844487601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A serum response element and a binding site for NF-Y mediate the serum response of the human thrombospondin 1 gene.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 844487602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of thrombospondin 1 (TSP 1), a member of the TSP gene family, is rapidly induced by growth factors.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 844487603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We tested the ability of human TSP 1-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase constructs to respond to serum in stably transfected NIH-3T3 cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 844487604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two transcriptional elements in the TSP 1 promoter, a distal element at -1280 and a proximal element at -65, were required for the response of the human TSP 1 gene to serum.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 844487605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The distal element contains the 5'-CC(A + T)6GG-3' consensus sequence characteristic of a serum-response element (SRE).@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 844487606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletions or mutations in this element reduced the serum response of the TSP 1 gene by 80-90%.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 844487607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In gel-shift assays, the -1280 element and the c-fos SRE cross-competed, whereas their functional and binding mutants did not.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 844487608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The proximal element contains the sequence 5'-GGCCAATGGG-3', which closely resembles the consensus binding motif for the CCAAT-binding factor NF-Y (CBF, CP1, alpha CP1).@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 844487609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletions or mutations in this element also reduced the serum response by 80-90%.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 844487610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Methylation interference analysis of the -65 region identified a pattern of contacts with nuclear factors resembling that for NF-Y, and an NF-Y-binding site and the proximal TSP 1 element cross-competed in gel-shift assays, whereas their binding mutants did not.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 844487611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, an abbreviated TSP 1 promoter/5'-flank, containing the SRE- and NF-Y-binding sites, mediated a serum response that was close in magnitude to that of the parent promoter.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 844487612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that the serum response of the human TSP 1 gene requires the coordinated function of an SRE- and NF-Y-binding site.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 844488501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Suppression of a cellular differentiation program by phorbol esters coincides with inhibition of binding of a cell-specific transcription factor (NF-E2) to an enhancer element required for expression of an erythroid-specific gene.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 844488502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction by hemin increases, while induction with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) represses, erythroid-specific gene expression in the human cell line K562.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 844488503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We analyzed the effects of hemin or TPA induction on the binding and activity of transcription factors at a regulatory element found within the transcriptional regulatory sequences of many erythroid-specific genes.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 844488504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TPA induction increases the binding of ubiquitous AP-1 factors to this element.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 844488505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TPA induction inhibits the binding of the lineage limited transcription factor NF-E2 to this transcriptional control element.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 844488506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hemin induction of K562 cells does not facilitate the binding of NF-E2 to its recognition site.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 844488507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hemin induction appears to nonspecifically increase the expression of transiently transfected genes in K562 cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 844488508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Beyond this nonspecific increase in gene expression, hemin induction acts to increase the activity of the lineage limited transcription factor NF-E2.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 844488509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The divergent effects of hemin and TPA on gene expression in K562 cells are mediated, in part, by their contrasting effects on the transcription factor NF-E2.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 844677401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the Tat protein of HIV1 in human promonocytic U937 cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 844677402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Numerous studies have shown that, upon HIV1 infection, human promonocytic U937 cells were induced to differentiate, as indicated, for example, by increased expression of adhesion molecules.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 844677403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the viral proteins involved in this process might be the Tat protein.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 844677404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Indeed, this viral protein, which is essential for productive infection, has also been shown to display growth-stimulating properties and immunomodulatory activities.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 844677405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to apprehend the role of the HIV1 tat gene in inducing the differentiation of HIV1-infected U937 cells, we have successfully introduced this gene into U937 cells by infecting them with retroviral particles transducing tat.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 844677406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of the Tat protein constitutively expressed by these cells upon their differentiation was then evaluated by looking for the expression of the c-fos and of the c-fms proto-oncogenes which are linked to the differentiation of myelomonoblastic cells.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 844677407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot analysis revealed in these cells, an increase in the transcription of these two proto-oncogenes, and this increase was amplified after treatment with phorbol myristate acetate.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 844677408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No such increase was observed in control U937 cells.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 844677409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that, among HIV1 gene products, the Tat protein appears to trigger monocytic differentiation, and suggests that this viral protein directs progenitors of the monocyte/macrophage lineage towards a differentiation stage in which production of viral antigens and virions might be more efficient.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 844990401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional regulation of the pyruvate kinase erythroid-specific promoter.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 844990402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mammal pyruvate kinases are encoded by two genes.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 844990403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The L gene produces the erythroid (R-PK) or the hepatic (L-PK) isozymes by the alternative use of two promoters.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 844990404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report the characterization of the cis- and trans-acting elements involved in the tissue-specific activity of the L gene erythroid promoter.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 844990405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A R-PK DNA fragment extending from -870 to +54 relative to the cap site confers erythroid specificity to a reporter gene.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 844990406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within this region, we define a minimal promoter (-62 to +54) that displays erythroid-specific activity and contains two DNA binding sites.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 844990407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One, located at -50, binds members of the CCACC/Sp1 family and the other, located at -20, binds the erythroid factor GATA-1.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 844990408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although the -20 GATA binding site (AGATAA) is also a potential TFIID binding site, it does not bind TFIID.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 844990409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the substitution of this GATA binding site by a canonical TFIID binding site suppresses the promoter activity.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 844990410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutations and deletions of both sites indicate that only the association of CCACC/Sp1 and GATA binding sites can drive efficient and tissue-specific expression of this R-PK minimal promoter.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 844990411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, by co-transfection experiments, we study the elements involved in the hGATA-1 transactivation of the R-PK promoter in HeLa cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 845411401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factor jun-B is target of autoreactive T-cells in IDDM.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 845411402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Target antigens defined by autoantibodies in IDDM include insulin, a putative glycolipid that reacts with islet cell antibodies, and a 64,000-M(r) protein recently identified as glutamic acid decarboxylase.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 845411403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, some IDDM sera that contain antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase also coprecipitate a 38,000-M(r) protein from islets.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 845411404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study used a high titer anti-38,000-M(r) serum to screen bacteriophage lambda cDNA expression libraries and identified human islet and placental clones encoding jun-B, the nuclear transcription protein, of predicted 38,000 M(r).@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 845411405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peripheral blood T-cells exhibited significant proliferation in response to a recombinant fragment of jun-B (amino acids 1-180) in 12 of 17 (71%) recent-onset IDDM subjects, 8 of 16 (50%) ICA-positive first-degree relatives of IDDM subjects who were at risk, 3 of 12 (25%) other autoimmune disease subjects, and 0 of 10 healthy control subjects.@@@@1@69@@oe@16-12-2010 845411406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proliferation to tetanus toxoid did not differ significantly between the groups.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 845411407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Responses to jun-B were not related to age, sex, or human leukocyte antigen status.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 845411408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, autoreactive T-cells identify a novel antigen, p38 jun-B, in IDDM and appear to indicate subjects at risk for the development of clinical disease.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 845460301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional regulation of interleukin 3 (IL3) in primary human T lymphocytes.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 845460302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Role of AP-1- and octamer-binding proteins in control of IL3 gene expression.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 845460303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have investigated the molecular and biochemical basis for activation of interleukin 3 (IL3) gene expression in primary human T lymphocytes following CD3 and CD2 receptor stimulation or activation by phytohemagglutinin plus phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 845460304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using transfection and reporter gene assays specifically designed for primary T lymphocytes in conjunction with gel retardation assays, Western blot analyses and UV cross-linking studies, we found that c-Jun, c-Fos, and octamer-binding proteins play a major role in transcriptional activation of the IL3 gene via their interaction with two specific regions contained within the IL3 5'-flanking sequence.@@@@1@62@@oe@16-12-2010 845460305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additionally, the region between bases -107 and -59 of the IL3 promoter containing putative AP-2 and Sp1 binding motifs appears necessary for basal level expression of the IL3 gene.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 845460306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data also indicate that CD2 receptor activation and phytohemagglutinin plus phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation augment T cell IL3 gene expression through the same cis- and trans-activating signals.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 845460307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results should contribute to a better understanding of the regulation of IL3 gene expression in human T lymphocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 845561101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional activation of human zeta 2 globin promoter by the alpha globin regulatory element (HS-40): functional role of specific nuclear factor-DNA complexes.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 845561102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We studied the functional interaction between human embryonic zeta 2 globin promoter and the alpha globin regulatory element (HS-40) located 40 kb upstream of the zeta 2 globin gene.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 845561103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was shown by transient expression assay that HS-40 behaved as an authentic enhancer for high-level zeta 2 globin promoter activity in K562 cells, an erythroid cell line of embryonic and/or fetal origin.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 845561104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although sequences located between -559 and -88 of the zeta 2 globin gene were dispensable for its expression on enhancerless plasmids, they were required for the HS-40 enhancer-mediated activity of the zeta 2 globin promoter.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 845561105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that this HS-40 enhancer-zeta 2 globin promoter interaction is mediated by the two GATA-1 factor binding motifs located at -230 and -104, respectively.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 845561106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The functional domains of HS-40 were also mapped.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 845561107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bal 31 deletion mapping data suggested that one GATA-1 motif, one GT motif, and two NF-E2/AP1 motifs together formed the functional core of HS-40 in the erythroid-specific activation of the zeta 2 globin promoter.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 845561108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Site-directed mutagenesis further demonstrated that the enhancer function of one of the two NF-E2/AP1 motifs of HS-40 is mediated through its binding to NF-E2 but not AP1 transcription factor.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 845561109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, we did genomic footprinting of the HS-40 enhancer region in K562 cells, adult nucleated erythroblasts, and different nonerythroid cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 845561110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All sequence motifs within the functional core of HS-40, as mapped by transient expression analysis, appeared to bind a nuclear factor(s) in living K562 cells but not in nonerythroid cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 845561111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the other hand, only one of the apparently nonfunctional sequence motifs was bound with factors in vivo.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 845561112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In comparison to K562, nucleated erythroblasts from adult human bone marrow exhibited a similar but nonidentical pattern of nuclear factor binding in vivo at the HS-40 region.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 845561113@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that transcriptional activation of human embryonic zeta 2 globin gene and the fetal/adult alpha globin genes is mediated by erythroid cell-specific and developmental stage-specific nuclear factor-DNA complexes which form at the enhancer (HS-40) and the globin promoters.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 845562701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interaction between NF-kappa B- and serum response factor-binding elements activates an interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain enhancer specifically in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 845562702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We find that a short enhancer element containing the NF-kappa B binding site from the interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain gene (IL-2R alpha) is preferentially activated in T cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 845562703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IL-2R alpha enhancer binds NF-kappa B poorly and is only weakly activated by the NF-kappa B site alone.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 845562704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Serum response factor (SRF) binds to a site adjacent to the NF-kappa B site in the IL-2R enhancer, and both sites together have strong transcriptional activity specifically in T cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 845562705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surprisingly, the levels of SRF constitutively expressed in T cells are consistently higher than in other cell types.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 845562706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Overexpression of SRF in B cells causes the IL-2R enhancer to function as well as it does in T cells, suggesting that the high level of SRF binding in T cells is functionally important.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 845594101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcriptionally active factors mediating the effect of the HTLV-I Tax transactivator on the IL-2R alpha kappa B enhancer include the product of the c-rel proto-oncogene.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 845594102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transactivator HTLV-I Tax activates the promoter of the gene coding for the interleukin 2 alpha-chain receptor (IL-2R alpha) via a kappa B site that can bind several protein species of the rel family.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 845594103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tax1 strongly activates the enhancer activity of this motif, in both epithelial HeLa and lymphoid Jurkat cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 845594104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This activation was not observed in undifferentiated embryocarcinoma F9 cells.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 845594105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Overexpression of the p50, p65 and Rel proteins in these cells showed that significant activation of the IL-2R alpha kappa B site was observed only with Rel and Rel plus p65.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 845594106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, whereas both Tax and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) are able to efficiently induce the binding of NF-kappa B to the IL-2R alpha kappa B site, PMA is functionally inactive.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 845594107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using the DNA affinity precipitation assay, we observed that Tax1 is able to efficiently induce the binding of Rel, whereas PMA is not.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 845594108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This established a clear difference between both stimuli, indicating that Rel is the functionally active factor.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 845594109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude from these results that the functional activity of members of the rel family is regulated by their interaction with DNA and that Rel can be a potent transcriptional activator on specific kappa B sites.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 845858101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@p105 and p98 precursor proteins play an active role in NF-kappa B-mediated signal transduction.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 845858102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Rel/NF-kappa B family of transcription factors is composed of two distinct subgroups, proteins that undergo proteolytic processing and contain SWI6/ankyrin repeats in their carboxyl termini (p105, p98), and those without such repeats that do not require processing (p65, c-Rel, RelB, and Dorsal).@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 845858103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that the p105 and p98 precursors share functional properties with the I kappa B proteins, which also contain SWI6/ankyrin repeats.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 845858104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both p105 and p98 were found to form stable complexes with other Rel/NF-kappa B family members, including p65 and c-Rel.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 845858105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Association with the precursors is sufficient for cytoplasmic retention of either p65 or c-Rel, both of which are otherwise nuclear.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 845858106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These complexes undergo stimulus-responsive processing to produce active p50/c-Rel and p55/c-Rel complexes.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 845858107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations suggest a second pathway leading to NF-kappa B induction, in which processing of the precursors rather than phosphorylation of I kappa B plays a major role.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 846016901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutual regulation of the transcriptional activator NF-kappa B and its inhibitor, I kappa B-alpha.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 846016902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NK-kappa B transcription factor complex is sequestered in the cytoplasm by the inhibitory protein I kappa B-alpha (MAD-3).@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 846016903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Various cellular stimuli relieve this inhibition by mechanisms largely unknown, leading to NF-kappa B nuclear localization and transactivation of its target genes.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 846016904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is demonstrated here with human T lymphocytes and monocytes that different stimuli, including tumor necrosis factor alpha and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, cause rapid degradation of I kappa B-alpha, with concomitant activation of NF-kappa B, followed by a dramatic increase in I kappa B-alpha mRNA and protein synthesis.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 846016905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection studies reveal that the I kappa B-alpha mRNA and the encoded protein are potently induced by NF-kappa B and by homodimers of p65 and of c-Rel.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 846016906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose a model in which NF-kappa B and I kappa B-alpha mutually regulate each other in a cycle: saturating amounts of the inhibitory I kappa B-alpha protein are destroyed upon stimulation, allowing rapid activation of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 846016907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Subsequently, I kappa B-alpha mRNA and protein levels are quickly induced by the activated NF-kappa B.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 846016908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This resurgence of I kappa B-alpha protein acts to restore an equilibrium in which NF-kappa B is again inhibited.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 846266201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induced myeloid differentiation of K562 cells with downregulation of erythroid and megakaryocytic transcription factors: a novel experimental model for hemopoietic lineage restriction.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 846266202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human erythroleukemia cell line K562 can be induced to differentiate along the erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 846266203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate that hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) induced K562 cells to differentiate along a third pathway.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 846266204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This was accompanied by downregulation of two transcription factors normally expressed in erythroid, mast and megakaryocyte lineages.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 846266205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern analysis demonstrated coordinate downregulation of alpha globin and gamma globin in addition to the two lineage-restricted transcription factors, SCL and GATA-1.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 846266206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proliferation of the K562 cells was also suppressed.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 846266207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clonal assay showed that the suppression was irreversible and appeared analogous to the commitment of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells to terminal differentiation.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 846266208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to MEL cells, however, K562 cells acquired a macrophage-like morphology and exhibited a complete failure to generate benzidine-positive cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 846266209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electron microscopy revealed a marked increase in granules resembling those specific for eosinophils.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 846266210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surface marker analysis showed that HMBA-induced cells expressed reduced levels of glycophorin A, CD5, CD7 and CD11b.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 846266211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No upregulation of megakaryocyte or lymphoid markers occurred.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 846266212@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus the response of K562 cells to HMBA may provide a useful experimental system for studying the molecular mechanisms responsible for downmodulation of lineage-restricted transcription factors during hemopoietic lineage commitment.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 846846201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Costimulation of peripheral blood T cell activation by human endothelial cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 846846202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhanced IL-2 transcription correlates with increased c-fos synthesis and increased Fos content of AP-1.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 846846203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Endothelial cells (EC) act as APC for resting PBL in vitro, and may have important roles in vivo in the pathogenesis of allograft rejection and delayed hypersensitivity.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 846846204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We previously reported that human umbilical vein EC provide costimulatory signals to PHA-stimulated PBL via CD2:lymphocyte function-associated Ag-3 and an unidentified ligand pair, resulting in a three- to eight-fold enhancement of IL-2 production.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 846846205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The physiologic relevance of this increase was demonstrated by the proliferative advantage provided by EC to PBL suboptimally stimulated with mAb OKT3.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 846846206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We now report that EC costimulation causes increased levels of IL-2 mRNA as a result of increased IL-2 transcription in PBL.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 846846207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We therefore examined the effects of EC on T cell nuclear factors known to regulate IL-2 transcription, including c-jun and c-fos-two components of the transcription factor AP-1, NFAT, and others.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 846846208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PBL constitutively express c-jun transcripts, and the level of c-jun mRNA is not altered by PHA activation in the absence or presence of EC.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 846846209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, c-fos mRNA is absent from resting T cells and is induced on PHA activation.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 846846210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EC alone do not induce c-fos mRNA but augment the level of c-fos mRNA in PHA-activated T cells by 3- to 10-fold.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 846846211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This effect is largely independent of the CD2:lymphocyte function-associated Ag-3 pathway.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 846846212@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel-shift analysis reveals the constitutive presence of nuclear factors in resting PBL that bind to the proximal AP-1 site of the IL-2 promoter and that contain immunoreactive c-Jun but not c-Fos protein.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 846846213@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, AP-1 from PHA-activated cells contains c-Jun and low levels of c-Fos.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 846846214@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Strikingly, costimulation with EC results in a dramatic increase (up to 15-fold) in the c-Fos content of AP-1.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 846846215@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Levels of other nuclear factors involved in IL-2 regulation were not altered by EC, although NFAT-DNA complexes migrated at a slightly different mobility.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 846846216@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In summary, our data suggest that changes in the composition of transcription factor AP-1 is a key molecular mechanism for increasing IL-2 transcription and may underlie the phenomenon of costimulation by EC.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 846847001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A protein of the AP-1 family is a component of nuclear factor of activated T cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 846847002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) is a transcriptional activator involved in the induction of IL-2 gene expression.