896036501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel immunosuppressive factor in bovine colostrum blocks activation of the interleukin 2 gene enhancer at the NFAT site.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 896036502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A factor in bovine colostrum (colostrum inhibitory factor, CIF) inhibits interleukin 2 (IL2) production in activated T helper cells by blocking the accumulation of IL2 mRNA.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 896036503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine whether CIF blocks at the level of IL2 transcription, we introduced reporter plasmids into the human T leukemia cell line Jurkat by transient transfection.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 896036504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These contained the luciferase gene under the control of either the human IL2 upstream enhancer region (segments -326 to +45) or three repeats of the NFAT element contained within it (segments -255 to -285).@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 896036505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of luciferase in these cells was induced by phorbol myristate acetate plus a calcium ionophore.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 896036506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CIF inhibited induction of either construct as did cyclosporine, which is known to block activation of the NFAT element.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 896036507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CIF failed to inhibit several other enhancer elements.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 896036508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NFAT-controlled luciferase gene system distinguishes CIF from other T cell inhibitory activities present in colostrum, in particular, TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 and the glucocorticoids.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 896036509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stably transfected Jurkat cells behaved similarly to the transiently transfected ones with respect to inhibition by CIF and cyclosporine.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 896036510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NFAT-luc assay is a useful technique for the rapid, sensitive measurement of CIF or other immunosuppressants with a similar mode of action.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 897098401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synergistic interactions between overlapping binding sites for the serum response factor and ELK-1 proteins mediate both basal enhancement and phorbol ester responsiveness of primate cytomegalovirus major immediate-early promoters in monocyte and T-lymphocyte cell types.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 897098402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is nonpermissive or persistent in many lymphoid and myeloid cell types but can be activated in differentiated macrophages.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 897098403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have shown elsewhere that both the major immediate-early gene (MIE) and lytic cycle infectious progeny virus expression can be induced in otherwise nonpermissive monocyte-like U-937 cell cultures infected with either human CMV (HCMV) or simian CMV (SCMV) by treatment with the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA).@@@@1@55@@oe@16-12-2010 897098404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two multicopy basal enhancer motifs within the SCMV MIE enhancer, namely, 11 copies of the 16-bp cyclic AMP response element (CRE) and 3 copies of novel 17-bp serum response factor (SRF) binding sites referred to as the SNE (SRF/NFkappaB-like element), as well as four classical NFkappaB sites within the HCMV version, contribute to TPA responsiveness in transient assays in monocyte and T-cell types.@@@@1@74@@oe@16-12-2010 897098405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The SCMV SNE sites contain potential overlapping core recognition binding motifs for SRF, Rel/NFkappaB, ETS, and YY1 class transcription factors but fail to respond to either serum or tumor necrosis factor alpha.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 897098406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, to evaluate the mechanism of TPA responsiveness of the SNE motifs and of a related 16-bp SEE (SRF/ETS element) motif found in the HCMV and chimpanzee CMV MIE enhancers, we have examined the functional responses and protein binding properties of multimerized wild-type and mutant elements added upstream to the SCMV MIE or simian virus 40 minimal promoter regions in the U-937, K-562, HL-60, THP-1, and Jurkat cell lines.@@@@1@78@@oe@16-12-2010 897098407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unlike classical NFkappaB sites, neither the SNE nor the SEE motif responded to phosphatase inhibition by okadaic acid.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 897098408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the TPA responsiveness of both CMV elements proved to involve synergistic interactions between the core SRF binding site (CCATATATGG) and the adjacent inverted ETS binding motifs (TTCC), which correlated directly with formation of a bound tripartite complex containing both the cellular SRF and ELK-1 proteins.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 897098409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This protein complex was more abundant in U-937, K-562, and HeLa cell extracts than in Raji, HF, BALB/c 3T3, or HL-60 cells, but the binding activity was altered only twofold after TPA treatment.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 897098410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 40-fold stimulation of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity mediated by four tandem repeats of the SNE could be induced within 2 h (and up to 250-fold within 6 h) after addition of TPA in DNA-transfected U-937 cells, indicating that the stimulation appeared likely to be a true protein kinase C-mediated signal transduction event rather than a differentiation response.@@@@1@61@@oe@16-12-2010 897098411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Slight differences in the sequence of the core SRF binding site compared with that of the classical c-Fos promoter serum response element, together with differences in the spacing between the SRF and ETS motifs, appear to account for the inability of the SCMV SNEs to respond to serum induction.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 897149501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Energy substrates, hormone responses and glucocorticoid binding in lymphocytes during intense physical exercise in humans following phosphocreatine administration.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 897149502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eight healthy untrained male volunteers pedalled a cycle ergometer according to two exercise protocols: the first involved step-wise increasing physical exercise to maximal (MPE); the second involved prolonged (35 min) submaximal physical exercise (PPE) at 70% of the individual's maximal oxygen uptake.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 897149503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Each volunteer performed these exercise twice, following either an intravenous injection of phosphocreatine (PCr) or a placebo of an isotonic NaCl solution.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 897149504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anaerobic threshold (AT) was determined from the point of departure of the ventilatory response from linearity and from the sudden increase in venous blood lactate concentrations during MPE.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 897149505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After exercise following placebo administration we observed increases in concentrations of blood substrates, plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), growth hormone and cortisol and in the number of glucocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes without changes in the dissociation constant.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 897149506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Intravenous administration of PCr (starting 1 day before exercise) led to an increase in the total workload (on average by 5.8%) and in AT (on average by 6.8%) during MPE and to a better tolerance of exercise during PPE.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 897149507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Following PCr administration we observed lower blood lactate concentrations and different patterns of some enzyme activities, less pronounced changes in plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations and in glucocorticoid binding in lymphocytes, but no changes in plasma growth hormone concentrations compared to the placebo.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 897149508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results showed that intense physical exercise led not only to increases in blood hormone concentrations but also to an increase in the density of glucocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 897149509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Intravenous PCr injection led to smaller changes in ACTH and cortisol concentrations as well as to a lower activation of glucocorticoid binding in lymphocytes.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 897201901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Acetylsalicylic acid and sodium salicylate inhibit LPS-induced NF-kappa B/c-Rel nuclear translocation, and synthesis of tissue factor (TF) and tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-alpha) in human monocytes.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 897201902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have investigated the effects of acetylsalicylic acid and sodium salicylate on the LPS-induced synthesis of the pro-coagulant protein tissue factor (TF) and the pro-inflammatory protein tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), as well as the prostaglandin PGE2 in human monocytes.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 897201903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both drugs dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced TF and TNF-alpha synthesis at the mRNA and the protein level, and reduced PGE2 production.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 897201904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As evidenced by electro mobility shift assay (EMSA) and the use of a NF-kappa B prototypic probe, these drugs probably exert their inhibitory effects by interference with the nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B/c-Rel proteins.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 897201905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data may expand the understanding of the anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects of these drugs when activation of monocytes occurs.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 897286901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Octamer independent activation of transcription from the kappa immunoglobulin germline promoter.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 897286902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous analyses of immunoglobulin V region promoters has led to the discovery of a common octamer motif which is functionally important in the tissue-specific and developmentally regulated transcriptional activation of immunoglobulin genes.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 897286903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The germline promoters (Ko) located upstream of the J region gene segments of the kappa locus also contain an octamer motif (containing a single base pair mutation and referred to as the variant octamer) which has been shown previously to bind Oct-1 and Oct-2 transcription factors in vitro.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 897286904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To further elucidate the role of this variant octamer motif in the regulation of germline transcription from the unrearranged kappa locus, we have quantitated the relative binding affinity of Oct-1 and Oct-2 for the variant octamer motif and determined the functional role of this octamer motif in transcriptional activation.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 897286905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We find that, although the variant octamer motif binds Oct-1 and Oct-2 in vitro with 5-fold lower affinity than the consensus octamer motif, mutation of the variant octamer motif to either a consensus octamer or non-octamer motif has no effect on transcriptional activation from the germline promoter.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 897286906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also find significant differences in activation of germline and V region promoters by kappa enhancers.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 897286907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results suggest that the germline promoters and V region promoters differ in their dependence on octamer for activation and respond differently to enhancer activation.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 897286908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings have important implications in regulation of germline transcription as well as concomitant activation of the V-J recombination of the kappa light chain locus.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 897335401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of the murine cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene p27Kip1.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 897335402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 plays an important role in regulating cell-cycle progression.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 897335403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@p27Kip1 directly inhibits the catalytic activity of cyclin/cdks (cyclin-dependent kinase) complexes and/or interferes physically with cyclin/cdks activation by CAK.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 897335404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, the expression level of p27Kip1 mRNA was maximal in resting Go T-cells and rapidly declined following anti-CD3 activation.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 897335405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report here the cloning of p27Kip1 gene from murine genomic DNA and the functional analysis of the promoter of the p27Kip1 gene.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 897335406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The gene consists of at least three exons and spans more than 5.6 kb of DNA.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 897335407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Primer extension and nuclease S1 protection analysis revealed two major transcription initiation sites.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 897335408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The promoter region lacked a TATA box but contained potential binding sites for the transcriptional factors including two Sp1, CRE, Myb and NFkB located at positions -153, -178, -286, -875, and -1011, respectively.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 897335409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To analyze the regulatory mechanisms controlling p27Kip1 gene expression, we characterized the 5'-flanking region from nt -1609 to +178.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 897335410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The -326 to -615 region contained positive regulatory elements.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 897712801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of RANTES expression in human T lymphocytes.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 897712802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The chemokine RANTES has been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammatory diseases including asthma and rhinitis which are frequently treated with glucocorticoids.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 897712803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We observed that dexamethasone dramatically inhibited RANTES mRNA expression dose dependently in anti-CD3 activated Hut-78 T cells and human PBMCs.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 897712804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of RANTES expression did not appear to be secondary to IL-2 inhibition and required binding to the intracellular glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 897712805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The down-regulation of RANTES expression by glucocorticoids in T cells may directly contribute to the efficacy of these agents in suppressing cellular infiltration and to their anti-inflammatory properties.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 897722801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The state of maturation of monocytes into macrophages determines the effects of IL-4 and IL-13 on HIV replication.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 897722802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The molecular mechanisms of the effects of IL-4 and IL-13 on HIV infection in human monocytes as they matured into monocyte-derived macrophages over 7 days were investigated using HIV-1(BaL), and low passage clinical strains.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 897722803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 and IL-13 up-regulated the expression of both genomic and spliced HIV mRNA in monocytes cultured on Teflon, as determined by Northern analysis and p24 Ag assay.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 897722804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a nuclear run-on assay, IL-4 stimulation was shown to enhance transcription by two- to threefold.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 897722805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 stimulated nuclear factor-kappaB nuclear translocation and binding before enhancement of HIV RNA expression.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 897722806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Conversely, IL-4 and IL-13 markedly and significantly inhibited HIV replication at the transcriptional level in monocyte-derived macrophages, and this occurred whether these cytokines were added before or after HIV infection.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 897722807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The reversal from stimulation to inhibition occurred after 3 to 5 days of adherence to plastic.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 897722808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 had no significant effect on HIV reverse transcription.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 897722809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of both cytokines on the monocyte maturation/differentiation (CD11b, CD13, and CD26) and other macrophage markers (CD14 and CD68) was examined.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 897722810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 enhanced CD11b, but inhibited CD26 expression and delayed CD13 loss.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 897722811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-13 had similar effects on CD11b and CD13, but no effect on CD26.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 897722812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hence, these cytokines do not simply enhance monocyte differentiation, but have complex and slightly divergent effects that impact on HIV replication probably through cell signaling pathways and nuclear factor-kappaB translocation.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 897729701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel SP-1 site in the human interleukin-1 beta promoter confers preferential transcriptional activity in keratinocytes.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 897729702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate the mechanisms of transcriptional activation of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in non-monocytic cells, we constructed a series of reporter plasmids with the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene linked to various parts of the human IL-1beta promoter and performed transient transfection experiments.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 897729703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We identified a promoter segment that activates transcription most efficiently in keratinocytes.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 897729704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) with a 43-mer oligonucleotide derived from the functionally identified cis-acting element revealed specific complexes.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 897729705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By competition analysis with transcription factor consensus sequence oligonucleotides and by immunosupershift, transcription factor SP-1 or a closely related protein was shown to bind to this regulatory element.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 897729706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The closest match to the known SP-1 consensus sequence within the respective region is a TCCCCTCCCCT motif.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 897729707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation of this motif almost completely, and specifically, abolished the binding of two low-mobility complexes and led to a 95% decrease of constitutive transcriptional activation of a reporter construct IL-1beta (-170/+108).@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 897729708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Likewise, activation of this reporter construct by tumor necrosis factor-alpha depended on the SP-1 site.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 897729709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations suggest that a so-far-unrecognized SP-1 site in the human IL-1beta promoter may participate in the transcriptional regulation of this gene in keratinocytes.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 897750801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of glucocorticoids on lymphocyte activation in patients with steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant asthma.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 897750802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND: Glucocorticoids are important medications used to control the airway inflammation associated with asthma.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 897750803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synthetic glucocorticoids vary in their binding affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR).@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 897750804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS: We compared hydrocortisone, beclomethasone dipropionate, triamcinolone acetonide, flunisolide, and budesonide with regard to their capacity to inhibit phytohemagglutinin-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation from six patients with steroid-sensitive asthma and seven patients with steroid-resistant asthma.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 897750805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peripheral blood mononuclear cell GCR binding affinities for dexamethasone and budesonide were also determined for both patient groups by using a radioligand binding assay and Scatchard analysis.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 897750806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: Dose-dependent inhibition was demonstrated for all glucocorticoids in both patient groups, with the steroid-resistant group requiring approximately 2 log-fold more glucocorticoids for an equivalent degree of inhibition.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 897750807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mean concentrations necessary to cause 50% inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation (IC50s) for the steroid-sensitive group ranged from 2 x 10(-10) mol/L for budesonide to 7 x 10(-8) mol/L for hydrocortisone, whereas the mean IC50s for the steroid-resistant group ranged from approximately 2 x 10(-8) mol/L for budesonide to greater than 10(-6) mol/L for hydrocortisone.@@@@1@60@@oe@16-12-2010 897750808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, a significant correlation was noted between the degree of inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation (IC50) and the binding affinity of dexamethasone to the GCR.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 897750809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Patients with steroid-resistant asthma have been shown to have a reduced GCR binding affinity.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 897750810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GCR binding affinity for budesonide was significantly higher in both groups (i.e., lower dissociation constant) than that obtained for dexamethasone.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 897750811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSION: These data suggest that glucocorticoids such as budesonide, by virtue of their high GCR binding affinities and greater ability to suppress lymphocyte proliferation, may therefore be beneficial in the management of difficult-to-control asthma.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 897753101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of nuclear factor-kappa B activation in IgE synthesis in human B cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 897753102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a transcription factor that binds to the consensus DNA sequence in the cis-acting elements of various genes.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 897753103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although NF-kappa B activates the expression of many genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses, little is known about the role of NF-kappa B activation in the induction of IgE synthesis in human B cells.