804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@11 beta,19-epoxy-4,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (2) was hydrogenated with Pd-C to yield a mixture of all four dihydro derivatives 5, accompanied by 4,21-diacetoxy-11 beta,19-epoxy-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one (6) and 21-acetoxy-11 beta,19-epoxy-4-hydroxypregnane-3,20-dione (7).@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
226855805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@With hot acetic + p-toluenesulfonic acid 5 underwent rearrangement to 21-acetoxy-11 beta,19-epoxypregn-5-ene-4,20-dione (8) Pd-C hydrogenation of 3,21-diacetoxy-5 beta,19-cyclopregna-2,9(11)-diene-4,20-dione (10) gave 3,21-diacetoxy-5 beta,19-cyclopregn-5-ene-4,20-dione (11) and the 9,11-dihydro derivative of the latter.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
226855806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of 10 with warm HCl furnished 19-chloro-4,21-dihydroxypregna-4,9(11)-diene-3,20-dione (13).@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
226855807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pd-C hydrogenation of its diacetate 14 afforded the 4,5-dihydro derivative 18, 19-chloro-21-acetoxypregn-9(11)-en-20-one (15), its 4-acetoxy derivative 16 and the 3,4-diacetoxy derivative 17.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
226855808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When tested in a radioreceptor assay in human mononuclear leukocytes the synthesized compounds showed only low relative binding affinities (RBA) to type 1 receptor, the highest being 0.72% for 13 (aldosterone = 100%).@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
226855809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For comparison, other RBA in this system were: 19-noraldosterone, 20%; 18-deoxyaldosterone, 5.8%; 18-deoxy-19-noraldosterone, 4.7%; 18,21-anhydroaldosterone, 0.37%; 17-isoaldosterone, 7.6% and apoaldosterone, 4.3%@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
226891401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Effect of the regimen of kidney-tonifying and qi-invigorating on aging changes of glucocorticoid receptor]@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
226891402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The plasma cortisol concentration and the sites of glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) in the peripheral lymphocytes were measured in 32 healthy aged persons and 13 young adults.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
226891403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In animal experiment, GCR of spleen lymphocytic cell was also measured in 18 aged rats and 9 young rats.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
226891404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results showed that GCR was significantly lower in the aged persons or rats than that in the young while the plasma cortisol level didn't change with aging.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
226891405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@So we think that GCR is more sensitive than the plasma cortisol level to reflect the aging change of the adrenal cortex function.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
226891406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After the treatment with the regimen of Kidney-tonifying and Qi-invigorating, the GCR of the aged persons and rats was enhanced, and in this way, the function of the aged adrenal cortex was improved.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
226942701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An in vitro globin gene switching model based on differentiated embryonic stem cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
226942702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We used mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to study globin gene expression and switching in vitro.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
226942703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that ES-derived embryoid bodies express the full complement of mouse embryonic globin genes in the correct temporal order and that on further differentiation, a switch occurs to the fetal/adult genes.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
226942704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the erythroid-specific transcription factor NF-E1 was shown to be expressed coordinately with that of globin in embryoid bodies.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
226942705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude from these experiments that the ES cell system provides a good model to study hematopoietic development.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
226942706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When the human epsilon- or beta-globin genes driven by the dominant control region (DCR) are introduced into this system, the human epsilon-globin gene, in contrast to the beta-globin gene, is not deregulated by the presence of the DCR and is expressed strictly as an embryonic gene.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010
226942707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude from this that the epsilon-globin gene is not regulated by competition with other genes in the human beta-globin locus.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
227804401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional analysis of cis-linked regulatory sequences in the HLA DRA promoter by transcription in vitro.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
227804402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two consensus sequences, called X and Y boxes, capable of binding nuclear proteins and regulating expression in B cells have been defined within the immediate upstream region of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II promoters.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
227804403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unlike other class II promoters, the HLA-DR alpha (DRA) promoter also contains one element identical to the "octamer" motif of immunoglobulin variable region promoters that is responsible for B cell-specific transcription.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
227804404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This "octamer" in the context of DRA appears capable of binding both the ubiquitous (OTF-1) and lymphoid-specific (OTF-2) "octamer" binding proteins, but at least one other distinct "octamer" complex was found.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
227804405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to characterize the function of cis-acting elements, we have developed an in vitro system in which a DRA promoter construct is transcribed more efficiently in extracts from B cells than in extracts from class II-negative HeLa cells.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
227804406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@5' deletion constructs which lacked the Y box, but retained the "octamer" motif and TATA box were completely inactive, and internal deletion of the Y box reduced transcription by 95%.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
227804407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using supercoiled, but not linear templates, we observed differences in transcription efficiencies from templates lacking or disrupting the X consensus element that reflect effects of random replacement of X box sequences in transient expression assays.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
227804408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Demonstration of the complete dependence on the Y box in this system suggests that, despite its demonstrated importance in the DRA promoter, the DRA "octamer" does not utilize OTF-2 in a manner analogous to immunoglobulin promoters in B cells.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010
228060901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oestrogen receptor (ER) analysis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: correlation of biochemical and immunocytochemical methods.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
228060902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oestrogen receptors (ER) are present in neoplastic lymphoid cells and have been considered a physiological marker of growth rate or differentiation.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
228060903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tamoxifen, an oestrogen antagonist, has been given in some patients with CLL and Hodgkin's disease, with dramatic response in single cases.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
228060904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Until now, ER status has been assessed using a steroid binding assay (SBA) which has many inherent problems.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
228060905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, the development of monoclonal antibodies directed against ER has been applied to the study of breast carcinomas and results obtained show good correlation with the quantitative SBA.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
228060906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We studied 49 cases of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) using immunostaining of cytospin preparations.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
228060907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In 30 of these cases ER enzyme immunoassay (ER-EIA) was also performed.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
228060908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cultured MCF-7 cells, derived from a pleural effusion of a breast cancer patient, known to contain high levels of ER were used as a positive control (40-48% ER positive cells by immunocytochemistry; 200 fmol/mg protein by EIA).@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010
228060909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All of the CLL cases except two (96%) were negative for ER (less than 1% staining; less than 4 fmol/mg protein).@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
228060910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two positive cases expressed granular ER staining over the nucleus (9.2 and 12.1% positive cells) and were positive by EIA and SBA.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
228060911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is concluded that (i) patients with CLL rarely express ER and (ii) immunocytochemical staining of cytospin preparations is a valid technique for the measurement of ER.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
228060912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is of interest that one of the positive cases was diagnosed as CLL with Richter's transformation confirming earlier findings.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
228076901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thyroid hormone receptors form distinct nuclear protein-dependent and independent complexes with a thyroid hormone response element.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
228076902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined the binding of nuclear proteins and recombinant thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) to the palindromic thyroid hormone responsive element AGGTCATGACCT (TREp) using a gel electrophoretic mobility shift assay.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
228076903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Four specific protein-DNA complexes were detected after incubation of nuclear extracts (NE) from T3-responsive pituitary (GH3) cells with a TREp-containing DNA fragment.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
228076904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This was compared with the TREp binding of reticulocyte lysate-synthesized TRs.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
228076905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TR alpha 1 and TR beta 2 each formed a single major TR:TREp complex which comigrated with the least retarded complex formed by GH3 NE, while TR beta 1 formed multiple complexes suggesting that it can bind to TREp as an oligomer.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010
228076906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, coincubation of 35S-TR alpha 1, GH3 NE, and unlabeled TREp resulted in not only the 35S-TR:TREp complex, but in two additional more greatly retarded complexes containing 35S-TR alpha 1 and comigrating with those formed by GH3 extract alone.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010
228076907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Incubation of each of the TRs with NE from COS-7 cells, which do not possess sufficient endogenous TRs to mediate T3-responses, resulted in formation of a new, more greatly shifted complex.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
228076908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A similar, heat labile activity which altered mobility of the TR:TRE complex was also present in NE from T3-unresponsive JEG-3 cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
228076909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At high concentration of NE, all of the TR bound to TREp was more greatly retarded than in the absence of NE.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
228076910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Truncation of TR alpha 1 at amino acid 210 prevented additional complex formation in the presence of NE without affecting DNA binding, suggesting that the carboxyl-terminus of the TRs is essential for interaction with nuclear proteins.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
228076911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010
228380501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Glucocorticoid receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with bronchial asthma]@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
228380502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Quantitation of glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) and the study of their affinity for glucocorticosteroids (GCS) were made in peripheral blood lymphocytes of bronchial asthma (BA) patients in consideration of GCR treatment and serum levels of endogenous cortisol.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
228380503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is stated that GCR of healthy controls and GCS-untreated patients outnumbered those of cortisol-dependent BA patients on hormone therapy.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
228380504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Following discontinuation of glucocorticoid drugs GCR count in cortisol-dependent BA tends to rise.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
228380505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Endogenous cortisol has no effect on GCR level estimated by 3H-triamcinolone acetonide.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
230218501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhancer-binding proteins from the human T-cell line Jurkat.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
230218502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is under the control of cellular proteins that bind to the viral long terminal repeat (LTR).@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
230218503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Among the protein-binding regions of the HIV-1 LTR is the transcription-enhancer region.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
230218504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that at least one inducible, C1, and one constitutive, C2, protein can bind to the HIV enhancer in Jurkat cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
230218505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two proteins differ in their surface charge, since they are separable by anion-exchange chromatography.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
230218506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bivalent cations such as Mg2+ and Zn2+ differentially affect their binding to oligonucleotides which contain the HIV-enhancer domain.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
230218507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both C1 and C2 proteins also bind to a similar sequence found in the interleukin-2-receptor alpha-subunit enhancer.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
230218508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inducible C1 protein was partially purified by three chromatographic steps and characterized by u.v. cross-linking as a 47 kDa protein.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
230447301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ubiquitous octamer-binding protein(s) is sufficient for transcription of immunoglobulin genes.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
230447302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All immunoglobulin genes contain a conserved octanucleotide promoter element, ATGCAAAT, which has been shown to be required for their normal B-cell-specific transcription.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
230447303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proteins that bind this octamer have been purified, and cDNAs encoding octamer-binding proteins have been cloned.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
230447304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some of these proteins (referred to as OTF-2) are lymphoid specific, whereas at least one other, and possibly more (referred to as OTF-1), is found ubiquitously in all cell types.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
230447305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The exact role of these different proteins in directing the tissue-specific expression of immunoglobulin genes is unclear.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