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 846847003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The response element for NF-AT is a sequence localized between -285/-254 in the IL-2 regulatory region.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 846847004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The composition of NF-AT protein is still not fully elucidated.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 846847005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that, in normal human T cells, an AP-1 protein is a component of the NF-AT protein complex.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 846847006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This was evidenced by the ability of the AP-1 site to compete with the NF-AT site for binding to NF-AT and by the capacity of immobilized anti-Jun and anti-Fos antibodies to deplete NF-AT-binding activity from nuclear extracts of activated T cells.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 846847007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was no detectable binding of in vitro translated Jun/Fos heterodimer (AP-1) to the NF-AT sequence, and the NF-AT sequence was unable to inhibit the binding of Jun/Fos to the AP-1 sequence.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 846847008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of an AP-1 protein in the NF-AT protein complex may regulate NF-AT-binding activity through protein-protein interaction.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 847116701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immobilization and recovery of fusion proteins and B-lymphocyte cells using magnetic separation.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 847116702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A new approach to facilitate immobilization and affinity purification of recombinant proteins and selected human B lymphocytes has been developed.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 847116703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using magnetic beads with attached DNA containing the Escherichia coli lac operator, fusion proteins comprising the DNA-binding lac repressor could be affinity-purified and recovered by gentle elution conditions, such as with a lactose analogue or by enzymatic means using either deoxyribonuclease (DNase) or restriction endonucleases.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 847116704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results show for the first time that a DNA-binding protein can be used for affinity purification of fusion proteins as exemplified by the specific and gentle recovery of beta-galactosidase and alkaline phosphatase from bacterial lysates using immunomagnetic separation.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 847116705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The approach was further extended to cell separation by the efficient recovery and elution of human CD37 B lymphocytes from peripheral blood.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 847349501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Negative transcriptional regulation of human interleukin 2 (IL-2) gene by glucocorticoids through interference with nuclear transcription factors AP-1 and NF-AT.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 847349502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-2 gene transcription is affected by several nuclear proteins.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 847349503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We asked whether dexamethasone (Dex) and cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibit IL-2 gene transcription by interfering with the activity of nuclear proteins that bind to the IL-2 promoter.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 847349504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear extracts from primary human T lymphocytes were analyzed by electrophoretic DNA mobility shift assays.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 847349505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both Dex and CsA inhibited the binding of transcription factors AP-1 and NF-AT, but not of NF-kB and OCT-1/OAF, to their corresponding sites on the IL-2 gene promoter.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 847349506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To correlate changes in nuclear factor binding in vitro with transcriptional activity in vivo and define the structural requirements for IL-2 promoter repression, we used transient DNA transfections.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 847349507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Jurkat cells were transfected with plasmids containing either the intact IL-2 promoter or its AP-1, NF-AT, and NF-kB motifs.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 847349508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dex inhibited the IL-2 promoter and the AP-1, but not the NF-AT and NF-kB plasmids.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 847349509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, CsA inhibited the IL-2 promoter and the NF-AT, but not the AP-1 and NF-kB plasmids.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 847349510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that in human T lymphocytes both Dex and CsA inhibited IL-2 gene transcription through interference with transcription factors AP-1 and NF-AT.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 847349511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose that, while maximum inhibition may involve interaction with both transcription factors, AP-1 is the primary target of Dex.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 847406801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocytes from the site of disease suggest adenovirus is one cause of persistent or recurrent inflammatory arthritis.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 847406802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The assessment of synovial lymphocyte reactivity to adenovirus antigen stimulation was undertaken in patients with persistent or recurrent inflammatory arthritis.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 847406803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 3H-thymidine uptake procedure was employed, incorporating multiple microbiological antigens.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 847406804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Five patients were found with repeated maximal responses to adenovirus antigen; in one of these adenovirus nucleotide sequences were present in a synovial biopsy specimen.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 847406805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is concluded that adenovirus may be one cause of persistent or recurrent inflammatory arthritis.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 847991101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell-specific expression of helix-loop-helix transcription factors encoded by the E2A gene.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 847991102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The E2A gene encodes transcription factors of the helix-loop-helix family that are implicated in cell-specific gene expression as part of dimeric complexes that interact with E box enhancer elements.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 847991103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has previously been shown that transcripts of the E2A gene can be detected in a wide range of cell types.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 847991104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have now examined expression of the mouse E2A gene at the protein level using polyclonal antisera directed against distinct portions of the E2A protein to probe blots of cellular extracts.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 847991105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 73 kDa protein was identified by this analysis: this protein is highly enriched in cell lines of B lymphoid origin as compared to pancreatic beta-cells and fibroblast cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 847991106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The detection of this protein selectively in extracts of lymphoid cells correlates with the presence of the E box-binding activity LEF1/BCF1 in these cells; this binding activity was previously shown to be efficiently recognized by antiserum directed against E2A gene products.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 847991107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection of cells with full length E2A cDNA leads to appearance of protein co-migrating with the 73 kDa protein on SDS gel electrophoresis and co-migrating with LEF1/BCF1 on mobility shift analysis.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 847991108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results are consistent with the view that the DNA-binding activity LEF1/BCF1 is a homodimer of E2A proteins; the selective appearance of this putative cell-specific transcription factor in B lymphoid cells seems to be attributable, at least in part, to the elevated E2A protein concentrations in these cells.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 848042501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV-1 Nef protein inhibits the recruitment of AP-1 DNA-binding activity in human T-cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 848042502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat, HIV-1-LTR, contains binding sites for several cellular transcription factors which contribute to HIV-1 gene expression.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 848042503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our previous studies on the function of the HIV-1-encoded Nef protein suggested that Nef may be an inhibitor HIV-1 transcription.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 848042504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine whether Nef affects the binding of cellular factors implicated in HIV-1 regulation, 32P-labeled oligonucleotides corresponding to the binding sites were incubated with nuclear extracts prepared from Nef-expressing T-cell lines that were not stimulated or were stimulated with T-cell mitogens.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 848042505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that Nef inhibited the recruitment of AP-1 DNA-binding activity in mitogen-stimulated human T-cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 848042506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additionally, Nef expressing cells were transiently transfected with a plasmid in which HIV-1 AP-1 DNA recognition sequences were cloned downstream of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 848042507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mitogen-mediated transcriptional activation of the CAT gene in this construct was inhibited in Nef-expressing cells but not in control cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 848042508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies suggest that, by inhibiting AP-1 activation, Nef may play a role in regulating HIV-1 gene expression in infected T-cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 849137701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning and functional characterization of early B-cell factor, a regulator of lymphocyte-specific gene expression.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 849137702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Early B-cell factor (EBF) was identified previously as a tissue-specific and differentiation stage-specific DNA-binding protein that participates in the regulation of the pre-B and B lymphocyte-specific mb-1 gene.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 849137703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Partial amino acid sequences obtained from purified EBF were used to isolate cDNA clones, which by multiple criteria encode EBF.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 849137704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The recombinant polypeptide formed sequence-specific complexes with the EBF-binding site in the mb-1 promoter.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 849137705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cDNA hybridized to multiple transcripts in pre-B and B-cell lines, but transcripts were not detected at significant levels in plasmacytoma, T-cell, and nonlymphoid cell lines.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 849137706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of recombinant EBF in transfected nonlymphoid cells strongly activated transcription from reporter plasmids containing functional EBF-binding sites.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 849137707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of DNA binding by deletion mutants of EBF identified an amino-terminal cysteine-rich DNA-binding domain lacking obvious sequence similarity to known transcription factors.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 849137708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA-binding assays with cotranslated wild-type and truncated forms of EBF indicated that the protein interacts with its site as a homodimer.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 849137709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletions delineated a carboxy-terminal dimerization region containing two repeats of 15 amino acids that show similarity with the dimerization domains of basic-helix-loop-helix proteins.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 849137710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Together, these data suggest that EBF represents a novel regulator of B lymphocyte-specific gene expression.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 849245101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[The trend of molecular biology study on eosinophils]@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 849245102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, many investigators have been interested in the study on eosinophil biology since genes association with eosinophils such as interleukin-5 or eosinophil granule proteins (EPO, ECP, EDN, MBP, and CLC), were isolated.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 849245103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the molecular basis for the commitment of progenitors to the eosinophil lineage has not been determined.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 849245104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism by which eosinophil-specific genes encoding primary and secondary granule proteins (e.g. ECP, EDN, EPO, MBP, and CLC) are expressed and regulated during eosinophilopoiesis is also unknown.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 849245105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this paper, I described the characterization of genes encoding eosinophil granule proteins and the mRNA expression of GATA-1 binding transcription factor during eosinophil differentiation.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 849357801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of the Ets-related transcription factor Elf-1 by binding to the retinoblastoma protein.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 849357802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The retinoblastoma gene product (Rb) is a nuclear phosphoprotein that regulates cell cycle progression.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 849357803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elf-1 is a lymphoid-specific Ets transcription factor that regulates inducible gene expression during T cell activation.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 849357804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report, it is demonstrated that Elf-1 contains a sequence motif that is highly related to the Rb binding sites of several viral oncoproteins and binds to the pocket region of Rb both in vitro and in vivo.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 849357805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elf-1 binds exclusively to the underphosphorylated form of Rb and fails to bind to Rb mutants derived from patients with retinoblastoma.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 849357806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated an association between Elf-1 and Rb in resting normal human T cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 849357807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After T cell activation, the phosphorylation of Rb results in the release of Elf-1, which is correlated temporally with the activation of Elf-1-mediated transcription.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 849357808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Overexpression of a phosphorylation-defective form of Rb inhibited Elf-1-dependent transcription during T cell activation.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 849357809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrate that Rb interacts specifically with a lineage-restricted Ets transcription factor.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 849357810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This regulated interaction may be important for the coordination of lineage-specific effector functions such as lymphokine production with cell cycle progression in activated T cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 849618801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oxidoreductive regulation of nuclear factor kappa B.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 849618802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of a cellular reducing catalyst thioredoxin.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 849618803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have investigated an oxidoreductive regulatory pathway for the DNA binding activity of a pleiotropic cellular transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B), has been investigated by using NF kappa B prepared from the nucleus and the cytosol of the primary human T lymphocytes.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 849618804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that a cellular reducing catalyst thioredoxin (Trx) plays a major role in activation of the DNA binding of NF kappa B in vitro and stimulation of transcription from the NF kappa B-dependent gene expression.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 849618805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate evidence suggesting that redox regulation of NF kappa B by Trx might be exerted at a step after dissociation of the inhibitory molecule I kappa B, a cytosolic-anchoring protein for NF kappa B.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 849618806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To examine the effect of Trx in intact cells, we performed transient assay with a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase-expressing plasmid under the control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat and an effector plasmid expressing human Trx.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 849618807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The promoter activity from HIV long terminal repeat was greatly augmented by co-transfecting the Trx-expressing plasmid, whose effect was dependent on the NF kappa B-binding sites.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 849618808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings have suggested that cysteine residue(s) of NF kappa B might be involved in the DNA-recognition by NF kappa B and that the redox control mechanism mediated by Trx might have a regulatory role in the NF kappa B-mediated gene expression.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 849618809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results may also provide a clue to understanding of the molecular process of AIDS pathogenesis and its possible biochemical intervention.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 849632901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression levels of the thyrotropin receptor gene in autoimmune thyroid disease: coregulation with parameters of thyroid function and inverse relation to major histocompatibility complex classes I and II.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 849632902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a human TSH receptor (TSH-R) cDNA probe, we investigated TSH-R transcript levels in 13 human thyroid fragments by Northern blot analysis; 7 Graves' disease, 2 Hashimoto's disease, 3 endemic goiter, and 1 healthy thyroid gland were studied.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 849632903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TSH-R expression levels were variable, but displayed a close correlation to the expression of thyroid peroxidase (r = 0.703; P < 0.05), thyroglobulin (r = 0.817; P < 0.01), and the nuclear oncogene c-fos (r = 0.935; P < 0.001), but not c-myc.@@@@1@57@@oe@16-12-2010 849632904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Overall, TSH-R transcript levels were low or absent in those thyroids in which expression of the major histocompatibility complex class I or II (MHC I or II) was high, thus establishing an inverse relation (MHC I, r = -0.791; P < 0.01; MHC II, r = -0.784; P < 0.01).@@@@1@62@@oe@16-12-2010 849632905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In situ hybridization showed that apart from lymphocytes, thyroid cells themselves were the source of MHC II transcripts.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 849632906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@gamma-Interferon expression was only detectable in 1 Hashimoto's goiter.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 849632907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our findings suggest that next to lymphocyte infiltration, active regulatory events in the thyrocyte are responsible for the inverse relation between functional parameters (TSH-R, thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, and c-fos) and immunological markers (MHC I and II).@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 850061501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Calcium dependent activation of the NF-AT transcription factor by p59fyn.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 850061502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A reporter gene under the control of a T-cell antigen receptor element was activated in Jurkat cells by antigen receptor triggering or by a combination of phorbol myristate acetate, which activates protein kinase C, and a calcium ionophore.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 850061503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both these signals were necessary for expression of the reporter gene.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 850061504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When co-transfected with a construct capable of overexpressing the tyrosine kinase p59fyn, the reporter gene was activated by PMA alone.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 850061505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus p59fyn could replace the calcium ionophore but not activation of protein kinase C.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 850061506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation by p59fyn plus PMA was blocked by EGTA and by the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin A.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 850424801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of the beta-globin locus.@@@@1@6@@oe@16-12-2010 850424802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription of the human beta-globin gene cluster depends upon upstream regulatory sequences, which are collectively termed the locus control region.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 850424803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent studies have provided new insights into how the individual genes of the cluster are regulated through development.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 850424804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The crux of transcriptional activation is how the locus control region communicates with the gene-proximal regulatory elements.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 850493201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ectopic expression of a conditional GATA-2/estrogen receptor chimera arrests erythroid differentiation in a hormone-dependent manner.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 850493202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GATA factors are a family of transcriptional regulatory proteins in eukaryotes that share extensive homology in their DNA-binding domains.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 850493203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One enigmatic aspect of GATA factor expression is that several GATA proteins, which ostensibly share the same DNA-binding site specificity, are coexpressed in erythroid cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 850493204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To elucidate the roles of individual GATA factors in erythropoiesis, conditional alleles of GATA-1, GATA-2, and GATA-3 were prepared by fusing each of the factors to the hormone-binding domain of the human estrogen receptor (ER).@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 850493205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These GATA/ER chimeric factors were shown to be hormone-inducible trans-activating proteins in transient transfection assays.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 850493206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When stably introduced into primary erythroblasts or conditionally transformed erythroid progenitors cells, exogenous GATA-2/ER promoted proliferation and inhibited terminal differentiation in an estrogen-dependent manner.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 850493207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These phenotypic effects are specifically attributable to the action of ectopically expressed GATA-2/ER because erythroblasts expressing exogenous GATA-2 are constitutively arrested in differentiation and because erythroid progenitors expressing either Gal/ER or GATA-3/ER do not display a hormone-responsive block in differentiation.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 850493208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the GATA-2 transcription factor appears to play a role in regulating the self-renewal capacity of early erythroid progenitor cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 850530901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lipopolysaccharide induces phosphorylation of MAD3 and activation of c-Rel and related NF-kappa B proteins in human monocytic THP-1 cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 850530902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Many effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gene expression, including that of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), in monocytic cells are mediated by activation of kappa B DNA-binding proteins.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 850530903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the specific members of the NF-kappa B/Rel transcription factor family involved in the LPS response, and the mechanisms through which LPS-generated signals are transduced remain unclear.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 850530904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show that LPS induces nuclear expression of c-Rel/p50 heterodimers as well as p50/p65 (NF-kappa B) kappa B DNA-binding complexes in human monocytic THP-1 cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 850530905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear localization of these proteins occurred concomitantly with a rapid decrease in their cytosolic levels and was independent of phorbol ester-sensitive protein kinase C.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 850530906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within 24 h following LPS stimulation there was a striking increase in the levels of c-Rel, p105, and p50 in the cytosol.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 850530907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The increased levels of these proteins correlated with increases in the amounts of their mRNAs during LPS activation of THP-1 cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 850530908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LPS activation of THP-1 cells resulted in phosphorylation of MAD3 (an I kappa B-like protein), a rapid increase in MAD3 mRNA, and an increase in MAD3 protein by 2 h.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 850530909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, LPS activation of human monocytic cells results in nuclear expression of c-Rel/p50 and p50/p65 (NF-kappa B) and induces phosphorylation of MAD3.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 850584701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of CD8 antigen and suppressor activity by glucocorticoids in a CEM human leukemic cell clone.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 850584702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The relationship between glucocorticoid effect and regulation of cell surface antigens was investigated in two models of leukemic cell lines, CEM C7 denoted (r+, ly+) and CEM C1 (r+, ly-).@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 850584703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The reactivity of murine monoclonal antibodies, anti-CD4-FITC, anti-CD8-FITC, anti-CD2-FITC and anti-calla-FITC, were analyzed using flow cytometry.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 850584704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The suppressor function was determined using [3H]thymidine incorporation into phytohemagglutinin-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 850584705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dexamethasone treatment of a human leukemic cell clone CEM C7 caused an increase in a subset of cells expressing the surface antigen CD8, which is present on suppressor and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 850584706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By comparison, there was no modification of the expression of CD4 antigen, which is expressed at high levels in these cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 850584707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After two days of treatment with 5 x 10(-8) M dexamethasone, CEM C7 cells showed a two-fold increase in suppressor activity compared to untreated cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 850584708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, there was no regulation by glucocorticoids of either the CD8 or CD4 antigens in the leukemic clone CEM C1.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 850584709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, no modification of the suppressor function in CEM C1 cells by dexamethasone was observed.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 850584710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the human leukemic cells studied here, the ability to induce CD8 antigen expression in a CD4+ cells correlates with the ability to induce cell lysis in a glucocorticoid receptor positive cell population.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 850632601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Molecular basis of a multiple lymphokine deficiency in a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 850632602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously reported that the T lymphocytes of a child with severe combined immunodeficiency are defective in the transcription of several lymphokine genes that include IL2, IL3, IL4, and IL5, which encode interleukins 2, 3, 4, and 5 (IL-2, -3, -4, and -5).@@@@1@57@@oe@16-12-2010 850632603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine whether the defect in the patient's T lymphocytes involved a trans-acting factor common to the affected lymphokine genes, we examined the ability of nuclear factors from the patient's T lymphocytes to bind response elements present in the regulatory region of IL2.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 850632604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factor NF-kB, activation protein 1 (AP-1), OCT-1, and NF-IL-2B binding activity were normal.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 850632605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the binding of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) to its response element in the IL2 enhancer and to an NF-AT-like response element present in the IL4 enhancer was abnormal.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 850632606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To ascertain whether the abnormal NF-AT binding activity was related to an impaired function, we transfected patient and control T lymphocytes with constructs containing the reporter gene encoding chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) under the control of the entire IL2 regulatory region or of multimers of individual enhancer sequences.