787846601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Control of I kappa B-alpha proteolysis by site-specific, signal-induced phosphorylation.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 787846602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@I kappa B-alpha inhibits transcription factor NF-kappa B by retaining it in the cytoplasm.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 787846603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Various stimuli, typically those associated with stress or pathogens, rapidly inactivate I kappa B-alpha.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 787846604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This liberates NF-kappa B to translocate to the nucleus and initiate transcription of genes important for the defense of the organism.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 787846605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of NF-kappa B correlates with phosphorylation of I kappa B-alpha and requires the proteolysis of this inhibitor.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 787846606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When either serine-32 or serine-36 of I kappa B-alpha was mutated, the protein did not undergo signal-induced phosphorylation or degradation, and NF-kappa B could not be activated.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 787846607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that phosphorylation at one or both of these residues is critical for activation of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 788072301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A germline TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphism in the progesterone receptor gene in ovarian carcinoma [see comments]@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 788072302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clinical outcome in ovarian carcinoma is predicted by progesterone receptor status, indicating an endocrine aspect to this disease.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 788072303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peripheral leucocyte genomic DNAs were obtained from 41 patients with primary ovarian carcinoma and 83 controls from Ireland, as well as from 26 primary ovarian carcinoma patients and 101 controls in Germany.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 788072304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Southern analysis using a human progesterone receptor (hPR) cDNA probe identified a germline TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) defined by two alleles: T1, represented by a 2.7 kb fragment; and T2, represented by a 1.9 kb fragment and characterised by an additional TaqI restriction site with respect to T1.@@@@1@59@@oe@16-12-2010 788072305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An over-representation of T2 in ovarian cancer patients compared with controls in the pooled Irish/German population (P < 0.025) was observed.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 788072306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A difference (P < 0.02) in the distribution of the RFLP genotypes between Irish and German control populations was also observed.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 788072307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The allele distributions could not be shown to differ significantly from Hardy-Weinberg distribution in any subgroup.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 788072308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using hPR cDNA region-specific probes, the extra TaqI restriction site was mapped to intron G of the hPR gene.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 788216801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV-1 Nef leads to inhibition or activation of T cells depending on its intracellular localization.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 788216802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nef of primate lentiviruses is required for viremia and progression to AIDS in monkeys.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 788216803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Negative, positive, and no effects of Nef have also been reported on viral replication in cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 788216804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To reconcile these observations, we expressed a hybrid CD8-Nef protein in Jurkat cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 788216805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two opposite phenotypes were found, which depended on the intracellular localization of Nef.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 788216806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expressed in the cytoplasm or on the cell surface, the chimera inhibited or activated early signaling events from the T cell antigen receptor.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 788216807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activated Jurkat cells died by apoptosis, and only cells with mutated nef genes expressing truncated Nefs survived, which rendered Nef nonfunctional.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 788216808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These mutations paralleled those in other viral strains passaged in vitro.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 788216809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Not only do these positional effects of Nef reconcile diverse phenotypes of Nef and suggest a role for its N-terminal myristylation, but they also explain effects of Nef in HIV infection and progression to AIDS.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 788396501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Missense mutation in exon 7 of the common gamma chain gene causes a moderate form of X-linked combined immunodeficiency.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 788396502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clinical and immunologic features of a recently recognized X-linked combined immunodeficiency disease (XCID) suggested that XCID and X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) might arise from different genetic defects.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 788396503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The recent discovery of mutations in the common gamma chain (gamma c) gene, a constituent of several cytokine receptors, in XSCID provided an opportunity to test directly whether a previously unrecognized mutation in this same gene was responsible for XCID.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 788396504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The status of X chromosome inactivation in blood leukocytes from obligate carriers of XCID was determined from the polymorphic, short tandem repeats (CAG), in the androgen receptor gene, which also contains a methylation-sensitive HpaII site.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 788396505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As in XSCID, X-chromosome inactivation in obligate carriers of XCID was nonrandom in T and B lymphocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 788396506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, X chromosome inactivation in PMNs was variable.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 788396507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Findings from this analysis prompted sequencing of the gamma c gene in this pedigree.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 788396508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A missense mutation in the region coding for the cytoplasmic portion of the gamma c gene was found in three affected males but not in a normal brother.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 788396509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, this point mutation in the gamma c gene leads to a less severe degree of deficiency in cellular and humoral immunity than that seen in XSCID.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 788486501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LMP-1 activates NF-kappa B by targeting the inhibitory molecule I kappa B alpha.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 788486502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LMP-1, an Epstein-Barr virus membrane protein expressed during latent infection, has oncogenic properties, as judged from its ability to transform B lymphocytes and rodent fibroblasts.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 788486503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LMP-1 induces the expression of bcl2, an oncogene which protects cells from apoptosis, as well as of genes encoding other proteins involved in cell regulation and growth control.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 788486504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanisms by which LMP-1 upregulates these proteins is unknown, but it is plausible that LMP-1 modifies signal transduction pathways that result in the activation of one or more transcription factors that ultimately regulate transcription of oncogenic genes.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 788486505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B, a transcription factor controlling the expression of genes involved in cell activation and growth control, has been shown to be activated by LMP-1.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 788486506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism(s) regulating this activation remains unknown.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 788486507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data indicate that increased NF-kappa B DNA binding and functional activity are present in B-lymphoid cells stably or transiently expressing LMP-1.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 788486508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@I kappa B alpha is selectively modified in LMP-1-expressing B cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 788486509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A phosphorylated form of I kappa B alpha and increased protein turnover-degradation correlate with increased NF-kappa B nuclear translocation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 788486510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This results in increased transcription of NF-kappa B-dependent-genes, including those encoding p105 and I kappa B alpha (MAD3).@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 788486511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that LMP-1 activates NF-kappa B in B-cell lines by targeting I kappa B alpha.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 788486512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of the pathways activated by LMP-1 to result in posttranslational modifications of I kappa B alpha will aid in determining the role of this virus-host cell protein interaction in Epstein-Barr virus-mediated oncogenesis.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 788503901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of HL60 cells with various combinations of retinoids and 1 alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 results in differentiation towards neutrophils or monocytes or a failure to differentiate and apoptosis.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 788503902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is well documented that treatment of serum-grown HL60 cells with 10(-7) M all-trans retinoic acid (all-trans RA) induces neutrophil differentiation, whereas treatment with 10(-7) M 1 alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3(D3) induces differentiation towards monocytes.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 788503903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In recent investigations, using serum-free grown HL60 cells, we observed that all-trans RA, at 10(-7) M, did not induce neutrophil differentiation and that all-trans RA, at 10(-8) M, reduced the D3 concentration required for monocyte differentiation to 5 x 10(-9) M.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 788503904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, co-operative interactions between all-trans and 9-cis RA and D3 which promote neutrophil and monocyte differentiation of HL60 cells have been analysed in detail.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 788503905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of serum-free grown HL60 cells with 5 x 10(-7) M all-trans RA or 9-cis RA resulted in sub-optimal neutrophil differentiation (up to 25% mature cells).@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 788503906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As shown for all-trans RA, 9-cis RA cooperated with D3 to promote monocyte differentiation.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 788503907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Culture of HL60 cells in 5 x 10(-7) M 9-cis RA together with a wide range of concentrations of D3 resulted in promotion of neutrophil differentiation at 10(-15)-10(-12) D3, a failure to differentiate and apoptosis at 10(-11)-10(-10) M D3, followed by co-operativity between 9-cis RA and 5 x 10(-9) M D3 in inducing monocyte differentiation in the absence of neutrophil differentiation.@@@@1@64@@oe@16-12-2010 788503908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar results were obtained when HL60 cells were treated with 5 x 10(-7) all-trans RA together with a wide range of concentrations of D3.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 788503909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cross titration analyses of the effects of 9-cis RA and D3 on HL60 cell differentiation were undertaken to determine the boundaries of the concentrations of each agent, alone and in combination, that give rise to optimal neutrophil and monocyte differentiation of HL60 cells.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 788503910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The observed cooperativities between either 9-cis RA or all-trans RA and D3 have important implications for the use of combinations of these agents in differentiation therapy.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 788730101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning and characterization of NF-ATc and NF-ATp: the cytoplasmic components of NF-AT.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 788730102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Present evidence indicates a pathway of signal transmission in T cells that is outlined in figure 1.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 788730103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The elevation in intracellular calcium that is induced by interactions at the antigen receptor leads to the activation of the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 788730104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This in turn leads to the nuclear association of the cytosolic component of NF-ATc.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 788730105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation of calcineurin and the nuclear import of NF-ATc can both be blocked by cyclosporin A or FK506 in complex with their respective immunophilins.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 788730106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Once in the nucleus, NF-ATc interacts with NF-ATn to form an active transcriptional complex.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 788730107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-ATn is a ubiquitous protein, can be synthesized in response to PMA, and has many similarities to AP-1.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 788730108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism by which NF-ATc enters the nucleus is unknown, and although it appears to require calcineurin, NF-ATc has not yet been shown to be an in vivo substrate of calcineurin.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 788730109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alternative mechanisms include the possibility that NF-ATc operates on some cytoplasmic anchor or that other proteins that are controlled by calcineurin carry out the nuclear import of NF-ATc.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 788730110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although NF-ATp copurifies with NF-ATc, there is as yet no understanding of how NF-ATp is functioning in vivo.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 788730111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Now that these proteins are purified and cloned, the major goals will be to understand their role and the roles of other family members in thymic development.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 788811601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The regulation of HIV by retinoic acid correlates with cellular expression of the retinoic acid receptors.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 788811602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVES: To analyze the effect of retinoic acids (RA) on HIV-1 expression and correlate this effect with expression levels of RA receptors (RARs) in T-lymphoid and monocytoid cell lines.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 788811603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DESIGN AND METHODS: The effect of all-trans and 9-cis RA on HIV-1 production in T-lymphoid (H9, CEM) and monocytoid (U937,THP-1) cell lines was measured during acute and chronic infection.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 788811604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression levels of human RAR alpha (hRAR alpha, receptor for all-trans RA) and the human retinoid-X receptor alpha (hRXR alpha receptor for 9-cis RA) were determined by Northern blot analysis.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 788811605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: Both all-trans and 9-cis RA inhibited virus replication in HIV-1 IIIB-infected monocytoid cells, in the presence and absence of the co-stimulatory agent phorbol myristate acetate (PMA).@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 788811606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The retinoids had weak or no stimulatory effects on HIV production by T-cell lines.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 788811607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV production by PMA-stimulated T-cell lines was inhibited by these retinoids.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 788811608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 9-cis RA was generally more effective than all-trans RA in inhibiting HIV production and in combination generally more effective than the single agents alone.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 788811609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human RAR alpha was expressed in H9, U937 and THP-1 cells, but almost undetectable in CEM cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 788811610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human RXR alpha was significantly expressed in U937 and THP-1 cells, weakly expressed in H9 cells and not detectable in CEM cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 788811611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After stimulation by PMA, RXR alpha expression increased in H9 and U937 cells but not in CEM cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 788811612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human RAR alpha expression was unchanged in H9 and CEM cells, and elevated in U937 cells, after PMA stimulation.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 788811613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSION: The effect of RA on HIV-1 expression was cell-type-dependent and partially correlated with cellular expression of RARs.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 788811614@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Endogenous or exogenously administered RA may have a significant role in HIV regulation.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 788866601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-5 signaling in human eosinophils involves JAK2 tyrosine kinase and Stat1 alpha.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 788866602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signaling by a wide variety of cytokines, including interferons, interleukins, and growth factors, involves activation of JAK kinases and Stat (Signal transducers and activators of transcription) proteins.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 788866603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At present, not much is known about the molecular mechanisms by which interleukin-5 (IL-5) exerts its diverse biologic effects.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 788866604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human eosinophils are one of the most important target cells for IL-5 and were used here to study IL-5 signaling in a primary human cell.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 788866605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-5 induced rapid and transient tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 788866606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, IL-5 induced at least two DNA-binding complexes, using nuclear extracts from normal human eosinophils and the IL-6/interferon-gamma response element of the ICAM-1 promoter (ICAM-1 pIRE) in an electromobility shift assay.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 788866607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From supershift experiments it was concluded that one DNA-binding complex contained Stat1 alpha, probably as a homodimer.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 788866608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both DNA-binding complexes were inhibited by a phosphotyrosine antibody (4G10), suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation is required for complex formation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 788866609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induced, similar to IL-5, two DNA-binding complexes in human eosinophils, including Stat1 alpha.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 788866610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data show for the first time that molecular mechanisms of IL-5 signaling in human eosinophils involve members of the JAK kinase family as well as members of the Stat family.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 789065801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of human TR2 orphan receptor response element in the transcriptional initiation site of the simian virus 40 major late promoter [published erratum appears in J Biol Chem 1995 Nov 3;270(44):26721]@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 789065802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A DNA response element (TR2RE-SV40) for the TR2 orphan receptor, a member of the steroid-thyroid hormone receptor superfamily, has been identified in the simian virus 40 (SV40) +55 region (nucleotide numbers 368-389, 5'-GTTAAGGTTCGTAGGTCATGGA-3').@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 789065803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, using in vitro translated TR2 orphan receptor with a molecular mass of 67 kilodaltons, showed a specific binding with high affinity (dissociation constant = 9 nM) for this DNA sequence.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 789065804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA-swap experiments using chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase assay demonstrated that androgen can suppress the transcriptional activities of SV40 early promoter via the interaction between this TR2RE-SV40 and the chimeric receptor AR/TR2/AR with the DNA-binding domain of the TR2 orphan receptor flanked by the N-terminal and androgen-binding domains of the androgen receptor.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 789065805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, this TR2RE-SV40 can function as a repressor to suppress the transcriptional activities of both SV40 early and late promoters.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 789065806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Together, these data suggest the TR2RE-SV40 may represent the first identified natural DNA response element for the TR2 orphan receptor that may function as a repressor for the SV40 gene expression.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 789077701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mapping of the interaction site of the defective transcription factor in the class II major histocompatibility complex mutant cell line clone-13 to the divergent X2-box.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 789077702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously described a mutant B lymphoblastoid cell line, Clone-13, that expresses HLA-DQ in the absence of HLA-DR and -DP.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 789077703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several criteria indicated that the defect in this cell line influences the activity of an isotype-specific transcription factor.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 789077704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Indeed, transient transfection of HLA-DRA and DQB reporter constructs indicated that the affected factor operates via cis-elements located between -141 base pairs and the transcription initiation site.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 789077705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A series of hybrid DRA/DQB reporter constructs was generated to further map the relevant cis-elements in this system.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 789077706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Insertion of oligonucleotides spanning the DQB X-box (but not the DQB-W region or the DQB Y-box) upstream of -141 in a DRA reporter plasmid rescued expression to nearly wild-type levels.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 789077707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Substitution promoters were then generated where the entire X-box, or only the X1- or X2-boxes of HLA-DRA were replaced with the analogous regions of HLA-DQB.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 789077708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The DQB X2-box was able to restore expression to the silent DRA reporter construct.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 789077709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, replacement of the DQB X2-box with the DRA X2-box markedly diminished the activity of the DQB promoter in the mutant cell.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 789077710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@None of the hybrid reporter constructs were defective when transfected into the wild-type, HLA-DR/-DQ positive parental cell line, Jijoye.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 789077711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies suggest that the divergent X2-box of the class II major histocompatibility complex promoters plays an important role in influencing differential expression of the human class II isotypes.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 789081401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation and specificity of MNDA expression in monocytes, macrophages, and leukemia/B lymphoma cell lines.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 789081402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of the human myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) was observed specifically in cells of the granulocyte-macrophage lineage in our earlier reports.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 789081403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The specificity of MNDA expression for cells in the granulocyte-macrophage lineage was reexamined in cell lines established from patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 789081404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell lines that expressed MNDA exhibited myeloid cell features and granulocyte or monocyte differentiation could be induced in vitro, while cell lines exhibiting properties of very early stage cells or multipotential cells did not express MNDA.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 789081405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells originating from cases of Burkitt's lymphoma were negative.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 789081406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, three lymphoblastoid cell lines (immortalized in vitro with Epstein-Barr virus) were weakly positive and MNDA was up-regulated by interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) treatment.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 789081407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As we reported previously, MNDA mRNA level in adherent monocytes is elevated by IFN-alpha; in this study, we further assessed MNDA expression in in vitro monocyte-derived macrophages.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 789081408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three additional agents (endotoxin, phytohemagglutinin, and phorbol ester) and other conditions that affect function, cytokine production, differentiation, and/or growth of monocytes were examined for their ability to alter MNDA expression.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 789081409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results varied with the agent, cell type, and stage of differentiation.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 789081410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Changes in MNDA expression occurred slowly (hours to days), suggesting that MNDA could mediate changes realized over a long period.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 789081411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results also reveal a discordance in certain MNDA positive cells between steady-state levels or changes in levels of protein and mRNA indicating that the regulation of MNDA expression occurs at more than one point.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 789081412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Changes in MNDA expression are consistent with a role in opposing macrophage differentiation and activation of monocytes/macrophages.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 789256601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Regulation of transcription of the interleukin-2 gene in B-lymphocytes]@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 789256602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since most B cell clones immortalized with EBV virus can be induced to produce interleukin-2, a typical T cell cytokine, we studied the role of different elements of the IL-2 promoter in such clones by transfection.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 789256603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was found, in particular, that the element TCEd, which binds the transcription factor NF-kB, is very active in all three B clones tested.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 789256604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This element has no activity in T cells of the Jurkat line.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 789256605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NFATd element, which binds the transcription factor NFAT-1 and is very active in T cells, is only weakly active in one B clone and not at all in another.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 789256606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Different elements thus contribute to IL-2 promoter activity in different cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 789434001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Changes in triiodothyronine (T3) mononuclear leukocyte receptor kinetics after T3 administration and multiple cold-air exposures.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 789434002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Repeated cold-air exposures increase human triiodothyronine (T3) plasma clearance rates.