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 897753104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore we first examined the participation of NF-kappa B in germline C epsilon transcription in a human Burkitt lymphoma B cell line, DND39.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 897753105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of DND39 cells with IL-4 or anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and subsequently induced nuclear expression of NF-kappa B, which was identified by electrophoretic mobility shift assays.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 897753106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@n-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant, blocked NF-kappa B activation caused by IL-4 and by anti-CD40 mAb.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 897753107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although inhibition of IL-4-driven germline C epsilon transcription by NAC was not sufficient, the agent remarkably diminished anti-CD40 mAb-mediated up-regulation of germline C epsilon transcription.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 897753108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Second, we studied the effect of NAC on IgE synthesis in human normal B cells costimulated with IL-4 and anti-CD40 mAb.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 897753109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NAC was effective in inhibiting mature C epsilon transcription and IgE synthesis in the T cell-independent culture system.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 897753110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, NAC did not significantly affect the spontaneous production of IgE by atopic B cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 897753111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that NF-kappa B activity is commonly inducible in DND39 cells by IL-4 and anti-CD40 mAb and suggest that NF-kappa B sensitive to NAC may play a role in regulating IgE synthesis in B cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 897793401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Molecular mechanisms of age-related lymphocyte dysfunction]@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 897793402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Aging is classically accompanied by a dysregulation of the immunologic machinery.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 897793403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a consequence, the immune response developed in senescent organisms is usually inappropriate, often inefficient, sometimes aberrant, and potentially detrimental.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 897793404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The age-associated immune dysfunction may be implicated to some degree in the extreme susceptibility of the elderly to infection and neoplasia and may even participate in various aspects of senescence.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 897793405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying immunosenescence is still fragmentary.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 897793406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The most extensively studied phenomenon is the progressive decline in the proliferative capacities of T lymphocytes with aging.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 897793407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The loss of proliferative potential in response to antigenic challenge is a characteristic feature of immune senescence.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 897793408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is directly implicated in the emergence of the age-related immune deficiency.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 897793409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The purpose of this review is to show how the accumulation of various biochemical lesions with advancing age leads to the failure of a critical cell function, namely the activation-induced lymphocyte proliferation.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 897793410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The biochemical modifications responsible for the defect in transduction and execution of the proliferative signal are analyzed as a function of age.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 897793411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The multiple alterations observed on the various biochemical pathways may appear as a consequence of a unique deleterious mechanism more fundamentally related to the process of senescence such as the inability to cope with oxidative stress.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 897830601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Engagement of the Lewis X antigen (CD15) results in monocyte activation.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 897830602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We previously reported that monocyte adhesion to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-treated endothelial cells increased expression of tissue factor and CD36 on monocytes.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 897830603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using immunological cross-linking to mimic receptor engagement by natural ligands, we now show that CD15 (Lewis X), a monocyte counter-receptor for endothelial selectins may participate in this response.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 897830604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We used cytokine production as a readout for monocyte activation and found that CD15 cross-linking induced TNF-alpha release from peripheral blood monocytes and cells from the monocytic cell line MM6.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 897830605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed an increase in steady-state TNF-alpha mRNA after 3 to 4 hours of cross-linking.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 897830606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD15 cross-linking also concomitantly increased interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) mRNA, while no apparent change was observed in the levels of beta-actin mRNA, indicating specificity.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 897830607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To examine transcriptional regulation of cytokine genes by CD15 engagement, a CAT plasmid reporter construct containing IL-1 beta promoter/enhancer sequences was introduced into MM6.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 897830608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Subsequent cross-linking of CD15 increased CAT activity.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 897830609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD15 engagement by monoclonal antibody also attenuated IL-1 beta transcript degradation, demonstrating that signaling via CD15 also had posttranscriptional effects.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 897830610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear extracts of anti-CD15 cross-linked cells demonstrated enhanced levels of the transcriptional factor activator protein-1, minimally changed nuclear factor-kappa B, and did not affect SV40 promoter specific protein-1.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 897830611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that engagement of CD15 on monocytes results in monocyte activation.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 897830612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to its well-recognized adhesive role, CD15 may function as an important signaling molecule capable of initiating proinflammatory events in monocytes that come into contact with activated endothelium.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 898045801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of signaling pathways and prevention of apoptosis by cytokines in eosinophils.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 898045802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of apoptosis in eosinophils by cytokines such as IL-5 and GM-CSF may play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic and parasitic disorders.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 898045803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, there has been some progress in the understanding of the signal transduction pathways activated by these cytokines in eosinophils.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 898045804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF receptors share a common signal transducer that possesses no intrinsic kinase domain.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 898045805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has been shown that eosinophil stimulation by these cytokines is associated with increases in tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular substrates.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 898045806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the past few years, there has been some progress in defining the tyrosine kinases that are activated by the IL-3/IL-5/GM-CSF receptor beta-subunit in eosinophils.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 898045807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This review will concentrate on this topic and on its role for the regulation of eosinophil apoptosis.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 898087801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by zinc and related cations.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 898087802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Zinc is an important trace element for immune function.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 898087803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we show that zinc addition in a serum- and lipopolysaccharide-free cell culture system leads to significantly enhanced levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and to expression of the corresponding mRNA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 898087804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Structurally related divalent cations like cobalt, nickel, and mercury also partially increase monokine secretion but to a much lower and thus insignificant extent.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 898087805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They fail to induce mRNA of TNF-alpha after 3 h of culture.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 898087806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, monokine induction is a zinc-specific effect influenced by the physicochemical properties of the ion.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 898087807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Confirmation of the unique significance of zinc for immune function provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of specific zinc-mediated immune modulation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 898511601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sequence analysis and expression in cultured lymphocytes of the human FOSB gene (G0S3).@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 898511602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@G0S3 is a member of a set of putative G0/G1 switch regulatory genes (G0S genes) selected by screening cDNA libraries prepared from human blood mononuclear cells cultured for 2 hr with lectin and cycloheximide.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 898511603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The sequence shows high homology with the murine FOSB gene, which encodes a component of the AP1 transcriptional regulator.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 898511604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Comparison of cDNA and genomic sequences reveals a 4-exon structure characteristic of the FOS family of genes.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 898511605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Freshly isolated cells show high levels of FOSB/G0S3 and FOS/G0S7 mRNAs, which decline rapidly during incubation in culture medium.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 898511606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The kinetics of expression suggest that the high initial levels are caused by the isolation procedure, and do not reflect constitutive expression.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 898511607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In cells preincubated for a day, levels of FOS mRNA reach a maximum 20 min after the addition of lectin and decline to control levels over the next 3 hr.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 898511608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Levels of FOSB mRNA reach a maximum 40 min after the addition of lectin and decline to control levels over the next 6 hr.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 898511609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In freshly isolated cells, both FOS and FOSB mRNAs increase dramatically in response to the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 898511610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In preincubated cells, the cycloheximide response is decreased, especially in the case of FOSB.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 898511611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These differences in expression of FOS and FOSB suggest different roles and regulation.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 898511612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regions of low base order-dependent stem-loop potential in the region of the gene are defined.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 898511613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These indicate where base order has been adapted for purposes other than stem-loop stability (e.g., encoding proteins or gene regulation).@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 898511614@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regions of low potential in a 68.5-kb genomic segment containing the FOSB gene suggest that the potential may help locate genes in uncharted DNA sequences.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 898541501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@STAT1 pathway is involved in activation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus long terminal repeat in monocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 898541502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) long terminal repeat (LTR) is activated by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in promonocytic cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 898541503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously shown that a 70-bp element is necessary and sufficient for the response of the CAEV LTR to this cytokine.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 898541504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At the 5' end, this 70-bp IFN-gamma response element contains sequence similarity to the gamma activated site (GAS).@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 898541505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate that the putative GAS element in the CAEV LTR binds specifically to a cellular factor induced by IFN-gamma in promonocytic cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 898541506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Substitution mutations in this consensus sequence eliminate binding of the inducible factor.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 898541507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GAS element from the 70-bp motif is sufficient to confer responsiveness to IFN-gamma using a heterologous minimal promoter.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 898541508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with the binding data, the same mutations in the GAS element eliminate responsiveness to IFN-gamma in the context of both a functional CAEV LTR and a heterologous promoter.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 898541509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cellular factor that binds to the GAS element is present from 5 min to 14 h after stimulation with IFN-gamma.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 898541510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of the nuclear factor to the GAS element in the CAEV LTR is inhibited by antibody directed against STAT1 (p91/84).@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 898541511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the GAS sequence in the CAEV LTR is essential for the response to IFN-gamma and a STAT1-like factor binds to this site.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 898541512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The STAT-1 signaling pathway provides at least one mechanism for activation of the CAEV LTR by IFN-gamma in monocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 898541513@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data are the first demonstration of a role for a STAT family member in the regulation of a viral promoter.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 898671901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signaling via IL-2 and IL-4 in JAK3-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency lymphocytes: JAK3-dependent and independent pathways.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 898671902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both IL-2 and IL-4 bind to receptors containing the common gamma chain and JAK3.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 898671903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although JAK3 is required for proper lymphoid development, the precise roles of this kinase in IL-2 and IL-4 signaling in lymphocytes have not been defined.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 898671904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we have studied IL-2 and IL-4 signaling in B cell lines lacking JAK3.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 898671905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although IL-2-induced phosphorylation of IL-2R beta, JAK1, and STAT5 all required the presence of JAK3, IL-4-mediated phosphorylation of JAK1, STAT6, and insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 did not.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 898671906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, IL-4-induced effects were clearly improved following JAK3 expression.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 898671907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate that IL-4 signaling occurs in the absence of of JAK3, but is comparatively inefficient.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 898671908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings may help in understanding the pathogenesis of the immunodeficiency that occurs with mutations of JAK3 and may suggest a mechanism for the pleiotropic effects of IL-4.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 899524301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ras-dependent, Ca2+-stimulated activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells by a constitutively active Cbl mutant in T cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 899524302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins, including Cbl, a protooncogene product whose function remains unclear.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 899524303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a first step toward elucidating the function of Cbl in TCR-initiated signaling, we evaluated the ability of wild-type Cbl or a transforming Cbl mutant (70Z/3) to induce transcriptional activation of a nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) element derived from the interleukin 2 (IL2) promoter in transiently cotransfected Jurkat-TAg T cells.@@@@1@61@@oe@16-12-2010 899524304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@70Z/3, but not Cbl, caused NFAT activation which was significantly enhanced by stimulation with calcium ionophore, and was drastically reduced by cyclosporin A pretreatment.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 899524305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A point mutation of a potential phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) binding site (Y731EAM to Y731EAC) in 70Z/3 disrupted the association of PI3-K with 70Z/3, but did not reduce the induction of NFAT activity, suggesting that the interaction between Cbl and PI3-K is not required in the 70Z/3-mediated induction of NFAT.@@@@1@56@@oe@16-12-2010 899524306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additional mapping studies indicated that defined deletions of C-terminal 70Z/3 sequences affected to a variable degree its ability to stimulate NFAT activity.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 899524307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Strikingly, deletion of 346 C-terminal residues augmented this activity, whereas removal of 20 additional residues abolished it.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 899524308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Coexpression of dominant negative Ras abrogated the basal or ionomycin-stimulated, 70Z/3-mediated NFAT activation, suggesting a functional Ras is required for this activation.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 899524309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results implicate Cbl in Ras-dependent signaling pathways which lead to NFAT activation.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 899524401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel transcription factor regulates expression of the vacuolar H+-ATPase B2 subunit through AP-2 sites during monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 899524402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, the cellular content of vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) increases more than 4-fold.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 899524403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have shown previously that amplified expression of the B2 subunit of the V-ATPase occurs solely by increased transcription, and that the 5'-untranslated region of the B2 gene, containing multiple consensus binding sites for the transcription factors AP-2 and Sp1, is required for this expression.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010 899524404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study demonstrates that AP-2 binding sequences are essential for increased transcription from the B2 promoter during monocyte-macrophage differentiation and that AP-2, expressed exogenously in THP-1 and other cells, activates transcription from the B2 promoter.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 899524405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In mobility shift assays, a nuclear factor from THP-1 and U-937 cells was identified that binds to several AP-2 response elements within the B2 promoter, but does not react with AP-2 antibodies, and has a DNA sequence binding affinity profile that differs from AP-2.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 899524406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest that a novel AP-2-like transcription factor is responsible for V-ATPase B subunit amplification during monocyte differentiation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 899826401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Cortisone-resistant bronchial asthma]@@@@1@5@@oe@16-12-2010 899826402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There is general agreement on the inflammatory pathogenesis of bronchial asthma: an accumulation of activated eosinophils, degranulated mast cells, T lymphocytes and in very severe forms, granulocytes has constantly been found in the bronchial mucosa.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 899826403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In allergic bronchial asthma, inflammation seems to be orchestrated predominantly by a subset of T lymphocytes, with a phenotype similar to the Th2 subset able to produce IL-4 and IL-5.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 899826404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although corticosteroids are the most potent therapeutic agents used for this disease, their anti-inflammatory effect differs from patient to patient.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 899826405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some criteria which can be used to define steroid-resistant bronchial asthma are listed here.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 899826406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This review analyzes various molecular alterations responsible for the deficient response to corticosteroid treatment observed in steroid-resistant bronchial asthmatic subjects.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 899826407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@New knowledge on the mechanism of steroid resistance may have important implications for the treatment of chronic asthma and other diseases.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 899980601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive dephosphorylation and activation of a member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells, NF-AT1, in Tax-expressing and type I human T-cell leukemia virus-infected human T cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 899980602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tax gene product of the type I human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) transactivates interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene through activation of an enhancer termed CD28 responsive element (CD28RE).@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 899980603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tax activation of the CD28RE is partially mediated by a member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells, NF-AT1.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 899980604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously shown that NF-AT1 is constitutively active in Jurkat T cells stably transfected with the Tax cDNA, although the underlying molecular mechanism and physiological relevance of this finding remain unclear.