230447306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have identified two human pre-B-cell lines that contain extremely low levels of OTF-2 yet still express high levels of steady-state immunoglobulin heavy-chain mRNA in vivo and efficiently transcribe an immunoglobulin gene in vitro.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
230447307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of a highly enriched preparation of OTF-1 made from one of these pre-B cells or from HeLa cells specifically stimulated in vitro transcription of an immunoglobulin gene.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
230447308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, OFT-1 appeared to have approximately the same transactivation ability as OTF-2 when normalized for binding activity.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
230447309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that OTF-1, without OTF-2, is sufficient for transcription of immunoglobulin genes and that OTF-2 alone is not responsible for the B-cell-specific regulation of immunoglobulin gene expression.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
230502401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Perceived social support and tumor estrogen/progesterone receptor status as predictors of natural killer cell activity in breast cancer patients.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
230502402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This report is concerned with the prediction of natural killer (NK) cell activity in 61 Stage I and II breast cancer patients, between the ages of 25 and 70, who were accrued to this project.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
230502403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All baseline interview and testing data were obtained either just before patients were discharged from the hospital, or at their first outpatient visit, within two weeks of discharge.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
230502404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A major interest of this project is the predictive value of perceived social support, as a potential "stress" buffer, related to NK activity.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
230502405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the main model reported here, we found that a significant amount of NK activity variance could be explained by five variables.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
230502406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Higher NK activity could be predicted by the perception of high quality emotional support from a spouse or intimate other, perceived social support from the patient's physician, estrogen receptor-negative tumor status, having an excisional biopsy as surgical treatment, and actively seeking social support as a major coping strategy (R2 = 0.33, F(5,55) = 5.5, p less than 0.0004).@@@@1@73@@oe@16-12-2010
230502407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Findings are discussed in terms of host interaction with tumor endocrine status, and the role that social support might play in modulating such activity.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
231489901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tax-independent binding of multiple cellular factors to Tax-response element DNA of HTLV-I.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
231489902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) promoter contains three copies of imperfect repeats of a 21-base pair sequence designated here as TRE (Tax-response element) that is responsive to the virally encoded transactivator protein Tax.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
231489903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have identified and separated four nuclear proteins from C81-66-45 cells, an HTLV-I immortalized Tax-expressing human T-lymphocyte line (Salahuddin et al., 1983), that interact with the TRE-DNA, none of which are identical with the Tax-protein.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010
231489904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The proteins identified have molecular weights of about 32, 36 to 42, 50 and 110 kD.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
231489905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Four different methods were used to identify the proteins.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
231489906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@First, from different cell lines three or all four of the nuclear proteins were specifically cross-linked by UV irradiation to the radioactively labeled TRE-DNA fragment.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
231489907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Second, TRE-DNA binding proteins sedimented through a glycerol density gradient at rates corresponding to proteins of native molecular weights of 35 to 50 kD and 110 kD.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
231489908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Third, only the 50 kD protein was retained on a biotinylated DNA-streptavidin matrix when the DNA fragment contained the TRE-DNA.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
231489909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fourth, extensive purification by several cycles of TRE-DNA affinity chromatography resulted in the 32, 36 to 42 and 110 kD proteins and to less extent the 50 kD factor.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
231489910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two abundant proteins of 75 and 80 kD were competed out by poly[d(I-C)] in all reactions.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
231489911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cAMP-response element CRE, TGACGTCA, present in the 21 base-pair sequence, appears to be essential for specific protein-TRE-DNA interactions because mutation of the two G's destroys this complex.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
231489912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This result suggests that the cAMP response element binding protein, CREB, is involved in the protein-TRE-DNA complex and in mediating the Tax response.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
232011301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Megakaryocytic and erythrocytic lineages share specific transcription factors.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010
232011302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Erythroid-specific genes contain binding sites for NF-E1 (also called GF-1 and Eryf-1; refs 1-3 respectively), the principal DNA-binding protein of the erythrocytic lineage.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
232011303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-E1 expression seems to be restricted to the erythrocytic lineage.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
232011304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A closely related (if not identical) protein is found in both a human megakaryocytic cell line and purified human megakaryocytes; it binds to promoter regions of two megakaryocytic-specific genes.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
232011305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The binding sites and partial proteolysis profile of this protein are indistinguishable from those of the erythroid protein; also, NF-E1 messenger RNA is the same size in both the megakaryocytic and erythroid cell lines.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
232011306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, point mutations that abolish binding of NF-E1 result in a 70% decrease in the transcriptional activity of a megakaryocytic-specific promoter.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
232011307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also find that NF-E2, another trans-acting factor of the erythrocytic lineage, is present in megakaryocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
232011308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional effects in both lineages might then be mediated in part by the same specific trans-acting factors.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
232011309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data strengthen the idea of a close association between the erythrocytic and the megakaryocytic lineages and could also explain the expression of markers specific to the erythrocytic and megakaryocytic lineages in most erythroblastic and megakaryoblastic permanent cell lines.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
232101801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A new member of the leucine zipper class of proteins that binds to the HLA DR alpha promoter.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
232101802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several mutants derived from transformed human B cell lines are defective in expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
232101803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The failure to express a class II gene in at least one such mutant line has been mapped to the MHC class II X box, a conserved transcriptional element in the promoter region.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
232101804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A complementary DNA encoding a DNA-binding protein (human X box binding protein, hXBP-1) whose target is the human DR alpha X box and the 3' flanking region has now been cloned.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
232101805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This complementary DNA encoded a protein with structural similarities to the c-jun proto-oncogene product, and its target sequence was closely related to the palindromic target sequence of c-jun.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
232101806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation of the hXBP-1 DNA target sequence decreased DR alpha promoter activity in vivo.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
232101807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies suggest that the hXBP-1 protein acts as a transcription factor in B cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
233580301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of mononuclear infiltrates in breast carcinomas--correlation with tumour differentiation.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
233580302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inflammatory infiltrates were analysed in tissue sections of 76 breast carcinomas by counting the percentage of macrophages, IgA+ and IgG+ plasma cells, T cells with their subpopulations, and natural killer cells, and by measuring postcapillary venules (PCVs, found in 12 cases) within the infiltrates.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010
233580303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These parameters were correlated with nuclear grade and biochemically determined hormone receptor status, known markers of tumour differentiation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
233580304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A direct correlation was found between the extent of inflammation and nuclear grade (P less than 0.0001), and an inverse correlation between inflammation and oestrogen receptor (OR) positivity (P less than 0.05) as well as inflammation and progesterone receptor (PR) positivity (P less than 0.05).@@@@1@57@@oe@16-12-2010
233580305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The percentage of the OKT8+ suppressor/cytotoxic T cells increased when the inflammation expanded from scanty to moderate (P less than 0.02).@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
233580306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The diameter of the PCVs also increased with increasing inflammatory infiltrate (P less than 0.02).@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
233580307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, a direct correlation exists between the diameter of the PCVs and both the percentage of the OKT8+ T cells (P less than 0.04) and the Leu-7+ natural killer cells (P less than 0.03).@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
235232201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel T-cell protein which recognizes a palindromic sequence in the negative regulatory element of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
235232202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two major protein-binding sites within the negative regulatory element of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat have been identified.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
235232203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One (site B) contained a palindromic sequence with homology to steroid/thyroid hormone response elements but was distinct from previously described binding sites of this class.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
235232204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel T-cell protein recognized the palindromic sequence within site B and also bound estrogen- or thyroid hormone-response elements with lower affinity.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
235232205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 7-base-pair mutation in the site B palindrome, which destroyed protein binding, resulted in increased expression from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat in T cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
235232801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 transactivates latent membrane protein LMP1.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
235232802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several lines of evidence are compatible with the hypothesis that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2) or leader protein (EBNA-LP) affects expression of the EBV latent infection membrane protein LMP1.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
235232803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We now demonstrate the following.@@@@1@6@@oe@16-12-2010
235232804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(i) Acute transfection and expression of EBNA-2 under control of simian virus 40 or Moloney murine leukemia virus promoters resulted in increased LMP1 expression in P3HR-1-infected Burkitt's lymphoma cells and the P3HR-1 or Daudi cell line.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
235232805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ii) Transfection and expression of EBNA-LP alone had no effect on LMP1 expression and did not act synergistically with EBNA-2 to affect LMP1 expression.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
235232806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(iii) LMP1 expression in Daudi and P3HR-1-infected cells was controlled at the mRNA level, and EBNA-2 expression in Daudi cells increased LMP1 mRNA.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
235232807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(iv) No other EBV genes were required for EBNA-2 transactivation of LMP1 since cotransfection of recombinant EBNA-2 expression vectors and genomic LMP1 DNA fragments enhanced LMP1 expression in the EBV-negative B-lymphoma cell lines BJAB, Louckes, and BL30.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010
235232808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(v) An EBNA-2-responsive element was found within the -512 to +40 LMP1 DNA since this DNA linked to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene was transactivated by cotransfection with an EBNA-2 expression vector.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
235232809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(vi) The EBV type 2 EBNA-2 transactivated LMP1 as well as the EBV type 1 EBNA-2.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
235232810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(vii) Two deletions within the EBNA-2 gene which rendered EBV transformation incompetent did not transactivate LMP1, whereas a transformation-competent EBNA-2 deletion mutant did transactivate LMP1.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
235232811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LMP1 is a potent effector of B-lymphocyte activation and can act synergistically with EBNA-2 to induce cellular CD23 gene expression.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
235232812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, EBNA-2 transactivation of LMP1 amplifies the biological impact of EBNA-2 and underscores its central role in EBV-induced growth transformation.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
235721601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Protein kinase inhibitor H-7 blocks accumulation of unspliced mRNA of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I).@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
235721602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rex, the post-transcriptional regulator of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), is known to induce accumulation of the unspliced viral gag-pol mRNA.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
235721603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rex is a phosphoprotein found in the cell nucleolus, whose function may be regulated by its localization and phosphorylation.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
235721604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined the role of phosphorylation on Rex function by using a protein kinase inhibitor, H-7 [1-(5-isoquinolinyl-sulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine].@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
235721605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of an HTLV-I infected human T-cell line with H-7 blocked specifically accumulation of the unspliced gag-pol mRNA, resulting in the decreased Gag protein synthesis that corresponds with the decreased in vivo phosphorylation of Rex.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
235721606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, other viral and cellular products have not been influenced by the level of H-7 used.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