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 850632607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CAT expression directed by the IL2 regulatory region or by a multimer of the NF-AT-binding site was markedly lower in the patient relative to controls.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 850632608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, CAT gene expression directed by a multimer of the OCT-1 proximal (OCT-1p)-binding site was equivalent in patient and controls.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 850632609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that an abnormality of/or influencing NF-AT may underlie the multiple lymphokine deficiency in this patient.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 850786201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of mRNA for the GATA-binding proteins in human eosinophils and basophils: potential role in gene transcription.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 850786202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of the hematopoietic transcription factors GATA-1, GATA-2, and GATA-3 was studied in eosinophils and basophils.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 850786203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eosinophils express mRNA for GATA-1, GATA-2, and GATA-3.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 850786204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Basophils express GATA-2 and GATA-3.@@@@1@6@@oe@16-12-2010 850786205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of HL-60 eosinophilic sublines with either interleukin-5 or butyric acid increased the expression of GATA-1 mRNA concomitant with the expression of eosinophil-specific genes, whereas levels of GATA-2 mRNA remained relatively constant.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 850786206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of mRNA for these proteins in eosinophils and basophils suggests that gene transcription in these lineages may be regulated by GATA-binding proteins.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 850835801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proliferation index as a prognostic marker in breast cancer.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 850835802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND.@@@@1@2@@oe@16-12-2010 850835803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The proliferative activity of tumors has been extensively investigated with different approaches, among which the use of the monoclonal antibody Ki-67 represents an easy and reliable means of assessing cell proliferation.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 850835804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, the proliferative activity of 129 primary breast cancers was investigated, and the results were related to prognosis.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 850835805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS.@@@@1@2@@oe@16-12-2010 850835806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor samples, obtained from 129 patients who underwent surgery between January 1987 and December 1988, were processed for staining by an immunohistochemical procedure (avidin-biotin complex).@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 850835807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The median time of observation was 42 months (range, 31-55 months).@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 850835808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Life-table analysis (Mantel-Cox) was used to assess the probability of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 850835809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS.@@@@1@2@@oe@16-12-2010 850835810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumors with high Ki-67 proliferation indices (> 20%) were associated with a higher 4-year probability of relapse of disease (55.3% versus 79.1%; P = 0.003) and death (71% versus 95.6%; P = 0.00005) when compared with tumors with low Ki-67 values.@@@@1@55@@oe@16-12-2010 850835811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, this proliferative parameter maintained its prognostic significance when the patients were stratified according to lymph node involvement, menopausal status, and nuclear estrogen receptor content.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 850835812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS.@@@@1@2@@oe@16-12-2010 850835813@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor proliferative activity as evaluated by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67 seems to be an effective indicator of prognosis in breast cancer for DFS and OS.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 851151901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors in mononuclear cells of patients with sepsis.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 851151902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) hormone-binding activity was studied by a whole-cell method in mononuclear cells (MNC) from peripheral blood of 7 patients during the hemodynamic compensatory phase of sepsis.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 851151903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@4 patients were receiving dopamine, which did not affect the GR count.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 851151904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The patients' plasma cortisol concentrations were normal or slightly elevated.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 851151905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Despite a wide range, the mean GR count and affinity in MNC from septic patients did not differ from those in normal controls, suggesting that glucocorticoids could still be effective in the hemodynamic compensatory phase of sepsis.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 851386801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dependence for the proliferative response to erythropoietin on an established erythroid differentiation program in a human hematopoietic cell line, UT-7.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 851386802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Erythroid differentiation involves the activation of a number of erythroid-specific genes, most of which, including the globin genes and the erythropoietin receptor (Epo-R) gene, are, at least in part, regulated by the transcription factor GATA-1.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 851386803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to understand the relationship, if any, between expression of GATA-1, response to Epo and erythroid differentiation, we analyzed the expression of GATA-1, Epo-R and globin genes in an Epo-dependent human cell line, UT-7 Epo.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 851386804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results were compared to those obtained with the parental granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-dependent cell line, UT-7, which has a predominantly megakaryoblastic phenotype and is unable to proliferate continuously in the presence of Epo.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 851386805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@UT-7 Epo and UT-7 expressed similar levels of GATA-1 mRNA and binding activity.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 851386806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two lines also expressed comparable levels of Epo-R mRNA while the number of Epo-binding sites on UT-7 Epo cells was one-sixth the number of UT-7 cells (2400 +/- 3 vs. 13,800 +/- 300).@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 851386807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This difference in the number of binding sites could be due to differences in cell surface (UT-7 cells are 20% smaller than the parental UT-7 cells) or in receptor turnover.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 851386808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By Northern analysis, UT-7 cells expressed detectable levels of beta- and gamma-globin but not alpha-globin.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 851386809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In comparison, UT-7 Epo cells expressed alpha-globin and higher levels of gamma-globin (5-fold) and beta-globin (from barely to clearly detectable).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 851386810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Globin chains (alpha, beta and gamma) were clearly detectable by affinity chromatography in UT-7 Epo but not in UT-7 cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 851386811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The frequency of the cells which expressed beta- and gamma- globin genes in the two cell populations was measured by immunofluorescence with beta- and gamma-specific antibodies.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 851386812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of gamma-positive cells and their fluorescence intensity were higher in UT-7 Epo than in UT-7 cells (0 to 17% barely positive cells and 23 to 40% clearly positive cells, respectively), indicating that the increase in globin mRNA observed in UT-7 Epo is due to both an increase of gene expression per cell and an increase in numbers of cells containing gamma-globin.@@@@1@70@@oe@16-12-2010 851386813@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The levels of GATA-1, Epo-R and globin mRNA expressed were not affected by a 24-hour incubation of either cell line with Epo, GM-CSF or interleukin-3 (IL-3).@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 851386814@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 851507501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional activation of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene by IL-2 is associated with secretion of bioactive macrophage colony-stimulating factor protein by monocytes and involves activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 851507502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human peripheral blood monocytes (Mo) constitutively display the beta-chain of the receptor for IL-2, whereas expression of the IL-2R alpha-chain is not constitutive but inducible with IL-2.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 851507503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that binding of human IL-2 to its binding site leads to transcriptional activation of the macrophage CSF (M-CSF) gene in Mo resulting in accumulation of M-CSF mRNA and subsequent release of bioactive M-CSF protein as demonstrated by ELISA and inhibition of IL-2 induced release of an activity-stimulating growth of monocyte-type colonies by a neutralizing anti-M-CSF antibody.@@@@1@62@@oe@16-12-2010 851507504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional activation of the M-CSF gene by IL-2 is preceded by enhanced binding activity of the transcription factor NF-kappa B to its recognition sequence in the 5' regulatory enhancer region of the M-CSF gene.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 851507505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, using a heterologous promoter (herpes thymidine kinase) construct containing the NF-kappa B consensus sequence, it is shown that NF-kappa B binding by an IL-2-induced monocyte-derived nuclear protein confers reporter gene (human growth hormone) activity.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 851507506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, our findings indicate that IL-2 induces gene expression of M-CSF in human blood-derived Mo and provide evidence for involvement of NF-kappa B in transcriptional regulation of this gene.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 852236101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synergy between signal transduction pathways is obligatory for expression of c-fos in B and T cell lines: implication for c-fos control via surface immunoglobulin and T cell antigen receptors.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 852236102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the protooncogene c-fos is controlled by three main regulatory pathways involving kinase C, cAMP, and calcium.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 852236103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Kinase C mediates its effects via phosphorylation of serum response factor (SRF) which interacts with the serum response element (SRE); cAMP and calcium mediate their effects via phosphorylation of CREB (cAMP regulatory element binding protein) presumably by activation of a protein kinase A or calmodulin-regulated kinase.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 852236104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined the function of these elements in Burkitt's lymphoma cells (Ramos and Daudi) as well as a T lymphocytic cell line (Jurkat).@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 852236105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have found that stimulation of any one of these pathways alone has little or no effect on c-fos induction.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 852236106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, kinase C activation (PMA stimulation) combined with either cAMP (forskolin plus MIX) or calcium stimulation (ionophore) leads to greatly enhanced c-fos induction.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 852236107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, cAMP in the presence of calcium shows no synergy in c-fos induction.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 852236108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Okadaic acid augments PMA- as well as calcium-mediated activation of c-fos, and has little or no effect when combined with cAMP.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 852236109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The main difference between Ramos (B cells) and Jurkat (T cells) in the regulation of c-fos is that cAMP plus calcium is strongly synergistic in Jurkat and is without effect in Ramos.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 852236110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of AP-1 activity using gel mobility shift assays confirms that the requirements for synergy in c-fos mRNA induction are paralleled by requirements for synergy in induction of AP-1 activity.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 852236111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signaling in B cells due to anti-Ig stimulation involves both kinase C activation and release of intracellular calcium, and results in c-fos mRNA induction.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 852236112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results indicate that synergy between the kinase C activation and calcium is needed for efficient c-fos induction since neither of these two alone induces c-fos well.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 852236113@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@That synergy of signaling pathways is relevant for the anti-Ig induction of c-fos is supported by the fact that cAMP-inducing agents and okadaic acid further enhance anti-Ig induction of c-fos.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 852236114@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that cell-specific patterns of synergy are an essential feature for c-fos induction and may be relevant for c-fos control through B and T cell antigen receptors.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 852352901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Protein kinase C-zeta mediates NF-kappa B activation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected monocytes.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 852352902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The molecular mechanisms regulating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persistence in a major cell reservoir such as the macrophage remain unknown.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 852352903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B is a transcription factor involved in the regulation of the HIV long terminal repeat and is selectively activated following HIV infection of human macrophages.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 852352904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although little information as to what signal transduction pathways mediate NF-kappa B activation in monocytes-macrophages is available, our previous work indicated that classical protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes were not involved in the HIV-mediated NF-kappa B activation.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 852352905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we have focused on atypical PKC isoenzymes.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 852352906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PKC-zeta belongs to this family and is known to be an important step in NF-kappa B activation in other cell systems.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 852352907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunoblotting experiments with U937 cells demonstrate that PKC-zeta is present in these cells, and its expression can be downmodulated by antisense oligonucleotides (AO).@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 852352908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The HIV-mediated NF-kappa B activation is selectively reduced by AO to PKC-zeta.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 852352909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, cotransfection of a negative dominant molecule of PKC-zeta (PKC-zeta mut) with NF-kappa B-dependent reporter genes selectively inhibits the HIV- but not phorbol myristate acetate- or lipopolysaccharide-mediated activation of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 852352910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@That PKC-zeta is specific in regulating NF-kappa B is concluded from the inability of PKC-zeta(mut) to interfere with the basal or phorbol myristate acetate-inducible CREB- or AP1-dependent transcriptional activity.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 852352911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lastly, we demonstrate a selective inhibition of p24 production by HIV-infected human macrophages when treated with AO to PKC-zeta.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 852352912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Altogether, these results suggest that atypical PKC isoenzymes, including PKC-zeta, participate in the signal transduction pathways by which HIV infection results in the activation of NF-kappa B in human monocytic cells and macrophages.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 852423201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Initiation binding repressor, a factor that binds to the transcription initiation site of the histone h5 gene, is a glycosylated member of a family of cell growth regulators [corrected] [published erratum appears in Mol Cell Biol 1996 Feb;16(2):735]@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 852423202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Initiation binding repressor [corrected] (IBR) is a chicken erythrocyte factor (apparent molecular mass, 70 to 73 kDa) that binds to the sequences spanning the transcription initiation site of the histone h5 gene, repressing its transcription.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 852423203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A variety of other cells, including transformed erythroid precursors, do not have IBR but a factor referred to as IBF (68 to 70 kDa) that recognizes the same IBR sites.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 852423204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have cloned the IBR cDNA and studied the relationship of IBR and IBF.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 852423205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IBR is a 503-amino-acid-long acidic protein which is 99.0% identical to the recently reported human NRF-1/alpha-Pal factor and highly related to the invertebrate transcription factors P3A2 and erected wing gene product (EWG).@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 852423206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We present evidence that IBR and IBF are most likely identical proteins, differing in their degree of glycosylation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 852423207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have analyzed several molecular aspects of IBR/F and shown that the factor associates as stable homodimers and that the dimer is the relevant DNA-binding species.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 852423208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The evolutionarily conserved N-terminal half of IBR/F harbors the DNA-binding/dimerization domain (outer limits, 127 to 283), one or several casein kinase II sites (37 to 67), and a bipartite nuclear localization signal (89 to 106) which appears to be necessary for nuclear targeting.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 852423209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding site selection revealed that the alternating RCGCRYGCGY consensus constitutes high-affinity IBR/F binding sites and that the direct-repeat palindrome TGCGCATGCGCA is the optimal site.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 852423210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A survey of genes potentially regulated by this family of factors primarily revealed genes involved in growth-related metabolism.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 852481601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of NF-AT-dependent transcription by NF-kappa B: implications for differential gene expression in T helper cell subsets.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 852481602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of individual CD4+ T cells results in differential lymphokine expression: interleukin 2 (IL-2) is preferentially produced by T helper type 1 (TH1) cells, which are involved in cell-mediated immune responses, whereas IL-4 is synthesized by TH2 cells, which are essential for humoral immunity.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 852481603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Ca(2+)-dependent factor NF-ATp plays a key role in the inducible transcription of both these lymphokine genes.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 852481604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, while IL2 expression requires the contribution of Ca(2+)- and protein kinase C-dependent signals, we report that activation of human IL4 transcription through the Ca(2+)-dependent pathway is diminished by protein kinase C stimulation in Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 852481605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This phenomenon is due to mutually exclusive binding of NF-ATp and NF-kappa B to the P sequence, an element located 69 bp upstream of the IL4 transcription initiation site.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 852481606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human IL4 promoter-mediated transcription is downregulated in Jurkat cells stimulated with the NF-kappa B-activating cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha and suppressed in RelA-overexpressing cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 852481607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, protein kinase C stimulation or RelA overexpression does not affect the activity of a human IL4 promoter containing a mouse P sequence, which is a higher-affinity site for NF-ATp and a lower-affinity site for RelA.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 852481608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, competition between two general transcriptional activators, RelA and NF-ATp, mediates the inhibitory effect of protein kinase C stimulation on IL4 expression and may contribute to differential gene expression in TH cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 852910801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hemoglobin switching in humans is accompanied by changes in the ratio of the transcription factors, GATA-1 and SP1.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 852910802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND: Understanding the mechanism of developmental regulation of hemoglobin switching has scientific as well as clinical relevance because of the influence of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production in adulthood on the clinical manifestation of thalassemia and sickle cell anemia.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 852910803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously found that the normal developmental patterns of globin gene expression are recapitulated in an experimental system of primary cultures that support differentiation of erythroid progenitors.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 852910804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We further found that high activities of the transcriptional activators, GATA-1 and SP1, are associated with normal adult erythroid differentiation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 852910805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present work, we have studied, the activities of GATA-1 and SP1 during differentiation of cultured erythroid progenitors derived from cord blood and from fetal livers, as well as from beta zero-thalassemia patients.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 852910806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: The results showed high GATA-1 binding activity and very low SP1 activity in the fetal liver cultures.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 852910807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This pattern was in contrast to cultures derived from normal adult peripheral blood, in which both GATA-1 and SP1 activities were high.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 852910808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cord blood cultures showed an additive combination of "adult" and "fetal" patterns.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 852910809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The progenitors derived from a beta zero-thalassemia patient with high HbF production showed "fetal" pattern.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 852910810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the other hand, in cultures of 2 beta zero-thalassemia patients without high HbF, "adult" pattern was observed.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 852910811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: In the present work, we show that human fetal and adult erythroid progenitors are distinct in their transcription factors, and that the commitment to fetal or adult program occurs at a very early differentiation stage.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 852910812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our studies also demonstrate that under anemic stress, recruitment of fetal progenitors may occur in adulthood.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 852965701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional activation and repression, two properties of the lymphoid-specific transcription factor Oct-2a.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 852965702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The lymphoid-specific transcription factor Oct-2a contains two transcriptional activation domains which are located within the N-terminal and C-terminal regions.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 852965703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To study their differential activation properties, we linked the isolated effector domains to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 852965704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have shown that both activating regions of Oct-2a, isolated from their natural context, can activate transcription as promoter factors.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 852965705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to the C-terminus, activation by the N-terminal domain is dependent on a yet unidentified factor(s) binding to the simian virus 40 enhancer.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 852965706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results obtained by duplication of activation domains or their mixed combination suggest that the domains are functionally independent.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 852965707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, activation from a remote position could only be achieved with the C-terminus of Oct-2a in B cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 852965708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In lymphoid cells, higher activation levels were observed, suggesting that distinct B-cell-specific cofactors in concert with the effector domains of Oct-2a might be involved in mediating transcription from proximal and remote positions.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 852965709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we identified a repression domain at the N-terminus of Oct-2a.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 852965710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When transferred to a potent activator, transcriptional stimulation was inhibited efficiently.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 852965711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results underscore the modular structure of Oct-2a with separable domains for activation and repression and suggest that Oct-2a might have complex regulatory functions in vivo.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 853015601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Circumvention of tolerance for the nuclear T cell protein TCF-1 by immunization of TCF-1 knock-out mice.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 853015602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Molecular events that underlie the well-defined phenotypic changes of the differentiating thymocyte are poorly understood.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 853015603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A candidate gene to control thymocyte differentiation, T cell factor-1 (TCF-1)* encodes a DNA-binding protein.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 853015604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Its mRNA expression pattern is complex during embryogenesis, yet restricted to lymphocytes postnatally.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 853015605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression studies on TCF-1 protein have been hampered by the difficulty to raise antibodies due to extreme evolutionary conservation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 853015606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF-1 knock-out mice, generated recently in our laboratory, have strongly decreased numbers of thymocytes, but are otherwise normal.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 853015607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have used these mice to generate anti-TCF-1 antibodies.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 853015608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By immunization with a recombinant fusion protein, we show that TCF-1 knock-out mice readily yield antiserum titers against human and mouse TCF-1 protein.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 853015609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Wild-type littermates remain unresponsive to TCF-1 while they mount a high-titer antibody response to the fusion protein, Maltose Binding Protein (MBP).@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 853015610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Subsequently, TCF-1-specific hybridomas could be prepared from the spleens of immunized knock-out mice.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 853015611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study illustrates the almost complete tolerance of mice for human TCF-1 and demonstrates that this tolerance is readily broken by gene knock-out.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 853015612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the usefulness of knock-out mice for the generation of monoclonal antibodies against the gene product of interest is underscored.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 853038401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional characterization of the murine homolog of the B cell-specific coactivator BOB.1/OBF.1.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 853038402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B cell-specific transcriptional promoter activity mediated by the octamer motif requires the Oct1 or Oct2 protein and additional B cell-restricted cofactors.