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 899980605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report, we demonstrate that the active form of NF-AT1 is also present in the nuclei of HTLV-I-transformed T cells that express the Tax protein.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 899980606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, the constitutive activation of NF-AT1 in these T cells is associated with its dephosphorylation.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 899980607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the dephosphorylated NF-AT1 can be rapidly rephosphorylated when the cells are incubated with cyclosporin A, an immunosuppressant inhibiting the serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 899980608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that activation of NF-AT1 in Tax-expressing and HTLV-I-transformed T cells results from its dephosphorylation, which in turn may be due to deregulation of calcineurin.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 899996001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GATA-1 DNA binding activity is down-regulated in late S phase in erythroid cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 899996002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have set out to test a model for tissue-specific gene expression that relies on the early replication of expressed genes to sequester limiting activating transcription factors.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 899996003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using an erythroid cell line, we have tested the changes in the DNA binding activity of the lineage-restricted transcription factor GATA-1 through the cell cycle.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 899996004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We find that GATA-1 activity is low in G1, peaks in mid-S phase, and then decreases in G2/M.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 899996005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the binding activities of two ubiquitous transcription factors, Oct1 and Sp1, remain high in G2/M.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 899996006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GATA-1 protein and mRNA vary in a similar manner through the cell cycle, suggesting that the expression of the gene or the stability of its message is regulated.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 899996007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although a number of transcription factors involved in the control of the cell cycle or DNA replication have been shown to peak in S phase, this is the first example of a lineage-restricted transcription factor displaying S phase-specific DNA binding activity.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 899996008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One interpretation of these data leads to a model in which the peak in GATA-1 DNA binding amplifies the effect of early replication on the activation of erythroid-specific genes at the same time as preventing activation of non-erythroid genes containing GATA-responsive elements.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 899996009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results may also relate to recent data implicating GATA-1 function in apoptosis and cell cycle progression.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 900013601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of Bcd, a novel proto-oncogene expressed in B-cells.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 900013602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel B-cell derived (Bcd) oncogene has been isolated from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of one B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patient using DNA transfer and a mouse tumorigenicity assay.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 900013603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Bcd proto-oncogene was activated by a truncation in the 5' UTR.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 900013604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It predicts for two open reading frames (ORFs).@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 900013605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ORF1 consists of 240 bp that would encode 80 amino acids, while the major ORF2 consists of 648 bp capable of coding for 216 amino acids.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 900013606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Predicted peptide sequence of ORF2 contained a zinc finger domain which showed significant homology to GC box binding proteins BTEB2 and SP1.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 900013607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection of an expression vector containing ORF2 but not full length cDNA was able to transform NIH3T3 cells and induce tumors in nude mice.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 900013608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bcd mRNA transcripts of < or = 2.6 kb were selectively expressed in PBL and testis of healthy individuals.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 900013609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within the PBL, Bcd gene expression was restricted to CD19+ B-cells and absent from CD14+ monocytes and T-cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 900013610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bcd transcripts were detected in all normal PBL samples tested but not in several malignant human B-cell lines and not in 50% of B-cells from B-CLL patients.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 900013611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, stimulation of B-cells from B-CLL patients under conditions which induced differentiation into plasma cells was associated with induction of Bcd gene expression.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 900013612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Bcd gene may therefore play an important role in B-cell growth and development.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 900142201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elf-2, a rhombotin-2 binding ets transcription factor: discovery and potential role in T cell leukemia.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 900142202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rhombotin-2 (RBTN-2) is a proto-oncogene only in the context of T lymphocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 900142203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We postulated that the oncogenic effect of RBTN-2 in T cells is likely mediated by binding protein(s) with T cell-specific expression.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 900142204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By screening a T cell cDNA library, we identified a novel ets transcription factor that binds RBTN-2.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 900142205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This protein was named elf-2 because its DNA-binding domain is virtually identical to that of ets family member elf-1.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 900142206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern analyses showed similar levels of two elf-2 transcripts (3.5 kb and 3.8 kb) in all tissues except thymus.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 900142207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thymocytes expressed four- to 10-fold greater amounts of the 3.5 kb transcript than other tissues.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 900142208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sequence analyses of cDNA clones indicated that these transcripts encode proteins differing only at their amino termini, and likely represent alternatively spliced isoforms.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 900142209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These isoforms (elf-2a and elf-2b) contain identical RBTN-2 binding regions and DNA-binding domains.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 900142210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elf-2b lacks a putative transactivation domain.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010 900142211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression patterns suggest that RBTN-2 normally interacts equally with elf-2a and elf-2b.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 900142212@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, when RBTN-2 is inappropriately expressed in T cells, RBTN-2 would interact predominantly with elf-2b; this interaction may lead to T cell proliferation.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 900244701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Isolation of a B-cell-specific promoter for the human class II transactivator.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 900244702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The class II transactivator (CIITA) is essential for the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 900244703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tissular patterns of CIITA and MHC class II gene expression are tightly correlated: CIITA mRNA is highly expressed in B cells, and is induced by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in macrophage and epithelial cell lines.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 900244704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We first isolated two overlapping cosmids encoding human CIITA which, when co-transfected, are able to restore MHC class II expression in a B-lymphoblastoid cell line (B-LCL) defective for CIITA.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 900244705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Subsequently, a 1.8 kilobase (kb) fragment of the CIITA promoter was isolated and sequenced.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 900244706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A motif presenting a strong similarity to an initiator was detected, as well as putative binding sites for Sp1, GATA-2, LyF-1, ets-1, AP1, and MZF1 transcription factors, and two GAS motifs.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 900244707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When introduced in front of a luciferase reporter gene, this promoter is able to direct a high luciferase activity in a human B-LCL.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 900244708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, luciferase expression was not stimulated after IFN-gamma treatment when the construct was transfected in macrophage or in epithelial cell lines.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 900244709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, an induction of the human CIITA gene was observed in mouse macrophage and fibrosarcoma cell lines, when the cells were transfected with a cosmid containing the human CIITA gene, but lacking the 1.8 kb promoter described above.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 900244710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these data suggest the existence of an intragenic promoter driving an IFN-gamma-inducible expression of CIITA.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 900598401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Shared gamma(c) subunit within the human interleukin-7 receptor complex.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 900598402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A molecular basis for the pathogenesis of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 900598403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Genetic evidence suggests that mutations in the gamma(c) receptor subunit cause X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID).@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 900598404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The gamma(c) subunit can be employed in receptor complexes for IL-2, -4, -7, -9, and -15, and the multiple signaling defects that would result from a defective gamma(c) chain in these receptors are proposed to cause the severe phenotype of X-SCID patients.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 900598405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, gene disruption of either IL-7 or the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) alpha subunit in mice leads to immunological defects that are similar to human X-SCID.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 900598406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations suggest the functional importance of gamma(c) in the IL-7R complex.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 900598407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study, structure/function analyses of the IL-7R complex using a chimeric receptor system demonstrated that gamma(c) is indeed critical for IL-7R function.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 900598408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nonetheless, only a limited portion of the cytoplasmic domain of gamma(c) is necessary for IL-7R signal transduction.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 900598409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, replacement of the gamma(c) cytoplasmic domain by a severely truncated erythropoeitin receptor does not affect measured IL-7R signaling events.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 900598410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings support a model in which gamma(c) serves primarily to activate signal transduction by the IL-7R complex, while IL-7R alpha determines specific signaling events through its association with cytoplasmic signaling molecules.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 900598411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, these studies are consistent with the hypothesis that the molecular pathogenesis of X-SCID is due primarily to gamma(c)-mediated defects in the IL-7/IL-7R system.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 900720001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@V3 loop of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 suppresses interleukin 2-induced T cell growth [published erratum appears in AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997 May 1;13(7):633]@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 900720002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We tested the effect of three linear or two loop peptides derived from the V3 region of the HTLV-III BH10 clone or the SF2 strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on IL-2-driven T cell proliferation.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 900720003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@V3-BH10, which consists of 42 amino acids and has a loop structure, suppressed IL-2-driven proliferation of all IL-2-dependent cells [Kit225, ED-40515(+), KT-3, 7-day PHA-blasts, and fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells] tested, whereas it did not suppress the cell growth of IL-2-independent cell lines (Hut102, Molt-4, and Jurkat).@@@@1@61@@oe@16-12-2010 900720004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This suppressive effect was also seen in IL-2-driven cell growth of CD8-positive lymphocytes purified from 7-day PHA-blasts, indicating that CD4 molecules were not required for the suppression.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 900720005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The treatment with anti-V3 loop monoclonal antibody (902 antibody) completely abolished the suppressive effect of V3-BH10.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 900720006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, V3-BH10 generated the arrest of Kit225 cells and also purified CD8-positive lymphocytes in G1 phase in the presence of IL-2.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 900720007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither chromatin condensation nor DNA fragmentation was detected in Kit225 cells cultured with V3-BH10 and IL-2.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 900720008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@V3-BH10 neither blocked radiolabeled IL-2 binding to IL-2 receptors nor affected tyrosyl phosphorylation of several cellular proteins (p120, p98, p96, p54, and p38), which is immediately induced by IL-2 stimulation.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 900720009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, V3-BH10 enhanced IL-2-induced mRNA expression of c-fos but not c-myc or junB.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 900720010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the binding of V3 loop of gp120 to the cell surface molecule(s) appears to affect intracellular IL-2 signaling, which leads to the suppression of IL-2-induced T cell growth.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 900922101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human monocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide is inhibited by fibroblast conditioned medium and exogenous PGE2.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 900922102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) is thought to be crucially involved in the gene activation of several cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF).@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 900922103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previously, we showed that fibroblast conditioned medium (FCM) is able to inhibit both TNF mRNA accumulation and protein release in peripheral blood-derived human monocytes (PBM) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 900922104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study we have investigated the effect of FCM on the LPS-induced DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB, by means of electrophoretic shift assay (EMSA).@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 900922105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We provide evidence that FCM strongly inhibits the LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation in PBM.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 900922106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we show that exogenous PGE2 mimics the NF-kappaB inhibitory effect of FCM.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 900922107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the other hand, FCM produced in the presence of indomethacin does not inhibit NF-kappaB activation by LPS.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 900922108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results lend further support to the hypothesis that inflammatory and immune responses of monocytes/macrophages may be modulated at the molecular level by signals originating from tissue structural cells such as fibroblasts.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 901156901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glycation-dependent, reactive oxygen species-mediated suppression of the insulin gene promoter activity in HIT cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 901156902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Prolonged poor glycemic control in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients often leads to a decline in insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, accompanied by a decrease in the insulin content of the cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 901156903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a step toward elucidating the pathophysiological background of the so-called glucose toxicity to pancreatic beta cells, we induced glycation in HIT-T15 cells using a sugar with strong deoxidizing activity, D-ribose, and examined the effects on insulin gene transcription.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 901156904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results of reporter gene analyses revealed that the insulin gene promoter is more sensitive to glycation than the control beta-actin gene promoter; approximately 50 and 80% of the insulin gene promoter activity was lost when the cells were kept for 3 d in the presence of 40 and 60 mM D-ribose, respectively.@@@@1@57@@oe@16-12-2010 901156905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In agreement with this, decrease in the insulin mRNA and insulin content was observed in the glycation-induced cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 901156906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Also, gel mobility shift analyses using specific antiserum revealed decrease in the DNA-binding activity of an insulin gene transcription factor, PDX-1/IPF1/STF-1.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 901156907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These effects of D-ribose seemed almost irreversible but could be prevented by addition of 1 mM aminoguanidine or 10 mM N-acetylcysteine, thus suggesting that glycation and reactive oxygen species, generated through the glycation reaction, serve as mediators of the phenomena.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 901156908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations suggest that protein glycation in pancreatic beta cells, which occurs in vivo under chronic hyperglycemia, suppresses insulin gene transcription and thus can explain part of the beta cell glucose toxicity.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 901395901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differential interaction of nuclear factors with the PRE-I enhancer element of the human IL-4 promoter in different T cell subsets.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 901395902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immunomodulatory cytokine IL-4 affects cells of most hemopoietic lineages.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 901395903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 is secreted by activated Th2 but not Th1 cells and plays a major role in the immune response by modulating the differentiation of naive Th cells toward the Th2 phenotype.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 901395904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously identified an enhancer element, PRE-I, that is essential for the function of the human IL-4 promoter.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 901395905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate the mechanisms responsible for tissue-specific expression of the IL-4 gene, we analyzed nuclear factors binding to the PRE-I site and compared the binding activities of these factors to the IL-4 promoter of Th1 and Th2 cells.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 901395906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that PRE-I interacts with PMA- and PMA/ionomycin-inducible, cyclosporin A-sensitive nuclear factors.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 901395907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using anti-C/EBPbeta (NF-IL6), anti-C/EBPdelta (NF-IL6beta), anti-NF-ATc, anti-NF-ATp, anti-Fos, and anti-Jun Abs we demonstrate that the previously identified PRE-I binding factor POS-1 is composed of different transcription factors in different Th cell subsets.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 901395908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the IL-4-producing Th0-like human Jurkat and mouse EL-4 cells, POS-1 (designated POS-1a) contains NF-IL6beta and Jun.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 901395909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the mouse Th2 D10 cells and in the human Th2 clones, POS-1 (designated POS-1b) contains NF-IL6beta, Jun, and NF-ATc/p.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 901395910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, POS-1 was not found in nuclear extracts of human Th1 clones.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 901395911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest that PRE-I may play a role in the differential regulation of IL-4 gene expression levels.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 901397401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibitory effect of growth hormone on TNF-alpha secretion and nuclear factor-kappaB translocation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 901397402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several studies have pointed to a link between immune and endocrine systems, including a regulatory function of GH on monocyte activation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 901397403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study demonstrates that human THP-1 promonocytic cells, engineered by gene transfer to constitutively produce human growth hormone (hGH), secreted depressed amounts of TNF-alpha in response to challenge by LPS.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 901397404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of GH appears to occur in an autocrine fashion, since the inhibitory effect on TNF-alpha secretion by constitutive GH production could be abolished in the presence of anti-hGH mAb.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 901397405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GH-induced inhibitory effect was also observed using normal human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 901397406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of TNF-alpha production by THP-1-hGH-transfected cells cultured in the presence of LPS is dependent on a selective pathway, since no inhibition of TNF-alpha production was observed when cells were cultured in the presence of PMA.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 901397407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of TNF-alpha secretion by LPS-stimulated THP-1-hGH cells was associated with a decrease in nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 901397408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The capacity of GH to inhibit LPS-induced TNF-alpha production by monocytes without altering other pathways leading to TNF-alpha production may be of potential relevance in septic shock, since GH is available for clinical use.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 901518701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Impaired induction of c-fos/c-jun genes and of transcriptional regulatory proteins binding distinct c-fos/c-jun promoter elements in activated human T cells during aging.