235721607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, the phosphorylation of Rex is required for the viral RNA partition of HTLV-I.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
236761601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mononuclear leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor binding characteristics and down-regulation in major depression.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
236761602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have elevated plasma cortisol concentrations and show failure to suppress cortisol secretion upon administration of dexamethasone (DEX), yet they do not have Cushingoid features.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
236761603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To study whether this represents glucocorticoid (GC) resistance, [3H]-DEX-binding assays were used to measure, in vitro, the GC receptor affinity (1/Kd) and number (Bmax) in mononuclear leukocytes of 11 MDD patients and 15 control subjects.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010
236761604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No receptor abnormalities were detected in the MDD group; thus any cellular defect leading to a lack of responsiveness to GC in the MDD patients, if present, probably lies beyond the initial receptor binding.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
236761605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DEX (1.0 mg orally) was administered to study in vivo GC receptor down-regulation.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
236761606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Compared to the control group, fewer depressed subjects down-regulated Bmax after DEX.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
236761607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By paired t-test, Bmax decreased significantly in the control group but not in the depressed group.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
236761608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Receptor number on the control day did not correlate significantly with the degree of receptor down-regulation, severity of depression or cortisol concentrations across all the subjects.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
236761609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results do not lend support to previous reports suggesting that GC resistance in MDD results from a GC receptor-binding abnormality, and they emphasize the importance of considering receptor studies in the context of GC-mediated cell processes in order to identify the exact cellular defect(s) leading to GC resistance.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010
237493501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[The inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on the chemotactic migration of human leukocytes]@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
237493502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Random migration (RM) and chemotactic migration (ChtM) of human leukocytes to yeast activated serum were studied with the modified Boyden chamber method.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
237493503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both RM and ChtM showed circadian rhythm.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010
237493504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Leukocytes migrated most rapidly at night.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010
237493505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The difference between the peak (0:00) and trough values (8:00) of RM and ChtM was significant statistically (P less than 0.01).@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
237493506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ChtM was inhibited by hydrocortisone (F) of physiological concentration (10(-9)-10(-7) mol/L) which was dose-dependent and completely antagonized by the competitive antagonist, RU38486.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
237493507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibitory effect was much more evident with higher dose (more than 10(-5) mol/L) and it was also reversed by RU38486, but only partially.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
237493508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is suggested that glucocorticoids (GC) may be a physiological regulator of the activity of leukocytes and its inhibitory action on ChtM may be involved in antiinflammatory mechanisms of GC of pharmacological doses.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
237493509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The action of physiological and pharmacological concentration of GC may be mediated by low affinity specific binding sites of glucocorticoid receptors.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
237887001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 56-59-kilodalton protein identified in untransformed steroid receptor complexes is a unique protein that exists in cytosol in a complex with both the 70- and 90-kilodalton heat shock proteins.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
237887002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has previously been shown that 9S, untransformed progestin, estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptor complexes in rabbit uterine and liver cytosols contain a 59-kDa protein [Tai, P.K., Maeda, Y., Nakao, K., Wakim, N.G., Duhring, J.L., & Faber, L.E.(1986) Biochemistry 25, 5269-5275].@@@@1@63@@oe@16-12-2010
237887003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this work we show that the monoclonal antibody KN 382/EC1 raised against the rabbit 59-kDa protein reacts with 9S, untransformed glucocorticoid receptor complexes in cytosol prepared from human IM-9 lymphocytes but not with 4S salt-transformed receptors.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
237887004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human protein recognized by the EC1 antibody is a 56-kDa protein (p56) of moderate abundance located predominantly in the cytoplasm by indirect immunofluorescence.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
237887005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There are at least six isomorphs of p56 by two-dimensional gel analysis.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
237887006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@N-Terminal sequencing (20 amino acids) shows that p56 is a unique human protein.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
237887007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When p56 is immunoadsorbed from IM-9 cell cytosol, both the 70- and 90-kDa heat shock proteins are coadsorbed in an immune-specific manner.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
237887008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither heat shock protein reacts directly with the EC1 antibody.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
237887009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that p56 exists in cytosol in a higher order complex containing hsp70 and hsp90, both of which in turn have been found to be associated with untransformed steroid receptors.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
238649201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Detection in non-erythroid cells of a factor with the binding characteristics of the erythroid cell transcription factor EF1.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
238649202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The erythroid transcription factor erythroid factor-1 (EF1) plays a critical role in the transcription of erythroid-specific genes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
238649203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report the presence of a factor with the mobility and sequence-specific DNA-binding characteristics of EF1 at low abundance in a wide variety of non-erythroid cell types.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
238649204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is the first report of an EF1-like activity in non-erythroid cells and indicates that this factor may play a role in the regulation of genes expressed in such cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
239474701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell type specificity and activation requirements for NFAT-1 (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) transcriptional activity determined by a new method using transgenic mice to assay transcriptional activity of an individual nuclear factor.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
239474702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT-1) is a transcription factor which is considered to be an important regulator in early T-cell activation.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
239474703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have developed a system to monitor the transcriptional activity of NFAT-1 at the single cell level in whole animals.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
239474704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The system is based on the use of an oligomerized NFAT-1 binding motif that directs transcription of SV40 T-antigen in transgenic mice.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
239474705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This report represents the first demonstration that a multimerized short binding motif can function appropriately in transgenic mice.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
239474706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NFAT-1 activity had previously been thought to be confined to activated T-lymphocytes upon release of intracellular calcium.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
239474707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By targeting NFAT-1-dependent gene expression in transgenic mice we discovered new sites of NFAT-1 activity.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
239474708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Besides in T-lymphocytes NFAT-1 activity could also be induced in T-lymphocyte-depleted spleen cells and purified B-lymphocytes and requires agents that both release intracellular calcium and activate protein kinase C.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
239474709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A difference in the time course of appearance of NFAT-1 activity between T-lymphocytes and non-T-lymphocytes was revealed.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
239474710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive expression was observed in a small population of cells in the dermis and some mice have developed skin lesions.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
239474711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, the tissue pattern of expression of the NFAT-1 activity resembles the expression pattern described for HIV-LTR/tat transgenic mice (Vogel, J., Hinrichs, S. H., Reynolds, R. K., Luciw, P. A., and Jay, G. (1988) Nature 335, 606-611).@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010
239474712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This similarity in expression and the fact that NFAT-1 has been shown to bind functional sequences in HIV-LTR suggest a role for NFAT-1 in dermal activation of the HIV-LTR.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
239853301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The internal methionine codons of human T-cell leukemia virus type II rex gene are not required for p24rex production or virus replication and transformation.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
239853302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T-cell leukemia virus types I (HTLV-I) and II (HTLV-II) have two nonstructural trans-acting regulatory genes, tax and rex, located in the 3' region of the viral genome.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
239853303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tax gene product (HTLV-I p40tax and HTLV-II p37tax) is the transcriptional activator of the viral long terminal repeat.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
239853304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The rex gene encodes two protein products, p27rex/p21rex and p26rex/p24rex in HTLV-I and HTLV-II, respectively.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
239853305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rex acts posttranscriptionally to facilitate accumulation of full-length gag/pol and singly spliced env mRNA in the cytoplasm of HTLV-infected cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
239853306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous studies showed that the first ATG of the rex gene is critical for Rex production and function.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
239853307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The importance of the internal ATGs to Rex function is not known.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
239853308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in vitro mutagenesis of the HTLV-I rex gene has provided indirect evidence which suggests that p21rex, and by analogy HTLV-II p24rex, results from initiation at an internal AUG of the tax/rex mRNA.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
239853309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By using an infectious molecular clone of HTLV-II, we investigated the importance of the internal ATGs of the rex gene on Rex protein production and function.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
239853310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results indicate that p24rex of HTLV-II is not initiated at an internal AUG and that the internal methionine codons are not crucial to the function of the rex gene and, ultimately, the transforming properties of the virus.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
240080701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferon affects nuclear proteins in cells of clinically sensitive chronic myelogenous leukemia patients.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
240080702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytoplasmic protein extracts from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells contained an activity that altered the electrophoretic mobility of complexes formed between nuclear proteins and the transcriptional enhancers of interferon (IFN)-inducible genes.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
240080703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Exposure of CML cells to IFN-alpha diminished the effect of the CML cytoplasmic proteins on these nuclear protein-DNA complexes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
240080704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of clinical responsiveness to IFN-alpha correlated with the sensitivity to the IFN-induced change in the electrophoretic mobility of nuclear protein-DNA complexes.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
240080705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that the action of IFN-alpha in CML may be linked to a pathway that can result in posttranslational modification of nuclear proteins.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
240103301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Glucocorticoid receptors on human peripheral mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leucocytes: changes in patients with yang-deficiency]@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
240103302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was found that, in former works, the glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) on peripheral mixed leucocytes in patients with Yang-deficiency were decreased.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
240103303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this work, the mixed leucocytes were further separated into mononuclear (MNL) and polymorphonuclear (PML) leucocytes, and GCR were determined in each part of leucocytes.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
240103304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GCR on MNL and PML in 6 Yang deficient patients were 3473 +/- 413 and 4433 +/- 651 sites/cell respectively, statistically significant from the normal control group (4462 +/- 962 and 5622 +/- 782 sites/cell respectively, P less than 0.05).@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010
240103305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GCR on MNL, PML and mixed leucocytes in 5 patients were determined simultaneously, and all lowered from the control group.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
240103306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results were 3369 +/- 370, 4986 +/- 419 and 4524 +/- 852 sites/cell respectively, with the lowest GCR on MNL and highest on PML.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
240656801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B as inducible transcriptional activator of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
240656802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of the gene encoding the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is induced upon activation of T cells with phytohemagglutinin and active phorbolester and upon expression of tax1, a transactivating protein of the human T-cell leukemia virus type I.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
240656803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The same agents induce transcription from the interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain and interleukin-2 genes, depending on promoter elements that bind the inducible transcription factor NF-kappa B (or an NF-kappa B-like factor).@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
240656804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We therefore tested the possibility that the GM-CSF gene is also regulated by a cognate motif for the NF-kappa B transcription factor.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