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 789434003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To study the response of the nuclear T3 receptor (NT3R) in this condition, binding characteristics were analyzed in human mononuclear leukocytes (MNL).@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 789434004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, we supplemented one group of individuals with a daily oral replacement dose of T3 to isolate the influence of serum thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin (TSH) levels on receptor kinetics.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 789434005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The subjects were exposed to cold air (4 degrees C) twice/d, 30 min/exposure, for a total of 80 exposures.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 789434006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The T3-subjects received placebo [n = 8] and the T3+ subjects received T3 (30 micrograms/d) [n = 8] in a double-blind fashion.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 789434007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mononuclear leukocytes were isolated from peripheral blood before the cold exposure and drug regimen began, and then after every 20 exposures.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 789434008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The dissociation constant (Kd) and maximum binding capacity (MBC) of the NT3R values were log transformed to minimize between-subject variability.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 789434009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the T3+ group, serum total thyroxine (TT4), free T4 (FT4), and TSH were approx 50% lower than both basal and T3-values.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 789434010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The log10Kd increased 0.304 +/- 0.139 (p < 0.04) and the log10MBC increased 0.49 +/- 0.10 (p < 0.001) in the T3+ subjects compared to baseline.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 789434011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This change in MBC represents a 311% increase in the MBC over baseline and a fivefold increase over placebo-treated subjects.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 789434012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The T3- group showed no change in MBC over the study.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 789434013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results describe for the first time the rapid modulation of the NT3R in response to the combined influence of cold exposure and reduced circulating T4 and TSH.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 789723001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differences in binding of glucocorticoid receptor to DNA in steroid-resistant asthma.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 789723002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although glucocorticosteroids are a very effective treatment for asthma and other chronic inflammatory diseases, a small proportion of patients are resistant to their therapeutic effects.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 789723003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The molecular mechanism for this steroid resistance is unclear.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 789723004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Steroid resistance cannot be explained by pharmacokinetic mechanisms, by a defect in the binding of steroids to glucocorticoid receptors, nor by defective nuclear translocation of this receptor, thereby suggesting that the molecular abnormality lies distal to nuclear translocation.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 789723005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We examined the ability of nuclear translocated glucocorticoid receptors to bind to their DNA binding sites (GRE) using electrophoretic mobility shift assays in PBMC from patients with steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant asthma.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 789723006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The binding of the glucocorticoid receptor to DNA in these patients was also studied using Scatchard analysis.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 789723007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dexamethasone induced a significant rapid and sustained twofold increase in GRE binding in PBMCs from steroid-sensitive asthmatic patients and nonasthmatic individuals, but this was markedly reduced in steroid-resistant asthmatic patients.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 789723008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Scatchard analysis of glucocorticoid receptor-GRE binding showed no change in binding affinity but did show a reduced number of receptors available for DNA binding in the steroid-resistant patients.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 789723009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that the ability of the glucocorticoid receptor to bind to GRE is impaired in steroid-resistant patients because of a reduced number of receptors available for binding to DNA.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 790390701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased natural killer cell activity correlates with low or negative expression of the HER-2/neu oncogene in patients with breast cancer.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 790390702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND.@@@@1@2@@oe@16-12-2010 790390703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased expression of the HER-2/neu oncogene in breast cancer correlates with decreased estrogen receptor concentration and seems to be an important prognostic factor.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 790390704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The authors investigated whether there is a correlation between HER-2/neu expression and immunologic parameters representing tumor defense in patients with breast cancer.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 790390705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHOD.@@@@1@2@@oe@16-12-2010 790390706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A Western blot analysis was used to investigate HER-2/neu expression, whereas a chromium-release assay using the K562 cell line as target was used to measure natural killer (NK) cell activity.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 790390707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS.@@@@1@2@@oe@16-12-2010 790390708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In patients with breast cancer, NK cell activity was significantly higher compared with patients with benign tumors (P = 0.006) or healthy control subjects (P = 0.002).@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 790390709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, 23.3% of patients with breast cancer showed an overexpression of HER-2/neu protein.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 790390710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within this group of patients, NK cell activity was significantly lower (45.6 +/- 16.1%) compared with the group with no HER-2/neu overexpression (57.3 +/- 11.0%).@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 790390711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NK cell activity did not increase in patients with HER-2/neu overexpression.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 790390712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, there was a statistically significant correlation of cytolytic effector cell function with HER-2/neu expression of the tumor (P = 0.003), and HER-2/neu overexpression correlated with a negative estrogen receptor status (P = 0.005).@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 790390713@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSION.@@@@1@2@@oe@16-12-2010 790390714@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data add further evidence to previous observations from the authors' laboratory that certain tumor characteristics may be associated with reactions of the host with breast cancer.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 790550401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of CD45 on NF-kappa B.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 790550402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Implications for replication of HIV-1.@@@@1@6@@oe@16-12-2010 790550403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased levels of replication of the HIV type 1 are observed after the activation of infected T cells through the TCR.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 790550404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, anti-CD45 antibodies inhibit these effects in cells from infected individuals.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 790550405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we examined interrelationships between CD45 and HIV-1 further.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 790550406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We measured effects on the HIV-1 LTR in T cell lines that were stimulated with antibodies against CD45 and in those that lacked the expression of CD45 on their surfaces.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 790550407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@First, anti-CD45 antibodies did not affect basal but decreased activated levels of expression from the HIV-1 LTR.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 790550408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Second, T cells, which lack CD45 and cannot signal via the TCR, supported higher levels of viral replication and gene expression.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 790550409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This was due to the presence of active NF-kappa B complexes in the nucleus of CD45- T cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 790550410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additionally, infected T cells displayed lower levels of CD45 on their surfaces.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 790550411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, CD45 plays an active role in the physiology of T cells and in the replication of HIV-1.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 790935701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ERP, a new member of the ets transcription factor/oncoprotein family: cloning, characterization, and differential expression during B-lymphocyte development.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 790935702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ets gene family encodes a group of proteins which function as transcription factors under physiological conditions and, if aberrantly expressed, can cause cellular transformation.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 790935703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently identified two regulatory elements in the murine immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) enhancer, pi and microB, which exhibit striking similarity to binding sites for ets-related proteins.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 790935704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To identify ets-related transcriptional regulators expressed in pre-B lymphocytes that may interact with either the pi or the microB site, we have used a PCR approach with degenerate oligonucleotides encoding conserved sequences in all members of the ets family.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 790935705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have cloned the gene for a new ets-related transcription factor, ERP (ets-related protein), from the murine pre-B cell line BASC 6C2 and from mouse lung tissue.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 790935706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ERP protein contains a region of high homology with the ETS DNA-binding domain common to all members of the ets transcription factor/oncoprotein family.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 790935707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three additional smaller regions show homology to the ELK-1 and SAP-1 genes, a subgroup of the ets gene family that interacts with the serum response factor.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 790935708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Full-length ERP expresses only negligible DNA-binding activity by itself.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 790935709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Removal of the carboxy terminus enables ERP to interact with a variety of ets-binding sites including the E74 site, the IgH enhancer pi site, and the lck promoter ets site, suggesting a carboxy-terminal negative regulatory domain.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 790935710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At least three ERP-related transcripts are expressed in a variety of tissues.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 790935711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, within the B-cell lineage, ERP is highly expressed primarily at early stages of B-lymphocyte development, and expression declines drastically upon B-cell maturation, correlating with the enhancer activity of the IgH pi site.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 790935712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that ERP might play a role in B-cell development and in IgH gene regulation.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 791108801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human interleukin-13 activates the interleukin-4-dependent transcription factor NF-IL4 sharing a DNA binding motif with an interferon-gamma-induced nuclear binding factor.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 791108802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of interleukin-13 (IL-13) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) on cellular functions were shown to be quite similar.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 791108803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We provide evidence that in monocytes as well as in T lymphocytes both IL-4 and IL-13 activate the same recently identified transcription factor NF-IL4 which binds to the specific responsive element IL-4RE.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 791108804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, we show that a nuclear factor activated by interferon-gamma also interacts with the IL-4RE.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 791108805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It differs from NF-IL4 in the electrophoretic mobility of the complex with DNA, in its DNA-binding specificity and in the proteins interacting with the DNA sequence.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 791108806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sensitivity against various enzyme inhibitors suggests that components of the signal transduction pathway are shared by all three cytokines.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 791211401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pentoxifylline for the treatment of infection with human immunodeficiency virus.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 791211402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytokine dysregulation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has been documented in numerous studies and has been cited as an important component in the pathogenesis of this retroviral infection.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 791211403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pharmacological modification of cytokine dysregulation, therefore, has been suggested as a therapeutic modality for HIV-1 infection.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 791211404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dr. Dezube of Beth Israel Hospital (Boston) concisely reviews the state of our knowledge regarding the effects of pentoxifylline on expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a cytokine known to influence HIV-1 replication and to play a possible role in the clinical manifestations of advanced infection with this virus.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 791211405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pentoxifylline, a trisubstituted xanthine derivative, has been used to decrease blood viscosity and is reasonably well tolerated by most recipients of the drug.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 791211406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Results of preliminary studies, many of which were conducted by Dr. Dezube, suggest that use of this agent in combination with antiretroviral compounds may prove useful in the treatment of patients with HIV-1 infection.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 791327501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B-dependent and -independent pathways of HIV activation in a chronically infected T cell line.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 791327502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@J delta K cells were isolated as a chronically infected survivor cell line, following infection of Jurkat CD4+ T cells with dl-NF, a mutated strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) containing a deletion of the long terminal repeat (LTR) NF-kappa B sites.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 791327503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@J delta K cells exhibited very low levels of constitutive HIV production.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 791327504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV-1 expression was activated from J delta K cells by treatment with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), sodium butyrate (NaB), or hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), but not tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), confirming the role of NF-kappa B in mediating TNF-alpha induction of HIV transcription.@@@@1@56@@oe@16-12-2010 791327505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The strong induction of HIV expression by NaB or HMBA in J delta K cells clearly demonstrates the existence of NF-kappa B-independent mechanisms of HIV activation in chronically infected cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 791327506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@J delta K cells may provide a useful model for characterizing NF-kappa B-independent transcriptional activation of the HIV LTR.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 791419401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel human homeobox gene distantly related to proboscipedia is expressed in lymphoid and pancreatic tissues.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 791419402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel human homeobox gene, HB9, was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from in vitro stimulated human tonsil B lymphocytes and from a human genomic library.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 791419403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The HB9 gene is composed of 3 exons spread over 6 kilobases of DNA.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 791419404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An open reading frame of 1206 nucleotides is in frame with a diverged homeodomain.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 791419405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The predicted HB9 protein has a molecular mass of 41 kilodaltons and is enriched for alanine, glycine, and leucine.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 791419406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The HB9 homeodomain is most similar to that of the Drosophila melanogaster homeobox gene proboscipedia.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 791419407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot analysis of poly(A) RNA purified from the human B cell line RPMI 8226 and from activated T cells revealed a major mRNA transcript of 2.2 kilobases.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 791419408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar analysis of poly(A) RNA from a variety of adult tissues demonstrated HB9 transcripts in pancreas, small intestine, and colon.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 791419409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to examine HB9 RNA transcripts in hematopoietic cell lines.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 791419410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HB9 RNA transcripts were most prevalent in several human B cell lines and K562 cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 791419411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, transcripts were detected in RNA prepared from tonsil B cells and in situ hybridization studies localized them in the germinal center region of adult tonsil.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 791419412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest the involvement of HB9 in regulating gene transcription in lymphoid and pancreatic tissues.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 791473101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replicative gene expression in tumour cells of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in relation to CD4 cell number and antibody titres to EBV.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 791473102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE: To determine whether activation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replication in tumour cells of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (ARNHL) is correlated with CD4+ cell counts and influences antibody response to EBV [anti-Z Epstein-Barr replicative activator (ZEBRA), anti-early antigen (EA), anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA)].@@@@1@59@@oe@16-12-2010 791473103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DESIGN: Retrospective study based on immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to detect EBV replicative gene products in tissue samples from patients affected by ARNHL and correlation with CD4+ cell counts and results of EBV serology (including anti-ZEBRA activity) in sera from the same patients.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 791473104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS: Seventeen out of 22 cases of ARNHL were selected for the presence of EBV [Epstein-Barr early region (EBER) RNA-positive].@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 791473105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunohistochemistry was performed with anti-ZEBRA, anti-EA-restricted, anti-VCA antibodies and in situ hybridization with BHLF1/NotI oligoprobes on tumour samples.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 791473106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Results were statistically correlated with those of CD4+ cell counts (17 out of 17) and with anti-EBV antibody titres (13 out of 17) assessed using standard immunofluorescence method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedure using recombinant ZEBRA protein and synthetic peptides as antigens.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 791473107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: BZLF1 (ZEBRA) or early gene products (EA-R and EA-D/BHLF1/NotI) were detected in a small proportion (< 0.01-5%) of tumour cells in eight of these 17 cases by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 791473108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Demonstration of replicative gene expression did not correlate with either low CD4+ cell counts (P > 0.05) or anti-EBV antibody titres (P > 0.05).@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 791473109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anti-ZEBRA activity was not significantly increased in patients affected with ARNHL, the cells of which expressed replicative gene products (P > 0.05).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 791473110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSION: The degree of immunodeficiency does not clearly enhance replicative gene expression in tumour cells of ARNHL.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 791473111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EBV serology, including anti-ZEBRA activity, is not a reliable tool for predicting the occurrence of such proliferations.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 791474501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Solution structure of a POU-specific homeodomain: 3D-NMR studies of human B-cell transcription factor Oct-2.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 791474502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The POU DNA-binding motif defines a conserved family of eukaryotic transcription factors involved in regulation of gene expression.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 791474503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This bipartite motif consists of an N-terminal POU-specific domain (POUs), a flexible linker, and a C-terminal POU-specific homeodomain (POUHD).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 791474504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we describe the solution structure of a POU-specific homeodomain.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 791474505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An NMR model is obtained from Oct-2, a human B-cell specific transcription factor which participates in the regulation of immunoglobulin genes.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 791474506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A fragment of Oct-2 containing POUHD and an adjoining linker was expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized by three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (3D-NMR) spectroscopy.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 791474507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Complete 1H and 15N resonance assignment of the POUHD moiety is presented.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 791474508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The POUHD solution structure, as calculated by distance geometry and simulated annealing (DG/SA), is similar to that of canonical homeodomains.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 791474509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A salient difference between solution and crystal structures is observed in the C-terminal segment of alpha-helix 3 (the HTH recognition helix), which is not well ordered in solution.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 791474510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because this segment presumably folds upon specific DNA binding, its flexibility in solution may reduce the intrinsic DNA affinity of POUHD in the absence of POUs.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 791512301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Appraisal of potential therapeutic index of antioxidants on the basis of their in vitro effects on HIV replication in monocytes and interleukin 2-induced lymphocyte proliferation.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 791512302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antioxidant molecules have been suggested to be of therapeutic value in the treatment of HIV-infected patients.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 791512303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To evaluate this possibility, we examined in vitro the effects of two types of antioxidant molecules in terms of inhibition of HIV replication in monocytes, one of the main reservoirs of HIV, and also in terms of modulation of the immune competence as measured by PBMC proliferation.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 791512304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We tested the effects of BHA, a phenolic, lipid-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant, and NAC, a known glutathione precursor with some direct free-radical scavenging properties as well, on the regulation of HIV-1 expression in latently infected U1 cells and in productively and chronically infected U937 cells.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 791512305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both antioxidants inhibited TNF- or PMA-induced NF-kappa B activity in U1 cells, as well as the sustained NF-kappa B activity permanently induced by the virus itself in chronically HIV-infected U937 cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 791512306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This resulted in only a partial inhibition of TNF- or PMA- induced HIV replication in U1 cells, and no detectable effect on HIV replication in chronically infected U937 cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 791512307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This may be the first limitation to potential antiviral effects of antioxidant therapies.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 791512308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Another limitation is that antioxidant concentrations high enough to block NK-kappa B activation were shown to have a suppressive effect on immune functions in vitro, because NAC and BHA blocked IL-2-induced PBMC proliferation.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 791512309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data warrant prudence in the design of antioxidant-based therapies aimed at suppressing HIV replication.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 791551901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signals transduced through the CD4 molecule on T lymphocytes activate NF-kappa B.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 791551902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have demonstrated that native envelope glycoproteins of HIV-1, gp160 can induce activation of the transcription factor, NF-kappa B.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 791551903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The stimulatory effects of gp160 are mediated through the CD4 molecule, since pretreatment with soluble CD4 abrogates its activity.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 791551904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The gp160-induced NF-kappa B complex consists of p65, p50 and c-rel proteins.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 791551905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The stimulatory effect of gp160 on NF-kappa B activation is protein synthesis independent, is dependent upon protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and abrogated by inhibitors of protein kinase C.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 791551906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The gp160-mediated activation of NF-kappa B in CD4 positive T cells may be involved in biological effects, e.g., enhanced HIV replication, hypergammaglobulinemia, increased cytokine secretion, hypercellularity in bone marrow and apoptosis.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 791751401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Role of HIV-1 Nef expression in activation pathways in CD4+ T cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 791751402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) Nef protein in T cell activation pathways was investigated using a Jurkat CD4+ cell line stably transfected with a Nef expression vector.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 791751403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Secretion of IL-2 and TNF-alpha, surface expression of IL-2R, and DNA-binding activity of NF-kappa B and AP-1 (Fos/Jun) complex in response to phorbol myristate acetate, TNF-alpha, or immobilized antibodies to CD3 were monitored.