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 901518702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation of transcriptional factor c-Fos/c-Jun AP-1 is essential for normal T cell responsiveness and is often impaired in T cells during aging.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 901518703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study, we investigated whether aberrancies in the regulation of c-fos/c-jun at the mRNA or protein level might underlie the age-associated impairments of AP-1 in human T cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 901518704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas T cells from young subjects stimulated with cross-linked anti-CD3epsilon mAb OKT3 plus PMA or with the lectin PHA plus PMA demonstrated considerable increases in c-Fos protein expression, the expression of c-Fos but not c-Jun was markedly reduced in stimulated T cells from certain elderly subjects.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 901518705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, RNase protection assays revealed that anti-CD3/PMA-stimulated T cells from a substantial proportion of elderly subjects exhibited decreased levels of c-fos and/or c-jun mRNA compared to T cells from young subjects.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 901518706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, the levels of nuclear regulatory proteins recognizing the AP-1 consensus TRE motif, the proximal c-jun TRE-like promoter element, and the c-fos serum response element (SRE) were determined in resting and stimulated T cells.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 901518707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although the stimulation of T cells from young subjects resulted in coordinated increases of nuclear protein complexes binding the AP-1 TRE, c-jun TRE, and c-fos SRE DNA sequence motifs, age-related reductions in the activation of AP-1 were accompanied by decreased levels of c-jun TRE and c-fos SRE binding complexes.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 901518708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the nuclear protein complexes binding the SRE motif induced in activated T cells of young and elderly subjects contained serum response factor and Elk-1 pointing toward age-related defects in the activation of transcriptional regulatory proteins distinct from c-jun/AP-1.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 901518709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that underlying aberrancies in the induction of c-fos/c-jun as well as their nuclear regulatory proteins may contribute to the age-related impairments of AP-1 activation in human T cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 901521601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dissociation of the Jak kinase pathway from G-CSF receptor signaling in neutrophils.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 901521602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple intracellular substrates in proliferating cells and nonproliferating, terminally differentiated neutrophils.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 901521603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The kinases that couple ligand binding to tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular substrates by the G-CSFR with activation of specific functional programs are largely unknown.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 901521604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we examined early signaling events in proliferating and terminally differentiated cells following G-CSF stimulation to determine whether identical signaling cascades are activated.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 901521605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In murine Ba/F3 cells transfected with the human G-CSFR and NFS-60 cells constitutively expressing the murine G-CSFR, G-CSF induced tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Jak1, Jak2, and Tyk2.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 901521606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 and, to a lesser extent, Stat1 was also detected following G-CSF stimulation.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 901521607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a mitogenically incompetent human G-CSFR mutant in which Pro639 and Pro641 were substituted by alanine, the box 1 PDP motif was found to be required for activation of Jak kinases, tyrosine phosphorylation of the G-CSFR, and recruitment of Stat proteins.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 901521608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Notably, no activation of Jak1, Jak2, Tyk2, Stat1, or Stat3 was observed in neutrophils following G-CSF stimulation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 901521609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, there was no detectable activation in neutrophils of the recently cloned Jak3 kinase, which has been reported to be expressed at high levels as myeloid cells undergo terminal neutrophilic maturation.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 901521610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate a lack of involvement of Jak kinases in signaling by the G-CSFR in neutrophils, and suggest utilization of alternative signal transduction pathways distinct from those in proliferating cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 901521611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the Jak-Stat pathway correlates with proliferative signaling by the G-CSFR and requires the membrane-proximal box 1 PXP motif, which is conserved in members of the cytokine receptor superfamily.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 901812801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Adenovirus E1B 19K protein is required for efficient DNA replication in U937 cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 901812802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The adenovirus E1B 19K gene plays an essential role in transformation of primary rodent cells in cooperation with E1A and in the inhibition of apoptosis during lytic infection.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 901812803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has been shown that this E1B 19K protein is not necessary for viral DNA replication in human cell lines, such as HeLa and KB.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 901812804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We reported here that the E1B 19K mutant viruses were unable to replicate efficiently in a monocyte cell line, U937.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 901812805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Viral DNA synthesis and late gene expression were found to be defective in U937 cells infected with E1B 19K mutants compared with wild-type virus.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 901812806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Early viral RNA splicing patterns also differ between wild-type and dl337-infected cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 901812807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the defect in viral replication could be complemented by dl312 virus defective in E1A expression 4 days after infection with E1B mutants, suggesting persistence of the E1B mutant genome in the infected cells despite defective onset of the late phase of replication.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 901812808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results imply that E1B 19K is required for efficient viral DNA replication in U937 cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 901812809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inefficient DNA replication is also found in another monocyte cell line, THP-1.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 901815301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interaction of transcription factors RFX1 and MIBP1 with the gamma motif of the negative regulatory element of the hepatitis B virus core promoter.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 901815302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The negative regulatory element (NRE) of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) core promoter contains three subregions which act synergistically to suppress core promoter activity.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 901815303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of these subregions, NRE gamma, is active in both HeLa cervical carcinoma cells and Huh7 hepatoma cells and was found to be bound by a protein factor present in both cell types.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 901815304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show that the transcription factor RFX1 can bind to NRE gamma and transactivate the core promoter through this site.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 901815305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutations which abrogated the gene-suppressive activity of NRE gamma prevented RFX1 from binding to NRE gamma.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 901815306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, RFX1 can bind simultaneously, most likely as a heterodimer, with the transcription factor MIBP1 to NRE gamma.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 901815307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the absence of a cloned MIBP1 gene for further studies, we hypothesize that RFX1 acts with MIBP1 to negatively regulate the core promoter activity through the NRE gamma site.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 901815308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ability of RFX1 to transactivate the core promoter raises the possibility that RFX1 may play a dual role in regulating HBV gene expression.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 901879001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Evaluation of monoclonal anti-D reagents using D variant cells.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 901879002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monoclonal anti-D antibodies submitted to the Third Monoclonal International Workshop were evaluated against a number of D variant cells using standard serological techniques.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 901879003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The monoclonal antibodies were able to discriminate between the cells of Categories Va, VI and DFR but not Category III cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 901879004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells within each category did not give any aberrant results.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 901879005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Rh:33 cells behaved as normal Rh(D) positive cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 902004901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differentiation-dependent expression of a human carboxylesterase in monocytic cells and transcription factor binding to the promoter.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 902004902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Carboxylesterases play an important role in defense and clearance mechanisms of the monocyte/macrophage system.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 902004903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During the differentiation process of cells from the monocytic cell line THP-1 we observed a transient transcriptional upregulation of a human carboxylesterase analyzed by means of Northern blots.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 902004904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In PMA-treated THP-1 cells we could detect three major transcription initiation sites as revealed by Nuclease Protection Assay carried out with two overlapping antisense RNA probes.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 902004905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently cloned the carboxylesterase upstream sequence and showed its basal promoter activity in CHO cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 902004906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using electrophoretic mobility shift analysis we demonstrated that the promoter region spanning base pairs -1 to -275, which contains several putative binding sites for transcription factors, is bound by nuclear factors Sp1 and IRBP but not by C/EBPs.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 902004907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together these data indicate that carboxylesterase gene transcription in THP-1 cells starts at multiple initiation sites and that Sp1 and IRBP may be critical factors for modulating the differentiation-dependent transcription of this human carboxylesterase gene.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 902266601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pancreatic development and maturation of the islet B cell.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 902266602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies of pluripotent islet cultures.@@@@1@6@@oe@16-12-2010 902266603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pancreas organogenesis is a highly regulated process, in which two anlage evaginate from the primitive gut.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 902266604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They later fuse, and, under the influence of the surrounding mesenchyme, the mature organ develops, being mainly composed of ductal, exocrine and endocrine compartments.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 902266605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Early buds are characterized by a branching morphogenesis of the ductal epithelium from which endocrine and exocrine precursor cells bud to eventually form the two other compartments.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 902266606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The three compartments are thought to be of common endodermal origin; in contrast to earlier hypotheses, which suggested that the endocrine compartment was of neuroectodermal origin.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 902266607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is thus generally believed that the pancreatic endocrine-lineage possesses the ability to mature along a differentiation pathway that shares many characteristics with those of neuronal differentiation.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 902266608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During recent years, studies of insulin-gene regulation and, in particular, the tissue-specific transcriptional control of insulin-gene activity have provided information on pancreas development in general.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 902266609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present review summarizes these findings, with a special focus on our own studies on pluripotent endocrine cultures of rat pancreas.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 902423801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning and expression of the glucocorticoid receptor from the squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis), a glucocorticoid-resistant primate.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 902423802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@New World primates such as the squirrel monkey have elevated cortisol levels and glucocorticoid resistance.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 902423803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have shown that the apparent binding affinity of the glucocorticoid receptor in squirrel monkey lymphocytes is 5-fold lower than that in human lymphocytes (apparent Kd, 20.9 +/- 1.8 and 4.3 +/- 0.2 nmol/L, respectively; n = 3), consistent with previous studies in mononuclear leukocytes isolated from the two species.@@@@1@57@@oe@16-12-2010 902423804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a first step in understanding the mechanism of decreased binding affinity in New World primates, we used reverse transcription-PCR to clone the glucocorticoid receptor from squirrel monkey liver and have compared the sequence to receptor sequences obtained from owl monkey liver, cotton-top tamarin B95-8 cells, and human lymphocytes.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 902423805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The squirrel monkey glucocorticoid receptor is approximately 97% identical in nucleotide and amino acid sequence to the human receptor.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 902423806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ligand-binding domain (amino acids 528-777) of the squirrel monkey glucocorticoid receptor contains four amino acid differences (Ser551 to Thr, Ser616 to Ala, Ala618 to Ser, and Ile761 to Leu), all of which are present in owl monkey and cotton-top tamarin receptors.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 902423807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The DNA-binding domain (amino acids 421-486) is completely conserved among human, squirrel monkey, owl monkey, and cotton-top tamarin receptors.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 902423808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Twenty-two differences from the human sequence were found in the N-terminal region (amino acids 1-421) of the squirrel monkey receptor.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 902423809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@None of the substitutions in the ligand-binding domain matched mutations known to influence binding affinity in other species.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 902423810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine whether the substitutions per se were responsible for decreased affinity, squirrel monkey and human glucocorticoid receptors were expressed in the TNT Coupled Reticulocyte Lysate System.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 902423811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expressions of human and squirrel monkey glucocorticoid receptors and a squirrel monkey receptor in which Phe774 was mutated to Leu (F774L) were similar.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 902423812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When expressed in the TNT System, squirrel monkey and human glucocorticoid receptors had similar, high affinity binding for dexamethasone (apparent Kd, 5.9 +/- 1.2 and 4.3 +/- 0.5 nmol/L, respectively; n = 3), whereas the squirrel monkey F774L receptor had lower affinity binding (apparent Kd, 20.4 +/- 2.0 nmol/L; n = 3).@@@@1@65@@oe@16-12-2010 902423813@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, substitutions within the ligand-binding domain of the squirrel monkey glucocorticoid receptor cannot account for the decreased binding affinity of these receptors in squirrel monkey cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 902423814@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rather, the binding affinity is probably influenced by the expression of cytosolic factors that affect glucocorticoid receptor function.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 902498701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NF-kappa B inhibitor, tepoxalin, suppresses surface expression of the cell adhesion molecules CD62E, CD11b/CD18 and CD106.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 902498702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tepoxalin, a dual enzyme inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase has been shown to inhibit T-cell activation.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 902498703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Its immunosuppressive property is distinct from cyclosporin because only tepoxalin, but not cyclosporin, suppresses NF-kappa B activation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 902498704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that tepoxalin selectively inhibits intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54)/MAC-1 (CD11b/CD18) dependent adhesion of polymorphonuclear cells to IL-1 activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 902498705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism of inhibition is related to the surface expression of several cell adhesion molecules.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 902498706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Flow cytometry analyses on cultured cells that were treated with tepoxalin or antisense oligonucleotides to the P65/p50 subunit of NF-kappa B, and then stimulated with PMA, revealed a reduced expression of CD11b/CD18 on monocytic HL60 cells, and endothelial adhesion molecule-1 (CD62E) and vascular adhesion molecule-1 (CD106) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells.@@@@1@60@@oe@16-12-2010 902498707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of other adhesion molecules such as lymphocyte function associated-antigen-1 (CD11a/CD18) and CD54 were unaffected.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 902498708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tepoxalin also inhibited the secretion of a NF-kappa B regulated chemokine, IL-8, a known inducer of CD11b/CD18 expression.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 902498709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus the suppression of CD11b/CD18 expression by tepoxalin may involve IL-8.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 902498710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results suggest that by inhibiting NF-kappa B activation, surface expression of several adhesion molecules can be modulated and that tepoxalin may be useful in treating selected adhesion mediated events such as leukocyte migration or atherosclerotic plaque formation.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 902894901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of the human platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 promoter: identification of a GATA-2 binding element required for optimal transcriptional activity.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 902894902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) is a 130-kD member of the Ig gene superfamily that is expressed on platelets, endothelial cells, and certain leukocyte subsets.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 902894903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To examine the factors controlling vascular-specific expression of PECAM-1, we cloned the 5'-flanking region of the PECAM-1 gene and analyzed its transcriptional activity.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 902894904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@5'-Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5'-RACE) analysis showed that transcription initiation occurred at several closely spaced nearby sites originating approximately 204 bp upstream from the translation start site.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 902894905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of the sequence immediately upstream from the transcription initiation site (TIS) showed no canonical TATA or CAAT elements, however an initiator element commonly found in TATA-less promoters encompassed the TIS.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 902894906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@5'-serially truncated PECAM-1 promoter segments cloned in front of a luciferase reporter drove transcription in both a lineage- and orientation-specific manner.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 902894907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Putative cis-acting control elements present within a 300-bp core promoter included two ets sites, an Sp1 site, tandem E-box domains, two GATA-associated sites (CACCC), an AP-2 binding site, and a GATA element at -24.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 902894908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutational analysis showed that optimal transcriptional activity required the GATA sequence at position -24, and gel-shift assays further showed that the GATA-2 transcription factor, but not GATA-1, bound to this region of the PECAM-1 promoter.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 902894909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Understanding the cis- and transacting factors that regulate the tissue-specific expression of PECAM-1 should increase our understanding of the mechanisms by which vascular-specific gene expression is achieved.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 902914601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rapid Ca2+-mediated activation of Rap1 in human platelets.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 902914602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rap1 is a small, Ras-like GTPase whose function and regulation are still largely unknown.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 902914603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have developed a novel assay to monitor the active, GTP-bound form of Rap1 based on the differential affinity of Rap1GTP and Rap1GDP for the Rap binding domain of RalGDS (RBD).@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 902914604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of blood platelets with alpha-thrombin or other platelet activators caused a rapid and strong induction of Rap1 that associated with RBD in vitro.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 902914605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding to RBD increased from undetectable levels in resting platelets to >50% of total Rap1 within 30 s after stimulation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 902914606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration is both necessary and sufficient for Rap1 activation since it was induced by agents that increase intracellular Ca2+ and inhibited by a Ca2+-chelating agent.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 902914607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither inhibition of translocation of Rap1 to the cytoskeleton nor inhibition of platelet aggregation affected thrombin-induced activation of Rap1.