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 853038403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One such cofactor, BOB.1/OBF.1, was recently isolated from human B cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 853038404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we describe the isolation and detailed characterization of the murine homolog.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 853038405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Full-length cDNAs and genomic clones were isolated, and the gene structure was determined.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 853038406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Comparison of the deduced amino acids shows 88% sequence identity between mouse and human BOB.1/OBF.1.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 853038407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NH2-terminal 126 amino acids of BOB.1/OBF.1 are both essential and sufficient for interaction with the POU domains of either Oct1 or Oct2.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 853038408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This protein-protein interaction does not require the simultaneous binding of Oct proteins to DNA, and high resolution footprinting of the Oct-DNA interaction reveals that binding of BOB.1/OBF.1 to Oct1 or Oct2 does not alter the interaction with DNA.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 853038409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BOB.1/OBF.1 can efficiently activate octamer-dependent promoters in fibroblasts; however, it fails to stimulate octamer-dependent enhancer activity.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 853038410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fusion of subdomains of BOB.1/OBF.1 with the GAL4 DNA binding domain reveals that both NH2- and COOH-terminal domains of BOB.1/OBF.1 contribute to full transactivation function, the COOH-terminal domain is more efficient in this transactivation assay.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 853038411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with the failure of full-length BOB.1/OBF.1 to stimulate octamer-dependent enhancer elements in non B cells, the GAL4 fusions likewise only stimulate from a promoter-proximal position.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 853048301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Solution structure of the sequence-specific HMG box of the lymphocyte transcriptional activator Sox-4.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 853048302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two groups of HMG box proteins are distinguished.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 853048303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proteins in the first group contain multiple HMG boxes, are non-sequence-specific, and recognize structural features as found in cruciform DNA and cross-over DNA.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 853048304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The abundant chromosomal protein HMG-1 belongs to this subgroup.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 853048305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proteins in the second group carry a single HMG box with affinity for the minor groove of the heptamer motif AACAAAG or variations thereof.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 853048306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A solution structure for the non-sequence-specific C-terminal HMG box of HMG-1 has recently been proposed.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 853048307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Now, we report the solution structure of the sequence-specific HMG-box of the SRY-related protein Sox-4.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 853048308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NMR analysis demonstrated the presence of three alpha-helices (Val10-Gln22, Glu30-Leu41 and Phe50-Tyr65) connected by loop regions (Ser23-Ala49 and Leu42-Pro49).@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 853048309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Helices I and II are positioned in an antiparallel mode and form one arm of the HMG box.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 853048310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Helix III is less rigid, makes an average angle of about 90 degrees with helices I and II, and constitutes the other arm of the molecule.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 853048311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As in HMG1B, the overall structure of the Sox-4 HMG box is L-shaped and is maintained by a cluster of conserved, mainly aromatic residues.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 853735401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A PEBP2 alpha/AML-1-related factor increases osteocalcin promoter activity through its binding to an osteoblast-specific cis-acting element.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 853735402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To identify osteoblast-specific cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors, we initiated an analysis of the promoter of a mouse osteocalcin gene, an osteoblast-specific gene.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 853735403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this promoter, we identified two osteoblast-specific cis-acting elements (Ducy, P.and Karsenty, G.(1995) Mol.Cell.Biol.15, 1858-1869).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 853735404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The sequence of one of these elements, OSE2, is identical to the DNA-binding site of the PEBP2 alpha/AML-1 transcription factors, the mammalian homologues of the Drosophila Runt protein.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 853735405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show, using nuclear extracts, recombinant protein, and a specific antiserum against AML-1 proteins in DNA-binding assays, that one member of this family, AML-1B, binds specifically to OSE2 and is immunologically related to OSF2, the factor present in osteoblast nuclear extracts that binds to OSE2.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 853735406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By DNA cotransfection experiments, we also demonstrate that AML-1B can increase the activity of a short osteocalcin promoter through its binding to OSE2.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 853735407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lastly, the different mobilities of osteoblast nuclear extract-DNA complexes compared with T-cell nuclear extract-DNA complexes, along with the inability of OSF2 to be upregulated by retinoic acid, unlike the other PEBP2 alpha factors, suggest that OSF2 is a new member of this family of transcription factors.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 853735408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, this study demonstrates that AML-1B can increase gene expression of an osteoblast-specific gene through its binding to an osteoblast-specific cis-acting element and presents evidence that OSF2 is a member of the PEBP2 alpha/AML-1 family of transcription factors.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 854378901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Polymorphic nucleotides within the human IL-4 promoter that mediate overexpression of the gene.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 854378902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Atopy, which predisposes individuals to develop asthma, severe systemic anaphylaxis, and atopic dermatitis, is usually associated with dramatically elevated total serum IgE levels and is thought to be controlled by a major susceptibility gene and multiple minor susceptibility genes.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 854378903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A recent sib-pair analysis revealed a tight linkage between markers on 5q31.1 and a major susceptibility gene controlling total serum IgE levels.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 854378904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Due to its location within this cluster and its biologic role in Ig class switching and Th2 cell differentiation, the IL-4 gene has emerged as one major candidate for the atopy gene.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 854378905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In one model, polymorphisms within IL-4 regulatory elements might result in overexpression of the gene, amplifying Th2 cell differentiation and class switching to IgE.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 854378906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In support of this model, we report that the human IL-4 promoter exists in multiple allelic forms that exhibit distinct transcriptional activities in IL-4-positive T cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 854378907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A particular allele has an unusually high transcriptional activity.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 854378908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A nucleotide substitution within a recently described OAP40 element located just upstream of an NF-AT site (P sequence) appears to be largely responsible for the increased promotor strength of this particular allelic form of the IL-4 promoter.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 854378909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In EMSAs, this substitution results in a markedly enhanced affinity for sequence-specific complexes exhibiting an AP-1 specificity.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 854378910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The identification of allelic nucleotides, which results in overexpression of the IL-4 gene, provides specific targets for a comprehensive screening of atopic and nonatopic individuals and may provide a clue for genetic predisposition for atopy.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 854384101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-10 cooperates with TNF-alpha to activate HIV-1 from latently and acutely infected cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 854384102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-10 is elevated in HIV-1-infected individuals and has been implicated in disease progression.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 854384103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-10 on the activation of HIV-1 from infected monocytes and macrophages.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 854384104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although IL-10 alone did not induce HIV-1 replication, in the presence of TNF-alpha, IL-10 markedly enhanced virion production from a chronically infected promonocytic cell line (U1) and in acutely infected monocyte-derived macrophages.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 854384105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neutralizing mAbs to IL-10 and TNF-alpha indicated that both cytokines were essential for the induction and were required to generate a synergistic increase in virus expression.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 854384106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of the two cytokines were distinguishable functionally since pretreatment with TNF-alpha attenuated the cytokine cooperativity, while pretreatment with IL-10 potentiated their cooperativity, suggesting that IL-10 and TNF-alpha play different roles in the activation of virus.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 854384107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot analysis as well as Ab blocking and cytokine secretion studies indicated that the induction of either endogenous TNF-alpha or IL-10 was not involved in the cooperativity, nor was an up-regulation of TNF-alpha receptors.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 854384108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In combination with TNF-alpha, IL-10 stimulated activating protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B binding activities and cooperated to increase HIV-1 steady-state mRNA levels and enhance long terminal repeat-directed transcription through activation of the NF-kappa B binding sites, suggesting the IL-10 effect occurs at least in part at the transcriptional level.@@@@1@59@@oe@16-12-2010 854384109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that IL-10, in addition to down-regulating the cellular immune response to HIV-1, may also play a role in TNF-alpha-mediated activation of HIV-1 replication in the monocyte/macrophage lineage.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 854820001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of glucocorticoid receptors in peripheral human lymphocytes is elevated by a zinc containing trace element preparation.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 854820002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A trace element preparation (Beres Drops Plus, BDP) elevates the number of glucocorticoid receptors (gcR) in peripheral lymphocytes isolated both from healthy blood donors and rheumatoid arthritis patients.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 854820003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This enhancement by BDP was found either for constitutive expression of gcRs or in experiments when the lymphocytes were stimulated by interleukin (IL)-6.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 854820004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was no significant effect of BDP on IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha)-induced changes of gcRs.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 854820005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of BDP was greatly dependent on the presence of Zn++ ions in the preparation, since the augmenting effect was abolished if BDP did not contain zinc.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 855079701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte interleukin-1 receptor antagonist synthesis by cortisol: involvement of the mineralocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 855079702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoids, as a part of their physiological role in the control of inflammatory and immune processes, suppress the expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and other cytokines.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 855079703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human monocyte IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression and protein secretion are inhibited by dexamethasone.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 855079704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have now further studied the regulation of IL-1ra by the major physiological human glucocorticoid, cortisol.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 855079705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that cortisol incubation induced a decrease in IL-1ra mRNA expression and a significant inhibition of IL-1ra protein secretion in cell cultures of human peripheral monocytes stimulated with the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS).@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 855079706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oral administration of 276 mumol cortisol to normal subjects also decreased LPS-induced IL-1ra synthesis in cultured monocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 855079707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By coincubating the monocytes with either the mineralocorticoid antagonist spironolactone or the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU 38486, the in vitro cortisol-induced inhibition of LPS-stimulated IL-1ra secretion was partially reversed.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 855079708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mineralocorticoid aldosterone exerted a significant decrease in LPS-induced monocyte IL-1ra secretion in vitro, which was blocked by coincubation with spironolactone.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 855079709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the expression of mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA in human monocytes was observed by PCR of reversed transcribed RNA.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 855079710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results further indicate that corticosteroids physiologically control the IL-1/IL-1ra system during inflammatory or immune processes.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 855079711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, we provide evidence that, in addition to a glucocorticoid receptor-mediated effect, the mineralocorticoid receptor is involved in the inhibition of monocyte IL-1ra secretion by cortisol.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 855209701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E2F-1 blocks terminal differentiation and causes proliferation in transgenic megakaryocytes.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 855209702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcription factor E2F-1 plays a central role in the cell cycle through its ability to activate genes involved in cell division.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 855209703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E2F-1 activity is regulated by a number of proteins, including the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product, cyclin-dependent kinases, and their inhibitors, proteins that have been implicated in the control of certain developmental processes.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 855209704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate a potential role of E2F-1 in differentiation, we assayed the ability of megakaryocytes to form platelets in an in vivo transgenic model.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 855209705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E2F-1 expression in megakaryocytes blocked differentiation during maturation, resulting in severe thrombocytopenia.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 855209706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ultrastructural analysis of megakaryocytes revealed abnormal development characterized by hyperdemarcation of cytoplasmic membranes and reduced numbers of alpha granules.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 855209707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Administration of megakaryocyte growth and development factor or interleukin 6 could not overcome the differentiation block.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 855209708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additionally, E2F-1 caused massive megakaryocyte accumulation in both normal and ectopic sites, first evident in E15 embryonic liver.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 855209709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, significant apoptosis was observed in transgenic megakaryocytes.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 855209710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate that E2F-1 can prevent terminal differentiation, probably through its cell cycle-stimulatory activity.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 855445101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunophenotype of intraductal carcinoma.@@@@1@5@@oe@16-12-2010 855445102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE--Mammography and breast-conserving therapy have focused attention on the classification of intraductal carcinoma (IDC) and emphasized the prognostic importance of comedo versus noncomedo variants.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 855445103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We used histochemical markers to define the immunophenotype of 43 IDCs with respect to comedo versus noncomedo status and patterns of angiogenesis.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 855445104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS--Reactions in comedo carcinomas were significantly negative for estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, and positive for p53 and HER-2/neu more often than the noncomedo variant.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 855445105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All seven IDCs associated with Paget's disease showed positive reactions for HER-2/neu.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 855445106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Basement membrane immunoreactivity for type IV collagen and laminin was discontinuous in most examples of IDC regardless of type, with a trend toward more intense staining in comedo than in noncomedo carcinomas.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 855445107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Periductal angiogenesis was not significantly related to the type of IDC but was more pronounced with comedo carcinomas.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 855445108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS--These observations indicate that there are immunophenotypic correlates to the current structural classification of IDC.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 855445109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immunophenotype of IDC is helpful in subclassifying an IDC and could prove useful as a prognostic indicator for local control in patients treated by breast-conserving therapy.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 855546401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thrombopoietin induces tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 and Stat5 in human blood platelets.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 855546402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thrombopoietin is known to be essential for megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 855546403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, we and others have shown that thrombopoietin induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak2 and other proteins in human platelets and BaF3 cells, genetically engineered to express c-Mpl, a receptor for thrombopoietin.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 855546404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Jak family of tyrosine kinases are known to mediate some of the effects of cytokines or hematopoietic growth factors by recruitment and tyrosine phosphorylation of a variety of Stat (signal transducers and activators of transcription) proteins.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 855546405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hence, we have investigated whether Stat proteins are present in platelets and, if so, whether they become tyrosine phosphorylated in response to thrombopoietin.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 855546406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We immunologically identified Stat1, Stat2, Stat3, and Stat5 in human platelet lysates.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 855546407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thrombopoietin induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 and Stat5 in these cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 855546408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thrombopoietin also induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 and Stat5 in FDCP-2 cells genetically engineered to constitutively express human c-Mpl.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 855546409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, our data indicate that Stat3 and Stat5 may be involved in signal transduction after ligand binding to c-Mpl and that this event may have a role in megakaryopoiesis/thrombopoiesis or possibly a mature platelet function such as aggregation.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 855546701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Distinctive expression pattern of the BCL-6 protein in nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 855546702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The BCL-6 gene encoding a nuclear-located Kruppel-type zinc finger protein is rearranged in about 30% diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and is expressed predominantly in normal germinal center B cells and related lymphomas.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 855546703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest that BCL-6 may play a role in regulating differentiation of normal germinal center B cells and that its deregulated expression caused by rearrangements may contribute to lymphomagenesis.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 855546704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This prompted us to investigate the expression of the BCL-6 protein in Hodgkin's disease (HD), focusing on the nodular lymphocyte predominance subtype (NLPHD), which differs from classical HD by virtue of the B-cell nature of the malignant cell population (so-called L&H cells) and its relationship with germinal centers.@@@@1@60@@oe@16-12-2010 855546705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Forty-one HD samples (19 NLPHD, 12 nodular sclerosis, and 10 mixed cellularity) were immunostained with the monoclonal antibodies PG-B6 and PG-B6p that react with a fixative-sensitive and a formalin-resistant epitope on the aminoterminal region of the BCL-6 gene product, respectively.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 855546706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Strong nuclear positivity for the BCL-6 protein was detected in tumor (L&H) cells in all cases of NLPHD.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 855546707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, BCL-6 was expressed only in a small percentage of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in about 30% of classical HD cases.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 855546708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Notably, the nuclei of reactive CD3+/CD4+ T cells nearby to and rosetting around L&H cells in NLPHD were also strongly BCL-6+, but lacked CD40 ligand (CD40L) expression.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 855546709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This staining pattern clearly differed from that of classical HD, whose cellular background was made up of CD3+/CD4+ T cells showing the BCL-6-/CD40L+ phenotype.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 855546710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results further support the concept that NLPHD is an histogenetically distinct, B-cell-derived subtype of HD and suggest a role for BCL-6 in its development.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 855548901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The promoter and 5' flanking sequences controlling human B29 gene expression.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 855548902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The product of the B-cell-specific B29 gene (B29, Ig beta, CD79b) is essential for Ig-mediated B-cell activation via the B-cell antigen receptor complex (BCR) on human and murine B lymphocytes.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 855548903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To better understand the regulation of this pivotal gene, we have analyzed the human genomic DNA sequence upstream of the B29 ATG start codon for transcriptional control activity.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 855548904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human B29 gene lacks either a TATA or a CAAT box and transcription is initiated at multiple sites.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 855548905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The minimal promoter of the human B29 gene is contained within a 193-bp region 5' of these multiple start sites.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 855548906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This minimal promoter exhibits B-cell-specific activity and contains SP1, ETS, OCT, and IKAROS/LYF-1 transcription factor motifs.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 855548907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All these motifs are strikingly conserved in sequence and placement relative to the previously characterized murine B29 promoter.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 855548908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additional upstream gene segments dramatically affected B29 minimal promoter activity.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 855548909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A newly identified motif called the B29 conserved sequence (BCS), found upstream of both human and murine B29 promoters, appears to stimulate B29 transcription through a novel mechanism.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 855548910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A single BCS had little effect either on the minimal B29 promoter or on a heterologous promoter.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 855548911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Instead, the BCS stimulated transcription by counteracting 5' negative regulatory DNA sequences that block the activity of the B29 minimal promoter in its absence.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 855548912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings indicate that B29 gene expression is controlled by the complex interplay of positive and negative regulatory elements.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 855639201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Selective effects of DNA damaging agents on HIV long terminal repeat activation and virus replication in vitro.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 855639202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Much attention has recently focused on the observation that UV light can activate the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 855639203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although the mechanism of LTR activation remains obscure, several lines of investigation have suggested that it is a result of activation of the NF-kappa B transcription factor(s) following signaling events related to generalized DNA damage.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 855639204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report, we present data demonstrating that HIV LTR activation is not a general consequence of cellular DNA damage, but rather a process unique to specific genotoxic stimuli, and that it does not necessarily depend on activation of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 855639205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we demonstrate that several of these agents can significantly increase HIV replication and accelerate CD4-positive lymphocyte cytotoxicity in vitro.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 855639206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings, therefore, could have clinical significance to AIDS patients with malignancies who are undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 855703201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-M (chicken C/EBP beta) induces eosinophilic differentiation and apoptosis in a hematopoietic progenitor cell line.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 855703202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) are transcriptional activators implicated in the differentiation processes of various cell lineages.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 855703203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have shown earlier that NF-M, the chicken homolog of C/EBP beta, is specifically expressed in myelomonocytic and eosinophilic cells of the hematopoietic system.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 855703204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate the role of NF-M in hematopoietic cell lineage commitment, we constructed a conditional form of the protein by fusing it to the hormone binding domain of the human estrogen receptor.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 855703205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This construct was stably expressed in a multipotent progenitor cell line transformed by the Myb-Ets oncoprotein.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 855703206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report here that both NF-M-dependent promoter constructs and resident genes could be activated by addition of beta-estradiol to the NF-M-estrogen receptor expressing progenitors.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 855703207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At the same time, we observed a down-regulation of progenitor-specific surface markers and the up-regulation of differentiation markers restricted to the eosinophil and myeloid lineages.