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 791751404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These parameters were not modified by Nef expression in Jurkat cells, whereas stimulation with the same stimuli resulted in partial inhibition of LTR activation in Nef+ Jurkat cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 791751405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This inhibition was not mediated through Nef phosphorylation on Thr-15 or GTP-binding activity because mutations in critical sites did not alter this inhibition.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 791751406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of truncated LTRs confirmed that inhibition of LTR activation was not mediated through NF-kappa B-binding activity but through the region containing the negative responding elements (NREs).@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 791751407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that Nef downmodulates LTR activation without significantly inhibiting the capacity of T cells to respond to immunological activations.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 791808601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Marked basophilia in acute promyelocytic leukaemia treated with all-trans retinoic acid: molecular analysis of the cell origin of the basophils.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 791808602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report a patient with acute promyelocytic leukaemia who developed marked basophilia during all-trans retinoic acid treatment.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 791808603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We studied genomic DNA and RNA extracted from the patient's peripheral leucocytes in order to determine the origin of the basophils.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 791808604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The RAR alpha rearranged band in the Southern blot analysis and a chimaeric product of PML-RAR alpha by polymerase chain reaction were strongly visible before ATRA treatment, but at the time of maximal basophilia both of them were markedly diminished.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 791808605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest that the basophils which appeared during the ATRA treatment are reactive in nature rather than a leukaemic clone.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 791996301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A low NM23.H1 gene expression identifying high malignancy human melanomas.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 791996302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NM23 gene has been proposed as a metastasis-suppressor gene, and its use has been suggested as prognostic factor.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 791996303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NM23 was identified in a system of murine melanoma cell lines, in which an inverse relationship was found between NM23 expression and metastatic ability.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 791996304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a human malignant melanoma study NM23 expression was found to be significantly lower in metastases that developed less than 24 months after diagnosis of the primary tumours.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 791996305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present paper studies the expression of the NM23.H1 gene in cell lines which derive from primary or metastatic human malignant melanomas in relation to staging, infiltration degree, lymphocytic infiltration, cell morphology, cell pigmentation, karyotype, and disease-free survival.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 791996306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The level of mRNA expression of the NM23 gene is significantly lower in cell lines that derive from more infiltrating primary melanomas than in cell lines obtained from less infiltrating tumours.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 791996307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, cell lines derived from tumours of patients with a disease-free survival of more than 24 months (24-58 months) express the NM23 gene at higher levels than cell lines obtained from melanomas of patients with a disease-free survival of less than 24 months (6-15 months).@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 792017901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Novel membrane receptors for aldosterone in human lymphocytes: a 50 kDa protein on SDS-PAGE.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 792017902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fast in vitro effects of aldosterone on the Na+/H(+)-exchanger, inositoltrisphosphate generation and corresponding specific binding to plasma membranes at Kd-values of approximately 0.1 nM have been found in human mononuclear leukocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 792017903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The novel aldosterone membrane receptor was analyzed on SDS-PAGE after labeling of microsomal membranes from human mononuclear leukocytes with a [125I]-aldosterone-derivative by use of BASED as a photoactivatable crosslinker.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 792017904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of 1 nM [125I]-aldosterone was found at a molecular weight of approximately 50 kDa which was absent with 1 microM cold aldosterone, but not cortisol in the binding media.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 792017905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This aldosterone-selectivity is typical and discriminatory for the new aldosterone membrane receptor.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 792017906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Solubilization of the receptor protein from membranes by high salt concentrations (1 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA) was not achieved.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 792017907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It, thus, appears as an integral membrane protein.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 792017908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dithiothreitol, a sulfhydryl agent, does not reduce specific aldosterone binding indicating the absence of SH-groups in the binding domain or sensitive structures of the receptors.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 792017909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results are the first to characterize the novel membrane receptor for aldosterone with regard to molecular weight and basic properties.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 792017910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings and other related results are reviewed here.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 792317501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cells from renal cell carcinoma patients exhibit an abnormal pattern of kappa B-specific DNA-binding activity: a preliminary report.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 792317502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent data suggest that the poor induction of a T-cell response to human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) may be related to alterations in signal transduction pathways.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 792317503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report that T cells from RCC patients have two alterations in kappa B motif-specific DNA-binding activity.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 792317504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The first alteration involves the constitutive expression of substantial kappa B-binding activity in nuclear extracts, which was observed in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 792317505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The magnitude of kappa B activity in unstimulated patient T cells was similar to that observed in T cells from normal individuals that had been activated in vitro.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 792317506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the basis of Western blotting experiments using antibodies to kappa B/Rel family proteins, the kappa B-binding activity constitutively expressed in T cells from RCC patients is composed mostly of the NF-kappa B1 (p50) subunit.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 792317507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The second abnormality in kappa B-binding activity in T cells from these patients is that RelA, a member of the Rel homology family which is part of the normal NF-kappa B complex, was not induced in the nucleus following activation.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 792317508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Western blotting analysis did not detect any RelA in nuclear extracts either before or after stimulation of T cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 792317509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The altered kappa B-binding activity in T cells from RCC patients may impair their capacity to respond normally to various stimuli.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 792530001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of NF-kappa B in vivo is regulated by multiple phosphorylations.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 792530002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) in intact cells is mechanistically not well understood.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 792530003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore we investigated the modifications imposed on NF-kappa B/I kappa B components following stimulation and show that the final step of NF-kappa B induction in vivo involves phosphorylation of several members of the NF-kappa B/I kappa B protein families.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 792530004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In HeLa cells as well as in B cells, TNF-alpha rapidly induced nuclear translocation primarily of p50-p65, but not of c-rel.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 792530005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both NF-kappa B precursors and I kappa B alpha became strongly phosphorylated with the same kinetics.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 792530006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to the inducible phosphorylation after stimulation, B lymphocytes containing constitutive nuclear NF-kappa B revealed constitutively phosphorylated p65 and I kappa B alpha.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 792530007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phosphorylation was accompanied by induced processing of the precursors p100 and p105 and by degradation of I kappa B alpha.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 792530008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As an in vitro model we show that phosphorylation of p105 impedes its ability to interact with NF-kappa B, as has been shown before for I kappa B alpha.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 792530009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surprisingly, even p65, but not c-rel, was phosphorylated after induction in vivo, suggesting that TNF-alpha selectively activates only specific NF-kappa B heteromers and that modifications regulate not only I kappa B molecules but also NF-kappa B molecules.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 792530010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In fact, cellular NF-kappa B activity was phosphorylation-dependent and the DNA binding activity of p65-containing NF-kappa B was enhanced by phosphorylation in vitro.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 792530011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we found that the induction by hydrogen peroxide of NF-kappa B translocation to the nucleus, which is assumed to be triggered by reactive oxygen intermediates, also coincided with incorporation of phosphate into the same subunits that were modified after stimulation by TNF-alpha.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 792530012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, phosphorylation appears to be a general mechanism for activation of NF-kappa B in vivo.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 792556901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo modification of major histocompatibility complex class II DRA promoter occupancy mediated by the AIR-1 trans-activator.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 792556902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RJ 2.2.5 is a human B cell mutant derived from the Burkitt lymphoma Raji cell which is defective in the AIR-1 locus function.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 792556903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This locus encodes a transcriptional trans-activator required for the constitutive expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 792556904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show, by in vivo DNase I footprinting, that the AIR-1 locus defect correlates with changes in the DRA promoter occupancy.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 792556905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, reexpression of human MHC class II genes in RJ 2.2.5 x mouse spleen cell hybrids is associated with partial reversion of DRA promoter occupancy to the Raji pattern.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 792556906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DRA promoter occupancy in other class II-negative B cell lines, derived from patients with bare lymphocyte syndrome, is drastically different from the one observed in RJ 2.2.5 and Raji cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 792556907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, the use of the DNase I as an in vivo footprinting agent reveals that the patients' cell lines do not display a completely "bare promoter" as previously reported using dimethyl sulfate as the footprinting agent.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 792556908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the use of DNase I allowed us, for the first time, to correlate the AIR-1 locus defect with class II promoter occupancy alterations and distinguish these alterations from the ones observed in phenotypically similar but genetically distinct MHC class II-negative cells.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 792626001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mechanism of antiandrogen action: conformational changes of the receptor.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 792626002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Androgen receptor mRNA was translated in vitro, and androgen- and antiandrogen-bound receptor complexes were studied using limited proteolytic digestion by trypsin.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 792626003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Partial proteolysis of androgen-bound receptor protein resulted in a 29-kDa proteolysis-resisting fragment, whereas antiandrogen binding stabilised a 35-kDa fragment.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 792626004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both fragments contain the entire ligand binding domain, and the 35-kDa fragment extended into the hinge region of the receptor.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 792626005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several antiandrogens show agonistic properties for a mutated androgen receptor (LNCaP cell variant); trypsin digestion of antiandrogen-bound mutated receptor also resulted in a 29-kDa fragment.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 792626006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results point to an important difference between antiandrogens and antagonists of other steroid hormone receptors.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 792626007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antiandrogens result in protection of both the hinge region and C-terminus of the androgen receptor agonist proteolytic attack, whereas other studies showed that antiestrogens and antiprogestagens expose the C-terminal end of the ligand binding domain of their respective receptors to protease.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 792626008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differences in conformation of the hinge region distinguish androgen-bound from antiandrogen-bound receptor complexes, which represents an important feature of antiandrogen action.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 792675901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An active v-abl protein tyrosine kinase blocks immunoglobulin light-chain gene rearrangement.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 792675902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphoid cells transformed by Abelson murine leukemia virus have provided one of the classic models for study of early B-cell development and immunoglobulin rearrangement.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 792675903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Most of these cells have rearranged their heavy-chain locus but not their light chain genes, suggesting that an active v-abl protein interferes with this differentiation step.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 792675904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To test this hypothesis, light-chain gene structure was examined in pre-B cells transformed by temperature-sensitive mutants of the Abelson virus and in derivatives that survive at the nonpermissive temperature because they express a human BCL-2 gene.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 792675905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our studies reveal that inactivation of the v-abl protein tyrosine kinase triggers high-frequency rearrangement of kappa and lambda light-chain genes.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 792675906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These events are accompanied by marked increases in the expression of RAG-1 and RAG-2 RNAs.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 792675907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These increases occur in the absence of protein synthesis but are dependent on inactivation of the v-abl protein tyrosine kinase.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 792675908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As documented in the accompanying paper (Klug et al., this issue), an active v-abl protein also suppresses the activity of NF-kappa B/rel and expression controlled by the kappa intron enhancer.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 792675909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Together these data demonstrate that the v-abl protein specifically interferes with light-chain gene rearrangement by suppressing at least two pathways essential for this stage of B-cell differentiation and suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation is important in regulating RAG gene expression.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 792717501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[An overexpression of retinoic acid receptor alpha blocks myeloid cell differentiation at the promyelocyte stage]@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 792717502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A derivative, exerts a wide range of biological effects related to cell proliferation and differentiation.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 792717503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The pleiotropic effects of RA are thought to be mediated through specific nuclear RA receptors (RARs).@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 792717504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RARs are members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily and exhibit a molecular structure that possess discrete DNA-binding and RA (ligand)-binding domains.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 792717505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In hematopoietic system, RA and RARs, predominantly RAR alpha may play key roles for the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 792717506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, it is currently unknown how RA and RARs are involved in regulating normal hematopoietic differentiation.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 792717507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To make clear the roles of RA and RAR alpha in the normal hematopoiesis, I have introduced the construct of human RAR alpha (hRAR alpha) into murine bone marrow cells with retroviral vector, and selected infected cells with drug resistant marker (Neo(r)) cultured on the stroma cell line (PA6-neo), and analyzed the behavior of infected cells.@@@@1@66@@oe@16-12-2010 792717508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All of procedure were done in vitro.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 792717509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Most cells infected with hRAR alpha exhibited promyelocytic morphology and were thought to be blocked at the promyelocytic stage in their myeloid differentiation.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 792717510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, these immature cells differentiated terminally into mature granulocytes by adding with RA (10(-6) M).@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 792717511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RAR alpha infected cells were also able to differentiate into mature macrophages in the both of long term culture and IL3 colony.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 792717512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations suggest that an overexpression of RAR alpha alone is effective to suppress myeloid cell differentiation and RAR alpha plays a crucial role in the terminal differentiation of myeloid precursors.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 792717513@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The system described here may serve as a model for studying the the essential genes for differentiation of normal bone marrow cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 792910401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain expression and nuclear factor.kappa B activation by protein kinase C in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 792910402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Autocrine role of tumor necrosis factor alpha.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 792910403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The regulation of interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (IL-2R alpha) expression and nuclear factor (NF) activation by protein kinase C (PKC) in resting T cells, has been studied.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 792910404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of human resting T cells with phorbol esters strongly induced the expression of IL-2R alpha and the activation of NF.kappa B.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 792910405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This activation was due to the translocation of p65 and c-Rel NF.kappa B proteins from cytoplasmic stores to the nucleus, where they bound the kappa B sequence of the IL-2R alpha promoter either as p50.p65 or as p50.c-Rel heterodimers.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 792910406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, all of those events were largely indirect and mediated by endogenously secreted tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), as they were strongly inhibited by a neutralizing anti-TNF alpha monoclonal antibody.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 792910407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, cyclosporin A, which blocked TNF alpha production induced by PKC, strongly inhibited IL-2R alpha and NF.kappa B activation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 792910408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The addition of either TNF alpha or IL-2 partially recovered cyclosporin A-induced IL-2R alpha inhibition, but only TNF alpha completely recovered NF.kappa B activation.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 792910409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Those results indicate that, in resting T cells, PKC activation has only a triggering role, whereas the endogenously secreted TNF alpha plays an essential role in the quantitative control of the expression of IL-2R alpha chain or NF.kappa B activation.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 792934201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of cellular transcription factor E2F in the regulation of cdc2 mRNA expression and cell cycle control of human hematopoietic cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 792934202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@cdc2 mRNA transcripts were detected in immature bone marrow cells and became undetectable along with differentiation.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 792934203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peripheral blood resting cells did not express cdc2 mRNA, but it was induced in T-lymphocytes when the cells reentered the cell cycle in response to specific mitogens.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 792934204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, cdc2 mRNA could not be induced in granulocytes and monocytes even after the culture with the appropriate stimulants.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 792934205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to investigate the mechanism of the regulation of cdc2 mRNA expression in hematopoietic cells, we isolated the 5'-flanking sequence of the cdc2 gene and found the putative E2F binding site at the position of nucleotides -124 to -117.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 792934206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The binding of E2F at this region was detected by a gel-retardation assay and DNaseI footprinting in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated T-lymphocytes, which was coincident with the expression of cdc2 mRNA.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 792934207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E2F binding was not observed in both granulocytes and monocytes.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 792934208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay revealed that the region containing E2F binding site had a strong promoter activity, and introduction of the mutation at the E2F binding site resulted in a significant loss of the activity.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 792934209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E2F-1 and DP-1 mRNAs were not detectable in granulocytes, monocytes and resting T-lymphocytes but were induced after the mitogenic stimulation of T-lymphocytes.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 792934210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of E2F activity preceded the appearance of cdc2 mRNA, which is consistent with the role of E2F in the regulation of cdc2 mRNA expression.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 792934211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that cdc2 mRNA expression is related to the cell cycling of normal human hematopoietic cells and that E2F plays some roles in the regulation of its expression.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 792935501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Protease inhibitors block lipopolysaccharide induction of tissue factor gene expression in human monocytic cells by preventing activation of c-Rel/p65 heterodimers.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 792935502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tissue factor (TF) is expressed rapidly by human monocytes exposed to bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, or LPS).@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 792935503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional regulation is mediated by binding of c-Rel/p65 heterodimers to a kappa B-like site in the TF promoter.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 792935504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear translocation of cytosolic c-Rel/p65 heterodimers and other members of the NF-kappa B/Rel family requires dissociation and proteolytic degradation of the inhibitor protein, I kappa B alpha.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 792935505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protease inhibitors N alpha-tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) and N alpha-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) block activation of NF-kappa B/Rel proteins by preventing degradation of I kappa B alpha.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 792935506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine if TPCK and TLCK inhibited LPS induction of TF expression, freshly isolated human monocytes and monocytic THP-1 cells were pretreated with these inhibitors for 30 min before LPS stimulation.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 792935507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both TPCK and TLCK inhibited LPS induction of TF protein, TF mRNA and TF promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 792935508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These inhibitors specifically prevented degradation of I kappa B alpha and nuclear translocation of c-Rel/p65 heterodimers.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 792935509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, TPCK and TLCK did not block induction of an immediate-early gene encoding the transcription factor, Egr-1.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 792935510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these data indicated that inhibiting nuclear translocation of c-Rel/p65 heterodimers prevented LPS induction of TF gene transcription in monocytic cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 792982001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@C/EBP beta regulation of the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 792982002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activated macrophages contribute to chronic inflammation by the secretion of cytokines and proteinases.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 792982003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) is particularly important in this process because of its ability to regulate other inflammatory mediators in an autocrine and paracrine fashion.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 792982004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism(s) responsible for the cell type-specific regulation of TNF alpha is not known.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 792982005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We present data to show that the expression of TNF alpha is regulated by the transcription factor C/EBP beta (NF-IL6).@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 792982006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@C/EBP beta activated the TNF alpha gene promoter in cotransfection assays and bound to it at a site which failed to bind the closely related protein C/EBP alpha.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 792982007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, a dominant-negative version of C/EBP beta blocked TNF alpha promoter activation in myeloid cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 792982008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results implicate C/EBP beta as an important regulator of TNF alpha by myelomonocytic cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 793057001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Simultaneous activation of Ig and Oct-2 synthesis and reduction of surface MHC class II expression by IL-6.