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 902914608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), a strong negative regulator of platelet function, inhibited agonist-induced as well as Ca2+-induced activation of Rap1.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 902914609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From our results, we conclude that Rap1 activation in platelets is an important common event in early agonist-induced signalling, and that this activation is mediated by an increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 903108501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of erythroid-specific genes in megakaryoblastic disorders.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 903108502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Currently available data indicate that erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation pathways are closely related to each other, and there may exist progenitor cells common to those two lineages may exist.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 903108503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AML-M7) and transient myeloproliferative disorder in Down's syndrome (TMD) are characterized by rapid growth of abnormal blast cells which express megakaryocytic markers.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 903108504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These blast cells express lineage-specific transcription factors such as GATA-1 common to these lineages and frequently express erythroid-specific mRNAs such as gamma-globin and erythroid delta-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS-E), indicating that most of the blasts in M7 and TMD cases have erythroid and megakaryocytic phenotypes.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 903108505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that blasts in M7 and TMD may correspond to progenitors of both erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 903109001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear NF-ATp is a hallmark of unstimulated B cells from B-CLL patients.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 903109002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) were analysed for the nuclear presence and DNA binding of a panel of transcription factors which are involved in the gene control of lymphoid cells.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 903109003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The following transcription factors were studied: the Octamer factors Oct-1 and Oct-2, members of the AP-1 factor family, NF-AT factors, in particular NF-ATp, and members of the Rel/NF-kB family.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 903109004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that the constitutive nuclear translocation of NF-ATp, a member of the growing family of NF-AT factors, is a hallmark of nonstimulated B cells from CLL patients that distinguishes B-CLL cells from 'normal' B lymphocytes.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 903109005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive nuclear appearance was also observed for NF-kB2/p52.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 903109006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive binding of further factor proteins to DNA, such as JunD, c-Fos and FosB, was detected in several patients whereas the localisation and DNA binding of other factors such as c-Jun, RelA/p65 and c-Rel was unaltered.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 903109007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is remarkable that in B-CLL cells the nuclear appearance and DNA binding of specific transcription factors is dramatically affected whereas other members of the same factor family remained unaltered in these leukemic cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 903109008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It remains to be shown which molecular events lead to the specific 'pre-activation', i.e. constitutive nuclear translocation and DNA binding, of these members of NF-AT, NF-kB and AP-1 factor families.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 903225001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Physical and functional interaction between the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax1 protein and the CCAAT binding protein NF-Y.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 903225002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tax1, a potent activator of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) transcription, has been shown to modulate expression of many cellular genes.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 903225003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tax1 does not bind DNA directly but regulates transcription through protein-protein interactions with sequence-specific transcription factors.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 903225004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using the yeast two-hybrid system to screen for proteins which interact with Tax1, we isolated the B subunit of the CCAAT binding protein NF-Y from a HeLa cDNA library.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 903225005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The interaction of Tax1 with NF-YB was specific in that NF-YB did not interact with a variety of other transcription factors, including human immunodeficiency virus Tat, human papillomavirus E6, and Bicoid, or with the M7 (amino acids 29CP-AS) Tax1 mutant.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 903225006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, NF-YB did interact with the C-terminal Tax1 mutants M22 (130TL-AS) and M47 (319LL-RS).@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 903225007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also show that in vitro-translated NF-YB specifically bound to a glutathione S-transferase-Tax1 fusion protein.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 903225008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further, Tax1 coimmunoprecipitated with NF-Y from nuclear extracts of HTLV-1-transformed cells, providing evidence for in vivo interaction of Tax1 and NF-YB.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 903225009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We further demonstrate that Tax1 specifically activated the NF-Y-responsive DQbeta promoter, as well as a minimal promoter which contains only the Y-box element.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 903225010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, mutation of the Y-box element alone abrogated Tax1-mediated activation.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 903225011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these data indicate that Tax1 interacts with NF-Y through the B subunit and that this interaction results in activation of the major histocompatibility complex class II promoter.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 903225012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Through activation of this and other NF-Y driven promoters, the Tax1-NF-Y interaction may play a critical role in causing cellular transformation and HTLV-1 pathogenesis.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 903226401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning of the novel human myeloid-cell-specific C/EBP-epsilon transcription factor.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 903226402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chicken NF-M transcription factor, in cooperation with either c-Myb or v-Myb, is active in the combinatorial activation of myeloid-cell-specific genes in heterologous cell types, such as embryonic fibroblasts.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 903226403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In humans, similar effects were observed with homologous members of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family of transcriptional regulators, especially the human homolog of chicken NF-M, C/EBP-beta (NF-IL6).@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 903226404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the NF-IL6 gene is expressed in a variety of nonmyeloid cell types and is strongly inducible in response to inflammatory stimuli, making it an unlikely candidate to have an exclusive role as a combinatorial differentiation switch during myelopoiesis in human cells.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 903226405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By using a reverse transcription-PCR-based approach and a set of primers specific for the DNA-binding domains of highly homologous members of the C/EBP family of transcriptional regulators, we have cloned a novel human gene encoding a member of the C/EBP gene family, identified as the human homolog of CRP1, C/EBP-epsilon.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 903226406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 1.2-kb cDNA encoding full-length human C/EBP-epsilon was cloned from a promyelocyte-late myeloblast-derived lambda gt11 library.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 903226407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Molecular analysis of the cDNA and genomic clones indicated the presence of two exons encoding a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 32 kDa and a pI of 9.5.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 903226408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Primer extension analysis of C/EBP-epsilon mRNA detected a single major transcription start site approximately 200 bp upstream of the start codon.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 903226409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The putative promoter area is similar to those of several other myeloid-cell-specific genes in that it contains no TATAAA box but has a number of purine-rich stretches with multiple sites for the factors of the Ets family of transcriptional regulators.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 903226410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot analyses indicated a highly restricted mRNA expression pattern, with the strongest expression occurring in promyelocyte and late-myeloblast-like cell lines.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 903226411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Western blot and immunoprecipitation studies using rabbit anti-C/EBP-epsilon antibodies raised against the N-terminal portion of C/EBP-epsilon (amino acids 1 to 115) showed that C/EBP-epsilon is a 32-kDa nuclear phosphoprotein.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 903226412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human C/EBP-epsilon protein exhibited strong and specific binding to double-stranded DNA containing consensus C/EBP sites.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 903226413@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cotransfection of the C/EBP-epsilon sense and antisense expression constructs together with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter vectors containing myeloid-cell-specific c-mim and human myeloperoxidase promoters suggested a role for C/EBP-epsilon transcription factor in the regulation of a subset of myeloid-cell-specific genes.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 903226414@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient tranfection of a promyelocyte cell line (NB4) with a C/EBP-epsilon expression plasmid increased cell growth by sevenfold, while antisense C/EBP-epsilon caused a fivefold decrease in clonal growth of these cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 903226501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional regulation of the ferritin heavy-chain gene: the activity of the CCAAT binding factor NF-Y is modulated in heme-treated Friend leukemia cells and during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 903226502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ferritin H-chain gene promoter regulation was analyzed in heme-treated Friend leukemia cells (FLCs) and during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 903226503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the majority of cell lines studied, the regulation of ferritin expression was exerted mostly at the translational level.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 903226504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in differentiating erythroid cells, which must incorporate high levels of iron to sustain hemoglobin synthesis, and in macrophages, which are involved in iron storage, transcriptional regulation seemed to be a relevant mechanism.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 903226505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here that the minimum region of the ferritin H-gene promoter that is able to confer transcriptional regulation by heme in FLCs to a reporter gene is 77 nucleotides upstream of the TATA box.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 903226506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This cis element binds a protein complex referred to as HRF (heme-responsive factor), which is greatly enhanced both in heme-treated FLCs and during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 903226507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The CCAAT element present in reverse orientation in this promoter region of the ferritin H-chain gene is necessary for binding and for gene activity, since a single point mutation is able to abolish the binding of HRF and the transcriptional activity in transfected cells.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 903226508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By competition experiments and supershift assays, we identified the induced HRF as containing at least the ubiquitous transcription factor NF-Y.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 903226509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-Y is formed by three subunits, A, B, and C, all of which are necessary for DNA binding.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 903226510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cotransfection with a transdominant negative mutant of the NF-YA subunit abolishes the transcriptional activation by heme, indicating that NF-Y plays an essential role in this activation.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 903226511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have also observed a differential expression of the NF-YA subunit in heme-treated and control FLCs and during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 903227101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of a mutant cell line that does not activate NF-kappaB in response to multiple stimuli.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 903227102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Numerous genes required during the immune or inflammation response as well as the adhesion process are regulated by nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB).@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 903227103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Associated with its inhibitor, I kappaB, NF-kappaB resides as an inactive form in the cytoplasm.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 903227104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upon stimulation by various agents, I kappaB is proteolyzed and NF-kappaB translocates to the nucleus, where it activates its target genes.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 903227105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transduction pathways that lead to I kappaB inactivation remain poorly understood.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 903227106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we have characterized a cellular mutant, the 70/Z3-derived 1.3E2 murine pre-B cell line, that does not activate NF-kappaB in response to several stimuli.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 903227107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that upon stimulation by lipopolysaccharide, Taxol, phorbol myristate acetate, interleukin-1, or double-stranded RNA, I kappaB alpha is not degraded, as a result of an absence of induced phosphorylation on serines 32 and 36.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 903227108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither a mutation in I kappaB alpha nor a mutation in p50 or relA, the two major subunits of NF-kappaB in this cell line, accounts for this phosphorylation defect.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 903227109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As well as culminating in the inducible phosphorylation of I kappaB alpha on serines 32 and 36, all the stimuli that are inactive on 1.3E2 cells exhibit a sensitivity to the antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC).@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 903227110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, stimuli such as hyperosmotic shock or phosphatase inhibitors, which use PDTC-insensitive pathways, induce I kappaB alpha degradation in 1.3E2.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 903227111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of the redox status of 1.3E2 does not reveal any difference from wild-type 70Z/3.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 903227112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also report that the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-derived Tax trans-activator induces NF-kappaB activity in 1.3E2, suggesting that this viral protein does not operate via the defective pathway.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 903227113@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, we show that two other I kappaB molecules, I kappaB beta and the recently identified I kappaB epsilon, are not degraded in the 1.3E2 cell line following stimulation.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 903227114@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results demonstrate that 1.3E2 is a cellular transduction mutant exhibiting a defect in a step that is required by several different stimuli to activate NF-kappaB.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 903227115@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, this analysis suggests a common step in the signaling pathways that trigger I kappaB alpha, I kappaB beta, and I kappaB epsilon degradation.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 903228001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription mediated by NFAT is highly inducible in effector CD4+ T helper 2 (Th2) cells but not in Th1 cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 903228002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional factors of the NFAT family play an important role in regulating the expression of several cytokine genes during the immune response, such as the genes for interleukin 2 (IL-2) and IL-4, among others.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 903228003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upon antigen stimulation, precursor CD4+ T helper (pTh) cells proliferate and differentiate into two populations of effector cells (eTh1 and eTh2), each one expressing a specific pattern of cytokines that distinguishes them from their precursors.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 903228004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@eTh2 cells are the major source of IL-4, while gamma interferon is produced by eTh1 cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 903228005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we have used reporter transgenic mice to show that DNA binding and transcriptional activities of NFAT are transiently induced during the differentiation of pTh cells into either eTh1 or eTh2 cells to mediate the expression of IL-2 as a common growth factor in both pathways.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 903228006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, although NFAT DNA binding is similarly induced in both eTh1 and eTh2 cells upon antigen stimulation, only the NFAT complexes present in eTh2 cells are able to mediate high-level transcription, and relatively little NFAT transcriptional activity was induced in eTh1 cells.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 903228007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to activated pTh cells, neither eTh1 nor eTh2 cells produced significant IL-2 upon stimulation, but the high levels of NFAT transcriptional activities directly correlate with the IL-4 production induced in response to antigen stimulation in eTh2 cells.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 903228008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that activated NFAT is involved in the effector function of eTh2 cells and that the failure of eTh1 cells to produce IL-4 in response to an antigen is due, at least partially, to a failure to induce high-level transcription of the IL-4 gene by NFAT.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 903228009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of NFAT could be therefore a critical element in the polarization to eTh1 or eTh2.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 903234401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive expression of p50 homodimer in freshly isolated human monocytes decreases with in vitro and in vivo differentiation: a possible mechanism influencing human immunodeficiency virus replication in monocytes and mature macrophages.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 903234402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replicates more efficiently in vitro in differentiated macrophages than in freshly isolated monocytes.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 903234403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated whether this may be partly explained by changes in expression of NF-kappaB with monocyte differentiation.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 903234404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrated that constitutive expression of NF-kappaB in primary human monocytes changed significantly with differentiation in vitro to monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and differentiation in vivo to alveolar macrophages (AMs).@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 903234405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Freshly isolated monocytes constitutively expressed high levels of transcriptionally inactive p50 homodimer which decreased with time in culture in favor of the transcriptionally active p50/p65 and p50/RelB heterodimers.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 903234406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As in MDMs, AMs constitutively expressed p50/p65 and p50/RelB although at lower levels.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 903234407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV infection of fresh monocytes failed to induce p50/p65 as seen in MDMs.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 903234408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The replacement of p50 homodimers with transcriptionally active heterodimers following time in culture may partially explain the progressive increase in susceptibility of monocytes to HIV infection during in vitro culture.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 903234409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The change in NF-kappaB components with monocyte differentiation in vivo may also explain the different transcriptional activities of these cell populations in HIV-infected individuals.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 903236301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against immunorecessive epitopes after multiple immunizations with adenovirus vectors is dependent on haplotype.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 903236302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Currently, adenovirus (Ad) is being considered as a vector for the treatment of cystic fibrosis as well as other diseases.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 903236303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to Ad could limit the effectiveness of such approaches.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 903236304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since the CTL response to virus infection is often focused on one or a few immunodominant epitopes, one approach to circumvent this response is to create vectors that lack these immunodominant epitopes.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 903236305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effectiveness of this approach was tested by immunizing mice with human group C adenoviruses.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 903236306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three mouse strains (C57BL/10SnJ [H-2b], C3HeB/FeJ [H-2k], and BALB/cByJ [H-2d]) were immunized with wild-type Ad or Ad vectors lacking the immunodominant antigen(s), and the CTL responses were measured.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 903236307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In C57BL/10 (B10) mice, a single inoculation intraperitoneally (i.p.) led to the recognition of an immunodominant antigen in E1A.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 903236308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When B10 mice were inoculated multiple times either i.p. or intranasally with wild-type Ad or an Ad vector lacking most of the E1 region, subdominant epitopes outside this region were recognized.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 903236309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, C3H mice inoculated with wild-type Ad recognized an epitope mapping within E1B.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 903236310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When inoculated twice with Ad vectors lacking both E1A and E1B, no immunorecessive epitopes were recognized.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 903236311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immune response to Ad in BALB/c mice was more complex.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 903236312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CTLs from BALB/c mice inoculated i.p. with wild-type Ad recognized E1B in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I Dd allele and a region outside E1 associated with the Kd allele.