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 855703208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to the onset of differentiation, cell death was induced with typical apoptotic features.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 855703209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results suggest that NF-M plays an important role in commitment along the eosinophil lineage and in the induction of apoptosis.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 855797501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MEK1 and the extracellular signal-regulated kinases are required for the stimulation of IL-2 gene transcription in T cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 855797502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCR engagement stimulates the activation of the protein kinase Raf-1.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 855797503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Active Raf-1 phosphorylates and activates the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1 (MEK1), which in turn phosphorylates and activates the MAP kinases/extracellular signal regulated kinases, ERK1 and ERK2.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 855797504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Raf-1 activity promotes IL-2 production in activated T lymphocytes.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 855797505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, we sought to determine whether MEK1 and ERK activities also stimulate IL-2 gene transcription.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 855797506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of constitutively active Raf-1 or MEK1 in Jurkat T cells enhanced the stimulation of IL-2 promoter-driven transcription stimulated by a calcium ionophore and PMA, and together with a calcium ionophore the expression of each protein was sufficient to stimulate NF-AT activity.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 855797507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of MEK1-interfering mutants inhibited the stimulation of IL-2 promoter-driven transcription and blocked the ability of constitutively active Ras and Raf-1 to costimulate NF-AT activity with a calcium ionophore.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 855797508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the MAP kinase-specific phosphatase, MKP-1, which blocks ERK activation, inhibited IL-2 promoter and NF-AT-driven transcription stimulated by a calcium ionophore and PMA, and in addition, MKP-1 neutralized the transcriptional enhancement caused by active Raf-1 and MEK1 expression.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 855797509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway consisting of Raf-1, MEK1, and ERK1 and ERK2 functions in the stimulation IL-2 gene transcription in activated T lymphocytes.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 855801101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV glycoprotein 120 enhances intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene expression in glial cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 855801102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription and protein kinase C signaling pathways.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 855801103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is well established that the two major glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), astrocytes and microglia, are key participants in mediating the neurologic dysfunction associated with HIV infection of the CNS.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 855801104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we investigated the ability of the major envelope glycoprotein of HIV, glycoprotein 120 (gp120), to regulate intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in glial cells, because ICAM-1 is important in mediating immune responsiveness in the CNS, facilitating entry of HIV-infected cells into the CNS, and promoting syncytia formation.@@@@1@61@@oe@16-12-2010 855801105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results indicate that gp120 enhances ICAM-1 gene expression in primary rat astrocytes, primary human astrocytes, a human astroglioma cell line CRT, and primary rat microglia.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 855801106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The signal transduction events involved in gp120-mediated enhancement of ICAM-1 appear to involve activation of both protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase, because inhibitors of protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase abrogate gp120-mediated ICAM-1 expression in both astrocytes and microglia.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 855801107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, gp120 induces tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT-1 alpha) as well as the Janus kinase (JAK2) in glial cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 855801108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also demonstrate that gp120-mediated ICAM-1 expression has functional significance, as it enhances the ability of monocytic cells to bind to gp120-stimulated human astrocytes in an ICAM-1/beta 2 integrin-dependent fashion.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 855801109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results provide new insights into how gp120 can influence the involvement of glial cells in the pathogenesis of AIDS dementia complex.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 856177901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of NF-AT signal transduction events by a dominant-negative form of calcineurin.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 856177902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An inhibitory, "dominant-negative," form of the calcineurin catalytic (A) subunit was prepared, which lacks the calmodulin-binding domain, autoinhibitory domain and most of its catalytic core but possesses the regulatory (B) subunit binding domain.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 856177903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When tested for its ability to block calcineurin-dependent signaling in Jurkat cells, expression of this "B-subunit knock-out" (BKO) construct suppressed reporter gene activity driven by NF-AT, the pivotal promoter element for interleukin (IL)-2 gene induction.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 856177904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunoprecipitation of epitope-labeled BKO demonstrated for the formation of a tight complex with endogenous B subunit in Jurkat cells, consistent with an inhibitory mechanism that involves the sequestration of the B subunit.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 856177905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the sharply reduced NF-AT activity produced by co-transfecting BKO could be "rescued" by overexpression of transfected B subunit, suggesting that depletion of this subunit was responsible for the inhibition.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 856177906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest the potential utility of agents that disrupt calcineurin-mediated signal transduction pathways by blocking formation of the catalytically active dimer of calcineurin A and B subunits.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 856251201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cross-linking of Fc gamma receptors activates HIV-1 long terminal repeat-driven transcription in human monocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 856251202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elevation of the levels of circulating immune complexes frequently accompanies HIV-1 infection and is a prognostic indicator of clinical progression from asymptomatic infection to AIDS.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 856251203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that cross-linking of Fc gamma RI or Fc gamma RII by adherent human IgG or by specific anti-Fc gamma R mAb activates HIV-1 gene expression in the human monocytic cell line BF24 and increased HIV RNA expression in monocytes from HIV infected patients as assayed by reverse transcription-PCR.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 856251204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In THP-1 cells, Fc gamma R cross-linking induced NF-kappa B, which is known to bind to the regulatory region of the long terminal repeat (LTR) of HIV-1 and to activate HIV-1 transcription.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 856251205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anti-TNF-alpha antibody but not anti-IL-1 beta antibody strongly inhibited both the induction of HIV-1-LTR-driven transcription and the induction of NF-kappa B by Fc gamma R cross-linking.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 856251206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that Fc gamma R can mediate a TNF-alpha-dependent induction of HIV-1 gene transcription and suggest that immune complexes may contribute to the pathophysiology of HIV-1 infection by augmenting viral replication in monocytes.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 856288601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of Toremifene on the expression of some genes in human mononuclear cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 856288602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Toremifene exerts multiple and varied effects on the gene expression of human peripheral mononuclear cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 856288603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After short-term, in vitro exposure to therapeutical levels, distinct changes in P-glycoprotein, steroid receptors, p53 and Bcl-2 expression take place.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 856288604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In view of the increasing use of antiestrogens in cancer therapy and prevention, there is obvious merit in long-term in vivo studies to be conducted.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 856295501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fas ligation induces apoptosis and Jun kinase activation independently of CD45 and Lck in human T cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 856295502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation through the Fas/APO-1 receptor results in apoptosis through an incompletely characterized signaling pathway.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 856295503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@More is known regarding signal transduction events that occur after ligation of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR).@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 856295504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has been shown that TCR stimulation requires both the membrane tyrosine phosphatase, CD45, and the Src-family kinase, Lck, to result in cellular activation.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 856295505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although prior studies suggest a role for protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases in Fas signaling, we report here that Fas ligation induces apoptosis in T cells deficient in either CD45 or Lck.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 856295506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further, in normal and CD45- or Lck-deficient cell lines, Fas stimulation results in activation of Jun kinase (JNK), a proposed mediator of stress activation pathways.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 856295507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous studies have also demonstrated a role for endogenous ceramide release in Fas-mediated apoptosis.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 856295508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that stimulation with a synthetic ceramide analog results in JNK activation as well as apoptosis, suggesting ceramide release occurs proximal to JNK activation in Fas signaling.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 856295509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data suggest that although CD45 and Lck are not required for Fas signaling, JNK activation may play an important role transducing distal signals that lead to apoptosis after Fas ligation.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 856531701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoids induced down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression in asthma.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 856531702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although their precise mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, glucocorticoids represent the most effective therapy in the treatment of asthma.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 856531703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interactions between the glucocorticoid receptor and the AP-1 complex have been shown to regulate the transcription of some genes, including glucocorticoid receptor itself.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 856531704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The aim of the present study was to compare the expression of mRNA for glucocorticoid receptor in human blood monocytes obtained from seven unstable untreated asthmatic patients who were subsequently treated with high doses of parenteral corticosteroid (methyl prednisolone 120 mg/day) for 10 days.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 856531705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@mRNA expression was identified after RNA extraction using RNAzol and analysed after reverse transcriptase, by polymerase chain reaction using a semiquantitative competitive hybridization assay.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 856531706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All asthmatic patients showed an improvement in their FEV1 values after corticosteroid treatment (per cent of predicted value 68.28 +/- 4.93 versus 95.57 +/- 6.41, P < 0.02), and a significant decrease for glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression (P < 0.02) was observed in their monocytes.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 856531707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is the first report of an ex vivo down-regulation for the glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression, following corticosteroid treatment.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 856602301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of an ionomycin/cyclosporin A-responsive element within the human T cell receptor gamma enhancer.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 856602302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation through the Ca2+/calcineurin pathway is essential to the transcription of many cytokine genes.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 856602303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The conserved cis-acting sequence, GGAAAA, and transcription factors binding to this sequence are involved in the response to increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 856602304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report the identification and importance of the same sequence in a non-cytokine gene, the human T cell receptor gamma (TCRG) enhancer.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 856602305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Results from site-directed mutations and electrophoretic mobility shift assays strongly suggest that this sequence mediates the ionomycin-induced activation of the TCRG enhancer.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 856602306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our studies provide an explanation for a previous observation that TCRG mRNA levels, but not mRNA levels for T cell receptor alpha and -beta, are increased by ionomycin treatment.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 856695101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Translocation breakpoints in three patients with campomelic dysplasia and autosomal sex reversal map more than 130 kb from SOX9.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 856695102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Campomelic dysplasia (CMPD1) and autosomal XY sex reversal (SRA1) are caused by mutations in the SRY-related gene SOX9 on 17q.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 856695103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unexpectedly, the 17q breakpoints in four CMPD1 translocation cases previously analyzed by us and others map 50 kb or more from SOX9.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 856695104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we present clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular data from a new CMPD1/SRA1 patient with t(6;17)(q14;q24).@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 856695105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fluorescence in situ hybridization has shown that the 17q breakpoint in this case maps to the same region as the breakpoints in the other translocation cases, at least 130 kb from SOX9.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 856695106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Likewise, the breakpoints in two of the previously described cases also map more than 130 kb and, as shown by pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis, at most 400 kb or 690 kb from SOX9.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 856695107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By using a SOX9 coding sequence polymorphism, expression of both SOX9 alleles has been demonstrated by the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in lymphoblastoid cells from one of the translocation cases.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 857021501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of either the TCL1 oncogene, or transcripts from its homologue MTCP1/c6.1B, in leukaemic and non-leukaemic T cells from ataxia telangiectasia patients.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 857021502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Patients with the recessively inherited disorder ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) have a high level of specific chromosome translocations which can be easily observed in peripheral T cells and show a greatly increased predisposition to leukaemia/lymphoma, mainly of T cell origin.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 857021503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some translocation cells proliferate into a large clone and may develop into T cell prolymphocytic leukaemia (T-PLL).@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 857021504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By the time of diagnosis of T-PLL, the clone contains many more genetic changes in the form of additional translocations.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 857021505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T-PLL is also seen in non-A-T individuals where expression of either TCL1 (at 14q32) or the c6.1B/MTCP1 A1 transcript (at-Xq28) has been demonstrated in just a few instances.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 857021506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here, that expression of TCL1 occurs in leukaemic T cells from A-T patients with chromosome 14 rearrangements.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 857021507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of TCL1 also occurs in the preleukaemic clone cells of A-T patients containing the primary translocation alone.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 857021508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some expression of TCL1 could also be detected in randomly selected A-T patients without large cytogenetic clones and without any evidence of leukaemic change.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 857021509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also show that expression of the B1 transcript from a second gene, MTCP1, occurred at a relatively high level only in two T-PLL tumours from A-T patients with t(X;14) translocations whereas the MTCP1/A1 transcript is much more widely expressed in both tumour and non tumour cells of A-T and non-A-T individuals.@@@@1@55@@oe@16-12-2010 857292501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Aspirin-like drugs can protect human T lymphocytes against benzoquinone cytotoxicity: evidence for a NAD(P)H:quinone reductase-dependent mechanism.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 857292502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Benzene toxicity towards lymphocytes is thought to be mediated by metabolites of benzene including benzoquinone (BQ).@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 857292503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NAD(P)H:quinone reductase (QR) is known to protect against BQ toxicity.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 857292504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of the QR gene is regulated by the transcription factor AP-1.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 857292505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We had previously found that aspirin-like drugs (ALD) induce AP-1 in human T lymphocytes.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 857292506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was therefore hypothesized that ALD would protect lymphocytes against BQ toxicity by inducing QR.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 857292507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Molt-4 cells (M4), a human T lymphocyte cell line, were incubated with different concentrations of two ALD, flurbiprofen and sodium diclofenac, and then exposed to BQ.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 857292508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Toxicity was measured by viability (trypan blue exclusion).@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 857292509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both drugs protected the cells against BQ cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner, e.g., sodium diclofenac at 15 microM reduced the fraction of BQ-treated dead cells by 70%.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 857292510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ALDs induced QR activity in the M4 cells in the same range of concentrations that protected the cells against BQ toxicity.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 857292511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protective effect of ALD was significantly reduced by dicoumarol, a QR-specific inhibitor.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 857292512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since human T cells and T cell lines do not metabolize arachidonic acid, our data suggest that ALD can protect human T lymphocytes against a metabolite of benzene by induction of QR activity.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 857312101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of NF-kappa B activation in human T-cell lines by anetholdithiolthione.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 857312102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B is a redox sensitive cytosolic transcription factor.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 857312103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Redox regulation of NF-kappa B has been implicated in the activation of the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV).@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 857312104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, inhibition of NF-kappa B activation may be an effective strategy for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome therapy.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 857312105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anetholdithiolthione (ADT, 5-[p-methoxyphenyl]-3H-1,2-dithiol-3-thione) is an antioxidant which has been used to protect against acetaminophen- and CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, radiation injury, and also has been used clinically as an anti-choleretic agent.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 857312106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study examined the effect of ADT pretreatment on NF-kappa B activation in response to a variety of stimuli such as H2O2, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha).@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 857312107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMA and TNF alpha induced activation of (NF)-kappa B in human Jurkat T-cells was partially inhibited by ADT (0.1 mM) pretreatment.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 857312108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ADT (0.1 mM) also inhibited H2O2 induced activation of the transcription factor in the peroxide sensitive human Wurzburg T-cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 857312109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, ADT treated Wurzburg cells had significantly higher glutathione levels as compared with untreated cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 857312110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@H2O2 induced lipid peroxidation in Wurzburg cells was remarkably inhibited by ADT pretreatment.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 857312111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ADT, a pro-glutathione antioxidant, was observed to be capable of modulating NF-kappa B activation.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 857338101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human herpesvirus 6 variant A, but not variant B, infects EBV-positive B lymphoid cells, activating the latent EBV genome through a BZLF-1-dependent mechanism.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 857338102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human herpesvirus 6, a predominantly T lymphotropic virus, has been recently shown to infect some EBV-positive B cell lines, and to induce in them the activation of the EBV lytic cycle.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 857338103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we have confirmed and extended such observations, showing that (1) this phenomenon is restricted to the variant A of HHV-6: in fact two isolates belonging to the HHV-6 variant B (BA92 and Z29) were neither able to infect any B cell line, independently of the EBV status, nor to induce the EBV genome expression.@@@@1@64@@oe@16-12-2010 857338104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The only exception is represented by the P3HR1 cells, in which, however, the infection by the variant B does not determine induction of EBV antigens; (2) the presence of the EBV genome contributes to the susceptibility of the B cell lines to HHV-6 infection, increasing the binding sites and the percentage of infectable cells, as detected by immunoelectron microscopy; and (3) HHV-6 infected T cells, transfected with plasmids bearing the promoter regions of the EBV early genes BZLF1 and BMRF1, show a strong transactivation of these promoters.@@@@1@101@@oe@16-12-2010 857611101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of a physical interaction between calcineurin and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATp).@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 857611102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In T lymphocytes, the calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase, calcineurin, plays a pivotal role in transducing membrane-associated signals to the nucleus.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 857611103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the putative targets of calcineurin is the pre-existing, cytosolic component of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATp; also referred to as NFAT1), which is one of several transcription factors required for the expression of interleukin 2.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 857611104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of calcineurin by the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A and FK506 prevents dephosphorylation of NFATp and its translocation to the nucleus.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 857611105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, a physical interaction between calcineurin and NFATp has not been demonstrated.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 857611106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate the binding of NFATp from lysates of T cells to immobilized calcineurin.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 857611107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of T cells with calcium ionophore induced a shift in the molecular weight of NFATp that is due to its dephosphorylation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 857611108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This dephosphorylation was inhibited by treatment of T cells with cyclosporin A or FK506 prior to stimulation.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 857611109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Of note, both the phosphorylated and the dephosphorylated form of NFATp bound to calcineurin.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 857611110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the binding of both forms of NFATp to calcineurin was inhibited by pretreatment of calcineurin with a complex of FK506 and its ligand FKBP12.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 857611111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together these data strongly suggest a direct interaction of calcineurin with NFATp and that this interaction does not depend upon the phosphorylation sites of NFATp affected by activation.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 857777201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo anergized CD4+ T cells express perturbed AP-1 and NF-kappa B transcription factors.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 857777202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anergy is a major mechanism to ensure antigen-specific tolerance in T lymphocytes in the adult.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 857777203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo, anergy has mainly been studied at the cellular level.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 857777204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we used the T-cell-activating superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) to investigate molecular mechanisms of T-lymphocyte anergy in vivo.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 857777205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Injection of SEA to adult mice activates CD4+ T cells expressing certain T-cell receptor (TCR) variable region beta-chain families and induces strong and rapid production of interleukin 2 (IL-2).@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 857777206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, repeated injections of SEA cause CD4+ T-cell deletion and anergy in the remaining CD4+ T cells, characterized by reduced expression of IL-2 at mRNA and protein levels.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 857777207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We analyzed expression of AP-1, NF-kappa B, NF-AT, and octamer binding transcription factors, which are known to be involved in the regulation of IL-2 gene promoter activity.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 857777208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Large amounts of AP-1 and NF-kappa B and significant quantities of NF-AT were induced in SEA-activated CD4+ spleen T cells, whereas Oct-1 and Oct-2 DNA binding activity was similar in both resting and activated T cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 857777209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, anergic CD4+ T cells contained severely reduced levels of AP-1 and Fos/Jun-containing NF-AT complexes but expressed significant amounts of NF-kappa B and Oct binding proteins after SEA stimulation.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 857777210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Resolution of the NF-kappa B complex demonstrated predominant expression of p50-p65 heterodimers in activated CD4+ T cells, while anergic cells mainly expressed the transcriptionally inactive p50 homodimer.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 857777211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These alterations of transcription factors are likely to be responsible for repression of IL-2 in anergic T cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 857974801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BSAP: a key regulator of B-cell development and differentiation.