240656805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A recent functional analysis by Miyatake et al. (S. Miyatake, M. Seiki, M. Yoshida, and K. Arai, Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:5581-5587, 1988) described a short promoter region in the GM-CSF gene that conferred strong inducibility by T-cell-activating signals and tax1, but no NF-kappa B-binding motifs were identified.@@@@1@58@@oe@16-12-2010
240656806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we showed binding of purified human NF-kappa B and of the NF-kappa B activated in Jurkat T cells to an oligonucleotide comprising the GM-CSF promoter element responsible for mediating responsiveness to T-cell-activating signals and tax1.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010
240656807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As shown by a methylation interference analysis and oligonucleotide competition experiments, purified NF-kappa B binds at positions -82 to -91 (GGGAACTACC) of the GM-CSF promoter sequence with an affinity similar to that with which it binds to the biologically functional kappa B motif in the beta interferon promoter (GGGAAATTCC).@@@@1@55@@oe@16-12-2010
240656808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two kappa B-like motifs at positions -98 to -108 of the GM-CSF promoter were also recognized but with much lower affinities.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
240656809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data provide strong evidence that the expression of the GM-CSF gene following T-cell activation is controlled by binding of the NF-kappa B transcription factor to a high-affinity binding site in the GM-CSF promoter.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
240758801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Octamer transcription factors and the cell type-specificity of immunoglobulin gene expression.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
240758802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antibodies are produced exclusively in B lymphocytes.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010
240758803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of the antibody-encoding genes, the immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, is also restricted to B cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
240758804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The octamer sequence ATGCAAAT is present in the promoter and the enhancer of Ig genes, and plays an important role in its tissue-specific expression.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
240758805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This sequence motif is a binding site for nuclear proteins, the so-called octamer transcription factors (Oct or OTF factors).@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
240758806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Oct-1 protein is present in all cell types analyzed so far, whereas Oct-2A and Oct-2B are found mainly in B lymphocytes.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
240758807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All three proteins show the same sequence specificity and binding affinity.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
240758808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It appears that the B cell-specific expression of Ig genes is mediated at least in part by cell type-specific Oct factors, and that there are both quantitative and qualitative differences between Oct-1 and Oct-2 factors.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
240758809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, a number of other octamer factor variants were identified.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
240758810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Many of these may be created by alternative splicing of a primary transcript of one Oct factor gene and may serve a specific function in the fine tuning of gene expression.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
747853401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ETS1 transactivates the human GM-CSF promoter in Jurkat T cells stimulated with PMA and ionomycin.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
747853402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of T helper cells results in coordinate expression of a number of cytokines involved in differentiation, proliferation and activation of the haematopoietic system.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
747853403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is one such cytokine whose increased expression results partly from increases in transcription.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
747853404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cis-acting elements with NF kappa B, AP-1 and ETS-like motifs have been identified in the promoter region of the GM-CSF gene, which are important for transcriptional activity following PMA and ionomycin stimulation.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
747853405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A number of the ETS family of transcription factors are expressed in T cells, including ETS1 and ELF1.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
747853406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we describe the ability of these factors to interact with a site (GM5), located within the CLE0 element, -47 to -40 upstream of the GM-CSF transcription initiation site.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
747853407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Exogenous ETS1, but not ELF1, can transactivate GM-CSF, through the GM5 site, in a PMA/ionomycin dependent manner.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
747853408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Other unidentified ETS-like factors present in Jurkat cells are also capable of binding GM5.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
747853409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation of the core ETS binding site from -GGAA- to -GGAT- prevents the binding of ETS-like factors with the exception of ETS1.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
747853410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GM-CSF promoter, modified in this way to be ETS1 specific, is fully responsive to PMA/ionomycin induction, in addition to ETS1 transactivation in the presence of PMA and ionomycin.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
747853411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Together these data suggest that ETS1 may be involved in mediating the increased GM-CSF production associated with T cell activation.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
747859101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The murine BCL6 gene is induced in activated lymphocytes as an immediate early gene.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
747859102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The chromosomal translocation involving 3q27 is often detected in human B-cell lymphomas, especially diffuse lymphomas with a large-cell component.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
747859103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The BCL6 gene has been isolated from the chromosomal breakpoint in these lymphomas.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
747859104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we cloned the murine BCL6 (mBCL6) cDNA from the muscle cDNA library using the human BCL6 (hBCL6) cDNA as a probe.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
747859105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The predicted amino acid sequence was 95% identical to that of hBCL6.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
747859106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It contains six repeats of the Kruppel-like zinc-finger motif that are completely identical to those of hBCL6, indicating that the BCL6 gene is well conserved between humans and mice.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
747859107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the mBCL6 gene was ubiquitously detected in adult mouse tissues including lymphatic organs.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
747859108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, it was induced in lymphocytes activated with phorbol ester and Ca2+ ionophore within 30 min after stimulation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
747859109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This induction was not inhibited by treatment of the cells with a protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
747859110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that BCL6 plays a role in activated lymphocytes as an immediate early gene.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
747862301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bik, a novel death-inducing protein shares a distinct sequence motif with Bcl-2 family proteins and interacts with viral and cellular survival-promoting proteins.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
747862302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The survival-promoting activity of the Bcl-2 family of proteins appears to be modulated by interactions between various cellular proteins.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
747862303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have identified a novel cellular protein, Bik, that interacts with the cellular survival-promoting proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, as well as the viral survival-promoting proteins, Epstein Barr virus-BHRF1 and adenovirus E1B-19 kDa.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
747862304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In transient transfection assays, Bik promotes cell death in a manner similar to the death-promoting members of the Bcl-2 family, Bax and Bak.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
747862305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This death-promoting activity of Bik can be suppressed by coexpression of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, EBV-BHRF1 and E1B-19 kDa proteins suggesting that Bik may be a common target for both cellular and viral anti-apoptotic proteins.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
747862306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While Bik does not show overt homology to the BH1 and BH2 conserved domains characteristic of the Bcl-2 family, it does share a 9 amino acid domain (BH3) with Bax and Bak which may be a critical determinant for the death-promoting activity of these proteins.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010
747899401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tissue-specific regulation of the rabbit 15-lipoxygenase gene in erythroid cells by a transcriptional silencer.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
747899402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 15-lipoxygenase (lox) gene is expressed in a tissue-specific manner, predominantly in erythroid cells but also in airway epithelial cells and eosinophils.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
747899403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate in this report that the 5' flanking DNA of the 15-lox gene contains sequences which down-regulate its activity in a variety of non-erythroid cell lines but not in two erythroid cell lines.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
747899404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The element has characteristics of a transcriptional 'silencer' since it functions in both orientations.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
747899405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The main activity of the silencer has been mapped to the first 900 bp of 5' flanking DNA, which contains nine binding sites for a nuclear factor present in non-erythroid cells but not in erythroid cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
747899406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These binding sites have similar sequences and multiple copies of the binding sites confer tissue-specific down-regulation when attached to a minimal lox promoter fragment.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
747899407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 5' flanking DNA also contains a cluster of three binding sites for the GATA family of transcription factors.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
747991501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Coexpression of NF-kappa B/Rel and Sp1 transcription factors in human immunodeficiency virus 1-induced, dendritic cell-T-cell syncytia.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
747991502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Productive infection of T cells with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) typically requires that the T cells be stimulated with antigens or mitogens.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
747991503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This requirement has been attributed to the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B, which synergizes with the constitutive transcription factor Sp1 to drive the HIV-1 promoter.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
747991504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, we have found that vigorous replication of HIV-1 takes place in nonactivated memory T cells after syncytium formation with dendritic cells (DCs).@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
747991505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These syncytia lack activated cells as determined by an absence of staining for Ki-67 cell cycle antigen.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
747991506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression and activity of NF-kappa B and Sp1 were, therefore, analyzed in isolated T cells and DCs from humans and mice.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
747991507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have used immunolabeling, Western blot analysis, and electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
747991508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cells lack active NF-kappa B but express Sp1 as expected.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
747991509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DCs express high levels of all known NF-kappa B and Rel proteins, with activity residing primarily within RelB, p50, and p65.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
747991510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, DCs lack Sp1, which may explain the failure of HIV-1 to replicate in purified DCs.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
747991511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Coexpression of NF-kappa B and Sp1 occurs in the heterologous DC-T-cell syncytia that are induced by HIV-1.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
747991512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, HIV-1-induced cell fusion brings together factors that upregulate virus transcription.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
747991513@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since DCs and memory T cells frequently traffic together in situ, these unusual heterologous syncytia could develop in infected individuals and lead to chronic HIV-1 replication without ostensible immune stimulation.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
747992301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Down-regulation of NF-kappa B protein levels in activated human lymphocytes by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [published erratum appears in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996 Jan 9;93(1):524]@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
747992302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2)D3], a steroid hormone with immunomodulating properties, on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) proteins was examined in in vitro activated normal human lymphocytes by Western blot analysis.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
747992303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Over a 72-hr period of activation, the expression of the 50-kDa NF-kappa B, p50, and its precursor, p105, was increased progressively.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
747992304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When cells were activated in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3, the levels of the mature protein as well as its precursor were decreased.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
747992305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of the hormone on the levels of p50 was demonstrable in the cytosolic and nuclear compartments; it required between 4 and 8 hr and was specific, as 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were ineffective.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
747992306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Besides p50, 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased the levels of another NF-kappa B protein, namely c-rel.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
747992307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased the abundance of a specific DNA-protein complex formed upon incubation of nuclear extracts from activated lymphocytes with a labeled NF-kappa B DNA binding motif.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
747992308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further, 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited the transcriptional activity of NF-kappa B in Jurkat cells transiently transfected with a construct containing four tandem repeats of the NF-kappa B binding sequence of the immunoglobulin kappa light chain gene linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
747992309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations demonstrate directly that there is de novo synthesis of NF-kappa B during human lymphocyte activation and suggest that this process is hormonally regulated.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