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 903236313@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When BALB/c mice were inoculated with E1-deleted Ad vectors, only the immunodominant Kd-restricted epitope was recognized, and Dd-restricted CTLs did not develop.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 903236314@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This report indicates that the emergence of CTLs against immunorecessive epitopes following multiple administrations of Ad vectors lacking immunodominant antigens is dependent on haplotype and could present an obstacle to gene therapy in an MHC-diverse human population.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 903240301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of nucleotide sequences that regulate transcription of the MCF13 murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat in activated T cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 903240302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The region downstream of the enhancer (DEN) of the long terminal repeat of the mink cell focus-forming murine leukemia virus is important for viral pathogenicity.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 903240303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Another important activity of DEN is its control of transcription in activated T cells, and we have determined that an NF-kappaB site is critical for this activity.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 903246601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the NF-kappaB transcription factor in a T-lymphocytic cell line by hypochlorous acid.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 903246602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide serve as second messengers in the induction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, and hence in the activation and replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in human cells.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 903246603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During inflammatory reactions, many oxidative species are produced, one of which is hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which is responsible for the microbicidal effects of activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 903246604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of a T-lymphocytic cell line with micromolar concentrations of HOCl promoted the appearance of transcription factor NF-kappaB (the heterodimer p50/p65) in the nucleus of the cells, even in the absence of de novo protein synthesis.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 903246605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Western blot analysis of the NF-kappaB inhibitory subunits (IkappaB) demonstrated that both IkappaB-alpha proteolysis and p105 processing were induced by the treatment.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 903246606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappaB activation was very effective when cells were subjected to hyperthermia before being treated with HOCl.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 903246607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Various antioxidants, such as pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, p-bromophenacyl-bromide and nordihydroguaiaretic acid could strongly reduce NF-kappaB translocation, demonstrating the importance of oxidative species in the transduction mechanism.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 903246608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, ACH-2 cells treated with HOCl or H2O2 released tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the supernatants.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 903246609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The importance of TNF-alpha release in NF-kappaB induction by HOCl or H2O2 was demonstrated by the fact that: (1) the nuclear appearance of NF-kappaB was promoted in untreated cells; and (2) synergism between TNF-alpha and HOCl was detected.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 903246610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Collectively, these results suggest that HOCl should be considered as an oxidative species capable of inducing NF-kappaB in a T-lymphocytic cell line through a transduction mechanism involving ROS, and having a long-distance effect through subsequent TNF-alpha release.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 903737501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The synthesis and immunogenicity of varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E and immediate-early protein (IE62) expressed in recombinant herpes simplex virus-1.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 903737502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to evaluate the conditions for optimal expression and immunogenicity of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) proteins in a herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) vector, we selected the VZV glycoprotein E (gE), encoded by ORF 68 and the VZV product of ORF 62, an immediate-early major tegument protein (IE62).@@@@1@59@@oe@16-12-2010 903737503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three HSV/VZV recombinants were generated: (1) VZV gE protein coding sequences along with the promoter region were inserted into the thymidine kinase (TK) gene of HSV-1 strain KOS; (2) VZV gE expressed from the HSV-1 ICP4 promoter was inserted into the glycoprotein C (gC) gene of HSV-1 strain F; and (3) VZV IE62 protein coding sequences under the control of the HSV-1 ICP4 promoter were inserted into the gC gene of HSV-1 strain F.@@@@1@88@@oe@16-12-2010 903737504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunoblot analysis and immunoperoxidase staining of infected cell monolayers demonstrated vector expression of VZV proteins.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 903737505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Following intracranial inoculation in mice, both VZV gE-HSV (TK) and VZV IE62-HSV (gC) induced an IgG response against VZV gE or VZV IE62.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 903737506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When tested in cytotoxicity assays using T-lymphocytes from VZV immune human donors, the range of precursor frequencies for T-lymphocytes that recognized VZV gE or VZV IE62 was similar whether these proteins were expressed by HSV-1 or a vaccinia vector.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 903737507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These experiments demonstrate that HSV-1 is a competent vector for expression of these VZV proteins and support the feasibility of engineering a combined vaccine for these closely related alpha-herpesviruses.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 904395901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thymocytes control the CD4 gene differently from mature T lymphocytes.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 904395902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We analyzed the activity of the enhancer, the promoter and the silencer of the human CD4 gene during T cell development using transgenic mice.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 904395903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunofluorescence studies on thymic populations of mice carrying transgenes in various combinations of these regulatory DNA elements revealed that thymocytes control the CD4 gene in a different manner than mature peripheral T lymphocytes.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 904395904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 5'-positive regulatory unit, consisting of the promoter and the 5' enhancer, is already active at the CD4-CD8-double-negative (DN) stage of development.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 904395905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, its activity becomes lower in the double-positive and a fraction of the CD4+ CD8int/- cell population, indicating that an additional enhancer, located in either the first or the third intron of the CD4 gene, is required for CD4 gene expression in this population.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010 904395906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The other studied regulatory element is the minimal CD4 silencer which inhibits CD4 gene expression in peripheral CD8 T lymphocytes.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 904395907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This silencer is inactive in the most immature DN thymocytes, which probably use a distinct silencer mechanism to down-regulate CD4 gene expression.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 904395908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unexpectedly, the CD4 silencer is also active in CD4+ CD8int/- cells of the thymus, implying that an anti-silencer may be required to resume CD4 expression in this cell population.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 904395909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Altogether, the CD4 gene is regulated by several positive and negative regulatory mechanisms which come into play in a developmentally coordinated manner.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 904405001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Heat-shock and cadmium chloride increase the vimentin mRNA and protein levels in U-937 human promonocytic cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 904405002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Heat-shock for 2 hours at 42 degrees C, or the administration for 3 hours of 100 or 150 microM cadmium chloride, inhibited the subsequent proliferation activity, induced the expression of functional differentiation markers, and caused an increase in the amount of the stress-responsive HSP70 protein in U-937 human promonocytic cells.@@@@1@55@@oe@16-12-2010 904405003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, both heat and cadmium produced an increase in the amount of the intermediate filament protein vimentin, as determined by immunoblot and immunofluorescence assays.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 904405004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, the amounts of actin and beta-tubulin were not significantly altered.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 904405005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The amount of vimentin mRNA was also increased during recovery from stress, indicating that vimentin expression was not exclusively regulated at the protein level.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 904405006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although cadmium caused an early, transient stimulation of c-jun and c-fos expression and AP-1 binding activity, heat-shock failed to alter both protooncogene expression and transcription factor binding, indicating that the stress-induced vimentin increase was not the result of AP-1-mediated transcriptional activation.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 904405007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, it was observed that the rate of decay of vimentin mRNA upon actinomycin D administration was decreased in heat- and cadmium-pretreated cells in comparison to untreated cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 904405008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that stress treatments cause an increase in vimentin levels in promonocytic cells, which may be explained at least in part by transcript stabilization.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 904561401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immune hyperactivation of HIV-1-infected T cells mediated by Tat and the CD28 pathway.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 904561402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection is characterized by a chronic state of immune hyperactivation in patients.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 904561403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Infection of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with HIV-1 in vitro resulted in increased interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion in response to T cell activation via the CD3 and CD28 receptors.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 904561404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the HIV-1 transactivator Tat recapitulated this phenotype and was associated with increased IL-2 secretion in response to costimulation with CD3 plus CD28.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 904561405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-2 superinduction by Tat occurred at the transcriptional level, was mediated by the CD28-responsive element in the IL-2 promoter, and was exclusively dependent on the 29 amino acids encoded by the second exon of Tat.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 904568201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Jak1 expression is required for mediating interleukin-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate and Stat6 signaling molecules.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 904568202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, and Fes tyrosine kinases have been demonstrated to undergo tyrosine phosphorylation in response to interleukin (IL)-4 stimulation in different cell systems.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 904568203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, it is not clear which, if any, of these kinases are responsible for initiating IL-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular substrates in vivo.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 904568204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study, we have utilized a mutant Jak1-deficient HeLa cell line, E1C3, and its parental Jak1-expressing counterpart, 1D4, to analyze the role of Jak1 in mediating IL-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation events.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 904568205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 treatment rapidly induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and IRS-2 in 1D4 but not in E1C3 cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 904568206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 was pronounced in 1D4 cells, while no IL-4-induced Stat6 phosphorylation was detected in E1C3 cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 904568207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 also induced Stat6 DNA binding activity from lysates of 1D4 but not E1C3 cells utilizing a radiolabeled immunoglobulin heavy chain germline epsilon promotor sequence (Iepsilon) in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 904568208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reconstitution of Jak1 expression in E1C3 cells restored the ability of IL-4 to induce IRS and Stat6 tyrosine phosphorylation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 904568209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results provide evidence that Jak1 expression is required for mediating tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of crucial molecules involved in IL-4 signal transduction.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 904723801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-Rel is a target of pentoxifylline-mediated inhibition of T lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 904723802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The possible clinical use of the methyl xanthine derivative, pentoxifylline (PF), for the treatment of T cell-dependent diseases is being noted with increasing interest.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 904723803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this paper, we studied the molecular consequences of PF treatment during lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 904723804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that in T cells, anti-CD3-induced c-Rel expression was blocked by PF, whereas the induction of other NF-kappaB family members was not significantly affected.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 904723805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, induction of NF-AT, which has the same signaling requirements as c-Rel induction, was not inhibited by PF.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 904723806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Among genes that respond to these transcription factors, IL-2 mRNA induction was suppressed by PF, whereas IL-2R(alpha) chain mRNA induction was not affected.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 904723807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations implicated c-Rel as an IL-2 promoter factor, for which experimental support was obtained from transient transfection experiments.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 904723808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast with the observation in T cells, c-Rel induction was not blocked by PF in B cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 904723809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The greater selectivity of PF, compared with FK506, at both the molecular and cellular levels may prove advantageous in manipulating T cell responses in vivo.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 904723901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A T cell-specific enhancer in the interleukin-3 locus is activated cooperatively by Oct and NFAT elements within a DNase I-hypersensitive site.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 904723902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a cytokine that is expressed primarily in activated T cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 904723903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we identified an inducible T cell-specific enhancer 14 kb upstream of the IL-3 gene that responded to activation of T cell receptor signaling pathways.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 904723904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IL-3 enhancer spanned an inducible cyclosporin A-sensitive DNase I-hypersensitive site found only in T cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 904723905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Four NFAT-like elements exist within the enhancer.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 904723906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two most active NFAT-like elements were located at the center of the DNase I-hypersensitive site.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 904723907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of these NFAT-like elements encompassed overlapping Oct- and NFATp/c-binding sites, which functioned in a highly synergistic manner.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 904723908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We suggest that the T cell-specific expression of the IL-3 gene is partly controlled through the enhancer by cooperation between Oct and NFAT family proteins.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 905273501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A negative regulatory region containing a glucocorticosteroid response element (nGRE) in the human interleukin-1beta gene.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 905273502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) is one of the most important inflammatory mediators in human inflammatory and immunological diseases.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 905273503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The regulation of human IL-1beta gene expression has been studied for several years, and a few regulatory elements have been discovered in the promoter region.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 905273504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, little is known about negative regulation of IL-1beta expression at the transcriptional level, which may play an important role in anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 905273505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have identified a negative regulatory element located in the region between -685 and -395.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 905273506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within this region, a 19-bp nuclear factor binding site (-570 to -552) was characterized by DNase I footprinting and electromobility shift assay.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 905273507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A consensus sequence for a negative glucocorticoid response element (nGRE) and a transcription activator protein-2 binding site were noted within this footprint.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 905273508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional studies showed a 2.5-fold increase in promoter activity when this 19-bp binding site was deleted in the reporter constructs IL-1beta/CAT and IL-1beta/SV40 promoter/CAT.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 905273509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dexamethasone (10(-8) M) repressed chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) production by 75% in the wild-type fragment but not in a deletion mutant lacking the 19-bp site.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 905273510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A protein of about 150 kD that bound to this negative regulatory sequence was identified by UV cross-linking.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 905273511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is the first description of a negative regulatory region responsive to glucocorticoids in a cytokine gene.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 905283901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TRAMP, a novel apoptosis-mediating receptor with sequence homology to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and Fas(Apo-1/CD95).@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 905283902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, designated TRAMP, has been identified.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 905283903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The structural organization of the 393 amino acid long human TRAMP is most homologous to TNF receptor 1.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 905283904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TRAMP is abundantly expressed on thymocytes and lymphocytes.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 905283905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Its extracellular domain is composed of four cysteine-rich domains, and the cytoplasmic region contains a death domain known to signal apoptosis.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 905283906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Overexpression of TRAMP leads to two major responses, NF-kappaB activation and apoptosis.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 905283907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TRAMP-induced cell death is inhibited by an inhibitor of ICE-like proteases, but not by Bcl-2.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 905283908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, TRAMP does not appear to interact with any of the known apoptosis-inducing ligands of the TNF family.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 905344901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of Egr-1/RelA synergy in distinguishing T cell activation from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced NF-kappa B1 transcription.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 905344902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B is an important transcription factor required for T cell proliferation and other immunological functions.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 905344903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NF-kappa B1 gene encodes a 105-kD protein that is the precursor of the p50 component of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 905344904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previously, we and others have demonstrated that NF-kappa B regulates the NF-kappa B1 gene.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 905344905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this manuscript we have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which T cell lines stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and phytohemagglutin (PHA) display significantly higher levels of NF-kappa B1 encoding transcripts than cells stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha, despite the fact that both stimuli activate NF-kappa B.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 905344906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of the NF-kappa B1 promoter identified an Egr-1 site which was found to be essential for both the PMA/PHA-mediated induction as well as the synergistic activation observed after the expression of the RelA subunit of NF-kappa B and Egr-1.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 905344907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, Egr-1 induction was required for endogenous NF-kappa B1 gene expression, since PMA/PHA-stimulated T cell lines expressing antisense Egr-1 RNA were inhibited in their ability to upregulate NF-kappa B1 transcription.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 905344908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our studies indicate that transcriptional synergy mediated by activation of both Egr-1 and NF-kappa B may have important ramifications in T cell development by upregulating NF-kappa B1 gene expression.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 905442901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-4 signaling in B lymphocytes from patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 905442902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is an important cytokine for B and T lymphocyte function and mediates its effects via a receptor that contains gammac.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 905442903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B cells derived from patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) are deficient in gammac and provide a useful model in which to dissect the role of this subunit in IL-4-mediated signaling.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 905442904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that although IL-4 stimulation of X-SCID B cells did not result in Janus tyrosine kinase-3 (JAK3) phosphorylation, other IL-4 substrates including JAK1 and IRS-1 were phosphorylated.