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 793057002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Terminal differentiation of B cells to plasma cells in vivo is characterized by secretion of Ig and extinction of MHC class II expression on the cell surface.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 793057003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that IL-6 signaling leads to marked increases in the synthesis and secretion of Ig in clonal human B cell lines and newly isolated polyclonal B lymphocytes in vitro.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 793057004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IL-6-induced cells resemble plasma cells in ultrastructure and in reduced expression of surface MHC class II.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 793057005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhanced Ig synthesis is a result of coordinated transcriptional activation of Ig genes without promoter or isotype specificity, and differential accumulation of the mRNA encoding the secreted form of Ig heavy chain.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 793057006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is saturable and subject to negative control when IL-6 stimulation is prolonged.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 793057007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Coordinate with temporal changes in Ig synthesis, the DNA-binding activity and the synthesis of the B cell-enriched transcription factor Oct-2 are regulated.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 793057008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, differentiation of B cells with IL-6 in vitro recapitulates the hallmarks of terminal B differentiation in vivo; Oct-2 may have a role in this process.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 793107701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A family of serine proteases expressed exclusively in myelo-monocytic cells specifically processes the nuclear factor-kappa B subunit p65 in vitro and may impair human immunodeficiency virus replication in these cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 793107702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two groups of U937 promonocytic cells were obtained by limiting dilution cloning which differed strikingly in their ability to support human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 793107703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@"Plus" clones replicated the virus efficiently, whereas "minus" clones did not.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 793107704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We examined these clones for differences in nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B activity which might account for the observed phenomenon.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 793107705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of plus clones liberated the classical p50-p65 complex from cytoplasmic pools, whereas minus clones produced an apparently novel, faster-migrating complex, as judged by electrophoretic mobility shift assays.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 793107706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is surprising that the faster-migrating complex was composed also of p50 and p65.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 793107707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the p65 subunit was COOH-terminally truncated, as shown by immunoprecipitation.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 793107708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The truncation resulted from limited proteolysis of p65 during cellular extraction which released particular lysosomal serine proteases, such as elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 793107709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These specific proteases are coordinately expressed and were present exclusively in the minus U937 clones, but not in the plus clones, as demonstrated in the case of cathepsin G.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 793107710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, these proteases were detected in certain subclones of THP-1 and HL-60 cells and in primary monocytes, in each case correlating with the truncated from of p65.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 793107711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate in vitro cleavage of p65 by purified elastase and cathepsin G.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 793107712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is possible that particular serine proteases may have inhibiting effects on the replication of HIV-1 in myelo-monocytic cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 793107713@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data also demonstrate that special precautions must be taken when making extracts from myelo-monocytic cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 793107901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Positive and negative regulation of the composite octamer motif of the interleukin 2 enhancer by AP-1, Oct-2, and retinoic acid receptor.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 793107902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The differentiating agent retinoic acid (RA) has been previously reported to interfere with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)/Ca(2+)-induced signals for the regulation of the -96 to -66-bp octamer motif found in the enhancer for the interleukin (IL)-2 gene, which encodes a major T lymphocyte growth factor.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 793107903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IL-2 octamer motif is a composite cis-element which binds Oct-1 and Oct-2 as well as a TPA/Ca(2+)-inducible nuclear factor, previously termed octamer-associated protein (OAP40).@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 793107904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here that Oct-2, despite the presence of an active transcriptional activation domain, requires TPA/Ca(2+)-induced signals to strongly transactivate the IL-2 octamer motif in Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 793107905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This Oct-2-dependent transactivation is inhibited by RA.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 793107906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of an intact COOH-terminal domain of Oct-2 contributes to both TPA/Ca(2+)-induced transactivation and the RA-mediated repression.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 793107907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also show that both Fos and Jun components of the AP-1 factors participate in the OAP40 complex.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 793107908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, transfected c-jun, jun-B, jun-D, c-fos, or Fos-B expression vectors partially substitute for TPA and Ca2+ and cooperate with Oct-2 for the transactivation of the combined OAP/octamer cis-element.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 793107909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutations of the genuine octamer-binding site abrogate both the binding of Oct-1 and Oct-2 and the TPA/Ca(2+)-induced transactivation of the OAP/octamer motif.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 793107910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OAP confers to Oct-2 responsivity to both TPA/Ca2+ and RA, since specific mutations of the AP-1/OAP-binding site significantly reduce the transactivation by Oct-2 in response to TPA and Ca2+ and abolish the inhibition by RA.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 793107911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, retinoic acid receptor (RAR) alpha is able to inhibit in vitro the formation of the complex between the nuclear AP-1/OAP and its specific binding site, resulting in the interference with Oct-2-dependent cis-regulatory function of this AP-1 element.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 793107912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, we propose that the TPA/calcium-activated AP-1/OAP element is the main target of positive or negative regulatory signals influencing the IL-2 octamer motif, through synergism with Oct-2 and antagonism by RAR.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 793545101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax activation of NF-kappa B/Rel involves phosphorylation and degradation of I kappa B alpha and RelA (p65)-mediated induction of the c-rel gene.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 793545102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tax gene product of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is a potent transcriptional activator that both stimulates viral gene expression and activates an array of cellular genes involved in T-cell growth.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 793545103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tax acts indirectly by inducing or modifying the action of various host transcription factors, including members of the NF-kappa B/Rel family of enhancer-binding proteins.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 793545104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In resting T cells, many of these NF-kappa B/Rel factors are sequestered in the cytoplasm by various ankyrin-rich inhibitory proteins, including I kappa B alpha.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 793545105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HTLV-I Tax expression leads to the constitutive nuclear expression of biologically active NF-kappa B and c-Rel complexes; however, the biochemical mechanism(s) underlying this response remains poorly understood.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 793545106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we demonstrate that Tax-stimulated nuclear expression of NF-kappa B in both HTLV-I-infected and Tax-transfected human T cells is associated with the phosphorylation and rapid proteolytic degradation of I kappa B alpha.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 793545107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to prior in vitro studies, at least a fraction of the phosphorylated form of I kappa B alpha remains physically associated with the NF-kappa B complex in vivo but is subject to rapid degradation, thereby promoting the nuclear translocation of the active NF-kappa B complex.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 793545108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We further demonstrate that Tax induction of nuclear c-Rel expression is activated by the RelA (p65) subunit of NF-kappa B, which activates transcription of the c-rel gene through an intrinsic kappa B enhancer element.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 793545109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In normal cells, the subsequent accumulation of nuclear c-Rel acts to inhibit its own continued production, indicating the presence of an autoregulatory loop.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 793545110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 793752401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of rat splenocyte proliferation with methylprednisolone: in vivo effect of liposomal formulation.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 793752402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of a liposomal formulation of methylprednisolone (MPL) on the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation in spleen cells was investigated following IV dosing in rats.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 793752403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Liposomes do not alter the suppressive action of MPL when placed in lymphocyte culture.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 793752404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rat splenocytes were found to have greater sensitivity to MPL (EC50 = 7.9 nM) than do human peripheral blood lymphocytes (EC50 = 28 nM).@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 793752405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo studies in rats utilized 2 mg/kg IV bolus doses of liposomal MPL compared to drug in solution.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 793752406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Animals were sacrificed at various times post-dosing until 120 h, spleen was excised and, after incubation of lymphocytes with PHA, splenocyte blastogenic responses were assessed by measuring cellular incorporation of 3H-thymidine.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 793752407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The suppressive effect of liposomal MPL in comparison with free drug was significantly prolonged (> 120 h vs < 18 h).@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 793752408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition effects versus time were described by a pharmacodynamic model using MPL concentrations in plasma as an input function.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 793752409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A nonlinear relationship was found between suppression of splenocyte proliferation and the concentration of bound glucocorticoid receptors in spleen.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 793752410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Only partial receptor occupancy accompanied complete lymphocyte suppression.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 793752411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The suppression of endogenous corticosterone in plasma for both treatments was similar with values from L-MPL rats returning to baseline after 24 h.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 793752412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrate enhanced efficacy of local immunosuppression by targeting spleen with liposomal MPL.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 794527201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Arrested development: understanding v-abl.@@@@1@6@@oe@16-12-2010 794527202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein tyrosine kinase activity of the v-abl oncogene has been demonstrated to subvert the normal second messenger systems used by lymphoid cells for growth and differentiation.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 794527203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transformation of bone marrow with the Abelson murine leukemia virus results in the appearance of B cell lineage cells arrested at the pre-B cell stage.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 794527204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent reports have characterized these cells expressing high v-abl kinase activity as deficient in detectable NF-kappaB DNA binding activity and low level RAG gene expression.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 794527205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations suggest that v-abl may be inhibiting the differentiation of B cells by blocking these two crucial elements in the maturation pathway.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 794913801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Distinct DNase-I hypersensitive sites are associated with TAL-1 transcription in erythroid and T-cell lines.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 794913802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tal-1 gene, frequently activated in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), is expressed in the erythroid, megakaryocytic, and mast cell lineages during normal hematopoiesis.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 794913803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms that control tal-1 expression, we investigated tal-1 chromatin structure in erythroid/megakaryocytic cell lines and in T-cell lines either with or without tal-1 rearrangements.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 794913804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tal-1 transcription was shown to be monoallelic in Jurkat, a T-cell line that expresses tal-1 in the absence of apparent genomic alteration of the locus.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 794913805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Methylation studies indicated that the tal-15' GC-rich region behaves like a CpG island, hypomethylated in normal cells, and methylated de novo on transcriptionally inactive alleles in established cell lines.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 794913806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Five major DNase-I hypersensitive sites (HS) were mapped in the tal-1 locus.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 794913807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HS I, IV, and V were exclusively observed in the erythroid/megakaryocytic cell lines that express tal-1 from the promoters 1a and 1b.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 794913808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HS II was weak in hematopoietic cell lines, absent in Hela, and greatly enhanced in Jurkat, suggesting that this region might be implicated in the cis-activation of tal-1 promoter 1b in this cell line.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 794913809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HS III was weak in HEL and Jurkat, and greatly enhanced in DU528, a T-cell line that bears a t (1;14) and initiates tal-1 transcription within exon 4.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 794913810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that distinct regulatory elements are associated with the use of the different tal-1 promoters.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 795861801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functions of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in immunology and immunopathology.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 795861802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Even a moderate increase in the cellular cysteine supply elevates the intracellular glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels and potentiates immunological functions of lymphocytes in vitro.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 795861803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At low GSSG levels, T cells cannot optimally activate the immunologically important transcription factor NF kappa B, whereas high GSSG levels inhibit the DNA binding activity of NF kappa B.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 795861804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of GSSG are antagonized by reduced thioredoxin (TRX).@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 795861805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As the protein tyrosine kinase activities p56lck and p59fyn are activated in intact cells by hydrogen peroxide, they are likely targets for GSSG action.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 795861806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These redox-regulated enzymes trigger signal cascades for NF kappa B activation and transduce signals from the T cell antigen receptor, from CD4 and CD8 molecules, and from the IL-2 receptor beta-chain.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 795861807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effector phase of cytotoxic T cell responses and IL-2-dependent functions are inhibited even by a partial depletion of the intracellular GSH pool.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 795861808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As signal transduction is facilitated by prooxidant conditions, we propose that the well-known immunological consequences of GSH depletion ultimately may be results of the accompanying GSSG deficiency.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 795861809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As HIV-infected patients and SIV-infected rhesus macaques have, on the average, significantly decreased plasma cyst(e)ine and intracellular GSH levels, we also hypothesize that AIDS may be the consequence of a GSSG deficiency as well.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 796169001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Erythropoietin-dependent induction of hemoglobin synthesis in a cytokine-dependent cell line M-TAT.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 796169002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@M-TAT is a cytokine-dependent cell line with the potential to differentiate along the erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 796169003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We cultured M-TAT cells long term (> 1 year) in the continuous presence of erythropoietin (EPO), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or stem cell factor (SCF).@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 796169004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These long term cultures are referred to as M-TAT/EPO, M-TAT/GM-CSF, and M-TAT/SCF cells, respectively.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 796169005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hemoglobin concentration and gamma-globin and erythroid delta-aminolevulinate synthase mRNA levels were significantly higher in M-TAT/EPO cells than in M-TAT/GM-CSF cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 796169006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When the supplemented cytokine was switched from GM-CSF to EPO, hemoglobin synthesis in M-TAT/GM-CSF cells increased rapidly (within 5 h), and the level of GATA-1 mRNA increased.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 796169007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the addition of GM-CSF to the M-TAT/EPO cell culture decreased the amount of hemoglobin, even in the presence of EPO, indicating that the EPO signal for erythroid differentiation is suppressed by GM-CSF.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 796169008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, erythroid development of M-TAT cells is promoted by EPO and suppressed by GM-CSF.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 796169009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results support the hypothesis that EPO actively influences the programming of gene expression required for erythroid progenitor cell differentiation.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 796448301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One gene, two transcripts: isolation of an alternative transcript encoding for the autoantigen La/SS-B from a cDNA library of a patient with primary Sjogrens' syndrome.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 796448302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A cDNA library was prepared from peripheral blood lymphocytes of an autoimmune patient with primary Sjogrens' syndrome.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 796448303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cDNA library was screened with the patients own autoimmune serum being monospecific for the nuclear autoantigen La/SS-B.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 796448304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thereby an alternative type of La mRNA was identified that differed from the known La mRNA due to an exchange of the exon 1.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 796448305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sequencing of the genomic region between the exons 1 and 2 showed that the alternative 5'-end is a part of the intron.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 796448306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the presence of an alternative promoter site, which exists within the intron downstream of the exon 1, became evident.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 796448307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In consequence, the alternative La mRNA is the result of a promoter switching combined with an alternative splicing mechanism.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 796448308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the intron, further transcription factor binding sites, including a NF-kappa B element, were identified leading to the suggestion that the expression of the gene encoding for the nuclear autoantigen La/SS-B alters in dependence on disease conditions.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 796451601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional Myc-Max heterodimer is required for activation-induced apoptosis in T cell hybridomas.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 796451602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cell hybridomas respond to activation signals by undergoing apoptotic cell death, and this is likely to represent comparable events related to tolerance induction in immature and mature T cells in vivo.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 796451603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous studies using antisense oligonucleotides implicated the c-Myc protein in the phenomenon of activation-induced apoptosis.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 796451604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This role for c-Myc in apoptosis is now confirmed in studies using a dominant negative form of its heterodimeric binding partner, Max, which we show here inhibits activation-induced apoptosis.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 796451605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further, coexpression of a reciprocally mutant Myc protein capable of forming functional heterodimers with the mutant Max can compensate for the dominant negative activity and restore activation-induced apoptosis.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 796451606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results imply that Myc promotes activation-induced apoptosis by obligatory heterodimerization with Max, and therefore, by regulating gene transcription.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 796461601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA-binding studies of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2): evidence for complex formation by latent membrane protein gene promoter-binding proteins in EBNA-2-positive cell lines.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 796461602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2) protein is essential for the immortalization of human primary B cells by EBV.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 796461603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EBNA-2 trans-activates cellular and viral genes like CD23, c-fgr, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and terminal protein 1 (TP1).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 796461604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Trans-activation of the TP1 promoter and of the BamHI C promoter has already been investigated in detail and appears to be mediated via protein-protein interactions and not by direct binding of EBNA-2 type A (of EBV type 1) to the DNA.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 796461605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EBNA-2 is able to trans-activate the expression of the LMP gene in several cell lines.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 796461606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Various reports have delineated the cis-acting elements of the LMP promoter through which EBNA-2 mediates trans-activation.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 796461607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine whether EBNA-2 also trans-activates the LMP promoter by protein-protein interactions, we performed a series of gel retardation assays and competition experiments with LMP promoter fragments of different sizes.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 796461608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We determined that the protein-binding region on the LMP promoter was within a 42 bp fragment encompassing nucleotides -135 to -176 relative to the LMP transcriptional start site.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 796461609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@None of the DNA fragments investigated indicated interaction of EBNA-2 with the DNA via protein-protein interactions.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 796461610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No significant differences between EBNA-2-positive and EBNA-2-negative nuclear extracts could be seen in the gel retardation assay under conditions that clearly showed binding of EBNA-2A to the TP1 promoter.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 796461611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, analysis of sucrose gradient fractions in the gel retardation assay provided evidence that the LMP promoter-binding proteins form a complex of higher M(r) in EBNA-2-positive cell extracts.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 796461612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These complexes were destroyed by detergent.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 796461613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We deduce from these results that EBNA-2-positive cells might indeed contain specific complexes bound to the LMP promoter which are, however, too labile to be detected in a standard gel retardation assay.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 796656901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhanced responsiveness to nuclear factor kappa B contributes to the unique phenotype of simian immunodeficiency virus variant SIVsmmPBj14.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 796656902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Infection with a variant of simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVsmmPBj14, leads to severe acute disease in macaques.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 796656903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study was designed to investigate the functional significance of previously described mutations in the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) and to elucidate their contribution to the unique phenotype of SIVsmmPBj14.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 796656904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LTR-directed transcription was measured by using luciferase reporter constructs that were transiently transfected into cultured cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 796656905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a wide range of cell types, the basal transcriptional activity of the LTR from SIVsmmPBj14 was found to be 2- to 4.5-fold higher than that of an LTR from a non-acutely pathogenic strain.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 796656906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These LTRs differ by five point mutations and a 22-bp duplication in SIVsmmPBj14, which includes a nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) site.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 796656907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional differences between these LTRs were further enhanced by two- to threefold upon treatment of cells with phorbol ester or tumor necrosis factor alpha or by cotransfection with plasmids expressing NF kappa B subunits.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 796656908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutagenesis studies, and the use of a reporter construct containing an enhancerless promoter, indicate that these transcriptional effects are due principally to the 22-bp sequence duplication and the NF kappa B site contained within it.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 796656909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, infectious virus stocks that were isogenic except for the LTR were generated.