747992401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Staphylococcal enterotoxins modulate interleukin 2 receptor expression and ligand-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the Janus protein-tyrosine kinase 3 (Jak3) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat proteins).@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
747992402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) stimulate T cells expressing the appropriate variable region beta chain of (V beta) T-cell receptors and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
747992403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Depending on costimulatory signals, SE induce either proliferation or anergy in T cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
747992404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, SE can induce an interleukin-2 (IL-2) nonresponsive state and apoptosis.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
747992405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we show that SE induce dynamic changes in the expression of and signal transduction through the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) beta and gamma chains (IL-2R beta and IL-2R gamma) in human antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell lines.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
747992406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, after 4 hr of exposure to SEA and SEB, the expression of IL-2R beta was down-regulated, IL-2R gamma was slightly up-regulated, while IL-2R alpha remained largely unaffected.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
747992407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The changes in the composition of IL-2Rs were accompanied by inhibition of IL-2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the Janus protein-tyrosine kinase 3 (Jak3) and signal transducers and activators of transcription called Stat3 and Stat5.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
747992408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In parallel experiments, IL-2-driven proliferation was inhibited significantly.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
747992409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After 16 hr of exposure to SE, the expression of IL-2R beta remained low, while that of IL2R alpha and IL2R gamma was further up-regulated, and ligand-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak3 and Stat proteins was partly normalized.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
747992410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Yet, IL-2-driven proliferation remained profoundly inhibited, suggesting that signaling events other than Jak3/Stat activation had also been changed following SE stimulation.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
747992411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, our data suggest that SE can modulate IL-2R expression and signal transduction involving the Jak/Stat pathway in CD4+ T-cell lines.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
748176801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation of Jak3 in a patient with SCID: essential role of Jak3 in lymphoid development.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
748176802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Males with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) have defects in the common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gamma c) gene that encodes a shared, essential component of the receptors of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010
748176803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Janus family tyrosine kinase Jak3 is the only signaling molecule known to be associated with gamma c, so it was hypothesized that defects in Jak3 might cause an XSCID-like phenotype.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
748176804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A girl with immunological features indistinguishable from those of XSCID was therefore selected for analysis.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
748176805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed cell line derived from her lymphocytes had normal gamma c expression but lacked Jak3 protein and had greatly diminished Jak3 messenger RNA.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
748176806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sequencing revealed a different mutation on each allele: a single nucleotide insertion resulting in a frame shift and premature termination in the Jak3 JH4 domain and a nonsense mutation in the Jak3 JH2 domain.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
748176807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The lack of Jak3 expression correlated with impaired B cell signaling, as demonstrated by the inability of IL-4 to activate Stat6 in the EBV-transformed cell line from the patient.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
748176808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations indicate that the functions of gamma c are dependent on Jak3 and that Jak3 is essential for lymphoid development and signaling.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
748263101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of dexamethasone binding to human glucocorticoid receptor by New World primate cell extracts.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
748263102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine if New World primates express an inhibitor that influences glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding characteristics, we examined [3H]dexamethasone binding in cytosol prepared from B95-8 lymphoid cells, derived from the cotton top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), in combination with cytosol prepared from human or rat tissues.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010
748263103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B95-8 cytosol inhibited specific binding of [3H]dexamethasone (P < 0.01) when mixed with cytosol prepared from either a human lymphoid cell line (HL) or rat thymus.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
748263104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibitory activity was heat labile and trypsin sensitive.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
748263105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peak inhibitory activity was found in the 150-200 kd fractions after Sephacryl G-200 ultrafiltration.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
748263106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Scatchard analysis of [3H]dexamethasone binding using mixed cytosol showed a diminished GR apparent binding affinity when compared to HL cytosol.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
748263107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Kinetic studies using mixed cytosol indicated that B95-8 cytosol did not affect the apparent dissociation rate of [3H]dexamethasone.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
748263108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data demonstrate that B95-8 cells contain a competitive inhibitor that prevents binding of dexamethasone to its cognate receptor.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
748666701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Costimulation requirement for AP-1 and NF-kappa B transcription factor activation in T cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
748666702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcriptional activity of the IL-2 promoter requires T-cell costimulation delivered by the TCR and the auxiliary receptor CD28.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
748666703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several transcription factors participate in IL-2 promoter activation, among which are AP-1-like factors and NF-kappa B.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
748666704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Protein phosphorylation has an important role in the regulation of these two factors: (1) it induces the transactivating capacity of the AP-1 protein c-Jun; and (2) it is involved in the release of the cytoplasmic inhibitor, I kappa B, from NF-kappa B, allowing translocation of the latter into the nucleus.@@@@1@60@@oe@16-12-2010
748666705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently shown that both phosphorylation processes require T-cell costimulation.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
748666706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, in activated T cells, the kinetics of the two phosphorylation events are essentially similar.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
748666707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@According to our results, however, the kinases responsible for the two processes are distinct entities.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
748666708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas TPCK inhibits phosphorylation of I kappa B and, consequently, activation of NF-kappa B, it markedly enhances the activity of JNK, the MAP kinase-related kinase that phosphorylates the transactivation domain of c-Jun.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
748666709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We, therefore, propose the activation scheme presented in FIGURE 3 for T-cell costimulation.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
748666710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Costimulation results in the activation of a signaling pathway that leads to the simultaneous induction of the two transcription factors, AP-1 and NF-kappa B.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
748666711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Integration of the signals generated by TCR and CD28 engagement occurs along this pathway, which then bifurcates to induce I kappa B phosphorylation and NF-kappa B activation on the one hand, and JNK activation and c-Jun phosphorylation on the other.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
748666712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We are currently engaged in defining where the two signals integrate along the AP-1/NF-kappa B pathway.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
748682901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chromosomal localization of two KOX zinc finger genes on chromosome bands 7q21-q22.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
748682902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human cDNAs encoding Kruppel-type zinc finger domains, designated KOX 1-32, have been cloned from human T lymphocyte cell line libraries.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
748682903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report here the regional localizations by in situ hybridization of KOX 18 and KOX 25 on chromosome bands 7q21q22.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
748682904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed that these genes are physically located within a DNA fragment of 250 kb.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
748682905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The genes KOX 4 and KOX 9, mapped on chromosome 8q24, were found to be located within a DNA fragment of 450 kb.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
748682906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From the present and previous data, eighteen different KOX genes have been located at least two by two within nine DNA fragments of 200 to 580 kb.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
748801601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the chemokine receptor BLR2/EBI1 is specifically transactivated by Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
748801602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In our attempt to identify chemokine receptors that are related to Burkitt's lymphoma receptor 1 (BLR1) and are expressed in activated lymphocytes we used RT-PCR resulting in the isolation of a cDNA encoding a seven transmembrane receptor termed BLR2.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
748801603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein shows significant sequence similarities to the family of G-protein coupled chemokine receptors and turned out to be identical to the recently described receptor EBI1.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
748801604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot analysis revealed that BLR2 mRNA could be highly stimulated in mitogen- and anti-CD3-treated peripheral blood lymphocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
748801605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BLR2-specific mRNA could be detected in all Epstein-Barr virus positive B cell lines.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
748801606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that transcription of the BLR2 gene could be specifically induced in Epstein-Barr virus negative BL 41 cells via estrogen-mediated activation of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2, a key regulator of viral and cellular genes in immortalized B cells.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010
748801607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data suggest an involvement of BLR2 in the regulation of migration in activated lymphocytes and in viral pathogenesis.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
748814901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cupric ion blocks NF kappa B activation through inhibiting the signal-induced phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
748814902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A transcription factor NF kappa B, which regulates expression of various cellular genes involved in immune responses and viral genes including HIV, is sequestered in the cytoplasm as a complex with an inhibitory protein I kappa B.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
748814903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Various extracellular signals induce phosphorylation and rapid degradation of I kappa B alpha to release NF kappa B.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
748814904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cu2+ was found to inhibit the activation of NF kappa B induced by TNF-alpha, TPA, or H2O2.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
748814905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deoxycholate treatment of the cytoplasmic extract prepared from cells stimulated by TNF-alpha in the presence of Cu2+ resulted in the release of NF kappa B from I kappa B alpha, indicating that Cu2+ interferes with the dissociation of the NF kappa B-I kappa B complex.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010
748814906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither phosphorylation nor degradation of I kappa B alpha was observed upon TNF-alpha stimulation in the presence of Cu2+.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
748814907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that Cu2+ inhibits the release of NF kappa B by blockade of a signal leading to the phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
748974101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-7 can induce the activation of Jak 1, Jak 3 and STAT 5 proteins in murine T cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
748974102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation of Janus protein tyrosine kinases (Jak) and STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) proteins has recently been linked to the signal transduction mechanism of several cytokines.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
748974103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-7 was observed to induce a rapid and dose-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak 1 and Jak 3 and concomitantly, the tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding activity of multiple STAT proteins.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
748974104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The STAT proteins utilized by IL-7 were identical to those induced by IL-2 and could be identified as various STAT 5 isoforms.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
748974105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, the induction of both Jak 1 and 3, and STAT 5 activity strongly correlated with the growth-promoting effects of IL-7, suggesting that this signal transduction mechanism may play a key role in IL-7-induced proliferation.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
749138901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor: predictor of sertraline response in adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD).@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
749138902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents demonstrates resistance to tricyclic antidepressants and absence of hypercortisolemia.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
749138903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The efficacy of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) is uncertain, and response predictors are unavailable.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
749138904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Abnormal fast feedback and negative feedback of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis implicates a dampened limbic-hippocampal glucocorticoid type II receptor (GCII).@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
749138905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We hypothesized that lymphocyte GCII is altered in adolescent MDD and could serve as a marker for response to SRIs.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
749138906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an open-label study, adolescents (n = 20) meeting DSM-III-R criteria for MDD showed baseline lymphocyte GCII sites per cell (sites/cell) values of 793 +/- 106 versus 2,563 +/- 499 (+/- SEM) for matched controls (n = 18) (t = 3.5; df = 36; p < .001).@@@@1@63@@oe@16-12-2010
749138907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GCII was bimodally distributed, with SRI responders differing from nonresponders (t = 3.9; df = 14; p < .001).@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