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 905442905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additionally, we detected signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6) tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding activity in X-SCID B cells with a wide range of gammac mutations.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 905442906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, reconstitution of these X-SCID B cells with gammac enhanced IL-4-mediated responses including STAT6 phosphorylation and DNA binding activity and resulted in increased CD23 expression.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 905442907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, gammac is not necessary to trigger IL-4-mediated responses in B cells, but its presence is important for optimal IL-4-signaling.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 905442908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that two distinct IL-4 signaling pathways exist.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 905667401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AML1a but not AML1b inhibits erythroid differentiation induced by sodium butyrate and enhances the megakaryocytic differentiation of K562 leukemia cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 905667402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AML1 may play a role in growth and differentiation of cells along erythroid and/or megakaryocytic lineages, because a significant level of the AML1 gene is expressed in these cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 905667403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We overexpressed AML1a (without the transcription-activating domain) and AML1b (with the domain) proteins in K562 leukemia cells, which can be induced to differentiate into hemoglobin-producing cells and megakaryocytes.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 905667404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The AML1a-transfected K562 cells had a reduced capacity to differentiate in the presence of sodium n-butyrate but not in the presence of other inducers, such as hemin, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, and herbimycin A.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 905667405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The AML1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide but not the sense oligomer recovered its differentiation-inducing capacity in the presence of butyrate.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 905667406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the other hand, AML1b conferred a similar differentiation-inducing capacity upon K562 cells transfected with vector alone.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 905667407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AML1a expression was associated with enhanced sensitivity to megakaryocytic differentiation induced by phorbol ester.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 905667408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results provide evidence that AML1 proteins play a role in erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 905708601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differentiation of U-937 promonocytic cells by etoposide and ICRF-193, two antitumour DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors with different mechanisms of action.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 905708602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have compared the action on U-937 human promonocytic leukemia cells of two DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors, namely the epipodophyllotoxin etoposide and the bisdioxopiperazine ICRF-193.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 905708603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One hour pulse-treatment with 3 microM etoposide caused topoisomerase associated, primary DNA breakage, which was rapidly followed by apoptosis.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 905708604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, these effects were not observed upon pulse-treatment with 6 microM ICRF-193.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 905708605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, continuous treatments with subcytotoxic concentrations of etoposide (0.15 microM) and ICRF-193 (0.3 microM) produced several similar effects, namely decreased cell proliferation, accumulation of cells at G2, increase in cell mass, and induction of differentiation.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 905708606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Under these conditions, etoposide produced a biphasic activation of protein kinase C, which consisted in an early transient activation (from hours 1 to 6) of the membrane-bound enzyme followed by a later activation (hour 48) of the total, membrane-bound and cytosolic enzyme.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 905708607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, ICRF-193 only provoked a late activation (from hours 72 to 96) of the total enzyme.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 905708608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When used at differentiation-inducing concentrations, both topoisomerase inhibitors caused a great stimulation of AP-1 binding activity, with maximum value at hour 12 in etoposide-treated cells and at hour 48 in ICRF-193-treated cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 905708609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, the binding activity of the NF-kappa(B) and EGR-1 transcription factors was little affected.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 905708610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is concluded that topoisomerase II inhibitors may induce the differentiation of promonocytic cells, independently of their capacity to cause DNA strand breaks.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 905708611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, there are other effects, such as the early activation of protein kinase C, which are probably derived from the production of primary DNA breakage by some anti-topoisomerase drugs.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 905764801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upregulation of c-Fos in activated T lymphoid and monocytic cells by human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat protein.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 905764802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The regulatory Tat protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is essential for viral replication and also shows pleiotropic activities on various cell functions.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 905764803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To get further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological activity of Tat, we investigated the effect of endogenous and exogenous Tat protein on c-fos gene expression in T lymphoblastoid (Jurkat) and monocytic (U937) cell lines, as well as in primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).@@@@1@56@@oe@16-12-2010 905764804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient cotransfection of tat cDNA in sense orientation (tat/S), together with a plasmid containing the c-fos promoter (FC3, from- 711 to +42) in front of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene significantly enhanced CAT activity in Jurkat cells activated by the addition of 15% fetal calf serum (FCS) or 5 micrograms/mL phytohemagglutinin plus 10(-7) mol/L phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and U937 cells activated by 15% FCS or 10(-7) mol/L PMA.@@@@1@85@@oe@16-12-2010 905764805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This effect was specifically due to Tat, since Jurkat and U937 cells cotransfected either with tat cDNA in antisense orientation (tat/AS), tat carrying a mutation in the aminoacid cys22-gly22 (tat 22/S) or with the backbone vector alone (pRPneo-SL3) did not show any significant difference in c-fos promoter activity as compared to cells transfected with FC3 plasmid alone.@@@@1@66@@oe@16-12-2010 905764806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By using deletion mutants of the c-fos promoter, we found that the minimal DNA sequence required for Tat activity was located between nucleotides -404/-220 and that the serum responsive element (SRE, -317/-288), present within this region, was still responsive to Tat.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 905764807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A single point mutation in the SRE completely abrogated the responsiveness to tat/S.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 905764808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Exogenous recombinant Tat protein was also able to upregulate c-fos promoter activity in serum-activated Jurkat and U937 cells, as well as endogenous c-fos mRNA expression and c-Fos protein synthesis in both serum-activated cell lines and primary PBMC.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 905764809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-Fos protein was shown essential for an optimal transactivation of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) by Tat: incubation of Jurkat cells with antisense, but not sense, c-fos oligonucleotides significantly reduced either the Tat-enhanced expression of an LTR-CAT reporter construct or the levels of gag p24 in the culture supernatants of Jurkat cells and PBMC acutely infected with HIV-1.@@@@1@65@@oe@16-12-2010 905764810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data suggest that the c-fos upregulation mediated by Tat might play a significant role in the control of viral gene transactivation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 905879001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear Rel-A and c-Rel protein complexes are differentially distributed within human thymocytes.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 905879002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B)/Rel proteins are inducible transcriptional regulators of numerous cellular genes.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 905879003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They are particularly abundant in lymphoid tissues and are thought to be critical for the transcription of genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 905879004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have reported previously that a nuclear NF-kappa B activity was present in freshly extracted human thymocytes in the absence of in vitro treatment of these cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 905879005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present report, we identified NF-kappa B proteins extracted from human thymocyte nuclei as being p50/p65 and p50/c-Rel complexes.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 905879006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunochemical and immunofluorescent staining of thymus sections using specific Abs allowed visualization of nuclear NF-kappa B proteins in both thymocytes and nonthymocyte cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 905879007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This detection suggested a preferential activation of p50/c-Rel in medullary thymocytes, whereas p50/p65 was present in both cortical and medullary regions of human thymus lobules.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 905879008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the intensity of p65 labeling was much higher in several thymocytes from the medulla.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 905879009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@p65, p50, and c-Rel activities were found in both CD4- and CD8-positive thymocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 905879010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations suggest that p65 and c-Rel complexes play distinct roles in gene expression and that both forms of NF-kappa B play critical roles during late stages of the intrathymic maturation of T cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 906066601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alteration of a single serine in the basic domain of the Epstein-Barr virus ZEBRA protein separates its functions of transcriptional activation and disruption of latency.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 906066602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ZEBRA protein from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) activates a switch from the latent to the lytic expression program of the virus.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 906066603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ZEBRA, a member of the bZIP family of DNA-binding proteins, is a transcriptional activator capable of inducing expression from viral lytic cycle promoters.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 906066604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It had previously been thought that ZEBRA's capacity to disrupt EBV latency resided primarily in its ability to activate transcription of genes that encode products required for lytic replication.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 906066605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We generated a point mutant of ZEBRA, Z(S186A), that was not impaired in its ability to activate transcription; however, this mutation abolished its ability to initiate the viral lytic cascade.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 906066606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mutant, containing a serine-to-alanine substitution in the DNA-binding domain of the protein, bound to several known ZEBRA-binding sites and activated transcription from reporters bearing known ZEBRA-responsive promoters but did not disrupt latency in EBV-infected cell lines.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 906066607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, initiation of the EBV lytic cycle by the ZEBRA protein requires a function in addition to transcriptional activation; a change of serine 186 to alanine in the DNA-binding domain of ZEBRA abolished this additional function and uncovered a new role for the ZEBRA protein in disruption of EBV latency.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 906066608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The additional function that is required for initiation of the lytic viral life cycle is likely to require phosphorylation of serine 186 of the ZEBRA protein, which may influence either DNA recognition or transcriptional activation of lytic viral promoters in a chromatinized viral episome.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 906100601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Redox regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway during lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 906100602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously demonstrated an obligatory requirement for intracellular reactive oxygen species generation during T lymphocyte activation, and have proposed that intracellular reactive oxygen species may act as signalling agents in the regulation of certain cellular processes, for example, during cell cycle entry.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 906100603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To test this hypothesis, we have been interested to determine which, if any, cell cycle entry events are affected by oxidative signalling.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 906100604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In earlier studies, we have identified the transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1 as molecular targets for oxidative signalling processes during cell cycle entry, and have shown that oxidative signalling is involved in the regulation of early changes in gene expression during the G0 to G1 phase transition.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 906100605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To extend these initial observations, we have examined the effect of antioxidant treatment on the activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinases erk1 and erk2, as members of a signal transduction pathway known to directly regulate transcription factor function.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 906100606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using as a probe cysteamine, an aminothiol compound with both antioxidant and antiproliferative activity, we have identified erk2, a key element of the MAP kinase pathway, as being responsive to oxidative signalling during lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 906100607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations provide further evidence to suggest a role for intracellular oxidant generation as a regulatory mechanism during cell cycle entry, and establish a link between oxidative signalling and other aspects of the intracellular signalling network that is activated in response to mitogenic stimulation.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 906235601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Common and distinct intracellular signaling pathways in human neutrophils utilized by platelet activating factor and FMLP.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 906235602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of human neutrophils with chemoattractants FMLP or platelet activating factor (PAF) results in different but overlapping functional responses.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 906235603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We questioned whether these differences might reflect patterns of intracellular signal transduction.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 906235604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation with either PAF or FMLP resulted in equivalent phosphorylation and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPk) homologue 38-kD murine MAP kinase homologous to HOG-1 (p38) MAPk.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 906235605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither FMLP nor PAF activated c-jun NH2-terminal MAPk (JNKs).@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 906235606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Under identical conditions, FMLP but not PAF, resulted in significant p42/44 (ERK) MAPk activation.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 906235607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both FMLP and PAF activated MAP kinase kinase-3 (MKK3), a known activator of p38 MAPk.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 906235608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both MAP ERK kinase kinase-1 (MEKK1) and Raf are activated strongly by FMLP, but minimally by PAF.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 906235609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pertussis toxin blocked FMLP-induced activation of the p42/44 (ERK) MAPk cascade, but not that of p38 MAPk.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 906235610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A specific p38 MAPk inhibitor (SK&F 86002) blocked superoxide anion production in response to FMLP and reduced adhesion and chemotaxis in response to PAF or FMLP.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 906235611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrate distinct patterns of intracellular signaling for two chemoattractants and suggest that selective activation of intracellular signaling cascades may underlie different patterns of functional responses.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 906490001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Correlation of lymphocytic infiltration of tumor tissue with the hormonal and metabolic state in patients with breast cancer]@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 906490002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocyte infiltration of tumor was studied vis-a-vis hormone metabolic status, tumor tissue hormone sensitivity and tobacco smoking, in 113 breast cancer patients, aged 25-77.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 906490003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the average, no correlation was established between degree of lymphocyte infiltration in breast tumor and age and menopause onset.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 906490004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In smoking menopausal patients, lymphocyte infiltration was found to be higher than in non-smokers (p < 0.05).@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 906490005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was a direct correlation between the rate of lymphocyte infiltration and the level of progesterone receptors in tumor.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 906490006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some subgroups displayed a direct correlation between infiltration and sex-binding globulin, cholesterol, luteinizing hormone in blood, and lean body mass.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 906490007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was matched by an inverse correlation between lymphocyte infiltration and blood-thyroid hormone concentration, urine catecholamines and free cortisol excretion and fat/lean body mass ratio.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 906490008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Considering the abovesaid as well as the lymphocyte ability to perform the dual function of immunocytes and hormonocytes, it is suggested that the results may be used in both the study of lymphocyte infiltration and research in means of its control.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 906573701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated U937 cells.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 906573702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During the course of serious bacterial infections, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) interacts with monocyte/macrophage receptors, resulting in the generation of inflammatory cytokines.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 906573703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factor NF-kappaB is crucial in activating the transcription of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 906573704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this paper, we demonstrate that the activation of NF-kappaB by LPS in a promonocytic cell line (U937) followed a rather slow kinetics, depending on the rate of IkappaB-alpha inhibitor hydrolysis.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 906573705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No degradation of p105 and p100 inhibitors was observed under these conditions.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 906573706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transduction pathway leading to NF-kappaB activation in U937 cells involved the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as demonstrated by the concomitant inhibitory effects of antioxidants on NF-kappaB activation and the emission of a fluorescent probe reacting intracellularly with hydrogen peroxide.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010 906573707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This ROS pathway was also characterized by the use of other inhibitors.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 906573708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This finding indicates that phospholipase A2 and 5-lipoxygenase are also involved.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 906573709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the NF-kappaB activation pathway involving the acidic sphingomyelinase of the endolysosomial membrane did not seem to participate in the LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation in U937 cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 906581201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of sequence alterations in the upstream regulatory region of the estrogen receptor gene in an ER-negative breast cancer cell line.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 906581202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Given the important role of the estrogen receptor (ER) in the development and physiology of the breast, it is essential to delineate the mechanisms responsible for its failed expression in some breast tumors.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 906581203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have cloned and sequenced a portion of the ER upstream regulatory region from the ER-positive MCF-7 and the ER-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines to determine if sequence alterations in this region account for the ER-negative phenotype of some tumors.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 906581204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From this, we identified a number of variations between the sequences, two of which were determined to be associated with a 50% decrease in CAT activity.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 906929001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the transcription factor MEF2C by the MAP kinase p38 in inflammation.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 906929002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For cells of the innate immune system to mount a host defence response to infection, they must recognize products of microbial pathogens such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the endotoxin secreted by Gram-negative bacteria.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 906929003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These cellular responses require intracellular signalling pathways, such as the four MAP kinase (MAPK) pathways.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 906929004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In mammalian cells the MAPK p38 is thought to play an important role in the regulation of cellular responses during infection through its effects on the expression of proinflammatory molecules.