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 796656910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The LTR from SIVsmmPBj14 was found to confer an increase in the kinetics of virus replication in cultured cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 796656911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inclusion of this LTR in recombinant SIVs also resulted in a two- to threefold rise in the extent of cellular proliferation that was induced in quiescent simian peripheral blood mononuclear cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 796656912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies are consistent with the hypothesis that LTR mutations assist SIVsmmPBj14 in responding efficiently to cellular stimulation and allow it to replicate to high titers during the acute phase of viral infection.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 796914601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of a region which directs the monocytic activity of the colony-stimulating factor 1 (macrophage colony-stimulating factor) receptor promoter and binds PEBP2/CBF (AML1).@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 796914602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The receptor for the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (or colony-stimulating factor 1 [CSF-1]) is expressed from different promoters in monocytic cells and placental trophoblasts.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 796914603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have demonstrated that the monocyte-specific expression of the CSF-1 receptor is regulated at the level of transcription by a tissue-specific promoter whose activity is stimulated by the monocyte/B-cell-specific transcription factor PU.1 (D.-E.Zhang, C.J.Hetherington, H.-M.Chen, and D.G.Tenen, Mol.Cell. Biol.14:373-381, 1994).@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 796914604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that the tissue specificity of this promoter is also mediated by sequences in a region II (bp -88 to - 59), which lies 10 bp upstream from the PU.1-binding site.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 796914605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When analyzed by DNase footprinting, region II was protected preferentially in monocytic cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 796914606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that region II interacts specifically with nuclear proteins from monocytic cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 796914607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two gel shift complexes (Mono A and Mono B) were formed with separate sequence elements within this region.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 796914608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Competition and supershift experiments indicate that Mono B contains a member of the polyomavirus enhancer-binding protein 2/core-binding factor (PEBP2/CBF) family, which includes the AML1 gene product, while Mono A is a distinct complex preferentially expressed in monocytic cells.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 796914609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Promoter constructs with mutations in these sequence elements were no longer expressed specifically in monocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 796914610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, multimerized region II sequence elements enhanced the activity of a heterologous thymidine kinase promoter in monocytic cells but not other cell types tested.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 796914611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that the monocyte/B-cell-specific transcription factor PU.1 and the Mono A and Mono B protein complexes act in concert to regulate monocyte-specific transcription of the CSF-1 receptor.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 796917701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A factor that regulates the class II major histocompatibility complex gene DPA is a member of a subfamily of zinc finger proteins that includes a Drosophila developmental control protein.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 796917702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel DNA sequence element termed the J element involved in the regulated expression of class II major histocompatibility complex genes was recently described.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 796917703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To study this element and its role in class II gene regulation further, a cDNA library was screened with oligonucleotide probes containing both the S element and the nearby J element of the human DPA gene.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 796917704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several DNA clones were obtained by this procedure, one of which, clone 18, is reported and characterized here.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 796917705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It encodes a protein predicted to contain 688 amino acid residues, including 11 zinc finger motifs of the C2H2 type in the C-terminal region, that are Kruppel-like in the conservation of the H/C link sequence connecting them.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 796917706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 160 N-terminal amino acids in the nonfinger region of clone 18 are highly homologous with similar regions of several other human, mouse, and Drosophila sequences, defining a subfamily of Kruppel-like zinc finger proteins termed TAB (tramtrack [ttk]-associated box) here.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010 796917707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the Drosophila sequences, ttk, is a developmental control gene, while a second does not contain a zinc finger region but encodes a structure important in oocyte development.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 796917708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An acidic activation domain is located between the N-terminal conserved region of clone 18 and its zinc fingers.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 796917709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This protein appears to require both the S and J elements, which are separated by 10 bp for optimal binding.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 796917710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antisense cDNA to clone 18 inhibited the expression of a reporter construct containing the DPA promoter, indicating its functional importance in the expression of this class II gene.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 797521801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus SM protein.@@@@1@5@@oe@16-12-2010 797521802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein products of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BMLF1 open reading frame have been characterized in the early productive cycle in B95-8 and Akata cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 797521803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The SM protein derived from the spliced RNA joining BSLF2 to BMLF1 is much the most abundant protein.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 797521804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SM is a phosphoprotein in EBV-infected cells and can be phosphorylated in vitro with casein kinase II (CKII).@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 797521805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Computer analysis of the SM protein sequence showed a C terminal section of SM to be related to genome positional homologues of four other herpesviruses and revealed consensus CKII sites near the N termini of the EBV SM protein, the herpes simplex virus (HSV) ICP27 protein and the herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) open reading frame 57 protein.@@@@1@62@@oe@16-12-2010 797521806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Site-directed mutagenesis of the consensus CKII site in EBV SM greatly reduced the in vitro phosphorylation of SM by CKII.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 797521807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism of transactivation by BMLF1 proteins has been controversial but SM was shown to transactivate gene expression from a CAT reporter construct by increasing the amount of cytoplasmic CAT mRNA.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 797521808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutagenesis of the CKII site in SM made no difference to the transactivation in this transient transfection assay.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 798144401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Prevalence of aneuploidy, overexpressed ER, and overexpressed EGFR in random breast aspirates of women at high and low risk for breast cancer.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 798144402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Breast tissue biomarkers which accurately predict breast cancer development within a 10 year period in high risk women are needed but currently not available.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 798144403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We initiated this study to determine 1) the prevalence of one or more breast tissue abnormalities in a group of women at high risk for breast cancer, and 2) if the prevalence of biomarker abnormalities is greater in high risk than in low risk women.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010 798144404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eligible high risk women were those with a first degree relative with breast cancer, prior breast cancer, or precancerous mastopathy.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 798144405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Low risk women were those without these or other major identifiable risk factors.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 798144406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ductal cells were obtained via random fine needle aspirations and cytologically classified.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 798144407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Biomarkers included DNA ploidy, estrogen receptor (ER), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 798144408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The prevalence of DNA aneuploidy was 30%, overexpression of ER 10%, and overexpression of EGFR 35%, in the 206 high risk women whose median 10 year Gail risk (projected probability) of developing breast cancer was 4.5%.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 798144409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The prevalence of aneuploidy and overexpressed EGFR was significantly higher in the high risk women than in the 25 low risk controls (p < 0.002), whose median 10 year Gail risk was 0.7%.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 798144410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The difference in the prevalence of ER overexpression between high and low risk groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.095).@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 798144411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This may be due to the low prevalence of overexpressed ER and the small number of controls.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 798144412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A significant difference was noted in the prevalence of one or more abnormal biomarkers between the high risk and low risk women (p < 0.001).@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 798144413@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A large prospective trial is needed to determine if one or more of these biomarkers, is predictive of breast cancer development.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 798160301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of lymphoid cells.@@@@1@6@@oe@16-12-2010 798160302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of cell death in lymphoid cells by glucocorticoids is one of the earliest and most thoroughly studied models of apoptosis.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 798160303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although the exact mechanism by which apoptosis occurs in lymphocytes is unknown many biochemical and molecular changes have been shown to occur in these cells in response to glucocorticoids.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 798160304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of chromatin degradation and endonucleases in the apoptotic process has been closely studied, as well as the involvement of several oncogenes in glucocorticoid-induced cell lysis.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 798160305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the clinical importance of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in the treatment of lymphoid neoplasms has recently received increased attention.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 798295901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of NFATp in cyclosporin A-sensitive tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene transcription.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 798295902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) gene is an immediate early gene in activated T cells, in that it is rapidly induced without a requirement for protein synthesis.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 798295903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Maximal induction of TNF alpha mRNA can be induced by treatment of T cells with calcium ionophores alone, via a calcineurin-dependent process that is blocked by cyclosporin A.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 798295904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously identified a promoter element, kappa 3, that is required for calcium-stimulated, cyclosporin A-sensitive induction of the TNF alpha gene in activated T cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 798295905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we demonstrate that the kappa 3 binding factor contains NFATp, a cyclosporin-sensitive DNA-binding protein required for interleukin-2 gene transcription.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 798295906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NFATp binds to two sites within the kappa 3 element, and occupancy of both sites is required for TNF alpha gene induction.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 798295907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, although the kappa 3 element has little sequence similarity to other NFATp-binding sites, it appears to function as a cyclosporin-sensitive promoter element in T cells by virtue of its ability to bind NFATp.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 798295908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The involvement of NFATp in transcriptional activation of both the interleukin-2 and TNF alpha genes suggests that this factor plays an important role in the coordinate induction of multiple cytokine genes, starting at the earliest stages of T cell activation.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 798370101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by a Tat-activated, transduced interferon gene: targeted expression to human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 798370102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined the feasibility of using interferon (IFN) gene transfer as a novel approach to anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) therapy in this study.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 798370103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To limit expression of a transduced HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-IFNA2 (the new approved nomenclature for IFN genes is used throughout this article) hybrid gene to the HIV-1-infected cells, HIV-1 LTR was modified.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 798370104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletion of the NF-kappa B elements of the HIV-1 LTR significantly inhibited Tat-mediated transactivation in T-cell lines, as well as in a monocyte line, U937.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 798370105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Replacement of the NF-kappa B elements in the HIV-1 LTR by a DNA fragment derived from the 5'-flanking region of IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), containing the IFN-stimulated response element, partially restored Tat-mediated activation of LTR in T cells as well as in monocytes.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 798370106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Insertion of this chimeric promoter (ISG15 LTR) upstream of the human IFNA2 gene directed high levels of IFN synthesis in Tat-expressing cells, while this promoter was not responsive to tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated activation.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 798370107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ISG15-LTR-IFN hybrid gene inserted into the retrovirus vector was transduced into Jurkat and U937 cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 798370108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Selected transfected clones produced low levels of IFN A (IFNA) constitutively, and their abilities to express interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 receptor upon stimulation with phytohemagglutinin and phorbol myristate acetate were retained.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 798370109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhancement of IFNA synthesis observed upon HIV-1 infection resulted in significant inhibition of HIV-1 replication for a period of at least 30 days.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 798370110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Virus isolated from IFNA-producing cells was able to replicate in the U937 cells but did not replicate efficiently in U937 cells transduced with the IFNA gene.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 798370111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that targeting IFN synthesis to HIV-1-infected cells is an attainable goal and that autocrine IFN synthesis results in a long-lasting and permanent suppression of HIV-1 replication.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 798371701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus nuclear protein 2 transactivation of the latent membrane protein 1 promoter is mediated by J kappa and PU.1.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 798371702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) oncogene is regulated by the EBV nuclear protein 2 (EBNA-2) transactivator.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 798371703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EBNA-2 is known to interact with the cellular DNA-binding protein J kappa and is recruited to promoters containing the GTGGGAA J kappa recognition sequence.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 798371704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The minimal EBNA-2-responsive LMP-1 promoter includes one J kappa-binding site, and we now show that mutation of that site, such that J kappa cannot bind, reduces EBNA-2 responsiveness by 60%.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 798371705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To identify other factors which interact with the LMP-1 EBNA-2 response element (E2RE), a -236/-145 minimal E2RE was used as a probe in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 798371706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The previously characterized factors J kappa, PU.1, and AML1 bind to the LMP-1 E2RE, along with six other unidentified factors (LBF2 to LBF7).@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 798371707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding sites were mapped for each factor.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 798371708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LBF4 is B- and T-cell specific and recognizes the PU.1 GGAA core sequence as shown by methylation interference.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 798371709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LBF4 has a molecular mass of 105 kDa and is probably unrelated to PU.1.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 798371710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LBF2 was found only in epithelial cell lines, whereas LBF3, LBF5, LBF6, and LBF7 were not cell type specific.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 798371711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutations of the AML1- or LBF4-binding sites had no effect on EBNA-2 transactivation, whereas mutation of the PU.1-binding site completely eliminated EBNA-2 responses.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 798371712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A gst-EBNA-2 fusion protein specifically depleted PU.1 from nuclear extracts and bound in vitro translated PU.1, providing biochemical evidence for a direct EBNA-2-PU.1 interaction.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 798371713@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, EBNA-2 transactivation of the LMP-1 promoter is dependent on interaction with at least two distinct sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins, J kappa and PU.1.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 798371714@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LBF3, LBF5, LBF6, or LBF7 may also be involved, since their binding sites also contribute to EBNA-2 responsiveness.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 798619901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, a potent inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation, prevents apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells and thymocytes.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 798619902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We examined the effect of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), which potently blocks the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), on the induction of apoptosis by a variety of agents.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 798619903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60, with 10 micrograms/mL etoposide or 2 microM 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine induced NF-kappa B activation within 1 hr and subsequently caused apoptosis within 3-4 hr.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 798619904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The simultaneous addition of 50-500 microM PDTC with these agents blocked NF-kappa B activation and completely abrogated both morphologically apoptotic changes and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation for up to 6 hr.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 798619905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, PDTC failed to inhibit the endonuclease activity contained in the whole cell lysates.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 798619906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibitory effect of PDTC was also observed in etoposide- and dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in human thymocytes at a concentration of 1-10 microM.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 798619907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since PDTC has both antioxidant and metal-ion chelating activities, we tested the effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) (antioxidant) or o-phenanthroline (OP) (metal-ion chelator) on the induction of apoptosis.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 798619908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pretreatment of HL-60 cells or thymocytes with 100-500 microM OP for 2 hr, but not 10-60 mM NAC, suppressed subsequent occurrence of apoptosis induced by etoposide.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 798619909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that the activation of NF-kappa B plays an important role in the apoptotic process of human hematopoietic cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 798952001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No evidence for the expression of the progesterone receptor on peripheral blood lymphocytes during pregnancy [see comments]@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 798952002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of the progesterone receptor in human peripheral blood lymphocytes was analysed, using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Abbott PgR-EIA monoclonal), in order to evaluate its prognostic character in the context of spontaneous abortion.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 798952003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytosols were prepared from lymphocytes of 24 healthy pregnant women (11 first, 10 second and three third trimester), seven healthy non-pregnant women, nine women with recurrent spontaneous abortion, and six healthy men.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 798952004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, a human breast carcinoma cell line (ZR-75-1), which expresses the progesterone receptor, was analysed throughout.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 798952005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ZR-75-1 cell line showed an expression of 642 fmol/mg whereas lymphocytes of pregnant women showed an expression < or = 4 fmol/mg.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 798952006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocytes of non-pregnant women, women with threatened pre-term delivery, and men showed equivalent levels: 3 +/- 1, 3 +/- 2 and 5 +/- 4 fmol/mg respectively.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 798952007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results show that there is no evidence of specific expression of the progesterone receptor in pregnancy and exclude any prognostic character in spontaneous abortion.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 798952008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A role for the progesterone receptor in the mechanism of the known effect of progesterone on peripheral blood lymphocytes is also excluded.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 798974501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differential regulation of proto-oncogenes c-jun and c-fos in T lymphocytes activated through CD28.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 798974502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The T cell surface molecule CD28 binds to ligands on accessory cells and APCs, playing an important costimulatory role in the response of T cells to Ags.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 798974503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our knowledge of the intracellular signaling pathways coupled to this receptor is incomplete.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 798974504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to activation of phospholipase C gamma 1, ligation of this receptor also seems to activate a calcium-independent, CD28-specific pathway.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 798974505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this paper, we report that cross-linking of CD28 (but not CD2, CD5, LFA-1, or CD7) leads to an elevation of c-jun mRNA, with only minimal activation of c-fos expression.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 798974506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD28-dependent induction of c-jun expression requires protein tyrosine kinase activity, but does not depend on activation of a phorbol ester-responsive protein kinase C or elevation of cytosolic calcium.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 798974507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, CD28-dependent elevation of c-jun mRNA does not appear to be mediated at the level of mRNA stability.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 798974508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A mechanism is suggested whereby expression of c-jun and junB, in the absence of members of the fos family, can prevent inappropriate activation of T cells caused by ligation of CD28 in the absence of a specific antigenic stimulus.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 799605801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Influence of age on the production of Fos and Jun by influenza virus-exposed T cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 799605802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study investigated age-related T cell responses after in vitro exposure to influenza A virus.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 799605803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mononuclear leukocytes from young or elderly persons were sham-exposed or exposed to influenza virus for 1, 24, and 72 h.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 799605804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometric analysis were then used to detect T cells producing the transcriptional regulating proteins Fos and Jun.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 799605805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fewer virus-exposed cells from elderly donors stained for Fos and Jun at each data point compared with cells from young donors.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 799605806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Flow cytometric analysis also showed that at 72 h of virus exposure fewer T cells from the elderly produced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), suggesting a link between the magnitude of the Fos and Jun and IFN-gamma responses.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 799605807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, failure of virus-exposed T cells to produce Fos and Jun could contribute to the increase in illness due to influenza virus in the elderly.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 799896201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive nuclear NF-kappa B in cells of the monocyte lineage.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 799896202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In monocytes, the nuclear factor NF-kappa B has been invoked as an important transcription factor in the expression of cytokine genes, of cell-surface receptors and in the expression of human immunodeficiency virus.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 799896203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In such cells, DNA binding activity of NF-kappa B can be detected without intentional stimulation.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 799896204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In our studies, cells of the human monocytic line Mono Mac 6, cultured in medium containing fetal-calf serum and low levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also exhibit such 'constitutive' NF-kappa B, as demonstrated by mobility-shift analysis of nuclear extracts.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 799896205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This nuclear NF-kappa B was still present when contaminant LPS was removed by ultrafiltration and when serum was omitted.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 799896206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Protein-DNA complexes of constitutive NF-kappa B are similar in mobility to the LPS-induced NF-kappa B and both are recognized by an antibody specific to the p50 subunit of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 799896207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, treatment of cells with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) will only block LPS-induced NF-kappa B, but not the constitutive binding protein.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 799896208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using LPS-free and serum-free conditions, constitutive NF-kappa B can be detected in different cell lines of the monocytic lineage (HL60, U937, THP-1, Mono Mac 1 and Mono Mac 6), but not in Molt 4 T cells or K562 stem cells.