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 857974802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B-cell-specific activator protein (BSAP) is a recently identified member of the Pax-gene family of transcription factors; in the lymphoid system, BSAP is produced only in B cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 857974803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, Markus Neurath, Eckhard Stuber and Warren Strober describe the molecular structure of BSAP and focus on the ability of this protein to regulate the expression of B-cell-specific genes.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 857974804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They propose that BSAP is a key protein of B cells and that it not only influence B-cell development but also influences the balance between B-cell proliferation and immunoglobulin secretion at later stages of B-cell differentiation.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 858037801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of JAK3, but not JAK1, is critical for IL-2-induced proliferation and STAT5 recruitment by a COOH-terminal region of the IL-2 receptor beta-chain.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 858037802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A number of cytokines and growth factors use the JAK-STAT pathway to signal from the cell membrane to the nucleus.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 858037803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While homodimerizing cytokine receptors may transmit signal via a single form of JAK (i.e. growth hormone receptors), several multicomponent cytokine receptors have been shown to require simultaneous activation of pairs of different JAK kinases (i.e. interferon receptors).@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 858037804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent evidence for a preferential coupling of JAK3 to interleukin-2 receptor-gamma (IL-2R gamma) and JAK1 to IL-2R beta supports the concept of heterotrans-activation of JAK1 and JAK3 caused by IL-2-induced heterodimerization of their receptor partners.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 858037805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study verified the ability of IL-2 to cause tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of JAK1 and JAK3, but demonstrated that IL-2 stimulated JAK3 to a significantly larger extent than JAK1 in human T lymphocytes and the YT cell line.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 858037806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This conclusion was based upon several independent criteria, including more vigorous tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK3, more marked enzymatic activation of JAK3 as well as higher abundance of JAK3 in activated IL-2 receptor complexes.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 858037807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, when human IL-2R beta was stably expressed in murine BA/F3 cells, robust IL-2-induced proliferation and JAK3 activation occurred without detectable involvement of either JAK1, JAK2 or TYK2.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 858037808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We therefore propose that IL-2 receptor signal transduction does not depend on equimolar heterodimerization of JAK1 and JAK3 following IL-2-induced heterodimerization of IL-2R beta and IL-2R gamma.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 858037809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nonetheless, a membrane-proximal region of human IL-2R beta (Asn240-Leu335) was critical for JAK3 activation, and the amount of JAK3 present in activated IL-2 receptor complexes increased with time, suggesting that stabilization of JAK3 binding to the receptor complex relies on both IL-2R beta and IL-2R gamma.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 858037810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, STAT5 was found to be the predominant STAT transcription factor used by IL-2 in human T cells, and specifically required a COOH-terminal region of IL-2R beta (Ser386-Val525), while STAT5 recruitment was not correlated to activation of IL-2R gamma or JAK3.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 859383101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of vitamin D receptor-retinoid X receptor-vitamin D response element complex formation by nuclear extracts of vitamin D-resistant New World primate cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 859383102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Most New World primate (NWP) genera evolved to require high circulating levels of steroid hormones and vitamin D.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 859383103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We hypothesized that an intracellular vitamin D binding protein (IDBP), present in both nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of NWP cells, or another protein(s) may cause or contribute to the steroid hormone-resistant state in NWP by disruption of the receptor dimerization process and/or by interference of receptor complex binding to the consensus response elements present in the enhancer regions of steroid-responsive genes.@@@@1@69@@oe@16-12-2010 859383104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We employed electromobility shift assay (EMSA) to screen for the presence of proteins capable of binding to the vitamin D response element (VDRE).@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 859383105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear and post-nuclear extracts were prepared from two B-lymphoblastoid cell lines known to be representative of the vitamin D-resistant and wild type phenotypes, respectively.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 859383106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The extracts were compared for their ability to retard the migration of radiolabeled double stranded oligomers representative of the VDREs of the human osteocalcin and the mouse osteopontin gene promoters.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 859383107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A specific, retarded band containing VDR-RXR was identified when wild type cell but not when vitamin D-resistant cell nuclear extract was used in the binding reaction with either probe.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 859383108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, vitamin D-resistant cell nuclear extract contained a protein(s) which was bound specifically to the VDRE and was capable of completely inhibiting VDR-RXR-VDRE complex formation; these effects were not demonstrated with nuclear extract from the wild type cell line or with the post-nuclear extract of the vitamin D-resistant cell line.@@@@1@57@@oe@16-12-2010 859383109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that a VDRE-binding protein(s), distinct from IDBP and present in nuclear extract of cells from a prototypical vitamin D-resistant NWP, is capable of inhibiting normal VDR-RXR heterodimer binding to the VDRE.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 859601701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization and purification of a protein kinase C substrate in human B cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 859601702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification as lymphocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1).@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 859601703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Incubation of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells with phorbol esters resulted in the phosphorylation of two major PKC substrates, MARCKS (myristoylated, alanine-rich C kinase substrate) and MRP (MARCKS-related protein), and of a third protein, with an apparent m.w. of 60,000 that was the most prominent protein kinase C substrate in these cells.@@@@1@63@@oe@16-12-2010 859601704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@p60 phosphorylation was time and PMA dose dependent, and was induced by cell-permeable diacylglycerol, but not by inactive phorbol esters.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 859601705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of the protein phosphorylation pattern from the B cell line CESS demonstrated the identity between the p60 protein expressed in this cell line and that expressed in B-CLL cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 859601706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@p60 was purified from CESS cells and peptide microsequencing of this protein revealed that it was lymphocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1), that is here characterized as the most prominent protein kinase C substrate in B cells.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 859821001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cross-linking CD40 on B cells preferentially induces stress-activated protein kinases rather than mitogen-activated protein kinases.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 859821002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The B cell-associated surface molecule CD40 plays a key role in T cell-dependent B cell maturation, as individuals with defects in either CD40 or its ligand are impaired in immunoglobulin isotype class switching and germinal center formation.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 859821003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD40 signaling activates downstream effectors, including the tyrosine protein kinase, Lyn, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3 kinase), and the transcription factor, NF-kappa B.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 859821004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we demonstrate that stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK) are activated after CD40 cross-linking on various B cell lines or human tonsillar B cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 859821005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation is rapid and transient and is mediated through a cyclosporin A-insensitive pathway.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 859821006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, this signaling pathway appears not to rely on protein kinase C.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 859821007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While CD40 ligation strongly activates the SAPKs (up to 25-fold), it does not affect members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family (MAPK; ERK1 and ERK2).@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 859821008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with these data, CD40 signals up-regulate c-jun but not c-fos mRNA and alter the transcription factor ATF2 but not the Raf-1 protein.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 859821009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In summary, CD40 signaling preferentially induces SAPK but not MAPK.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 859848101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dehydroepiandrosterone modulation of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocyte cytotoxicity.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 859848102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), the predominant androgen secreted by the adrenal cortex, can be converted to both potent androgens and estrogens.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 859848103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to its role as a precursor for other steroid hormones, DHEA has been proposed to play an important role in immunity.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 859848104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study has investigated DHEA modulation of LPS-induced monocyte cytotoxicity.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 859848105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytotoxicity markers assessed include tumor cell killing, IL-1 secretion, reactive oxygen intermediate release, nitric oxide synthetase activity as measured by the release of reactive nitrogen intermediates, complement receptor-1 cell surface protein, and TNF-alpha protein presence.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 859848106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monocytes stimulated with LPS concentrations of 1.0 micrograms/ml displayed the above cytotoxic markers, whereas monocytes stimulated with DHEA alone or with LPS at a lower concentration of 0.2 ng/ml did not.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 859848107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, when used simultaneously, DHEA and LPS 0.2 ng/ml displayed a synergistic effect on monocyte cytotoxicity against cancerous cell lines, IL-1 secretion, reactive nitrogen intermediate release, complement receptor-1 cell-surface protein, and TNF-alpha protein to levels comparable with levels obtained using LPS 1.0 microgram/ml.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 859848108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, Scatchard plot analysis demonstrated the presence of a DHEA receptor in monocytes, suggesting that DHEA effects on LPS-stimulated monocytes are mediated through a receptor-dependent process.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 860094201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surfactant suppresses NF-kappa B activation in human monocytic cells.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 860094202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to biophysical properties, pulmonary surfactant has immunomodulatory activity.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 860094203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We previously demonstrated that both synthetic (Exosurf) and modified natural surfactant (Survanta) downregulated endotoxin-stimulated inflammatory c ytokine mRNA levels and protein products (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF], interleukin-1-beta [IL-1], interleukin-6 [IL-6]) in human alveolar macrophages.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010 860094204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we report that both Exosurf and Survanta suppress TNF mRNA and secretion (85 +/- 4% mean percent inhibition +/- SEM by Exosurf; 71 +/- 6% by Survanta) by endotoxin-stimulated THP-1, a human monocytic cell line.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 860094205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because surfactant downregulated inflammatory cytokine production similarly in both normal human alveolar macrophages and the THP-1 cell line, we used this cell line to investigate whether surfactant affected transcriptional mechanisms.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 860094206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specifically, we examined nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation because it is crucial in transcriptional regulation of many inflammatory cytokine genes including TNF, IL-1, and IL-6.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 860094207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that both surfactants decreased activation of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 860094208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of both p65 and p50 NF-kappa B components in LPS-activated THP-1 cells was confirmed by specific antibody induction of supershifts in mobility assays.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 860094209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results are the first to suggest that surfactant's suppressive effects on inflammatory cytokine production may involve transcriptional regulation through inhibition of NF-kappa B activation.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 860252901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A mammalian histone deacetylase related to the yeast transcriptional regulator Rpd3p [see comments]@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 860252902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Trapoxin is a microbially derived cyclotetrapeptide that inhibits histone deacetylation in vivo and causes mammalian cells to arrest in the cell cycle.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 860252903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A trapoxin affinity matrix was used to isolate two nuclear proteins that copurified with histone deacetylase activity.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 860252904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both proteins were identified by peptide microsequencing, and a complementary DNA encoding the histone deacetylase catalytic subunit (HD1) was cloned from a human Jurkat T cell library.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 860252905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As the predicted protein is very similar to the yeast transcriptional regulator Rpd3p, these results support a role for histone deacetylase as a key regulator of eukaryotic transcription.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 860304501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The involvement of p23, hsp90, and immunophilins in the assembly of progesterone receptor complexes.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 860304502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To better understand the assembly mechanism for the progesterone receptor (PR), we have developed cell-free systems for studying interactions of PR, hsp90, and other associated proteins.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 860304503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When PR is incubated in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, its association with hsp90, hsp70, the three immunophilins FKBP54, FKBP52 and CyP-40, and with p23 is observed.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 860304504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These interactions require ATP/Mg2+ and when ATP is limiting the PR complex is altered to one containing the proteins p60 and p48, but lacking immunophilins and p23.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 860304505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have studied two pre-formed hsp90 complexes that may participate in the assembly of PR complexes.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 860304506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One contains hsp90 bound to hsp70 and p60 and this complex forms spontaneously in the absence of ATP.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 860304507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A second complex contains hsp90 bound to p23 plus the three immunophilins and some hsp70.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 860304508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The formation of this complex requires ATP.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 860304509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In further studies we have shown that purified hsp90 can bind to purified p23 and this interaction requires both ATP and molybdate.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 860304510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This explains, in part, the known effects of ATP and molybdate on assembly of PR complexes.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 860534801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Coexpression of the interleukin-13 and interleukin-4 genes correlates with their physical linkage in the cytokine gene cluster on human chromosome 5q23-31.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 860534802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-13 (IL-13) and IL-4 are cytokines produced by T cells that are encoded by the q23-31 region of human chromosome 5.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 860534803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate the regulation of IL-13 gene expression by T cells, we isolated and sequenced the human IL-13 gene, analyzed its 5'-flanking region for potential transcriptional activation elements, and examined its expression in nontransformed T-lineage cell populations.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 860534804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human IL-13 gene was located 12.5-kb upstream of the IL-4 gene and 2-kb downstream of a CpG island.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 860534805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IL-13 gene 5' flank region included a segment with sequence homology to P elements of the IL-4 promoter involved in transcriptional activation in T cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 860534806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation of the IL-13 P element site significantly reduced IL-13 promoter activity in response to T-cell activation.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 860534807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oligonucleotides containing the IL-13 or IL-4 P element sites specifically bound the transcriptional activator protein, nuclear factor-activated T cells, preformed (NF-ATp), when incubated with nuclear protein extracts from activated T cells.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 860534808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar to IL-4, IL-13 mRNA expression was highest in T-cell populations enriched for cells that had previously been primed in vivo or in vitro, indicating that priming increases the expression of the IL-13 and IL-4 genes in a coordinate manner.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 860534809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because the primed T cells contain higher levels of nuclear NF-ATp, capable of binding to P elements of the IL-4 and IL-13 promoters, than do freshly-isolated T cells, the NF-AT-binding P elements are attractive candidates to mediate the coordinate expression of these two cytokine genes.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010 860535901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transactivation of the interleukin-1alpha promoter by human T-cell leukemia virus type I and type II Tax proteins.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 860535902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-infected T-cell lines constitutively produce high levels of interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha).@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 860535903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To analyze the mechanisms that lead to the expression of IL-1alpha in HTLV-I-infected cell lines, we studied regulatory regions of the human IL-1alpha promoter involved in activation of the IL-1alpha gene.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 860535904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-1alpha promoter constructs drive transcription of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene in HTLV-I-positive MT-2 cells, which constitutively produce IL-1alpha.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 860535905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a cotransfection assay, the Tax protein of both HTLV-I and HTLV-II specifically activated transcription from the IL-1alpha promoter in an uninfected Jurkat cell line.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 860535906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A mutant Tax protein deficient in transactivation of genes by the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathway was unable to induce transcriptional activity of IL-1alpha promoter-CAT constructs, but was rescued by exogenous provision of p65/p50 NF-kappaB.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 860535907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that two IL-1alpha kappaB-like sites (positions -1,065 to -1,056 and +646 to +655) specifically formed a complex with NF-kappaB-containing nuclear extract from MT-2 cells and that NF-kappaB bound with higher affinity to the 3' NF-kappaB binding site than to the 5' NF-kappaB site.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 860535908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, deletion of either 5' or 3' NF-kappaB sites reduced IL-1alpha promoter activity in MT-2 cells and transactivation of the IL-1alpha promoter by exogenous NF-kappaB and Tax in Jurkat cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 860535909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest a general role for Tax induction of IL-1alpha gene transcription by the NF-kappaB pathway.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 860535910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of IL-1alpha by HTLV-I productively infected cells may be important in the hypercalcemia, osteolytic bone lesions, neutrophilia, elevation of C-reactive protein, and fever frequently seen in patients with HTLV-I-induced adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 860558701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors inhibit phorbol myristate acetate and cytokine-induced HIV-1 expression chronically infected U1 cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 860558702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) binding protein-1 (r-h TBP-1) and recombinant human soluble dimeric TNF receptor (rhu TNFR:Fc) were used to determine the relative contributions of TNF to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and cytokine-induced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in chronically infected cell lines.@@@@1@60@@oe@16-12-2010 860558703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of HIV-1-infected promonocytic U1 cells with r-h-TBP-1 or rhu TNFR:Fc reduced PMA-induced HIV-1 p24 antigen production in a concentration-dependent manner, with a maximal inhibition of approximately 90%.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 860558704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Maximal inhibition of p24 antigen production in T-lymphocytic ACH-2 cells was 47% with r-hTBP-1 and 42% with rhu TNFR:Fc.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 860558705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@r-hTBP-1 and rhu TNFR:Fc also decreased p24 antigen synthesized by U1 cells in response to other stimuli, including phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced supernatant, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-6, and TNF.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 860558706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of r-hTBP-1 to U1 cells during the last 4 h of a 24 h incubation with PMA still inhibited p24 antigen production by 15%.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 860558707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@U1 cells stimulated with 10(-7) M PMA released approximately 1 ng/ml endogenous TBP-1 with an initial peak observed at 1 h and a second peak at 24 h after PMA stimulation.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 860558708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@r-hTBP-1 also partially reversed inhibition of U1 cellular proliferation caused by PMA.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 860558709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both r-hTBP-1 and rhu TNFR:Fc blocked PMA induction of nuclear factor (NK)- kappa B DNA-binding activity in U1 cells in association with decreases in HIV-1 replication.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 860558710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that soluble TNF receptors can inhibit stimuli-induced HIV-1 expression and NK- kappa B DNA-binding activity in chronically infected U1 cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 860594101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Autocrine activation by interferon-gamma of STAT factors following T cell activation.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 860594102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation of T cells requires engagement of the T cell receptor/CD3 complex and co-stimulatory molecules, and results in the triggering of several signaling pathways which lead rapidly to the nuclear translocation of several transcription factors, such as nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B and NF-AT.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 860594103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A result of this activation process is the induction of a number of genes, including those encoding cytokines such as interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon (IFN)-gamma which have important immunoregulatory effects.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 860594104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report here that a DNA-binding factor containing STAT1 also becomes activated in human peripheral blood T lymphocytes or Jurkat cells, although not until 1-2 h after stimulation.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 860594105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation is delayed a further 1-2 hr when mononuclear cell cultures are stimulated by an antigen which requires processing.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 860594106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Appearance of the STAT1 factor is significantly reduced in the presence of cyclosporin A, and blocked by cycloheximide, indicating that its activation is dependent upon a protein(s) synthesized in response to initial signaling events.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 860594107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neutralizing antiserum against IFN-gamma, but not other cytokines tested, blocked activation of the factor almost completely, and IFN-gamma was found in the culture supernatants of stimulated cells at levels at which recombinant IFN-gamma could activate the factor in naive cells.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 860594108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, a STAT1 transcription factor is activated by IFN-gamma synthesized and released upon stimulation of T lymphocyte populations.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 860594109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While Jurkat cells both secrete and respond to IFN-gamma in an autocrine loop, it seems likely that the responding cells may differ from those synthesizing this cytokine in the mononuclear cell cultures in the light of the recent report that Th1 cells lack the IFN-gamma receptor chain necessary for activation of STAT1 (Pernis, A., Gupta, S., Gollob, K.J., Garfein, E., Coffman, R.L., Schindler, C., and Rothman, P., Science 1995. 269:245).@@@@1@91@@oe@16-12-2010 860794101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Menopause is associated with a significant increase in blood monocyte number and a relative decrease in the expression of estrogen receptors in human peripheral monocytes.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 860794102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PROBLEM: The clinical significance of the differential expression of estrogen receptor (ER) in human monocytes was evaluated.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 860794103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHOD: Two color flow cytometry analysis was used on peripheral blood samples of young and postmenopausal females and postmenopausal females treated with estrogen replacement therapy.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 860794104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the monocyte and lymphocyte counts and the blood estrogen levels of each patient were determine.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 860794105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: During menopause there is a significant decrease in the percentage of ER positive monocytes, and an increase in blood monocyte number, which declines following estrogen replacement therapy to values of the young.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 860794106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that estrogen modulates the monocyte numbers and its effects may be mediated through the ER in the monocytes.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 860824301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AM580, a stable benzoic derivative of retinoic acid, has powerful and selective cyto-differentiating effects on acute promyelocytic leukemia cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 860824302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is successfully used in the cyto-differentiating treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 860824303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Paradoxically, APL cells express PML-RAR, an aberrant form of the retinoic acid receptor type alpha (RAR alpha) derived from the leukemia-specific t(15;17) chromosomal translocation.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 860824304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here that AM580, a stable retinobenzoic derivative originally synthesized as a RAR alpha agonist, is a powerful inducer of granulocytic maturation in NB4, an APL-derived cell line, and in freshly isolated APL blasts.