749138908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GCII accurately classified 90 percent of sertraline responders and 80 percent of nonresponders.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
749138909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Only SRI responders showed GCII sites/cell upregulated after 6 weeks of treatment (t = 2.1, df = 10; p < .05).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
749277101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Salicylates inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced transcriptional activation of the tissue factor gene in human monocytic cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
749277102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of plasma Factor VII/VIIa to the tissue factor (TF) receptor initiates the coagulation protease cascades.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
749277103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TF expression by circulating monocytes is associated with thrombotic and inflammatory complications in a variety of diseases.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
749277104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional activation of the human TF gene in monocytic cells exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is mediated by binding of c-Rel/p65 heterodimers to a kappa B site in the TF promoter.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
749277105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we report that a family of anti-inflammatory agents, known as the salicylates, inhibited LPS induction of TF activity and TF gene transcription in human monocytes and monocytic THP-1 cells at clinically relevant doses.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
749277106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, sodium salicylate blocked the LPS-induced proteolytic degradation of I kappa B alpha, which prevented the nuclear translocation of c-Rel/p65 heterodimers.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
749277107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, two other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen and indomethacin, did not inhibit LPS induction of the TF gene.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
749277108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicated that salicylates inhibited LPS induction of TF gene transcription in monocytic cells by preventing nuclear translocation of c-Rel/p65 heterodimers.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
749277109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The clinical benefits of salicylates in the treatment of several diseases, including atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, may be related to their ability to reduce monocyte gene expression.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
749427201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oncogenicity of human papillomavirus- or adenovirus-transformed cells correlates with resistance to lysis by natural killer cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
749427202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The reasons for the dissimilar oncogenicities of human adenoviruses and human papillomaviruses (HPV) in humans are unknown but may relate to differences in the capacities of the E1A and E7 proteins to target cells for rejection by the host natural killer (NK) cell response.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010
749427203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As one test of this hypothesis, we compared the abilities of E1A- and E7-expressing human fibroblastic or keratinocyte-derived human cells to be selectively killed by either unstimulated or interferon (IFN)-activated NK cells.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
749427204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells expressing the E1A oncoprotein were selectively killed by unstimulated NK cells, while the same parental cells but expressing the HPV type 16 (HPV-16) or HPV-18 E7 oncoprotein were resistant to NK cell lysis.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
749427205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ability of IFN-activated NK cells to selectively kill virally transformed cells depends on IFN's ability to induce resistance to NK cell lysis in normal (i.e., non-viral oncogene-expressing) but not virally transformed cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
749427206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E1A blocked IFN's induction of cytolytic resistance, resulting in the selective lysis of adenovirus-transformed cells by IFN-activated NK cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
749427207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The extent of IFN-induced NK cell killing of E1A-expressing cells was proportional to the level of E1A expression and correlated with the ability of E1A to block IFN-stimulated gene expression in target cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
749427208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, E7 blocked neither IFN-stimulated gene expression nor IFN's induction of cytolytic resistance, thereby precluding the selective lysis of HPV-transformed cells by IFN-activated NK cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
749427209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, E1A expression marks cells for destruction by the host NK cell response, whereas the E7 oncoprotein lacks this activity.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
749575901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CIITA activates the expression of MHC class II genes in mouse T cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
749575902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has long been a puzzle that MHC class II molecules are expressed in human T cells after activation but not in mouse T cells; this expression is believed to play a role in the cell mediated immune response.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
749575903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently the MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) has been reported to be a major regulatory factor for both the constitutive and IFN inducible expression of MHC class II genes.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
749575904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show that human T cells expressing MHC class II have CIITA transcripts while MHC class II-negative human T cells and mouse T cells do not.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
749575905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of MHC class II genes in mouse T cells can be reconstituted upon transfection with the human CIITA cDNA.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
749575906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate that the expression of CIITA explains the expression or lack of expression of MHC class II in human and mouse T cells respectively.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
749926601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of an I kappa B alpha-associated protein kinase in a human monocytic cell line and determination of its phosphorylation sites on I kappa B alpha.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
749926602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is stored in the cytoplasm as an inactive form through interaction with I kappa B.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
749926603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of cells leads to a rapid phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha, which is presumed to be important for the subsequent degradation.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
749926604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently reported the establishment of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-dependent cell-free activation system of NF-kappa B in association with the induction of I kappa B alpha phosphorylation.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
749926605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we have identified a kinase in cell extracts from the LPS-stimulated human monocytic cell line, THP-1, that specifically binds and phosphorylates I kappa B alpha.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
749926606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LPS stimulation transiently enhanced the I kappa B alpha-bound kinase activity in THP-1 cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
749926607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutational analyses of I kappa B alpha and competition experiments with the synthetic peptides identified major phosphorylation sites by the bound kinase as Ser and Thr residues in the C-terminal acidic domain of I kappa B alpha.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
749926608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, we show that the peptide, corresponding to the C-terminal acidic domain of I kappa B alpha, blocked the LPS-induced NF-kappa B activation as well as inducible phosphorylation of endogenous I kappa B alpha in a cell-free system using THP-1 cells.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010
749926609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggested that the bound kinase is involved in the signaling pathway of LPS by inducing the phosphorylation of the C-terminal region of I kappa B alpha and subsequent dissociation of the NF-kappa B.I kappa B alpha complex.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
749926701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Triggering of the human interleukin-6 gene by interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in monocytic cells involves cooperation between interferon regulatory factor-1, NF kappa B, and Sp1 transcription factors.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
749926702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated the molecular basis of the synergistic induction by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) of human interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene in THP-1 monocytic cells, and compared it with the basis of this induction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010
749926703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional studies with IL-6 promoter demonstrated that three regions are the targets of the IFN-gamma and/or TNF-alpha action, whereas only one of these regions seemed to be implicated in LPS activation.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
749926704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The three regions concerned are: 1) a region between -73 and -36, which is the minimal element inducible by LPS or TNF-alpha; 2) an element located between -181 and -73, which appeared to regulate the response to IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha negatively; and 3) a distal element upstream of -224, which was inducible by IFN-gamma alone.@@@@1@65@@oe@16-12-2010
749926705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LPS signaling was found to involve NF kappa B activation by the p50/p65 heterodimers.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
749926706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synergistic induction of the IL-6 gene by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, in monocytic cells, involved cooperation between the IRF-1 and NF kappa B p65 homodimers with concomitant removal of the negative effect of the retinoblastoma control element present in the IL-6 promoter.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010
749926707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This removal occurred by activation of the constitutive Sp1 factor, whose increased binding activity and phosphorylation were mediated by IFN-gamma.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
750002801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of the balance of cytokine production and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) transcription factor activity by cytokines and inflammatory synovial fluids.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
750002802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The balance between type 1 and 2 T helper cell cytokine production plays an important role in several animal models of autoimmunity, and skewed patterns of cytokine expression have been described in human inflammatory diseases.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
750002803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Many cytokines activate signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) transcription factors, which, in turn, activate transcription of inflammatory effector genes.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
750002804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We used mononuclear cell priming cultures and inflammatory synovial fluids (SFs) derived from arthritis patients to examine the regulation of cytokine production and STAT activity by an inflammatory synovial microenvironment.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
750002805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Exposure to SFs during priming resulted in an 81% inhibition of interferon (IFN)-gamma, but not interleukin (IL) 4, production by effector cells generated in priming cultures.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
750002806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SF suppression was mediated by IL-4 and IL-10 and inhibition of IL-12 expression, and it was reversed in a dominant fashion by exogenous IL-12.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
750002807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SFs blocked the sustained activity of transcription factor Stat1, but not Stat3, during the priming period, and Stat1 activity was differentially regulated by cytokines in parallel with their positive or negative regulation of IFN-gamma production.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
750002808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Active Stat3, but not Stat1, was detected in cells from inflamed joints.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
750002809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest a role for altered balance of Stat1 and Stat3 transcriptional activity in the regulation of T cell differentiation and in the pathogenesis of inflammatory synovitis.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
750004001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anti-immunoglobulin M activates nuclear calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in human B lymphocytes.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
750004002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We and others have previously shown that the nuclear protein, Ets-1, is phosphorylated in a calcium-dependent manner after ligation of immunoglobulin (Ig) M on B lymphocytes.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
750004003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As this phosphorylation was independent of protein kinase C activity, we tested whether a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) might phosphorylate the Ets-1 protein after elevation of intracellular free calcium concentrations.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
750004004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The dephosphorylated form of Ets-1 has been shown to bind to chromatin, suggesting that the operative kinase should be detectable in the nucleus.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
750004005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We prepared nuclear extracts from two human B cell lines in which increased intracellular free calcium levels correlated with increased phosphorylation of the Ets-1 protein.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
750004006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activity of the CaM kinases was determined using a synthetic peptide substrate both in the absence and presence of an inhibitor specific for the CaM kinase family, KN-62.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
750004007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of cells with anti-IgM led to increased activity of a nuclear kinase that could phosphorylate the peptide, and this activity was reduced by 10 microM KN-62.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
750004008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Kinase activity was reduced in lysates preadsorbed using an antibody specific for CaM kinase II.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
750004009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two-dimensional phosphopeptide maps of the Ets-1 protein from cells incubated with ionomycin or anti-IgM contained two unique phosphopeptides that were absent in untreated cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
750004010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Incubation of isolated Ets-1 protein with purified CaM kinase II produced phosphorylation of peptides that migrated identically to those found in cells incubated with either anti-IgM or ionomycin.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
750004011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest a model of signal transduction by the antigen receptor on B lymphocytes in which increased intracellular free calcium can rapidly activate nuclear CaM kinase II, potentially resulting in phosphorylation and regulation of DNA-binding proteins.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
750511301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The lymphotoxin promoter is stimulated by HTLV-I tax activation of NF-kappa B in human T-cell lines.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
750511302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The HTLV-I transcriptional activator tax was used to gain insight into the mechanism of lymphotoxin (LT; TNF-beta) gene induction.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
750511303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tax-expressing cell lines produce LT biologic activity.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010