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 799896209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When ordered according to stage of maturation, the amount of constitutive NF-kappa B was not increased in more mature cell lines.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 799896210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, when inducing differentiation in Mono Mac 6 cells, with vitamin D3, no change in constitutive or inducible NF-kappa B can be detected.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 799896211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of primary cells revealed substantial constitutive NF-kappa B-binding activity in blood monocytes, pleural macrophages and alveolar macrophages.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 799896212@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The constitutive NF-kappa B appears to be functionally active, since a low level of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) transcript is detectable in monocytes, and this level can be increased by blocking transcript degradation using cycloheximide.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 799896213@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The level of constitutive NF-kappa B in these cells is variable and is frequently found to be lower in the more mature macrophages.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 799896214@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive NF-kappa B was not maintained by autocrine action of cytokines TNF, interleukin 6, interleukin 10, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or macrophage colony-stimulating factor, since neutralizing antibodies did not reduce constitutive DNA-binding activity.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 799896215@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, blockade of prostaglandin or leukotriene biosynthesis did not affect constitutive NF-kappa B.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 799896216@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 800917101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of Oct2-isoform expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated B lymphocytes.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 800917102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oct2-isoform expression in splenic B cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide plus phorbol-di-butyrate was analysed by cDNA cloning.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 800917103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The frequency of Oct2-positive clones was 1/15,000 in both libraries.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 800917104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two new isoforms were found that generate novel amino- or carboxy-terminal sequences.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 800917105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An isoform lacking exon 11 destroyed the carboxy-terminal leucin-zipper region and introduced a frame shift creating a novel, proline-rich carboxy terminus.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 800917106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A new exon containing a highly basic region (4c) was characterized, between exons 4 and 5.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 800917107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This exon was inserted between glutamine-rich regions 2 and 3, carboxy terminal of a tentative leucine-zipper structure.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 800917108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, a new combination isoform containing Oct2a's amino terminal insert (exon 7a) and Oct2b's carboxy terminal insert (exon 13) was found that created a novel large isoform, Oct2ab.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 800917109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@More frequent use of the classical Oct2a and Oct2b isoforms was observed in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated B cells, while a preference for the Oct2ab and Oct2ba isoforms was observed in lipopolysaccharide plus phorbol-di-butyrate-treated cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 801128001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Function and activation of NF-kappa B in the immune system.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 801128002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B is a ubiquitous transcription factor.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 801128003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nevertheless, its properties seem to be most extensively exploited in cells of the immune system.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 801128004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Among these properties are NF-kappa B's rapid posttranslational activation in response to many pathogenic signals, its direct participation in cytoplasmic/nuclear signaling, and its potency to activate transcription of a great variety of genes encoding immunologically relevant proteins.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 801128005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vertebrates, five distinct DNA binding subunits are currently known which might extensively heterodimerize, thereby forming complexes with distinct transcriptional activity, DNA sequence specificity, and cell type- and cell stage-specific distribution.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 801128006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activity of DNA binding NF-kappa B dimers is tightly controlled by accessory proteins called I kappa B subunits of which there are also five different species currently known in vertebrates.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 801128007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@I kappa B proteins inhibit DNA binding and prevent nuclear uptake of NF-kappa B complexes.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 801128008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An exception is the Bcl-3 protein which in addition can function as a transcription activating subunit in th nucleus.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 801128009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Other I kappa B proteins are rather involved in terminating NF-kappa B's activity in the nucleus.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 801128010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The intracellular events that lead to the inactivation of I kappa B, i.e. the activation of NF-kappa B, are complex.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 801128011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They involve phosphorylation and proteolytic reactions and seem to be controlled by the cells' redox status.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 801128012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interference with the activation or activity of NF-kappa B may be beneficial in suppressing toxic/septic shock, graft-vs-host reactions, acute inflammatory reactions, acute phase response, and radiation damage.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 801128013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibition of NF-kappa B activation by antioxidants and specific protease inhibitors may provide a pharmacological basis for interfering with these acute processes.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 801211001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gene for a tissue-specific transcriptional activator (EBF or Olf-1), expressed in early B lymphocytes, adipocytes, and olfactory neurons, is located on human chromosome 5, band q34, and proximal mouse chromosome 11.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 801211002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Murine B lymphocytes, adipocytes, and olfactory neurons contain a DNA-binding protein that participates in the regulation of genes encoding tissue-specific components of signal transduction.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 801211003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Purification and cloning of this protein, termed early B-cell factor (EBF), from murine B lymphocytes and independent cloning of a protein, termed Olf-1, from olfactory neuronal cells revealed virtual complete amino acid sequence identity between these proteins.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 801211004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a first step towards identifying a human genetic disorder or mouse mutation for which EBF could be a candidate gene, we have chromosomally mapped the corresponding locus in both species.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 801211005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By Southern hybridization analyses of somatic cell hybrid panels with murine cDNA probe, fluorescence chromosomal in situ hybridization (FISH) of human genomic clones, and analysis of recombinant inbred mouse strains, we have found single sites for EBF homologous sequences on human Chromosome (Chr) 5, band q34, and on proximal mouse Chr 11, in an evolutionarily conserved region.@@@@1@68@@oe@16-12-2010 801402901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased interleukin 2 transcription in murine lymphocytes by ciprofloxacin.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 801402902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The fluoroquinolone antibiotic, ciprofloxacin (cipro), induces hyperproduction of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 801402903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this investigation an enhanced and prolonged IL-2 and IL-2 mRNA response was also detected in both stimulated (T cell mitogens or alloantigens) murine splenocytes and in the stimulated murine T cell line EL-4 in the presence of ciprofloxacin (5-80 micrograms/ml) as compared to control cells without antibiotics.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 801402904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in contrast to human lymphocytes, IFN-gamma production was inhibited and IFN-gamma mRNA levels were unaffected at 24 h and only slightly upregulated at 48 and 72 h of culture in murine splenocytes incubated with cipro (20 micrograms/ml).@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 801402905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EL-4 cells were transfected with a plasmid containing the IL-2 promoter and enhancer region linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 801402906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of CAT activity revealed that cipro enhanced IL-2 gene induction.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 801402907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, EL-4 cells incubated with ciprofloxacin showed an early peak and more activated nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT-1) as compared to control cells without antibiotics.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 801402908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cipro did not affect the nuclear transcription factors AP-1 or NFIL-2A.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 801402909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, cipro inhibited IFN-gamma synthesis, but enhanced IL-2 production in murine lymphocytes by means of influencing NFAT-1 and causing an increased IL-2 transcription.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 801555201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Multiple prolactin-responsive elements mediate G1 and S phase expression of the interferon regulatory factor-1 gene.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 801555202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) gene is both an immediate-early G1 phase gene and an S phase gene inducible by PRL in rat Nb2 T lymphocytes.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 801555203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To understand the mechanism by which PRL regulates the biphasic expression of IRF-1, we cloned the rat IRF-1 gene and functionally characterized the IRF-1 promoter.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 801555204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upon transfection into Nb2 T cells, 1.7 kilobases (kb) of IRF-1 5'-flanking DNA linked to a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene mediated a 30-fold induction of CAT enzyme activity in response to 24 h of PRL stimulation.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 801555205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletion mutants containing 1.3, 0.6, and 0.2 kb 5'-flanking DNA were incrementally less transcriptionally active, although 0.2 kb still mediated a 12-fold induction by PRL.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 801555206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The sequence between -1.7 and -0.2 kb linked to a heterologous thymidine kinase promoter failed to respond to PRL stimulation, suggesting that the activity of upstream PRL response elements may require an interaction with promoter-proximal elements.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 801555207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By assaying CAT enzyme activity across a 24-h PRL induction time course, we were able to assign G1 vs. S phase PRL responses of the IRF-1 gene to different regions of the IRF-1 5'-flanking and promoter DNA.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 801555208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 0.2-kb IRF-CAT construct was induced by PRL stimulation during the G1 phase of the cell cycle.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 801555209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the 1.7-kb IRF-CAT construct was inducible by PRL during both G1 and S phase of the cell cycle.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 801555210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hence, the PRL-induced biphasic expression of the IRF-1 gene appears to be controlled by separate PRL-responsive elements: elements in the first 0.2 kb of the IRF-1 promoter region act during early activation, and elements between 0.2 and 1.7 kb act in concert with the proximal 0.2-kb region during S phase progression.@@@@1@55@@oe@16-12-2010 801555301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nonpituitary human prolactin gene transcription is independent of Pit-1 and differentially controlled in lymphocytes and in endometrial stroma.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 801555302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the human PRL (hPRL) gene in extrapituitary sites such as the uterus (decidualized endometrial stroma and myometrium) and cells of the hematopoietic lineage is directed by an alternative promoter which is located approximately 6 kilobases (kb) upstream of the pituitary-specific start site.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 801555303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to delineate the tissue-specific mechanisms governing the control of nonpituitary PRL gene expression, we have cloned and sequenced 3 kb 5'-flanking DNA of the upstream decidual/lymphoid (dPRL) promoter.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 801555304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Based on sequence homology we identified two binding motifs for Pit-1 and seven half-sites for glucocorticoid receptor/progesterone receptor (PR) binding.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 801555305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We focused our studies on the role of Pit-1 and of PR as potential transcriptional regulators, since the POU domain protein Pit-1 is essential in the control of pituitary PRL expression, and progesterone induces decidual transformation of the endometrial stroma, a differentiation process during which the decidual PRL gene is activated.@@@@1@55@@oe@16-12-2010 801555306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate in a variety of cell types, including lymphocytes and endometrial stroma, that Pit-1 is not involved in the regulation of dPRL promoter/reporter gene constructs carrying 3 kb 5'-flanking DNA.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 801555307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our experiments also show that activated PR does not confer direct transcriptional control on the dPRL promoter.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 801555308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When we compared the activity of the transfected dPRL promoter in PRL-secreting and nonsecreting lymphoid cells, we found that the 3 kb 5'-flanking region of the dPRL promoter did not contain elements restricting expression to only those lymphocytes that produce PRL but allowed expression of fusion reporter genes irrespective of the status of the endogenous PRL gene.@@@@1@59@@oe@16-12-2010 801555309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This was in sharp contrast to endometrial cells where 3 kb 5'-flanking DNA conferred strong transcriptional activation on the dPRL promoter in decidualized endometrial stromal cells actively secreting PRL, but did not allow transcription in undifferentiated non-PRL-secreting endometrial stromal cells.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 801555310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the dPRL promoter construct in these undifferentiated cells could however be induced by the addition of cAMP, in the absence of progesterone, suggesting that a signal transduced through the cAMP signaling pathway is a primary inducer of decidual PRL gene expression.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 801855801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of early growth response 1 gene transcription and pp90rsk during induction of monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 801855802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present work has studied mechanisms responsible for induction of early growth response 1 (EGR-1) gene expression during monocytic differentiation of U-937 myeloid leukemia cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 801855803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differentiation of U-937 cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an activator of the serine/threonine protein kinase C, was associated with transcriptional activation of EGR-1 promoter-reporter constructs.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 801855804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The EGR-1 promoter contains six CC(A/T)6GG (CArG) motifs.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 801855805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two 5'-most distal CArG sequences conferred TPA inducibility.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 801855806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, there was little effect of TPA on EGR-1 transcription in a TPA-resistant U-937 cell variant, designated TUR.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 801855807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of both U-937 and TUR cells with okadaic acid, an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, was associated with induction of monocytic differentiation and EGR-1 transcription through the 5'-most CArG element.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 801855808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since these findings supported the involvement of serine/threonine protein phosphorylation in the regulation of EGR-1 expression, we studied activation of the 40S ribosomal protein S6 serine/threonine kinases, pp70S6K and pp90rsk.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 801855809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although both kinases participate in regulating cell growth, there was no detectable activation of pp70S6K during TPA- or okadaic acid-induced monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 801855810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, rapamycin, an inhibitor of pp70S6K activation, had no effect on induction of EGR-1 expression.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 801855811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, analysis of pp90rsk activity by phosphorylation of a peptide derived from S6 protein demonstrated stimulation of this kinase in TPA-treated U-937, and not TUR, cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 801855812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Okadaic acid treatment of both cell types was associated with activation of pp90rsk.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 801859401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of prostaglandin E2 on Th0-type human T cell clones: modulation of functions of nuclear proteins involved in cytokine production.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 801859402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on cytokine production and proliferation of the CD4+ human helper T cell clone SP-B21 were investigated.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 801859403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In cells stimulated with anti-CD3 mAb, PGE2 inhibited cell proliferation and the production of all the cytokines examined.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 801859404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of rIL-2 fully restored the proliferative response and partially restored the production of IL-4 and IL-5, but not that of other cytokines.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 801859405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, in cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/A23187, PGE2 enhanced the production of IL-4 and IL-5, and only partially inhibited the production of other cytokines.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 801859406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, the effects of PGE2 vary depending on the mode of T cell activation, and the IL-4 and IL-5 are regulated differently from other cytokines.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 801859407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a mobility shift assay, only the NF-kappa B (p50/p50) homodimer was observed in a complex formed with the kappa B sequence in unstimulated SP-B21 cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 801859408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 mAb or PMA/A23187, a complex formation of NF-kappa B (p50/p65) heterodimer with the kappa B sequence was induced.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 801859409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, PGE2 or di-butyryl (Bt2)cAMP abolished the binding of NF-kappa B (p50/p65) heterodimer to the kappa B sequence in cells stimulated with anti-CD3 mAb but not with PMA/A23187.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 801859410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results suggest that the target of PGE2 action is a component in the signal transduction pathway leading to the activation of protein kinase C.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 801859411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the inhibition of the T cell activation signals by PGE2 is selective.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 801859412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PGE2 enhanced the complex formation with NF-AT, AP-1 and CLE0 sequences when the cells were activated by either anti-CD3 mAb or PMA/A23187 stimulation.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 801859413@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It seems therefore that PGE2, by elevating cAMP levels, interferes with the activation pathway for NF-kappa B but not for NF-AT, AP-1 or CLE0 binding protein.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 801955501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Description and functional implications of a novel mutation in the sex-determining gene SRY.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 801955502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The sex-determining gene SRY was screened for molecular alteration in an XY sex-reversed female by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 801955503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An A-to-G transition was detected which leads to an exchange of a tyrosine by a cysteine in the SRY protein.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 801955504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The affected tyrosine residue located at the C terminus of the DNA binding protein is evolutionarily strongly conserved among the members of the HMG box containing proteins.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 801955505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using gel shift assay and peptide synthesis such a mutation is shown to abolish the SRY protein DNA binding ability.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 801955506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The involvement of this particular amino acid in the binding specificity is also discussed.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 803823401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 down-regulates IL-2-, IL-3-, and GM-CSF-induced cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 803823402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4, a product of the T-helper 0 (Th0) and 2 (Th2) subset, was originally described as a B-cell stimulatory factor and has subsequently been found to suppress IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha gene expression in monocytes stimulated with LPS, and to upregulate IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL1-RA) gene expression.@@@@1@65@@oe@16-12-2010 803823403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study we investigated the effect of IL-4 on the expression of cytokine genes in monocytes evoked by other T-helper cell cytokines: IL-2, IL-3, and GM-CSF.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 803823404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 down-regulated mRNA accumulation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 beta, IL-8, and TNF-alpha in monocytes stimulated with IL-2, IL-3, and GM-CSF.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 803823405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 also suppressed the IL-2-induced IL-6 mRNA expression.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 803823406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Temporal analysis of the IL-4 down-regulatory effect on the IL-2-, IL-3-, or GM-CSF-induced proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in monocytes provided evidence that IL-4 acts predominantly on the post-transcriptional level.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 803823407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This was supported by the observation that the down-regulatory capacity of IL-4 appeared to be dependent on de novo protein synthesis.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 803823408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 did not exert significant influence on the induction of expression of IL-1-RA or various CSFs by IL-2, IL-3, and GM-CSF.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 803823409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 803924301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Long-term inositol phosphate release, but not tyrosine kinase activity, correlates with IL-2 secretion and NF-AT induction in anti-CD3-activated peripheral human T lymphocytes.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 803924302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cascade of events within the first few minutes of T cell stimulation has been well characterized.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 803924303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although many second messengers have been shown to be necessary and sufficient for T cell activation in a number of model systems, the rate-limiting step in peripheral T cells has not been demonstrated.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 803924304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To model effective versus ineffective CD3-mediated stimulation in peripheral T cells, we used two anti-CD3 mAbs that differ in their ability to stimulate purified T cells: OKT3, which causes early second messenger generation but is unable to activate T cells without a second signal, and 64.1, which stimulates T cell proliferation on its own.@@@@1@60@@oe@16-12-2010 803924305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that tyrosine kinase activity was similar for both mAbs over a period of hours.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 803924306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the inositol phosphate response was stronger for 64.1 than for OKT3.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 803924307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To tie these events to gene activation, we measured NF-kappa B and NF-AT activity in the nucleus after anti-CD3 stimulation.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 803924308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both stimuli induced the appearance of the NF-kappa B components (c-Rel, p65 (RelA), and p50 (NF-kappa B1)) and NF-kappa B DNA binding activity in the nucleus.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 803924309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, only 64.1 induced NF-AT in the nucleus, correlating with its ability to activate T cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 803924310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, NF-AT induction and IL-2 secretion were correlated with the levels of inositol phosphate release but not with gross levels of tyrosine kinase activity induced late following the response.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 803924311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the other hand, NF-kappa B induction and IL-2 receptor expression occurred even with the smaller second messenger response generated by OKT3.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 804350901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Corticosteroid receptors in lymphocytes: a possible marker of brain involution?@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 804350902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A similarity has recently been found between the regulation of corticosteroid receptors in brain and in lymphoid tissue.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 804350903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have studied the regulation of corticosteroid receptors in human mononuclear leukocytes as a possible marker of brain involution.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 804350904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Type I corticosteroid receptors are down regulated by excess of mineralocorticoids (primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism, pseudohyperaldosteronism) and of glucocorticoids (Cushing's syndrome).@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 804350905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Type II corticosteroid receptors are not reduced by excess of endogenous corticosteroids (Cushing's syndrome).@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 804350906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In normal adults there is a direct significant correlation between plasma cortisol and Type I and between plasma cortisol and Type II receptors in mononuclear leukocytes, while in Cushing's syndrome the correlation is inverse between plasma cortisol at 8 a.m. and Type II receptors.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 804350907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an aged population the mean numbers of Type I and of Type II receptors are lower and plasma cortisol is higher than in adult controls, but the increase of plasma cortisol is not followed by a clinical picture of hypercorticism.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 804350908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Corticosteroid Type I and Type II receptors are inversely correlated with age.