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 860824305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After treatment of APL cells with AM580 either alone or in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), the compound induces granulocytic maturation, as assessed by determination of the levels of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, CD11b, CD33, and G-CSF receptor mRNA, at concentrations that are 10- to 100-fold lower than those of ATRA necessary to produce similar effects.@@@@1@65@@oe@16-12-2010 860824306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, AM580 is not effective as ATRA in modulating the expression of these differentiation markers in the HL-60 cell line and in freshly isolated granulocytes obtained from the peripheral blood of chronic myelogenous leukemia patients during the stable phase of the disease.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 860824307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In NB4 cells, two other synthetic nonselective RAR ligands are capable of inducing LAP as much as AM580, whereas RAR beta- or RAR gamma-specific ligands are totally ineffective.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 860824308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results show that AM580 is more powerful than ATRA in modulating the expression of differentiation antigens only in cells in which PML-RAR is present.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 860824309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding experiments, using COS-7 cells transiently transfected with PML-RAR and the normal RAR alpha, show that AM580 has a lower affinity than ATRA for both receptors.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 860824310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in the presence of PML-RAR, the synthetic retinoid is a much better transactivator of retinoic acid-responsive element-containing promoters than the natural retinoid, whereas, in the presence of RAR alpha, AM580 and ATRA have similar activity.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 860824311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This may explain the strong cyto-differentiating potential of AM580 in PML-RAR-containing leukemic cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 860939301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Herpesvirus saimiri immortalized gamma delta T cell line activated by IL-12.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 860939302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-12 is a novel heterodimeric cytokine important for the regulation and differentiation of lymphocytes and NK cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 860939303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Like other cytokines, IL-12 mediates its biologic activity through high-affinity receptors expressed on responsive cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 860939304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To date, a large number of receptors for IL-12 have been found only on PBMC following activation with PHA or IL-2.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 860939305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To gain further knowledge of the IL-12R complex and the IL-12 signal transduction pathway in cytotoxic T cells, we studied a number of human T cell lines that had been transformed to permanent growth with Herpesvirus saimiri, an oncogenic virus of nonhuman primates.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 860939306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This paper reports the expression of IL-12R on a human gamma delta T cell line that responds to IL-12 with enhanced cytolytic activity and increased expression of cytolytic effector molecules granzyme B and perforin.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 860939307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using these T cells as a model of IL-12 signal transduction, we confirmed that these events involve members of the Janus kinase family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases JAK2, TYK2, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 4.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 860941801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-13 induces phosphorylation and activation of JAK2 Janus kinase in human colon carcinoma cell lines: similarities between IL-4 and IL-13 signaling.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 860941802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently reported that IL-13R may share a component with IL-4R.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 860941803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that both IL-4 and IL-13 share signaling events in human colon carcinoma cell lines (HT-29 and WiDr).@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 860941804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-13 caused rapid phosphorylation of the three out of four members of the known Janus family of kinases (JAKs).@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 860941805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that JAK2 kinase is rapidly phosphorylated and activated in response to IL-13.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 860941806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within 1 min of activation, JAK2 was phosphorylated, and peaked in 10 min.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 860941807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, IL-13 phosphorylated insulin response substrate-1, IL-4R p140, JAK1, and Tyk2, but not JAK3 kinase.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 860941808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 also stimulated all three kinases and substrates, but unlike in immune cells, IL-4 did not involve JAK3 activation for its signaling in colon cancer cell lines.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 860941809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, JAK2 associated with the IL-4R p140 before and after stimulation with IL-13.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 860941810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both IL-13 and IL-4 induced phosphorylation of IL-4 STAT (STAT6) but not STAT1, STAT3, or STAT5.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 860941811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@125I-IL-13 did not bind to colon cancer cell lines, but unlabeled IL-13 competed for the binding of 125I-IL-4.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 860941812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data suggest that IL-13 utilizes IL-4R and its signaling pathway, and JAK2 may play an important role in the function of IL-4R and IL-13R in colon cancer cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 861011601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in bacterial lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 861011602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of macrophages by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces transcription of genes that encode for proinflammatory regulators of the immune response.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 861011603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous work has suggested that activation of the transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1) is one LPS-induced event that mediates this response.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 861011604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with this notion, we found that LPS stimulated AP-1-mediated transcription of a transfected reporter gene in the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 861011605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As AP-1 activity is regulated in part by activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which phosphorylates and subsequently increases the transcriptional activity of c-Jun, we examined whether LPS treatment of macrophages resulted in activation of this kinase.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 861011606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LPS treatment of RAW 264.7 cells, murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, and the human monocyte cell line THP-1 resulted in rapid activation of the p46 and p54 isoforms of JNK.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 861011607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment with wild-type and rough mutant forms of LPS and synthetic lipid A resulted in JNK activation, while pretreatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A inhibited this response.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 861011608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of LPS-LPS binding protein (LBP) complexes to CD14, a surface receptor that mediates many LPS responses, was found to be crucial, as pretreatment of THP-1 cells with the monoclonal antibody 60b, which blocks this binding, inhibited JNK activation.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 861011609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that LPS activation of JNK in monocyte/macrophage cells is a CD14- and protein tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent event that may mediate the early activation of AP-1 in regulating LPS-triggered gene induction.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 861370701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional basis for hyporesponsiveness of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene to lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 861370702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The work reported here resolves, at the level of gene regulation, the controversy as to whether or not human monocytes/macrophages can produce nitric oxide (NO) when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with or without co-stimulation by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 861370703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies included structural comparison of the promoters for human and mouse inducible NO synthase (iNOS) genes, transfection and assay of human and mouse iNOS promoter regions in response to LPS +/- IFN-gamma, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays of kappa B response elements.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 861370704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two explanations for hyporesponsiveness of the human iNOS promoter to LPS +/- IFN-gamma were found: (1) multiple inactivating nucleotide substitutions in the human counterpart of the enhancer element that has been shown to regulate LPS/IFN-gamma induced expression of the mouse iNOS gene; and (2) and absence of one or more nuclear factors in human macrophages (e.g., an LPS-inducible nuclear factor-kappa B/Rel complex), that is (are) required for maximal expression of the gene.@@@@1@85@@oe@16-12-2010 861370705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The importance of resolution of this controversy is that future research in this area should be directed toward the understanding of alternative mechanisms that can result in the successful production of NO.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 861720701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GATA transcription factors associate with a novel class of nuclear bodies in erythroblasts and megakaryocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 861720702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The nuclear distribution of GATA transcription factors in murine haemopoietic cells was examined by indirect immunofluorescence.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 861720703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific bright foci of GATA-1 fluorescence were observed in erythroleukaemia cells and primary murine erythroblasts and megakaryocytes, in addition to diffuse nucleoplasmic localization.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 861720704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These foci, which were preferentially found adjacent to nucleoli or at the nuclear periphery, did not represent sites of active transcription or binding of GATA-1 to consensus sites in the beta-globin loci.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 861720705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated the presence of intensely labelled structures likely to represent the GATA-1 foci seen by immunofluorescence.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 861720706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GATA-1 nuclear bodies differed from previously described nuclear structures and there was no co-localization with nuclear antigens involved in RNA processing or other ubiquitous (Spl, c-Jun and TBP) or haemopoietic (NF-E2) transcription factors.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 861720707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, GATA-2 and GATA-3 proteins also localized to the same nuclear bodies in cell lines co-expressing GATA-1 and -2 or GATA-1 and -3 gene products.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 861720708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This pattern of distribution is, thus far, unique to the GATA transcription factors and suggests a protein-protein interaction with other components of the nuclear bodies via the GATA zinc finger domain.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 861724401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@C-terminal activating and inhibitory domains determine the transactivation potential of BSAP (Pax-5), Pax-2 and Pax-8.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 861724402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pax-5 encodes the transcription factor BSAP which plays an essential role in early B cell development and midbrain patterning.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 861724403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study we have analysed the structural requirements for transcriptional activation by BSAP.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 861724404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro mutagenesis and transient transfection experiments indicate that the C-terminal serine/threonine/proline-rich region of BSAP contains a potent transactivation domain of 55 amino acids which is active from promoter and enhancer positions.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 861724405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This transactivation domain was found to be inactivated by a naturally occurring frameshift mutation in one PAX-5 allele of the acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line REH.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 861724406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The function of the transactivation domain is negatively regulated by adjacent sequences from the extreme C-terminus.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 861724407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activating and inhibitory domains function together as an independent regulatory module in different cell types as shown by fusion to the GAL4 DNA binding domain.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 861724408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The same arrangement of positively and negatively acting sequences has been conserved in the mammalian Pax-2 and Pax-8, the zebrafish Pax-b as well as the sea urchin Pax-258 proteins.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 861724409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data demonstrate that the transcriptional competence of a subfamily of Pax proteins is determined by a C-terminal regulatory module composed of activating and inhibitory sequences.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 861776601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ubiquitinylation of transcription factors c-Jun and c-Fos using reconstituted ubiquitinylating enzymes.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 861776602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recombinant c-Jun and c-Fos were ubiquitinylated by the ubiquitin carrier enzymes E214K, E220K, or E232K in the presence of the ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E1.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 861776603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of ubiquitin protein ligase E3 substantially enhanced the E214K-mediated ubiquitinylation of c-Jun and c-Fos.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 861776604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Truncated c-Jun and c-Fos mutant proteins including wbJun and wbFos were also ubiquitinylated under the same conditions, suggesting the sites of ubiquitinylation are located within the dimerization and DNA binding domains of c-Jun and c-Fos.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 861776605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The E3-dependent ubiquitinylation of c-Jun was inhibited upon the heterodimerization of c-Jun with c-Fos.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 861776606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further addition of E220K significantly enhanced ubiquitinylation of c-Jun in the heterodimer suggesting a regulatory role of E220K.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 861776607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Polyubiquitinylated c-Jun, wbFos, and wbJun, but not E220K-ubiquitinylated c-Jun, were readily degraded by the ATP-dependent 26 S multicatalytic proteases.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 861776608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that the temporal control of c-Jun and c-Fos may be regulated through the ubiquitinylation pathways, and the ubiquitinylation of c-Jun and c-Fos may in turn be regulated in response to the heterodimerization between them and the cooperation between E220K and E3 mediated polyubiquitinylation.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 861797901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Modulation of endogenous IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist results in opposing effects on HIV expression in chronically infected monocytic cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 861797902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A proportion of HIV-infected individuals experience episodes of localized or systemic bacterial infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 861797903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Many of the clinical side effects of these infections are associated with the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which are induced primarily by LPS, a constituent of the bacterial cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 861797904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study examines the mechanisms involved in LPS-mediated induction of HIV expression in U1 cells, a promonocytic cell line chronically infected with HIV.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 861797905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of U1 cells by LPS alone induced minimal levels of HIV expression, which was significantly enhanced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 861797906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Costimulation of U1 cells with LPS plus GM-CSF resulted in the accumulation of steady-state levels of HIV RNA; however, only a weak induction of HIV long terminal repeat-driven transcription, which was not associated with the activation of the cellular transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B, was noted.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 861797907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Costimulation of cells with LPS plus GM-CSF induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-8, IL-1 beta and IL-6, but not TNF-alpha.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 861797908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-1 receptor antagonist (ra) inhibited LPS enhancement of HIV expression in GM-CSF-stimulated cells, suggesting that endogenous IL-1 was involved in LPS-mediated viral production.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 861797909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this regard, anti-inflammatory cytokines inhibited LPS plus GM-CSF-stimulated HIV expression, and this effect closely correlated with inhibition of IL-1 beta release and, in particular, with up-regulation of endogenous IL-1ra production.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 861797910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the balance between an endogenously produced viral inducer (IL-1 beta ) and an inhibitor (IL-1ra) may represent an important pathway leading to modulation of HIV expression from monocytic cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 861845601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A new variant translocation in acute promyelocytic leukaemia: molecular characterization and clinical correlation.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 861845602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Translocation t(15;17)(q22;q21) is an acquired clonal cytogenetic change present in almost all cases of acute promelocytic leukemia (APL).@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 861845603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The molecular genetic basis of the translocation supports its integral role in pathogenesis.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 861845604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We describe a patient with APL in whom the leukaemic clone was characterized by a true variant of the classical t(15;17).@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 861845605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The patient whose disease had numerous atypical clinical features, had t(11;17)(q13;121).@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 861845606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The chromosome 17 breakpoint was localized to intron 2 of RARA by Southern blotting, and there was no evidence at the molecular level for rearrangement at PML locus.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 861845607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data, along with previous reports of rare variant translocations in APL, indicate that while dysregulation of RARA by gene fusion may be essential for the APL phenotype, the particular fusion partner may determine clinicopathological aspects, including presentation, response to treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and prognosis.@@@@1@57@@oe@16-12-2010 861845608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This heterogeneity suggests that the variant fusion partners of RARA in APL encode factors with properties both common to and distinct from those of PML.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 861845609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Investigation of these factors promises to shed light on the complex development pathways involved in the regulation of haematopoiesis.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 861983401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells in stably transfected Jurkat cell clones.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 861983402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two Jurkat cell clones have been stably transfected with a reporter vector for the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT).@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 861983403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upon stimulation, they express high levels of secreted heat stable placental alkaline phosphatase.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 861983404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@With these clones, we demonstrated that NFAT activation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin was inhibited by both cyclosporin A (CsA) (IC50 = 8 nM) and FK506 (IC50 = 160 pM), presumably by inhibition of calcineurin activity.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 861983405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Selective phosphatase inhibitors for protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A) that do not inhibit calcineurin, such as okadaic acid and calyculin A, also inhibited NFAT activation with IC50s of 87 nM and 4 nM, respectively, suggesting that okadaic acid and related inhibitors may block NFAT activation through the inhibition of PP1, instead of PP2A.@@@@1@65@@oe@16-12-2010 861983406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NFAT activation was also inhibited by agents that increase cAMP concentrations such as dibutyryl cAMP, forskolin and prostaglandin E2.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 861983407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These stable Jurkat cell clones provide a convenient and sensitive tool to study NFAT regulation.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 862054601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Age-related decreases in IL-2 production by human T cells are associated with impaired activation of nuclear transcriptional factors AP-1 and NF-AT.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 862054602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although transcriptional factors AP-1 and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) are important for the normal induction of IL-2, it is unknown if the age-related decline in IL-2 production by activated human T cells may be associated with aberrancies in transcriptional regulatory proteins.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 862054603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the current studies, IL-2 production by T cells from elderly (mean 78 years) and young (mean 37 years) humans was measured in cultures stimulated with PHA, PHA plus PMA, crosslinked anti-CD3 mAB OKT3 plus PMA, or PMA plus ionomycin.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010 862054604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Substantial decreases of IL-2 production were observed for cell cultures from 7 of 12 elderly individuals in response to the different stimuli, whereas the levels of IL-2 produced by stimulated T cells from other elderly individuals were equivalent to those observed for stimulated T cells of young subjects.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 862054605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analyses of nuclear extracts by electrophoretic DNA mobility shift assays showed that decreased IL-2 production by stimulated T cells of elderly individuals was closely associated with impairments in the activation of both AP-1 and NF-AT.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 862054606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, T cells from elderly subjects with normal levels of IL-2 production exhibited normal activation of AP-1 and NF-AT.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 862054607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the results of competition experiments analyzing the normal components of NF-AT showed that the age-related reductions in stimulus-dependent NF-AT complexes corresponded to the slow migrating complexes that were composed of c-Fos/c-Jun AP-1.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 862054608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The resting and stimulated levels of NF kappa B were reduced in T cells from certain elderly individuals; however, alterations of NF kappa B did not correlate with changes in IL-2 expression.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 862054609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, these results show that age-related impairments in the activation of AP-1 and NF-AT are closely associated with decreased expression of IL-2 and further suggest that aberrancies in the signaling pathways important for the induction of transcriptionally active c-Fos/c-Jun AP-1 may contribute to the impaired activation of NF-AT.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 862139001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional regulation of the interleukin-2 gene in normal human peripheral blood T cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 862139002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Convergence of costimulatory signals and differences from transformed T cells.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 862139003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To study transcriptional regulation in normal human T cells, we have optimized conditions for transient transfection.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 862139004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoter-reporter gene behavior closely parallels the endogenous gene in response to T cell receptor and costimulatory signals.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 862139005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As assessed with mutagenized promoters, the most important IL-2 cis-regulatory elements in normal T cells are the proximal AP-1 site and the NF- kappaB site.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 862139006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both primary activation, with phytohemagglutinin or antibodies to CD3, and costimulation, provided by pairs of CD2 antibodies or B7-positive (B cells) or B7-negative (endothelial) accessory cells, are mediated through the same cis-elements.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 862139007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, the nuclear factor of activated T cell sites are much less important in normal T cells than in Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 862139008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that IL-2 transcriptional regulation differs in tumor cell lines compared with normal T cells and that different costimulatory signals converge on the same cis-elements in the IL-2 promoter.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 862148001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A hydrophobic domain of Ca2+-modulating cyclophilin ligand modulates calcium influx signaling in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 862148002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ca2+-modulating cyclophilin ligand (CAML) was originally described as a cyclophilin B-binding protein whose overexpression in T cells causes a rise in intracellular calcium, thus activating transcription factors responsible for the early immune response.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 862148003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As reported here, structure-function analysis of the CAML gene in Jurkat T cells indicates that two of CAML's putative membrane-spanning domains are necessary and sufficient for the modulation of intracellular calcium.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 862148004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose that the hydrophobic C-terminal tail of CAML forms its effector domain, thus implicating the N-terminal hydrophilic domain in a regulatory role.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 862148005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings define a novel protein motif that functions in intracellular calcium signaling.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 862153801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interactions of a transcriptional activator in the env gene of the mouse mammary tumor virus with activation-dependent, T cell-specific transacting factors.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 862153802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mouse mammary tumor virus env gene contains a transcriptional activator (META) that can control transcription of the adjacent long terminal repeat region.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 862153803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional control by META parallels that of several lymphokine genes, being specific to T cells, dependent on their activation, and inhibited by the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (CsA).@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 862153804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNase I footprinting indicated that nuclear factors from activated T lymphocytes bound a promoter-proximal site, META(P), and a promoter-distal site, META(D+), within the 400-base pair META region.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 862153805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factors from unstimulated, but not from activated cells, bound a site, META(D-), adjacent to META(D+).@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 862153806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@META(D+) directed transcription of a linked luciferase gene, and gel shift analysis revealed binding of inducible, CsA-sensitive T cell factors, in parallel with transfection results.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 862153807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Authentic NFAT and NF-kappaB targets did not compete for the META(D+) binding factor(s).@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 862153808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The SV40 core sequence competed for META(D+) binding factors, but META(D+) failed to compete for the complexes obtained with the SV40 probe.