750511304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An LT promoter (LT-293) CAT construct that contained an NF-kappa B site was active in the LT-producing C81-66-45 cell line, which contains defective HTLV-I but expresses tax.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
750511305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The observation that a mutated LT-kappa B construct (M1-CAT) was inactive in C81-66-45, confirmed the importance of NF-kappa B in LT gene expression.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
750511306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tax was transfected into HTLV-I-negative human T-cell lines.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010
750511307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Jurkat T cells stably expressing tax contained elevated levels of NF-kappa B that directly bound to the LT-kappa B site.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
750511308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tax co-transfected with reporter constructs into Jurkat cells maximally activated HTLV-I-LTR-CAT and kappa B-fos-CAT and also activated LT-293 to a lesser extent.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
750511309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In JM T cells, tax induced LT-293 activity by two- to four-fold, though there was no induction of M1-CAT.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
750511310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The increase in LT-293 CAT activity mirrored the increase in LT biologic activity seen under these conditions.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
750511311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies, the first to demonstrate induction of LT promoter activity over basal levels, indicate that HTLV-I tax causes low-level activation of both endogenous LT and the LT promoter, at least in part through activation of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010
750653101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of tyrosine phosphorylation and T-cell activation by vanadate peroxide, an inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
750653102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of key cellular proteins is a crucial event in the transduction of activation signals to T-lymphocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
750653103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The regulatory role of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) in this process was explored by studying the effects of a powerful PTPase inhibitor, vanadate peroxide (pervanadate), on the activation cascade of Jurkat human leukaemic T-cells.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
750653104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pervanadate induced activation of the tyrosine kinases lck and fyn (4- and 3-fold respectively) and a dramatic increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins, notably phospholipase C gamma 1.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
750653105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After this event, we observed a rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, corresponding to an influx.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
750653106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This effect required surface expression of the CD45 PTPase and was not observed in CD45-deficient variants of Jurkat cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
750653107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the CD45-negative variant, the effect of pervanadate on tyrosine phosphorylation was globally decreased and some phosphorylated substrates were specifically missing.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
750653108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pervanadate also stimulated transcription of the c-fos gene and accumulation of its mRNA as well as several other hallmarks of T-lymphocyte activation such as surface expression of the CD69 antigen and the interleukin 2 receptor alpha-chain (CD25).@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
750653109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pervanadate synergized with signals delivered by T-cell antigen receptor engagement or by a phorbol ester to induce interleukin 2 production.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
750653110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pervanadate activated NF-kappa B, as shown by an increase in DNA-binding activity of this transcription factor.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
750653111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We thus conclude that PTPases play a crucial role in the negative regulation of signal transduction culminating in T-lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
750653112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, induction of tyrosine phosphorylation appears sufficient per se to initiate a complete activation programme.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
750893701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@rel Is rapidly tyrosine-phosphorylated following granulocyte-colony stimulating factor treatment of human neutrophils.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
750893702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of neutrophils with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) results in an enhanced respiratory burst, prolonged survival, and increased tumor cell killing.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
750893703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of G-CSF are mediated by binding to specific, high affinity receptors.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
750893704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@G-CSF receptors lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, but activation of the receptor results in the rapid induction of tyrosine kinase activity.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
750893705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antiphosphotyrosine immunoblots of whole cell lysates prepared from neutrophils show that the G-CSF rapidly induces prominent tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein of a relative molecular mass of 80 kDa.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
750893706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using monospecific antibodies, the 80-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated protein has been shown to be p80c-rel, a proto-oncogene belonging to a family of transcriptional regulators which include NF-kB.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
750893707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of p80c-rel was unique to G-CSF in that granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor which also stimulates neutrophils and induces tyrosine phosphorylation does not result in tyrosine phosphorylation of p80c-rel.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
750893708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The consequences of p80c-rel tyrosine phosphorylation are not yet known; however, tyrosine-phosphorylated p80c-rel is capable of binding to DNA, and G-CSF stimulation results in an increase in the amount of p80c-rel which binds to DNA.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
750893709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrate that one of the first biochemical events which occurs in neutrophils following G-CSF stimulation, activation of a tyrosine kinase, leads directly to the tyrosine phosphorylation of p80c-rel.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
750893710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the tyrosine kinase activated by G-CSF appears to directly transduce a signal to a protein which functions as a transcriptional regulator.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
751068901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thrombin and thrombin receptor agonist peptide induce early events of T cell activation and synergize with TCR cross-linking for CD69 expression and interleukin 2 production.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
751068902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thrombin stimulation of the T leukemic cell line Jurkat induced a transient increase in [Ca2+]i.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
751068903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proteolytic activity of the enzyme was required for this effect since diisopropyl fluorophosphate-thrombin failed to increase [Ca2+]i.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
751068904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, hirudin and anti-thrombin III inhibited the thrombin-induced [Ca2+]i rise in Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
751068905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A synthetic thrombin receptor agonist peptide (TRP) of 7 residues (SFLLRNP) was found to be as effective as thrombin for [Ca2+]i mobilization, and both agonists induced Ca2+ release exclusively from internal stores.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
751068906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thrombin stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins of molecular mass 40, 42, 70, 120, and 130 kDa.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
751068907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was a good correlation between thrombin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the latter three proteins and Ca2+ mobilization.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
751068908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thrombin and TRP also caused translocation of protein kinase C from the cytosol to the plasma membrane.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
751068909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a likely consequence of these events, thrombin activated the nuclear factor NF-kB.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
751068910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several cell lines of hematopoietic origin including the leukemic T cell line HPB.ALL and the erythroleukemic cell line K562 were responsive to thrombin, whereas others such as THP1, a myelomonocytic cell line, and BL2, a Burkitt lymphoma were refractory to thrombin or TRP stimulation.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010
751068911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The magnitude of the thrombin response in the different cell types paralleled the expression of the thrombin receptor mRNA.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
751068912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that activation of Jurkat T cells by a combination of phytohemagglutinin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate led to a dramatic inhibition of thrombin receptor mRNA expression and to a concomitant loss of the thrombin response.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
751068913@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, we demonstrate that thrombin and TRP enhanced CD69 expression and interleukin 2 production induced by T cell receptor cross-linking in both Jurkat T cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
751068914@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings highlight the role of thrombin as a potential regulator of T lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
751069101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The interleukin-8 AP-1 and kappa B-like sites are genetic end targets of FK506-sensitive pathway accompanied by calcium mobilization.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
751069102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@FK506, an immunosuppressant, inhibits the production of several cytokines in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
751069103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We observed that FK506 suppressed the transcription of a chemotactic cytokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8) in a human T cell line, Jurkat cells, activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and calcium (Ca2+) ionophore (ionomycin).@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010
751069104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By deleted and mutated analysis of the IL-8 promoters, the AP-1 and kappa B-like sites were identified as the responsive elements for PMA and ionomycin.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
751069105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@FK506 suppressed the transcriptions through the AP-1 or kappa B-like sites induced by PMA plus Ca(2+)-mobilizing agents, but not those induced by Ca(2+)-independent stimuli.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
751069106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In gel retardation analysis, FK506 had little effect on the binding to the AP-1 site of PMA/ionomycin-induced nuclear factors, which were recognized with anti-JunD or c-Fos antibody.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
751069107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, FK506 or EGTA (Ca2+ chelator) similarly affected the formation of kappa B-like site binding complexes, which were not recognized by any antibodies against the human Rel family proteins (c-Rel, p65, p50, and p49).@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010
751069108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we confirmed the previous report that FK506 suppressed the PMA/ionomycin-induced activation through authentic kappa B site of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene, to which NF-kappa B binding was also decreased by FK506, indicating that both IL-8 kappa B-like site and Ig kappa B site are FK506-sensitive in spite of the difference of binding factors.@@@@1@59@@oe@16-12-2010
751069109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results indicate that not only the reported IL-2 NF-AT and NFIL-2A sites and Ig kappa B site, but also the IL-8 AP-1 and kappa B-like sites are terminals of FK506-sensitive pathway involving Ca2+ mobilization.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
751105001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retinoic acid-induced expression of CD38 antigen in myeloid cells is mediated through retinoic acid receptor-alpha.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
751105002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD38 is a leukocyte differentiation antigen that has been thought to be a phenotypic marker of different subpopulations of T- and B- lymphocytes.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
751105003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In myeloid cells, CD38 is expressed during early stages of differentiation.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
751105004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Virtually no information is available on regulation and functions of CD38.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
751105005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently we reported that all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is a potent and highly specific inducer of CD38 expression in human promyelocytic leukemia cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
751105006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that ATRA-induced expression of CD38 antigen in myeloid cells is mediated through retinoic acid-alpha receptor (RAR alpha).@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
751105007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ATRA failed to induce CD38 expression in a mutant subclone of the HL-60 myeloid leukemia cell line (designated HL-60R) that is relatively resistant to ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
751105008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retroviral vector-mediated transduction of RA receptor (RAR alpha) into this HL-60R subclone completely restored the sensitivity of these cells to ATRA in terms of their ability to express CD38.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
751105009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, CD38 expression was not inducible by ATRA in HL-60R cells, transfected with a functional RAR beta, RAR gamma, or RXR alpha receptor.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
751105010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of CD38 in acute promyelocytic and acute myeloblastic leukemia cells was independent of ATRA-induced cytodifferentiation.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
751105011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Following culture with ATRA, increased CD38 protein levels were also observed in normal CD34+ bone marrow cells, but not on normal circulating granulocytes.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
751105012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From these results, we conclude that CD38 is ATRA inducible in myeloid leukemia cells and normal CD34+ bone marrow cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
751105013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This effect is independent of differentiation and is mediated by RAR alpha in HL-60 cells, suggesting a similar role for RAR alpha in CD38 expression in other hematopoietic cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
751207901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Comparison of retinoic acid and phorbol myristate acetate as inducers of monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
751207902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several human myeloid leukemia cell lines growing in vitro can be induced to differentiate to more mature monocyte/macrophage-like cells by treatment with protein kinase C-activating phorbol esters, such as PMA.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
751207903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to PMA, cells of the THP-1 myeloid leukemia cell line acquire macrophage-like characteristics after treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (RA).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