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 804350909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After dexamethasone suppression (1 mg at 11 p.m.) Type I receptors always decrease in controls while the response of Type II is not homogeneous.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 804350910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an aged group of patients, both receptors are reduced by dexamethasone.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 804350911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that the decrease with age of corticosteroid receptors is possibly related to a physiological involution of corticosteroid receptors and that this reduction does increase plasma cortisol concentration, without affecting the glucocorticoid effector mechanism.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 805105101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mitogen activation of human peripheral T lymphocytes induces the formation of new cyclic AMP response element-binding protein nuclear complexes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 805105102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A large body of evidence indicates that experimental agents which raise cellular cAMP levels inhibit T cell growth and division.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 805105103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, many studies have reported that mitogen activation of T cells increases cAMP levels, implying a positive physiological role for cAMP in the activation process.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 805105104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study we demonstrate that mitogen activation of human peripheral T lymphocytes induces nuclear factors that form complexes with cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB).@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 805105105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Four complexes are identified by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, two of which are induced by mitogen activation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 805105106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All four complexes contain CREB and are bound to the cAMP response element (CRE) core sequence (TGACGTCA), as indicated by antibody and oligonucleotide competition experiments.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 805105107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of the four complexes to CRE is prevented by dephosphorylation of nuclear extracts and is restored by rephosphorylation with cAMP-dependent protein kinase or endogenous kinases.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 805105108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar complexes are detected in nuclear extracts of Jurkat cells.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 805105109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mitogen induction of the electrophoretic mobility shift assay complexes is not accounted for by protein phosphorylation or by induction of CREB.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 805105110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rather, the data indicate that mitogen increases the levels of a nuclear factor(s) that dimerizes with CREB.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 805105111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of new CREB complexes implies a physiological role for cAMP in mitogen activation of T lymphocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 805117201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase, CD45, and T cell receptor involvement in UV- and H2O2-induced T cell signal transduction.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 805117202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several mammalian responses to UV irradiation, including the activation of NF-kappa B, are believed to involve tyrosine phosphorylation.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 805117203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@UV irradiation and H2O2 treatment of T lymphocytes induce protein tyrosine phosphorylation and Ca2+ signals similar to those observed following biological stimulation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 805117204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined the role of cell surface molecules in these responses.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 805117205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Normal T lymphocytes whose surface expression of CD3 was depleted showed impaired UV-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and Ca2+ signals.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 805117206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similarly, Jurkat T cell lines deficient in CD3 or CD45 expression also gave impaired UV responses.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 805117207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, all these cell types still gave strong Ca2+ and tyrosine phosphorylation responses to H2O2.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 805117208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The T cell tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 was found to be highly responsive to UV and H2O2 treatment.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 805117209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ZAP-70 responsiveness to UV required expression of both CD3 and CD45, whereas only CD3 was required for the response to H2O2.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 805117210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@UV-induced activation of NF-kappa B was blocked by CD3 depletion, indicating the importance of such cell surface molecules in biological responses to UV.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 805117211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In nonlymphoid cells, the epidermal growth factor receptor displayed increased tyrosine phosphorylation within seconds of UV irradiation.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 805117212@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that UV-induced signal transduction is mediated via cell surface receptors that normally respond to biological stimulation, whereas H2O2 is able to partially bypass this requirement.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 805285401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of NF-kappa B by sodium salicylate and aspirin [see comments]@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 805285402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) is critical for the inducible expression of multiple cellular and viral genes involved in inflammation and infection including interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and adhesion molecules.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 805285403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The anti-inflammatory drugs sodium salicylate and aspirin inhibited the activation of NF-kappa B, which further explains the mechanism of action of these drugs.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 805285404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This inhibition prevented the degradation of the NF-kappa B inhibitor, I kappa B, and therefore NF-kappa B was retained in the cytosol.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 805285405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sodium salicylate and aspirin also inhibited NF-kappa B-dependent transcription from the Ig kappa enhancer and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) in transfected T cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 805395001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of glucocorticoids in rheumatoid arthritis.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 805395002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Diminished glucocorticoid receptors do not result in glucocorticoid resistance.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 805395003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE.@@@@1@2@@oe@16-12-2010 805395004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have diminished receptor density; thus, patients with RA should show partial resistance to glucocorticoids.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 805395005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated the glucocorticoid sensitivity of lymphocytes in RA patients compared with healthy subjects.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 805395006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS.@@@@1@2@@oe@16-12-2010 805395007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We determined the effects of glucocorticoids on lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine release.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 805395008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS.@@@@1@2@@oe@16-12-2010 805395009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proliferation and cytokine release were inhibited in RA patients to the same extent as in healthy controls.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 805395010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSION.@@@@1@2@@oe@16-12-2010 805395011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Diminished receptor density in RA patients does not result in glucocorticoid resistance.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 805447701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Positive and negative regulation of IL-2 gene expression: role of multiple regulatory sites.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 805447702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an important lymphokine required in the process of T cell activation, proliferation, clonal expansion and differentiation.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 805447703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IL-2 gene displays both T cell specific and inducible expression: it is only expressed in CD4+ T cells after antigenic or mitogenic stimulation.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 805447704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several cis-acting regulatory sites are required for induction of the IL-2 gene after stimulation.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 805447705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we have analysed the function of these cis-acting regulatory sites in the context of the native IL-2 enhancer and promoter sequence.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 805447706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results of this study suggest that the NFAT (-276 to -261), the distal octamer (-256 to -248) and the proximal octamer (-75 to -66) sites not only act as enhancers of IL-2 gene transcription in the presence of cellular stimulation, but also have a silencing effect on IL-2 gene expression in resting cells.@@@@1@63@@oe@16-12-2010 805447707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two other sites display disparate effects on IL-2 gene expression in different T leukemia cell lines: the distal purine box (-291 to -277) and the proximal purine box sites (-145 to -128).@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 805447708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, the AP-1 (-186 to -176) and the kappa B sites (-206 to -195) respond to different cellular activation in EL4 cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 805447709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The AP-1 site mediated the response to PMA stimulation while the kappa B site responded to IL-1 stimulation.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 805447710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that the regulation of IL-2 gene expression is a complex process and multiple cis-acting regulatory sites interact to exert different effects in T cells representative of alternative stages of differentiation.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 806053101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tat-binding protein 7 is a subunit of the 26S protease.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 806053102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Subunit 6 (S6), an integral component of the 26S protease from human erythrocytes, has been studied by SDS-PAGE, peptide mapping and sequence analysis.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 806053103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@S6 was cleaved with CNBr and three internal peptides were sequenced.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 806053104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A comparison with known proteins in Genbank revealed that all three S6 peptides match the predicted sequence of TBP7, Tat-binding protein 7.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 806053105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Based on peptide matches covering more than 10% of the TBP7 sequence, and the fact that the migration of S6 on SDS-PAGE is consistent with the estimated molecular mass for TBP7, we conclude that subunit 6 of the 26S protease is TBP7.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 806244801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Superantigens activate HIV-1 gene expression in monocytic cells.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 806244802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of superantigens to MHC class II molecules results in transduction of biochemical signals leading to cellular activation and gene expression.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 806244803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that the staphylococcal superantigens toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) activate HIV-1-LTR-driven transcription of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase in the human monocytic cell line THP-1.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 806244804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of HIV-1-LTR-driven transcription in THP-1 cells by superantigens was associated with the induction of nuclear factor-kappa B DNA-binding activity.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 806244805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Superantigens also increased viral protein secretion from the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-pretreated chronically infected human monocytic cell line U1.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 806244806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of HIV-1 gene expression in monocytic cells by superantigens occurred via tumor necrosis factor-alpha-dependent and -independent mechanisms.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 806244807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results suggest that superantigens and other MHC class II ligands may activate HIV-1 gene expression in monocytes/macrophages.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 806325501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Leiomyosarcoma of the vulva: report of a case.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 806325502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 52-year-old female presented with a progressively enlarging vulvar mass.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 806325503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pathological evaluation revealed a high-grade vulvar leiomyosarcoma.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 806325504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies were performed to support the diagnosis.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 806325505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an effort to better understand the biology of this tumor additional immunohistochemical studies for the protein product of p53 tumor suppressor gene and estrogen receptor expression by tumor cells, as well as the type of immune cells infiltrating the tumor were performed.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 806325506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor cells showed an overexpression of p53 protein and were estrogen receptor-positive.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 806325507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Macrophages and T and B lymphocytes infiltrated the tumor in moderate numbers with occasional lymphoid aggregate formation.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 806325508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study is the first attempt to better understand the biology of these tumors.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 806533101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA-binding and transcriptional regulatory properties of hepatic leukemia factor (HLF) and the t(17;19) acute lymphoblastic leukemia chimera E2A-HLF.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 806533102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The t(17;19) translocation in acute lymphoblastic leukemias results in creation of E2A-hepatic leukemia factor (HLF) chimeric proteins that contain the DNA-binding and protein dimerization domains of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) protein HLF fused to a portion of E2A proteins with transcriptional activation properties.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010 806533103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An in vitro binding site selection procedure was used to determine DNA sequences preferentially bound by wild-type HLF and chimeric E2A-HLF proteins isolated from various t(17;19)-bearing leukemias.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 806533104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All were found to selectively bind the consensus sequence 5'-GTTACGTAAT-3' with high affinity.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 806533105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Wild-type and chimeric HLF proteins also bound closely related sites identified previously for bZIP proteins of both the proline- and acidic amino acid-rich (PAR) and C/EBP subfamilies; however, E2A-HLF proteins were significantly less tolerant of certain deviations from the HLF consensus binding site.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 806533106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These differences were directly attributable to loss of an HLF ancillary DNA-binding domain in all E2A-HLF chimeras and were further exacerbated by a zipper mutation in one isolate.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 806533107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both wild-type and chimeric HLF proteins displayed transcriptional activator properties in lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells on reporter genes containing HLF or C/EBP consensus binding sites.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 806533108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@But on reporter genes with nonoptimal binding sites, their transcriptional properties diverged and E2A-HLF competitively inhibited activation by wild-type PAR proteins.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 806533109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings establish a spectrum of binding site-specific transcriptional properties for E2A-HLF which may preferentially activate expression of select subordinate genes as a homodimer and potentially antagonize expression of others through heteromeric interactions.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 806534801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Displacement of an E-box-binding repressor by basic helix-loop-helix proteins: implications for B-cell specificity of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 806534802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activity of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) enhancer is restricted to B cells, although it binds both B-cell-restricted and ubiquitous transcription factors.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 806534803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the enhancer in non-B cells upon overexpression of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein E2A appears to be mediated not only by the binding of E2A to its cognate E box but also by the resulting displacement of a repressor from that same site.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 806534804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have identified a "two-handed" zinc finger protein, denoted ZEB, the DNA-binding specificity of which mimics that of the cellular repressor.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 806534805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By employing a derivative E box that binds ZEB but not E2A, we have shown that the repressor is active in B cells and the IgH enhancer is silenced in the absence of binding competition by bHLH proteins.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 806534806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hence, we propose that a necessary prerequisite of enhancer activity is the B-cell-specific displacement of a ZEB-like repressor by bHLH proteins.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 806799701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of activation of transcription factor AP-1 by CD28 signalling in human T-cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 806799702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Co-stimulation of T-lymphocytes by T-cell receptor (TcR) occupancy and activation of the CD28 surface molecule results in enhanced proliferation and interleukin 2 (IL-2) production.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 806799703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The increase in IL-2 gene expression triggered by CD28 involves a kappa B-like sequence in the 5'-regulatory region of the IL-2 promoter, called CD28-responsive element.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 806799704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of T-cells by agonistic anti-CD28 antibodies in conjunction with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)- or TcR-derived signals induces the enhanced activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 806799705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that CD28 engagement, however, exerts opposite effects on the transcription factor AP-1.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 806799706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas anti-CD28 together with PMA increased the DNA binding and trans-activation activity of NF-kappa B, PMA-induced activation of AP-1 was significantly suppressed.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 806799707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibitory effect exerted by anti-CD28 was observed at the level of DNA binding as well as in functional reporter-gene assays.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 806799708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that the two transcription factors are independently regulated and may perform different functions during T-cell activation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 807766001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of phospholipase D in the activation of transcription factor AP-1 in human T lymphoid Jurkat cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 807766002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of the AP-1 transcription factor has been ascribed to the early events leading to T lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 807766003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined the possibility that stimulation of phospholipase D (PLD) may regulate activation of transcription factor AP-1 in human T cells by transfecting human T lymphocyte Jurkat cells with a plasmid containing an AP-1 enhancer element and a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 807766004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have detected activatable PLD in Jurkat cells, and we have found that addition of phosphatidic acid (PA), the physiologic product of PLD action on phospholipids, is rapidly incorporated into Jurkat cells and leads to activation of transcription factor AP-1.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 807766005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of Jurkat cells with anti-CD3 mAb activated both PLD and transcription factor AP-1.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 807766006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Wortmannin, an inhibitor of receptor-coupled PLD activation, blocked the anti-CD3-induced increases in both PLD activity and AP-1 enhancer activity.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 807766007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found a good correlation in the transfected cells between PLD activation and induction of AP-1 enhancer activity under different experimental conditions.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 807766008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, ethanol, an inhibitor of the PLD pathway, blocked the anti-CD3-stimulated AP-1 enhancer activity.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 807766009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, this anti-CD3-mediated response was not inhibited by neomycin, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide hydrolysis.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 807766010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The increases in AP-1 enhancer activity induced by PA or anti-CD3 mAb were efficiently abrogated by the presence of propranolol, an inhibitor of PA phosphohydrolase and protein kinase C (PKC).@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 807766011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the PA- and the anti-CD3-induced increases in AP-1 enhancer activity were blocked by the presence of PKC inhibitors or by PKC down-regulation.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 807766012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate that PLD stimulation can activate the transcription factor AP-1 in T lymphocytes, and suggest that the induction of AP-1 enhancer factor activity by PA is mediated via PKC stimulation, either through a direct activating effect of PA or through PA-derived diacylglycerol formation.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 807766013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data also provide evidence for a role of PLD-derived lipids in the induction of AP-1 enhancer activity resulting from stimulation of the TCR/CD3 complex, suggesting that increased PLD activity can play an important role in T lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 807766201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of IL-8 expression in T cells uses the CD28 costimulatory pathway.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 807766202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-8, a potent chemotactic factor for neutrophil granulocytes and lymphocytes, is a proinflammatory cytokine secreted by a variety of cell types, including T cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 807766203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of the CD28 cell surface molecule delivers costimulatory signals essential for lymphokine production in activated T cells via a conserved sequence element found in the promoter of several lymphokine genes.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 807766204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anti-CD28-stimulated T cells produced significant amounts of IL-8; additionally, costimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 Abs resulted in a synergistic induction of IL-8 secretion.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 807766205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sequence homology, single nucleotide mutations, and anti-CD28 Ab stimulation studies established that the NF-kappa B-like sequence in the promoter of the IL-8 gene functioned as a CD28 response element.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 807766206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, cyclosporin A, but not rapamycin, blocked the synergistic induction of IL-8 expression achieved with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 costimulation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 807766207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The involvement of a CD28 response element in the induction of IL-8 expression in activated T cells may provide new insights into the pathogenesis and persistence of immune disorders characterized by increased levels of IL-8, such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 807999201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The severe phenotype of females with tiny ring X chromosomes is associated with inability of these chromosomes to undergo X inactivation.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 807999202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mental retardation and a constellation of congenital malformations not usually associated with Turner syndrome are seen in some females with a mosaic 45,X/46,X,r(X) karyotype.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 807999203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies of these females show that the XIST locus on their tiny ring X chromosomes is either not present or not expressed.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 807999204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As XIST transcription is well correlated with inactivation of the X chromosome in female somatic cells and spermatogonia, nonexpression of the locus even when it is present suggests that these chromosomes are transcriptionally active.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 807999205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We examined the transcriptional activity of ring X chromosomes lacking XIST expression (XISTE-), from three females with severe phenotypes.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 807999206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two tiny ring X chromosomes studied with an antibody specific for the acetylated isoforms of histone H4 marking transcribed chromatin domains were labeled at a level consistent with their being active.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 807999207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also examined tow of the XISTE- ring chromosomes to determine whether genes that are normally silent on an inactive X are expressed from these chromosomes.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 807999208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analyses of hybrid cells show that TIMP, ZXDA, and ZXDB loci on the proximal short arm, and AR and PHKA1 loci on the long arm, are well expressed from the tiny ring X chromosome lacking XIST DNA.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 807999209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies of the ring chromosome that has XIST DNA but does not transcribe it show that its AR allele is transcribed along with the one on the normal X allele.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 807999210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 808346701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signals and nuclear factors that regulate the expression of interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 genes in helper T cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 808346702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mouse thymoma line EL-4 cells produce cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-10, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA).@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 808346703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EL-4 cells also produce low levels of IL-5 when stimulated by PMA alone; however, cAMP greatly augments PMA-dependent IL-5 production.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 808346704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A transient transfection assay revealed that two signals, PMA and cAMP, are required for optimal activation of the IL-5 promoter.