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 862153809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results, taken together, indicate that META(D+) is a novel transcriptional enhancer element that is similar in its cell-type specificity, activation dependence, and CsA sensitivity to the NFAT element.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 862153810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It may be relevant to the role of MMTV in expression of Mls antigens or the induction of T cell lymphomas.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 862177301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monocytic cell type-specific transcriptional induction of collagenase.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 862177302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interstitial collagenase (MMP-1), a metalloproteinase produced by resident and inflammatory cells during connective tissue turnover, cleaves type I collagen fibrils.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 862177303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This catalytic event is rate limiting in remodeling of tissues rich in fibrillar collagen such as the skin and lungs.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 862177304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The regulation of collagenase expression is cell-type specific; bacterial LPS and zymosan, a yeast cell wall derivative, are potent inducers of collagenase expression in macrophages, but do not alter fibroblast collagenase expression.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 862177305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since promoter elements controlling collagenase transcription in monocytic cells have not been previously defined, we sought to delineate responsive cis-acting elements of the collagenase promoter in transiently transfected human (U937) and murine (J774) monocytic cell lines.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 862177306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletion constructs containing as little as 72 bp of 5' -flanking sequence of the collagenase promoter were sufficient for LPS- or zymosan-mediated transcriptional induction, whereas phorbol inducibility exhibited an absolute requirement for upstream elements including the polyoma enhancer A-binding protein-3 site (-83 to -91) and TTCA sequence (-102 to -105) in both monocytic cells and fibroblasts.@@@@1@61@@oe@16-12-2010 862177307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutagenesis of the activator protein-1 [AP-1] site at -72 abolished basal promoter activity and LPS/zymosan inducibility, while mutagenesis of an NF-kappaB-like site at -20 to -10 had no effect.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 862177308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear extracts from LPS- and zymosan-treated cells showed strong AP-1 activity by gel-shift analysis, and supershift analysis showed the AP-1 complexes contained specific members of both the jun and fos gene families.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 862177309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate that, in contrast to most LPS effects, AP-1, but not nuclear factor-kappaB, mediates LPS induction of collagenase transcription in macrophagelike cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 862177310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, as compared to regulation by phorbol ester, collagenase induction in monocytic cells by cell wall derivatives of bacteria or yeast is largely independent of upstream promoter sequences.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 862263601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibitory effect of E3330, a novel quinone derivative able to suppress tumor necrosis factor-alpha generation, on activation of nuclear factor-kappa B.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 862263602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(2E)-3-[5-(2,3-Dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinoyl)]-2-nonyl-2- propenoic acid (E3330), is a novel agent with hepatoprotective activity.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 862263603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report the effect of E3330 on transcriptional activation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha gene and on nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B activation.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 862263604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear run-on experiments showed that E3330 decreases transcriptional activation of TNF-alpha gene induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in human peripheral monocytes.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 862263605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate the inhibitory mechanisms, we constructed a secreted-type placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) reporter gene whose transcription is controlled by a 1.4-kb human TNF-alpha promoter.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 862263606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A stable transformant of the PLAP reporter gene derived from human monocytic cell line showed very little activity on the promoter before stimulation, whereas LPS stimulation led to a dramatic increase in PLAP activity.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 862263607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E3330 inhibited this induced promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 862263608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There are four putative NF-kappa B binding sites (kappa B-1, kappa B-2, kappa B-3, kappa B-4) in human TNF-alpha promoter.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 862263609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By using mutated promoter-PLAP plasmids, we established that these NF-kappa B sites were necessary for induction of TNF-alpha transcription on stimulation with LPS.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 862263610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A gel retardation experiment with synthetic double-stranded oligonucleotides showed that activated NF-kappa B consisting of p50/p65 heterodimer bound to all four putative NF-kappa B DNA probes, suggesting that all four putative NF-kappa B recognition sites play an important role in inducible TNF-alpha expression.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 862263611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E3330 decreased activated NF-kappa B in nuclei, suggesting that E3330 inhibits NF-kappa B activation and/or translocation of the nuclei.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 862263612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Western blotting analysis with anti-I kappa B-alpha antibody indicated that E3330 inhibited degradation of I kappa B-alpha, which is an inhibitory protein of NF-kappa B, in LPS-stimulated monocytes.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 862263613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E3330 may suppress the production of active oxygen species serving as common messengers to activate NF-kappa B.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 862288301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of p16 in the E2F-dependent thymidine kinase regulation.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 862288302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of alterations of the MTS1 tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 9p21, which encodes p16, the inhibitor of cyclin-dependent-kinase-4 and 6, in tumorigenesis is not yet clear.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 862288303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein by cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 prevents its interaction with the transcription factor E2F, which subsequently promotes the expression of S phase regulated genes, such as thymidine kinase.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 862288304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although a role of p16 in this regulation has been presumed, there is no proof so far that loss of this tumor suppressor gene really affects E2F-mediated regulations.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 862288305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated the regulation of thymidine kinase in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal human lymphocytes and in the p16-negative human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines, MOLT-4 and CEM.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 862288306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Compared to normal lymphocytes, MOLT-4 and CEM cells exhibited an altered cell cycle regulation of thymidine kinase, a much higher intracellular activity of this enzyme, and higher thymidine kinase mRNA expression.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 862288307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient expression of p16 in normal human lymphocytes caused arrest in G1, but was without effect on the cell growth of MOLT-4 and CEM cells, although all of them express functional retinoblastoma protein.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 862288308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nevertheless, in the two leukemia cell lines transient overexpression of p16 reestablished the normal regulation of thymidine kinase, paralleled by an increase of the underphosphorylated form of retinoblastoma protein and decrease of free E2F bound to its motif in the thymidine kinase promoter.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 862288309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that loss of p16 causes upregulation of this DNA precursor pathway enzyme via activation of E2F by a mechanism involving retinoblastoma protein.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 862294801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rel-deficient T cells exhibit defects in production of interleukin 3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 862294802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The c-rel protooncogene encodes a subunit of the NF-kappa B-like family of transcription factors.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 862294803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mice lacking Rel are defective in mitogenic activation of B and T lymphocytes and display impaired humoral immunity.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 862294804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an attempt to identify changes in gene expression that accompany the T-cell stimulation defects associated with the loss of Rel, we have examined the expression of cell surface activation markers and cytokine production in mitogen-stimulated Rel-/- T cells.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 862294805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of cell surface markers including the interleukin 2 receptor alpha (IL-2R alpha) chain (CD25), CD69 and L-selectin (CD62) is normal in mitogen-activated Rel-/- T cells, but cytokine production is impaired.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 862294806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In Rel-/- splenic T cell cultures stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin, the levels of IL-3, IL-5, granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) were only 2- to 3-fold lower compared with normal T cells.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 862294807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulated Rel-/- T cells, which fail to proliferate, make little or no detectable cytokines.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 862294808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Exogenous IL-2, which restitutes the proliferative response of the anti-CD3- and anti-CD28-treated Rel-/- T cells, restores production of IL-5, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma, but not IL-3 and GM-CSF expression to approximately normal levels.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 862294809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to mitogen-activated Rel-/- T cells, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Rel-/- macrophages produce higher than normal levels of GM-CSF.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 862294810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings establish that Rel can function as an activator or repressor of gene expression and is required by T lymphocytes for production of IL-3 and GM-CSF.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 862297101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@cAMP inducibility of transcriptional repressor ICER in developing and mature human T lymphocytes [published erratum appears in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996 Jul 23;93(15):8154]@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 862297102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of the cAMP-dependent signaling pathway exerts an inhibitory effect on the proliferation and effector functions of T cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 862297103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ability of T cells to form high intracellular levels of cAMP is acquired during development in the human thymus and is retained by the majority of mature peripheral T lymphocytes.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 862297104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show that elevated cAMP levels in T cells correlate with the expression of the potent transcriptional repressor ICER (inducible cAMP early repressor) previously described in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 862297105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further, in transcriptional assays in vivo, ICER inhibits calcineurin-mediated expression of the interleukin 2 promoter as well as Tax-mediated transactivation of the human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) promoter.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 862297106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the induction of ICER in T cells may play an important role in the cAMP-induced quiescence and the persistent latency of HTLV-I.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 862393301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T lymphotropic virus-I infection of human T lymphocytes induces expression of the beta-galactoside-binding lectin, galectin-3.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 862393302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Animal lectins play important roles in a variety of biological processes via their recognition of glycoconjugates.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 862393303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Galectin-3 is a beta-galactoside-binding lectin previously designated as epsilon BP (IgE-binding protein), CBP35, Mac-2, L-29, and L-34, and its expression has been associated with various physiological and pathological processes, including cell growth, tumor transformation, and metastasis.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 862393304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Galectin-3 is widely distributed in various tissues and cell types and is expressed in many leukocytes, with the notable exception of B and T lymphocytes.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 862393305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We now report that galectin-3 is abundantly expressed in a number of human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-I-infected human T cell lines, including F6T, HUT 102, K3T, MT-2, and SLB-I, but is not expressed in non-HTLV-I-infected T cell lines such as Jurkat, CEM, and MOLT-4.@@@@1@56@@oe@16-12-2010 862393306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the galectin-3 level was markedly increased in human thymocytes after infection with HTLV-I as compared with uninfected thymocytes.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 862393307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The up-regulation of galectin-3 expression appeared to correlate well with HTLV-I gene expression, as undetectable or very low levels of galectin-3 were found in the S1T and ATL-1K cell lines, which are nonproductively infected with HTLV-I.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 862393308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In co-transfection experiments, the galectin-3 promoter was significantly up-regulated by expression vectors encoding the 40-kd Tax protein, a potent transactivator in HTLV-I.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 862393309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of various Tax mutants suggested that galectin-3 promoter induction is dependent on activation of the cyclic-AMP-responsive element binding protein/activation transcription factor family of transcription factors and, to a lesser extent, nuclear factor-kappa B/Rel induction.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 862393310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection of human promonocytic U-937 cells with an HTLV-I Tax expression vector induced galectin-3 expression in this cell line.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 862393311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functionally, galectin-3 was shown to activate interleukin-2 production in Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 862393312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Together, these findings raise the possibility that HTLV-I Tax production induces the transcription and subsequent synthesis and secretion of galectin-3, which in turn may further activate these T cells and contribute to the altered properties of cell growth found in adult T cell leukemia induced by HTLV-I.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 862652801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear appearance of a factor that binds the CD28 response element within the interleukin-2 enhancer correlates with interleukin-2 production.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 862652802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of T lymphocytes requires the combined signaling of the T cell receptor and costimulatory molecules such as CD28.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 862652803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ability of T cells to produce interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a critical control point in T lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 862652804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IL-2 enhancer contains a functional motif named CD28 response element (CD28RE) that serves a role as a target for mitogenic T cell activation signals.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 862652805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The CD28RE sequence reveals similarity to the consensus kappaB binding motif.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 862652806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate that CD28RE binds an inducible protein with a molecular mass of approximately 35 kDa called nuclear factor of mitogenic-activated T cells (NF-MATp35) that is clearly different from the known NF- kappaB/Rel family members.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 862652807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of NF-MATp35 was shown to depend on de novo protein synthesis and was restricted to T cells that received a mitogenic combination of T cell stimuli, not necessarily including CD28 signaling.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 862652808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nonmitogenic T cell stimulation did not result in appearance of NF-MATp35.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 862652809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that mitogenic combinations of T cell activation signals are integrated at the level of NF-MATp35 induction.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 862652810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar to its effect on IL-2 production, cyclosporin A inhibited the induction of NF-MATp35.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 862652811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these data demonstrate that the nuclear appearance of NF-MATp35 shows excellent correlation with IL-2 production, which is a unique characteristic among nuclear factors implicated in the control of IL-2 gene expression.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 862675201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Preassociation of STAT1 with STAT2 and STAT3 in separate signalling complexes prior to cytokine stimulation.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 862675202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A variety of cytokines and growth factors act through an induction of gene expression mediated by a family of latent transcription factors called STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) proteins.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 862675203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ligand-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the STATs promotes their homodimer and heterodimer formation and subsequent nuclear translocation.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 862675204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate here that STAT protein heterocomplexes exist prior to cytokine treatment.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 862675205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When unstimulated HeLa cells are ruptured in hypotonic buffer without salt or detergent, immunoadsorption of either STAT1 or STAT2 from the resulting cytosol yields coimmunoadsorption of the other STAT protein.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 862675206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similarly, STAT1-STAT3 heterocomplexes are coimmunoadsorbed from hypotonic cytosol.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 862675207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@STAT1 and STAT2 or STAT1 and STAT3 translated in reticulocyte lysate spontaneously form heterocomplexes when the translation lysates are mixed at 0 degrees C.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 862675208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data suggest that interferon-alpha /beta-induced tyrosine phosphorylation increases the stability of a preexisting, latent, STAT1-STAT2 signaling complex.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 862675209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Newly translated STAT1 binds in equilibrium fashion to STAT2 and STAT3, but we show that STAT2 and STAT3 exist in separate heterocomplexes with STAT1, consistent with a model in which STAT1 contains a common binding site for other STAT proteins.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 862722601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2)-oestrogen receptor fusion proteins complement the EBNA2-deficient Epstein-Barr virus strain P3HR1 in transformation of primary B cells but suppress growth of human B cell lymphoma lines.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 862722602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To develop a transformation system with a conditional Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) gene, we fused the hormone binding domain of the oestrogen receptor to the N or C terminus of EBNA2.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 862722603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In promoter transactivation as well as primary B cell transformation assays these chimeric EBNA2 proteins are able to substitute for wild-type EBNA2 in the presence of oestrogen.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 862722604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we provide evidence that this transformation is the result of double infection of a cell with two virions, the P3HR1 virus genome and a mini-EBV plasmid carrying the chimeric EBNA2 gene.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 862722605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unexpectedly, expression of the same EBNA2-oestrogen receptor fusion protein in established human B cell lymphoma lines resulted in growth retardation or growth arrest upon the addition of oestrogen.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 862722606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By titrating the oestrogen concentration in these stably transfected cells, the growth retarding and the transactivating function of the chimeric proteins could not be dissociated.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 862722607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose that growth inhibition of established B cell lymphoma lines is a novel function of EBNA2 which has not been detected in the absence of an inducible system.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 862722608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It remains open whether the growth retarding property of the EBNA2-oestrogen receptor fusion protein in B cell lymphoma lines is due to unphysiologically high expression of the chimeric protein or to interference with a cellular programme driving proliferation in these cell lines.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 862769501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of a herpesvirus Saimiri cis-acting DNA fragment that permits stable replication of episomes in transformed T cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 862769502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Herpesvirus saimiri is a lymphotropic herpesvirus capable of immortalizing and transforming T cells both in vitro and in vivo.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 862769503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immortalized and transformed T cells harbor several copies of the viral genome as a persisting genome.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 862769504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mapping of the cis-acting genetic cis-acting segment (oriP) required for viral episomal maintenance is reported here.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 862769505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Viral DNA fragments that potentially contain oriP were cloned into a plasmid that contains the hygromycin resistance gene.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 862769506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After several round of subcloning followed by transfection, oriP was mapped to a 1.955-kb viral segment.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 862769507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This viral fragment permits stable plasmid replication without deletion or rearrangement as well as episomal maintenance without integration or recombination.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 862769508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The function of oriP depends on a trans-acting factor(s) encoded by the viral genome.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 862769509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 1.955-kb viral segment includes a dyad symmetry region located between two small nuclear RNA genes and is located upstream of the dihydrofolate reductase gene homolog.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 862769510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, this oriP contains novel elements distinct from those of other DNA viruses.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 862770101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cyclic AMP-responsive element-dependent activation of Epstein-Barr virus zebra promoter by human herpesvirus 6.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 862770102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently shown that infection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome-positive B cells by human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) results in the expression of the immediate-early EBV Zebra gene, followed by virus replication (L.Flamand, I.Stefanescu, D.V.Ablashi, and J.Menezes, J.Virol.67:6768-6777, 1993).@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 862770103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show that HHV-6 upregulates Zebra gene transcription through a cyclic AMP-responsive element (CRE) located within the Zebra promoter (Zp).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 862770104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using human B- or T-cell lines transfected with ZpCat reporter gene constructs, we demonstrate that a region designated the ZII domain of Zp is the target of HHV-6 transactivation.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 862770105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation of the consensus AP-1/CRE site within ZII abolished the inducibility of Zp by HHV-6, whereas positioning of the ZII domain upstream of the beta-globin minimal promoter conferred responsiveness following HHV-6 infection.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 862770106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of these factors to ZII was prevented by oligonucleotides containing CRE but not by AP-1 consensus sequences.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 862770107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antibodies against CRE-binding (CREB) protein but not against c-Fos or c-Jun were able to supershift the DNA-protein complex, identifying the nature of the transcription factor which binds to ZII as a member of the CREB family of proteins.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 862770108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, transfection of CREB protein and protein kinase A expression vectors were found to activate Zp in Jurkat cells, suggesting that phosphorylated form of CREB protein can play a determining role in the EBV reactivation process.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 862776801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Permanent occupancy of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhancer by NF-kappa B is needed for persistent viral replication in monocytes.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 862776802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This work aimed to ascertain the role of kappaB-responsive elements of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) enhancer not only in early initiation but also in long-term maintenance of proviral transcription in cells of the monocytic lineage.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 862776803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For this purpose, we used three main approaches.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 862776804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The first was to abruptly terminate tumor necrosis factor-induced NF-kappaB binding to the enhancer sequences in U1 monocytic cells, using a short pulse of exogenous tumor necrosis factor.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 862776805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This resulted in concomitant decrease in nuclear NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity and endogenous long terminal repeat transcriptional activity.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 862776806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The second was to suppress the permanent NF-kappaB translocation induced by HIV-1 replication itself in chronically infected U937 cells, using a specific proteasome inhibitor (Z-LLL-H).@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 862776807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As early as 2 h after addition of the inhibitor to the culture medium, there was an inhibition of both constitutive activation of NF-kappaB and HIV-1 genome expression.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 862776808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The third approach was to monitor the replication competence in U937 cells of an infectious HIV-1 provirus carrying point mutations in the kappaB-responsive elements of both long terminal repeats.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 862776809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Compared with its wild-type counterpart, this mutated provirus showed a profoundly decreased, Z-LLL-H-insensitive transcriptional and replicative activity in U937 monocytes.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 862776810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Together, our results indicate that occupancy of the viral enhancer by NF-kappaB (p50/p65) heterodimers is required for ongoing transcription of integrated HIV provirus in monocytes, even in cells chronically infected and permanently producing functional HIV Tat protein.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 862776811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the ability of HIV-1 replication to activate NF-kappaB is crucial to the intense self-perpetuated viral transcription observed in cells of the monocytic lineage.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010