751207904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To analyze the signal transduction mechanisms induced by RA, we first compared the effects of PMA and RA on the expression of genes which are known to be regulated during monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
751207905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both RA and PMA effectively down-regulated c-myc expression, while c-myb expression decreased only after PMA treatment.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
751207906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the beta 2-integrin genes, CD11a and CD11b, was clearly increased after both of these treatments.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
751207907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Their effects on the src-family tyrosine kinase genes were different: hck expression was similarly induced by these agents but lyn expression was stronger and more rapid after RA treatment.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
751207908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RA also enhanced lyn mRNA production rapidly in HL-60, indicating that the activation of lyn gene expression is common in monocytic and granulocytic maturation of myeloid leukemia cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
751207909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To examine whether the AP-1 enhancer activity is involved in RA-induced monocytic differentiation, THP-1 cells were transiently transfected with a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT)-reporter gene containing 5 copies of the AP-1 binding sites.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
751207910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to PMA, RA did not induce any CAT activity in these cells, thus suggesting that the RA-induced changes in the expression of those genes described above were not dependent on the AP-1 enhancer activity.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
751215201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antigenic specificities of human CD4+ T-cell clones recovered from recurrent genital herpes simplex virus type 2 lesions.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
751215202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lesions resulting from recurrent genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection are characterized by infiltration of CD4+ lymphocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
751215203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have investigated the antigenic specificity of 47 HSV-specific CD4+ T-cell clones recovered from the HSV-2 buttock and thigh lesions of five patients.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
751215204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clones with proliferative responses to recombinant truncated glycoprotein B (gB) or gD of HSV-2 or purified natural gC of HSV-2 comprised a minority of the total number of HSV-specific clones isolated from lesions.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
751215205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The gC2- and gD2-specific CD4+ clones had cytotoxic activity.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
751215206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The approximate locations of the HSV-2 genes encoding HSV-2 type-specific CD4+ antigens have been determined by using HSV-1 x HSV-2 intertypic recombinant virus and include the approximate map regions 0.30 to 0.46, 0.59 to 0.67, 0.67 to 0.73, and 0.82 to 1.0 units.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010
751215207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The antigenic specificity of an HLA DQ2-restricted, HSV-2 type-specific T-cell clone was mapped to amino acids 425 to 444 of VP16 of HSV-2 by sequential use of an intertypic recombinant virus containing VP16 of HSV-2 in an HSV-1 background, recombinant VP16 fusion proteins, and synthetic peptides.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010
751215208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Each of the remaining four patients also yielded at least one type-specific T-cell clone reactive with an HSV-2 epitope mapping to approximately 0.67 to 0.73 map units.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
751215209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The antigenic specificities of lesion-derived CD4+ T-cell clones are quite diverse and include at least 10 epitopes.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
751215210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T-cell clones reactive with gC and VP16 are reported here for the first time.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
751256501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sp1 is a critical factor for the monocytic specific expression of human CD14.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
751256502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD14 is a membrane glycoprotein expressed specifically on monocytes and macrophages, and its expression is markedly increased during the process of monocyte differentiation.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
751256503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to study CD14 gene regulation, the human CD14 gene was cloned from a partial EcoRI digested chromosome 5 library.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
751256504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 5.5-kilobase genomic clone contained the full-length CD14 coding sequence and 4.2 kilobases of 5'-upstream sequence.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
751256505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One major and one minor transcription start site were identified 101 and 130 base pairs (bp) upstream, respectively, from the protein translation start ATG.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
751256506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A DNA fragment containing 128 bp of upstream sequence had strong, monocyte-specific promoter activity in the CD14 positive monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6 as compared to the nonmonocytic cell lines HeLa and REX.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
751256507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Four regions in this DNA fragment interact with nuclear proteins isolated from monocytic cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
751256508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Sp1 transcription factor bound to three different regions in the CD14 promoter.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
751256509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation of the major Sp1 binding site (-110 bp) decreased tissue-specific promoter activity, and these results, together with transactivation experiments, demonstrate that Sp1 plays a critical role in the tissue-specific expression of CD14 in monocytic cells.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010
751256510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD14 Sp1 site oligonucleotides bound preferentially to a 105-kDa Sp1 species, which is present in higher relative levels in monocytic than non-monocytic cells, suggesting that modification of Sp1, such as phosphorylation, may explain how the Sp1 site mediates monocytic specific promoter activity.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010
751463001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of T cell activation by the extracellular matrix protein tenascin.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
751463002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tenascin (TN) is an extracellular matrix protein that is expressed widely in the fetus and sparingly in the adult, but reappears at high levels in certain areas of tissue insult such as tumor matrices and sites of wound healing.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
751463003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here that soluble TN inhibits proliferation of human T cells in response to alpha CD3 Ab co-immobilized with the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN).@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
751463004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TN also inhibits proliferation driven by alpha CD3/IL-2 or by phorbol ester/IL-2, and it prevents high level induction of IL-2R.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
751463005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of TN in culture medium does not detectably alter the pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation resulting from T cell triggering with alpha CD3, but at later time points prevents the appearance of functional NF-AT1 transcription factor complexes in T cell nuclear extracts.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010
751463006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings are consistent with the postulated role for TN as a natural antagonist to FN action, and suggest that T cell responses occurring at tissue sites in which TN is expressed could be influenced by its presence.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
751632801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tolerance to lipopolysaccharide involves mobilization of nuclear factor kappa B with predominance of p50 homodimers.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
751632802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of the human monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to rapid and transient expression of cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF).@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
751632803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When such cells are precultured for 2 days with a low dose of LPS (20 ng/ml) followed by stimulation with a high dose of LPS (1 microgram/ml), expression of the TNF gene is minimal, i.e. the cells are tolerant.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010
751632804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In nuclear run-on analysis, such tolerant cells show only a low degree of transcription, indicating that tolerance operates at or upstream of the transcription level.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
751632805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The CD14 LPS receptor is, however, up-regulated (not down-regulated) in tolerant cells, and LPS can, in fact, still lead to activation of tolerant cells as evidenced by mobilization of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B).@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010
751632806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Resolution of the NF-kappa B complex in gel shift analysis shows that the binding protein, mobilized in naive Mono Mac 6 cells, consists mainly of p50-p65 heterodimers, while in tolerant cells, the p50 homodimer is predominant.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
751632807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This increase in p50 homodimers coincides with an increase in p105 mRNA, suggestive of a transcriptional up-regulation of p50.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
751632808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reporter gene analysis reveals that the NF-kappa B complex mobilized in tolerant cells is functionally inactive in that NF-kappa B-dependent luciferase constructs containing the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat or the TNF 5'-region show only minimal transactivation after LPS stimulation.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010
751632809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar to Mono Mac 6 cells, primary blood monocytes, when precultured with a low dose of LPS, also become tolerant and produce little TNF after LPS stimulation.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
751632810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tolerant blood monocytes also up-regulate CD14, and they mobilize NF-kappa B with a predominance of p50 homodimers.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
751632811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these results demonstrate that tolerance to LPS is determined by post-receptor mechanisms that involve an altered composition of the NF-kappa B complex.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
751721101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HLA-DR-, CD33+, CD56+, CD16- myeloid/natural killer cell acute leukemia: a previously unrecognized form of acute leukemia potentially misdiagnosed as French-American-British acute myeloid leukemia-M3 [see comments]@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
751721102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have identified and characterized a previously unrecognized form of acute leukemia that shares features of both myeloid and natural killer (NK) cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
751721103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From a consecutive series of 350 cases of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we identified 20 cases (6%) with a unique immunophenotype: CD33+, CD56+, CD11a+, CD13lo, CD15lo, CD34+/-, HLA-DR-, CD16-.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010
751721104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Multicolor flow cytometric assays confirmed the coexpression of myeloid (CD33, CD13, CD15) and NK cell-associated (CD56) antigens in each case, whereas reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays confirmed the identity of CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule) in leukemic blasts.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010
751721105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although two cases expressed CD4, no case expressed CD2, CD3, or CD8 and no case showed clonal rearrangement of genes encoding the T-cell receptor (TCR beta, gamma, delta).@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
751721106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Leukemic blasts in the majority of cases shared unique morphologic features (deeply invaginated nuclear membranes, scant cytoplasm with fine azurophilic granularity, and finely granular Sudan black B and myeloperoxidase cytochemical reactivity) that were remarkably similar to those of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL); particularly the microgranular variant (FAB AML-M3v).@@@@1@58@@oe@16-12-2010
751721107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, all 20 cases lacked the t(15;17) and 17 cases tested lacked the promyelocytic/retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR alpha) fusion transcript in RT-PCR assays; 12 cases had 46,XX or 46,XY karyotypes, whereas 2 cases had abnormalities of chromosome 17q: 1 with del(17)(q25) and the other with t(11;17)(q23;q21) and the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger/RAR alpha fusion transcript.@@@@1@63@@oe@16-12-2010
751721108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All cases tested (6/20), including the case with t(11;17), failed to differentiate in vitro in response to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), suggesting that these cases may account for some APLs that have not shown a clinical response to ATRA.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010
751721109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Four of 6 cases tested showed functional NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, suggesting a relationship between these unique CD33+, CD56+, CD16- acute leukemias and normal CD56+, CD16- NK precursor cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
751721110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a combination of panning and multiparameter flow cytometric sorting, we identified a normal CD56+, CD33+, CD16- counterpart cell at a frequency of 1% to 2% in the peripheral blood of healthy individuals.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
751721111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our studies suggest that this form of acute leukemia may arise from transformation of a precursor cell common to both the myeloid and NK cell lineages; thus we propose the designation myeloid/NK acute leukemia.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
751721112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recognition of this new leukemic entity will be important in distinguishing these ATRA-nonresponsive cases from ATRA-responsive true APL.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
751880301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Evidence for a trans-acting activator function regulating the expression of the human CD5 antigen.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
751880302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interspecies somatic cell hybrids were generated by fusing the mouse T-lymphoma cell line, BW5147, with normal human T lymphocytes at different stages of differentiation.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
751880303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thymocytes, activated peripheral T lymphocytes, or an activated T-cell clone were used as human partners, respectively, in three independent fusions.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
751880304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Irrespective of the human cell partner used for fusion, a certain number of hybrids lost CD5 surface expression over a period of time in culture.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
751880305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis at the phenotype and genetic level showed that lack of CD5 expression was due neither to segregation of human autosome 11, on which the CD5 gene has been mapped, nor to deletion of the CD5 structural gene.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
751880306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, loss of CD5 surface expression correlated with the absence of specific mRNA.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
751880307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since these hybrids preferentially segregate human chromosomes, these results indicate the existence of a non-syntenic trans-active locus, or loci, positively controlling the expression of the human CD5 gene.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010