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 808346705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, cAMP almost completely inhibited the PMA-dependent activation of the endogenous IL-2 gene, as well as the transfected IL-2 promoter.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 808346706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that the IL-5 gene is positively regulated by cAMP in a manner opposite to that for the IL-2 gene.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 808346707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the nuclear factors (NFs) that regulates the response of the IL-5 promoter to cAMP and PMA has properties similar to NF for activated t cell.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 808346708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The P sequence of the IL-4 gene, defined as a responsive element for PMA and calcium ionophore (A23187), shares sequence similarity with the NF kappa B and the NF-activated T cell binding sites.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 808346709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We attempted to determine whether NF(P), a nuclear factor specific for the P sequence, is related to NF-kappa B and nuclear factor for activated T cell (NF-AT).@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 808346710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In electromobility shift assays both NF-kappa B (P65 or P65/P50 heterodimer) and NF-AT bound to the P sequence.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 808346711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, sequence specificity of NF-AT was more similar to that of NF(P), and only a small amount of P65 was detected in NF(P).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 808346712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that a component or components of NF-AT have the potential to reconstitute NF(P), whereas NF-kappa B alone does not account for NF(P) in Jurkat crude extract.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 808346713@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these results suggest that NF-AT-like factors are involved in the regulation of IL-4 and IL-5 genes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 808515501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An interleukin-4-induced transcription factor: IL-4 Stat.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 808515502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is an immunomodulatory cytokine secreted by activated T lymphocytes, basophils, and mast cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 808515503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It plays an important role in modulating the balance of T helper (Th) cell subsets, favoring expansion of the Th2 lineage relative to Th1.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 808515504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Imbalance of these T lymphocyte subsets has been implicated in immunological diseases including allergy, inflammation, and autoimmune disease.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 808515505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 may mediate its biological effects, at least in part, by activating a tyrosine-phosphorylated DNA binding protein.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 808515506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This protein has now been purified and its encoding gene cloned.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 808515507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Examination of the primary amino acid sequence of this protein indicates that it is a member of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) family of DNA binding proteins, hereby designated IL-4 Stat.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 808515508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Study of the inhibitory activities of phosphotyrosine-containing peptides derived from the intracellular domain of the IL-4 receptor provided evidence for direct coupling of receptor and transcription factor during the IL-4 Stat activation cycle.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 808515509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such observations indicate that IL-4 Stat has the same functional domain for both receptor coupling and dimerization.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 808877601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Structure and expression of the human GATA3 gene.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 808877602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GATA3, a member of the GATA family that is abundantly expressed in the T-lymphocyte lineage, is thought to participate in T-cell receptor gene activation through binding to enhancers.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 808877603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To understand GATA3 gene regulation, we cloned the human gene and the 5' end of the mouse GATA3 gene.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 808877604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that the human GATA3 gene contains six exons distributed over 17 kb of DNA.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 808877605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two human GATA3 zinc fingers are encoded by two separate exons highly conserved with those of GATA1, but no other structural homologies between these two genes can be found.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 808877606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human and mouse GATA3 transcription units start at a major initiation site.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 808877607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The promoter sequence analysis of these two genes revealed that they are embedded within a CpG island and share structural features often found in the promoters of housekeeping genes.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 808877608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, we show that a DNA fragment containing the human GATA3 transcription unit, 3 kb upstream from the initiation site and 4 kb downstream from the polyadenylation site, displays T-cell specificity.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 808886001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mechanisms involved in the inhibition of growth of a human B lymphoma cell line, B104, by anti-MHC class II antibodies.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 808886002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanisms involved in the inhibition of growth of a human B lymphoma cell line, B104, by anti-MHC class II antibodies (Ab) were compared with those in anti-IgM Ab-induced B104 growth inhibition.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 808886003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two anti-MHC class II Ab, L227 and 2.06, inhibited the growth of B104 cells, although 2.06, but not L227, needed to be further cross-linked with a goat anti-mouse IgG Ab (GAM) to show the effect.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 808886004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@L227 induced an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) from the intracellular pool and little or no protein tyrosine phosphorylation, phosphatidyl inositol turnover, or expression of Egr-1 mRNA, whereas 2.06 plus GAM induced an increase in [Ca2+]i from both the intracellular and, in particular, the extracellular pools.@@@@1@56@@oe@16-12-2010 808886005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibition of B104 cell growth induced by anti-MHC class II Ab was Ca(2+)-independent and not inhibited by actinomycin D or cyclosporin A, and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M interphase was not observed.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 808886006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These features are very different from those observed in B104 cell death induced by anti-IgM Ab.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 808886007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither DNA fragmentation nor the morphology of apoptosis was observed.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 808886008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings demonstrate that cross-linking of MHC class II molecules transduced the negative signals through intracellular mechanisms different from those present in the cross-linking of surface IgM.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 809516701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human CD4 lymphocytes specifically recognize a peptide representing the fusion region of the hybrid protein pml/RAR alpha present in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 809516702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fusion proteins present in leukemic cells frequently contain a new amino acid at the fusion point.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 809516703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We tested whether a peptide (BCR1/25) encompassing the fusion region of the hybrid molecule pml/RAR alpha, which is selectively expressed by acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells, can be recognized by human T lymphocytes in vitro.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 809516704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD4+ lymphocytes, at both polyclonal and clonal level, recognized peptide BCR1/25 in an HLA-DR--restricted fashion on presentation by autologous antigen-presenting cell (APC) or by APC expressing the HLA-DR11 restricting molecule.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 809516705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Control peptides corresponding to the normal pml and RAR alpha proteins were not recognized.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 809516706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One clone (DEG5) also exerted a high and specific cytotoxicity against autologous cells pulsed with BCR1/25.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 809516707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The autologous DE LCL containing a transduced pml/RAR alpha fusion gene and expressing a bcr1 type of the pml/RAR alpha hybrid protein induced the proliferation of DE anti-BCR1/25 T cell clones.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 809516708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is concluded that the bcr1 type-pml/RAR alpha fusion protein of APL contains an antigenic site, absent from the normal parent molecules and recognized by human CD4+ lymphocytes.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 809609101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B controls expression of inhibitor I kappa B alpha: evidence for an inducible autoregulatory pathway.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 809609102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The eukaryotic transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) participates in many parts of the genetic program mediating T lymphocyte activation and growth.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 809609103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear expression of NF-kappa B occurs after its induced dissociation from its cytoplasmic inhibitor I kappa B alpha.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 809609104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phorbol ester and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induction of nuclear NF-kappa B is associated with both the degradation of performed I kappa B alpha and the activation of I kappa B alpha gene expression.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 809609105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection studies indicate that the I kappa B alpha gene is specifically induced by the 65-kilodalton transactivating subunit of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 809609106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Association of the newly synthesized I kappa B alpha with p65 restores intracellular inhibition of NF-kappa B DNA binding activity and prolongs the survival of this labile inhibitor.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 809609107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Together, these results show that NF-kappa B controls the expression of I kappa B alpha by means of an inducible autoregulatory pathway.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 809651901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Sp1 transcription factor binds the CD11b promoter specifically in myeloid cells in vivo and is essential for myeloid-specific promoter activity.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 809651902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The myeloid integrin CD11b is expressed selectively on the surface of mature macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 809651903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lineage-specific expression is controlled at the level of mRNA transcription.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 809651904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent isolation of the CD11b promoter shows that 92 base pairs (bp) of 5'-flanking DNA are sufficient to direct myeloid-specific expression of a reporter gene.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 809651905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To characterize regulatory sequences important for promoter activity, we performed linker scanning analysis of the 92-bp CD11b promoter and demonstrate that a sequence at bp -60 is essential for CD11b promoter activity.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 809651906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that this sequence binds the transcription factor Sp1 in vitro and in vivo.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 809651907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo the Sp1 site is bound only in myeloid (U937) cells, not in cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 809651908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the macrophage transcription factor PU.1 binds the CD11b promoter in vitro and in vivo close to the Sp1 site.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 809651909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose a model in which binding of a myeloid-specific factor (PU.1) allows a general factor (Sp1) to bind in a tissue-specific fashion thereby contributing to the myeloid-specific expression of CD11b.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 809861801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of primary human T-lymphocytes through CD2 plus CD28 adhesion molecules induces long-term nuclear expression of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 809861802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of highly purified human T-cells via CD2 and CD28 adhesion molecules induces and maintains proliferation for more than 3 weeks.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 809861803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This potent interleukin 2 (IL-2)-dependent activation does not require monocytes or accessory cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 809861804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Long-lasting IL-2 receptivity is associated with high-level expression of the inducible IL-2 receptor alpha chain (IL-2R alpha) gene that is regulated at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 809861805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increase of IL-2R alpha gene transcription involves the enhanced binding of the transcription factor NF-kappa B to its consensus sequence in the 5'-regulatory region of the IL-2R alpha gene.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 809861806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To dissect the molecular basis for the unusually persistent transcription of the IL-2R alpha gene, we analyzed nuclear NF-kappa B binding to a radiolabeled IL-2R alpha kappa B-specific oligonucleotide probe during the time course of CD2 + CD28 activation.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 809861807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Resting T-cell nuclear extracts contained KBF1/p50 homodimer.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 809861808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After stimulation, two new kappa B-specific complexes were identified as NF-kappa B p50-p65 heterodimer and putative c-Rel homodimer or c-Rel-p65 heterodimer.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 809861809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both inducible complexes persisted for at least 3 weeks.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 809861810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Their relative levels were very similar for the duration of proliferation.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 809861811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In parallel, CD2 + CD28 activation triggered a significant intracellular thiol decrease, suggesting that oxygen radicals are involved in the signaling pathway of adhesion molecules.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 809861812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, micromolar amounts of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an oxygen radical scavenger that efficiently blocked the nuclear appearance of NF-kappa B in T-lymphocytes, also inhibited IL-2 secretion, IL-2R alpha cell surface expression, and T-cell proliferation.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 809861813@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Together, these results suggest that NF-kappa B plays an important role in long-term activation of human primary T-lymphocytes via CD2 + CD28.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 809888101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synergism between the CD3 antigen- and CD2 antigen-derived signals.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 809888102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Exploration at the level of induction of DNA-binding proteins and characterization of the inhibitory activity of cyclosporine.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 809888103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have demonstrated earlier that the crosslinkage of the CD3/TCR complex with the CD2 antigen results in the proliferation of normal human T cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 809888104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of this synergism was perceptible at the level of induction of the IL-2 gene, a process critical for T cell growth.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 809888105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To further understand the molecular and nuclear basis for this synergism, we have explored the induction of DNA-binding proteins in highly purified normal human T cells signaled via the CD3 and/or CD2 proteins.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 809888106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of transmembrane signaling of T cells with ionomycin, and/or sn-1,2 dioctanoyl glycerol, was also determined.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 809888107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The emergence of nuclear binding proteins was investigated using interleukin-2 sequence specific oligonucleotide probes in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 809888108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our studies demonstrate for the first time that CD3 antigen-derived signals and CD2 antigen-derived signals are synergistic in inducing the emergence of transcription factors that bind to the NF-AT1, AP-1, and NF-kB sites located in the promoter/enhancer region of the IL-2 gene.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 809888109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, cyclosporine, at concentrations readily accomplished in clinical practice, was found to inhibit the emergence of these DNA-binding proteins in normal human T cells signaled via cell surface proteins implicated in antigen-dependent T cell activation and in T cells stimulated by mobilization of cellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C.@@@@1@55@@oe@16-12-2010 810110601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antisense oligonucleotides to the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B block CD11b expression and alter adhesion properties of differentiated HL-60 granulocytes.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 810110602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B is a pleiotropic regulator of a variety of genes implicated in the cellular response to injury.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 810110603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This function has been attributed to the coordinated binding of subunits of NF-kappa B to distinct regions of the promoter elements of numerous genes, including cytokines, growth factor receptors, and adhesion molecules.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 810110604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides to the p50 and p65 subunits of the NF-kappa B complex were used to define the physiologic role of this transcription factor in resting and stimulated granulocytes.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 810110605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A reduction in the expression of p65 was produced by treatment with the phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotide.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 810110606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This reduction was accompanied by rapid changes in the cellular adhesion of dimethyl sulfoxide-differentiated HL-60 leukemia cells stimulated by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA).@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 810110607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These effects were characterized by a marked reduction in CD11b integrin expression on the surface of treated cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 810110608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the p65 antisense oligomer effectively abolished an upregulation of CD11b that was produced by formyl-met-leu-phe and TPA.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 810110609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the p65 antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide had no significant effect on the production of reactive oxygen intermediates or on phagocytosis by these cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 810110610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings indicate that antisense oligomers to p65 can be used to define the role of NF-kappa B in the activation pathways of neutrophils.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 810651201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human interferon regulatory factor 2 gene.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 810651202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Intron-exon organization and functional analysis of 5'-flanking region.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 810651203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF-2) is a transcriptional regulatory protein that terminates interferon beta expression initiated by interferon regulatory factor 1.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 810651204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we isolated the genomic DNA for human IRF-2 gene, determined the intron-exon structure of the human IRF-2 gene, mapped the major transcription initiation site, identified a number of potential regulatory elements in the 5'-flanking region, and localized the IRF-2 gene on human chromosome 4.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 810651205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IRF-2 promoter region contains a CpG island, with several GC boxes, a putative NF-kappa B-binding site, and a CAAT box, but no TATA box.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 810651206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When the promoter region was linked with a heterologous reporter gene, we found that the promoter region is inducible by both interferons (interferon-alpha and -gamma) and interferon regulatory factor 1.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 810651207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The region which induced these inductions was identified as being confined to 40 nucleotides 5' to the major transcriptional initiation site by testing a series of clones with truncated promoter of IRF-2.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 810651208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This region contains elements which are shared with the transcriptional enhancers of other genes including interferon regulatory factor 1, interferon beta, and interferon-inducible genes.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 810651209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that interferon regulatory factor 1 not only triggers the activation of the interferon signal transduction pathway, but also may play a role in limiting the duration of this response by activating the transcription of IRF-2.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 810812701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Overproduction of NFKB2 (lyt-10) and c-Rel: a mechanism for HTLV-I Tax-mediated trans-activation via the NF-kappa B signalling pathway.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 810812702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Molecular, biochemical and epidemiological evidence implicate HTLV-I as an etiologic agent of adult T cell leukemia (ATL).@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 810812703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Tax protein of HTLV-I, a positive transcriptional activator of HTLV-I gene expression, is a viral oncogene that also increases transcription of cellular genes including GM-CSF, IL-2R alpha and IL-2.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 810812704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the cellular targets of the trans-activating effects of Tax is the NF-kappa B/Rel family of transcription factors, pleiotropic regulators of immunoregulatory, cytokine and viral gene expression.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 810812705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report, we demonstrate that NFKB2 (lyt-10) and c-Rel are overexpressed in HTLV-I infected and Tax-expressing cells and, together, account for the majority of the constitutive NF-kappa B binding activity in these cells before and after PMA stimulation.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 810812706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Most importantly, we show a Tax-dependent correlation between expression of NFKB2(p100) and processing to the DNA binding NFKB2(p52) form, induction of c-Rel, and trans-activation of NF-kappa B-mediated gene expression.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 810812707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the NFKB2 precursor is physically associated with c-Rel and with Tax in HTLV-I infected cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 810812708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose that NFKB2 synthesis and processing allows continuous nuclear expression of an otherwise cytoplasmic protein and, in conjunction with overexpression of c-Rel, NFKB2 alters the NF-kappa B signalling pathway and contributes to leukemic transformation of T cells by HTLV-I.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 810841401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Autoregulation of the NF-kappa B transactivator RelA (p65) by multiple cytoplasmic inhibitors containing ankyrin motifs.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 810841402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RelA (p65) functions as the critical transactivating component of the heterodimeric p50-p65 NF-kappa B complex and contains a high-affinity binding site for its cytoplasmic inhibitor, I kappa B alpha.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 810841403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After cellular activation, I kappa B alpha is rapidly degraded in concert with the induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 810841404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study demonstrates that tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced degradation of I kappa B alpha in human T cells is preceded by its rapid phosphorylation in vivo.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 810841405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, these effects on I kappa B alpha result in nuclear mobilization of only a fraction of the entire cytoplasmic pool of RelA.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 810841406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Subsequent studies have revealed that (i) cytoplasmic RelA is stably associated not only with I kappa B alpha but also with other ankyrin motif-rich proteins including the products of the NF-kappa B2 (p100) and NF-kappa B1 (p105) genes; (ii) in contrast to RelA-I kappa B alpha, RelA-p100 cytoplasmic complexes are not dissociated following tumor necrosis factor alpha activation; (iii) p100 functions as a potent inhibitor of RelA-mediated transcription in vivo; (iv) the interaction of RelA and p100 involves the conserved Rel homology domain of both proteins but not the nuclear localization signal of RelA, which is required for I kappa B alpha binding; (v) p100 inhibition of RelA function requires the C-terminal ankyrin motif domain, which mediates cytoplasmic retention of RelA; and (vi) as observed with I kappa B alpha, nuclear RelA stimulates p100 mRNA and protein expression.@@@@1@164@@oe@16-12-2010 810841407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings thus reveal the presence of a second inducible autoregulated inhibitory pathway that helps ensure the rapid but transient action of nuclear NF-kappa B.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 811229901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Calcineurin acts in synergy with PMA to inactivate I kappa B/MAD3, an inhibitor of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 811229902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoter consists of several independent T cell receptor (TcR) responsive elements.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 811229903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of promoters dependent on these elements is inhibitable by the immunosuppressants cyclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK-506).@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 811229904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Calcineurin, a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, is the FK-506- and CsA-sensitive enzyme required for TcR mediated activation of the IL-2 promoter.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 811229905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report that a constitutively active form of calcineurin partially substitutes for the Ca2+ co-stimulus required to activate the IL-2 promoter elements IL-2A (which binds the factors OAP and Oct-1) and IL-2E (which binds NF-AT), and completely substitutes for the Ca2+ co-stimulus required to stimulate an NF-kappa B-dependent element.@@@@1@55@@oe@16-12-2010 811229906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Calcineurin stimulates the NF-kappa B element by enhancing inactivation of I kappa B/MAD3, an inhibitor of NF-kappa B, thereby increasing the amount of nuclear NF-kappa B DNA binding activity.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 811229907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data provide the first demonstration in vivo that activation of a protein phosphatase can inactivate I kappa B, and suggest one possible explanation for mechanism-based toxicities associated with FK-506 and CsA by demonstrating that these drugs can inhibit the calcineurin-dependent activation of a virtually ubiquitous transcription factor.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010