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 906929005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One means of understanding the role of p38 in these responses is to identify proteins with functions regulated by p38-catalysed phosphorylation.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 906929006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate a link between the p38 pathway and a member of the myocyte-enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) group of transcription factors.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 906929007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that in monocytic cells, LPS increases the transactivation activity of MEF2C through p38-catalysed phosphorylation.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 906929008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One consequence of MEF2C activation is increased c-jun gene transcription.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 906929009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results show that p38 may influence host defence and inflammation by maintaining the balance of c-Jun protein consumed during infection.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 907031901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Possible role of nuclear factor-kappa B activity in germline C epsilon transcription in a human Burkitt lymphoma B cell line.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 907031902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) plays a broad role in gene regulation, but it is not evident whether NF-kappa B acts as a messenger system for germline C epsilon transcription.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 907031903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report here that the signaling cascade triggered by interleukin-4 (IL-4) or anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) participates in NF-kappa B activation responsible for germline C epsilon transcription in a human Burkitt lymphoma B cell line, DND39.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 907031904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both IL-4 and anti-CD40 mAb induced activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), translocation of a zeta isoform of protein kinase C, and nuclear expression of NF-kappa B.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 907031905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All such events were abrogated by treatment with LY294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3-kinase.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 907031906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant, decreased NF-kappa B activation caused by IL-4, anti-CD40 mAb, or their combination.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 907031907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NAC was also effective in diminishing germline C epsilon transcription, and its potency was higher in cultures costimulated with IL-4 and anti-CD40 mAb than in those stimulated with IL-4 alone.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 907031908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that IL-4 and ligation of CD40 induce NF-kappa B expression via at least a mechanism dependent on the PI3-kinase pathway and suggest that NF-kappa B sensitive to NAC may play a role in regulating germline C epsilon transcription.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 907354401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T-lymphocytes from individuals with filarial inflammatory disease have increased transendothelial migration in vitro.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 907354402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The in vitro transendothelial migration of circulating filarial antigen-specific T-cells was examined in Wuchereria banerofti infection.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 907354403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Circulating T-cells from individuals with filaria-induced lymphatic pathology (LP) had significantly greater migration through unstimulated HUVEC monolayers than did T-cells from asymptomatic infected (MF) individuals (P = 0.04).@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 907354404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to the MF individuals where no effect was seen, transendothelial migration of 48-hr filarial antigen stimulated T-cells from LP individuals was significantly (P = 0.01) greater than migration of 48-hr media-stimulated T-cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 907354405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In six of seven patients examined, inhibition of the VLA-4/VCAM-1 pathway resulted in greater than 50% inhibition of transendothelial migration of T-cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 907440801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The predominant E2F complex in human primary haemopoietic cells and in AML blasts contains E2F-4, DP-1 and p130.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 907440802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The E2F family of transcription factors are thought to play an important role in the control of cell cycle progression.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 907440803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There is now also increasing evidence that some family members may act as oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 907440804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The characterization of these proteins in human primary haemopoietic cells and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) blasts may thus give an insight to the molecular mechanisms governing proliferation and leukaemogenesis in these cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 907440805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore we analysed the expression of E2F-DNA binding activity and the constituent proteins found in the complexes in human primary haemopoietic cells of various lineages.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 907440806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also studied blasts from 18 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 907440807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On electromobility shift assays (EMSA) a single E2F-DNA binding complex was detected in T cells, B cells and monocytes which was shown to contain E2F-4, DP-1 and p130, indicating that all quiescent haemopoietic cells have the same complex.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 907440808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Examination of 18 AML samples by EMSA revealed the presence of E2F binding and no gross abnormalities were detected.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 907440809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An E2F-4/p130 complex was detected in representative samples of all FAB types analysed.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 907440810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus abnormalities of E2F function are unlikely to play a primary pathogenic role in AML.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 907494801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Suppression by azelastine hydrochloride of NF-kappa B activation involved in generation of cytokines and nitric oxide.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 907494802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The influence of the anti-allergy agent azelastine hydrochloride (Azeptin) on NF-kappa B activation associated with the generation of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) was investigated in various kinds of human and mouse cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 907494803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Azeptin dose-dependently suppressed both DNA and protein synthesis in human gingival fibroblasts (HF) and also suppressed blastogenesis of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL).@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 907494804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Generation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1-beta, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-6 from 10(-5) M Azeptin-treated PBL and human monocytes (HM) was decreased to approximately 1/3 to 2/3 of the control levels.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 907494805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In parallel with the decreased cytokine generation, each cytokine mRNA was less expressed in the presence of 10(-5) M Azeptin.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 907494806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, both inducible nitric oxide synthase-mRNA level and NO generation in mouse peritoneal macrophages were suppressed by 10(-5) M Azeptin.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 907494807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Being compatible with those results, Azeptin (10(-5) M) suppressed activation of NF-kappa B in PBL, HM and HF.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 907494808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results appear to indicate that suppression of cytokine and NO generation by Azeptin results at least partially from the inhibition of NF-kappa B activation.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 907592401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The T cell activation factor NF-ATc positively regulates HIV-1 replication and gene expression in T cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 907592402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clinical deterioration in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is associated with increased levels of viral replication and burden in the peripheral blood and lymphoid organs.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 907592403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cell activation and ensuing cellular gene activation can be critical for HIV-1 replication.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 907592404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The hypothesis that the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) may influence HIV-1 replication is therefore compelling given the tight correlation of HIV-1 transcriptional induction to T cell activation.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 907592405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report that certain NF-AT(Rel) family members productively bind the kappaB regulatory elements, synergize with NF-kappaB and Tat in transcriptional activation of HIV-1, and enhance HIV-1 replication in T cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 907592406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results link regulatory factors critical to T cell commitment directly to HIV-1 replication.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 907838101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differentiation of T-helper lymphocytes: selective regulation by members of the STAT family of transcription factors.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 907838102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) control the differentiation of T-helper cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 907838103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we summarize studies which investigate the mechanism by which these cytokines selectively reprogramme gene expression in T-lymphocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 907838104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytokine stimulation leads to the phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues within the intracellular domain of the corresponding cytokine receptor.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 907838105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These phosphotyrosines serve as docking sites for latent, cytoplasmic transcription factors known as signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) proteins.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 907838106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Receptor/Stat interaction is mediated by the src homology 2 (SH2) domain of the corresponding Stat protein.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 907838107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although Stat binding to the intracellular domain of the cytokine receptor strongly depends on the phosphotyrosine residue, the recruitment of a specific Stat protein is dictated by amino acid residues C-terminal to the phosphotyrosine.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 907838108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific docking sites within individual cytokine receptors have been identified for almost all Stat proteins.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 907838109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The direct coupling between cytokine receptor and transcription factor helps to explain how different cytokines elicit distinct patterns of gene expression.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 908169301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of the tissue factor gene in human monocytic cells.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 908169302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Role of AP-1, NF-kappa B/Rel, and Sp1 proteins in uninduced and lipopolysaccharide-induced expression.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 908169303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tissue factor (TF) expression by peripheral blood monocytes during sepsis initiates intravascular thrombosis.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 908169304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rapidly induces TF gene transcription in monocytes.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 908169305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human TF promoter contains binding sites for the transcription factors AP-1, c-Rel/p65, Egr-1, and Sp1.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 908169306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B/Rel proteins have been shown to physically interact with both AP-1 and Sp1 proteins.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 908169307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we investigated the role of these transcription factors in uninduced and LPS-induced TF gene expression in human monocytic THP-1 cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 908169308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletional analysis indicated that five Sp1 sites mediated basal expression in uninduced cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 908169309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two AP-1 sites bound c-Fos/c-Jun heterodimers in both unstimulated and LPS-stimulated cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 908169310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Maximal LPS induction of the TF promoter required the two AP-1 sites and the kappa B site within the LPS response element.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 908169311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Disruption of the conserved spacing between the proximal AP-1 site and the kappa B site abolished LPS induction.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 908169312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Replacement of the two AP-1 sites with intrinsically bent DNA partially restored LPS induction, suggesting an additional structural role for the AP-1 sites.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 908169313@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synergistic transactivation of the LPS response element in Drosophila Schneider cells by coexpression of c-Fos, c-Jun, c-Rel, and p65 or c-Jun and p65 required the transactivation domains of c-Jun and p65.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 908169314@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicated that c-Fos/c-Jun, c-Rel/p65, and Sp1 regulate TF gene expression in human monocytic cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 908525801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytokine signal networks and a new era in biomedical research.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 908525802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elucidation of the biochemical nature of the signal transduction pathway that regulate transcription and replication is the focus of attention in molecular biology.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 908525803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This research may make feasible manipulation of growth and differentiation of mammalian cells, which in turn would have profound implication in biomedical research on cell and gene therapy, and development of pharmaceutical products.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 908525804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytokines control growth, differentiation, death, and function of cells of lymphocytic, hemopoietic systems, and together with nerve cells provide a pertinent model to study intercellular communications and intercellular signal networks.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 908525805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This review outlines general features of signal transduction and several aspects of cytokine networks are discussed with emphasis on: transcriptional regulation of Th1 and Th2-specific cytokine genes in T cells, the roles of cytokines and their receptors in growth and differentiation of hemopoietic cells, and the manipulation of cytokine networks.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010 908716001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Response to intranasal fluticasone propionate in perennial allergic rhinitis not associated with glucocorticoid receptor characteristics.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 908716002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND: The reduction of symptoms due to treatment with corticosteroids varies among patients with perennial rhinitis.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 908716003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Most patients will respond but a few patients respond less to these drugs.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 908716004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association in reduction of symptoms due to glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptor characteristics in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, in vitro glucocorticoid receptor binding studies were performed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells using dexamethasone and in vitro production of mediators were measured.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 908716005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS: During a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study, 200 micrograms fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray (in the active treatment period) and placebo (in the placebo treatment period) were administered twice daily for 2 weeks to 22 patients allergic to house dust mite.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 908716006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At the end of both treatment periods symptoms were scored after allergen provocation (100, 1000, 10000 BU/mL) and during the 9.5 hours after this challenge.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 908716007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Receptor binding studies with dexamethasone were performed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 908716008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Leukotriene B4 produced by monocytes in vitro and soluble interleukin-2 receptor released by lymphocytes in vitro and cortisol levels in plasma were determined.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 908716009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: No significant partial correlations of the number of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell glucocorticoid receptors (6821 +/- 5669 binding sites per cell) and the affinity (Kd: 16.5 +/- 13.51 nmol/L) for the glucocorticoid receptors with the symptom score (placebo: 4.3 +/- 2.45 pts; fluticasone: 2.4 +/- 1.55 pts) after active treatment were found.@@@@1@66@@oe@16-12-2010 908716010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Also no significant partial correlations of the levels of leukotriene B4 (45.6 +/- 105.3 ng/10(6) cells) produced by monocytes in vitro, soluble interleukin-2 receptor (734 +/- 237 ng/10(6) cells) released by lymphocytes in vitro and cortisol levels (571 +/- 236 ng/mL) in plasma with the symptom score after active treatment were found.@@@@1@60@@oe@16-12-2010 908716011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: The reduction of symptoms due to topical fluticasone propionate in patients with rhinitis and allergy to house dust mite is not correlated with the characteristics of the glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 909157701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated in normal, self-renewing B-1 cells but only inducibly expressed in conventional B lymphocytes [see comments]@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 909157702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytokine and growth factor receptor engagement leads to the rapid phosphorylation and activation of latent, cytosolic signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins, which then translocate to the nucleus where they regulate transcriptional events from specific promoter sequences.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 909157703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@STAT3 expression in particular has been associated with Abl, Src, and HTLV-1 transformation of normal cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 909157704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B-1 lymphocytes are self-renewing, CD5+ B cells that display a propensity for malignant transformation and are the normal counterpart to human chronic lymphocytic leukemias.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 909157705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further, B-1 cells are characterized by aberrant intracellular signaling, including hyperresponsiveness to phorbol ester PKC agonists.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 909157706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate that B-1 lymphocytes constitutively express nuclear activated STAT3, which is not expressed by unmanipulated conventional (B-2) lymphocytes.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 909157707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, STAT3 activation is induced in B-2 cells after antigen receptor engagement in a delayed fashion (after 3 h).@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 909157708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of STAT3 is inhibited by both the serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor H-7 and the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin and requires de novo protein synthesis, demonstrating novel coupling between sIg and STAT proteins that differs from the classical paradigm for STAT induction by cytokine receptors.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 909157709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inability of prolonged stimulation of conventional B-2 cells with anti-Ig, a treatment sufficient to induce CD5 expression, to result in sustained STAT3 activation suggests that STAT3 is a specific nuclear marker for B-1 cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 909157710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, STAT3 may play a role in B cell antigen-specific signaling responses, and its constitutive activation is associated with a normal cell population exhibiting intrinsic proliferative behavior.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 909256201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Pax-5 gene is alternatively spliced during B-cell development.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 909256202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcription factor Pax-5 is expressed during the early stages of B-cell differentiation and influences the expression of several B-cell-specific genes.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 909256203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to the existing isoform (Pax-5, which we have named Pax-5a), we have isolated three new isoforms, Pax-5b, Pax-5d, and Pax-5e, from murine spleen and B-lymphoid cell lines using library screenings and polymerase chain reaction amplification.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 909256204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Isoforms Pax-5b and Pax-5e have spliced out their second exon, resulting in proteins with only a partial DNA-binding domain.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 909256205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Isoforms Pax-5d and Pax-5e have deleted the 3'-region, which encodes the transactivating domain, and replaced it with a novel sequence.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 909256206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The existence of alternative Pax-5 transcripts was confirmed using RNase protection assays.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 909256207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, Pax-5a and Pax-5b proteins were detected using Western blot analysis.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 909256208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pax-5a was detectable in pro-, pre-, and mature B-cell lines, but not in two plasmacytomas; Pax-5b was shown to be present at low levels in mature B-cell lines and, unexpectedly, in one plasma cell line, but not in pro-B-cell or T-cell lines.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 909256209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mobility shift assays showed that in vitro translated Pax-5a and Pax-5d, but not Pax-5b or Pax-5e, could interact with a B-cell-specific activator protein-binding site on the blk promoter.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 909256210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using this assay, we also showed that Pax-5d was present in nuclear extracts of some (but not all) B-lymphoid lines and interacts with the B-cell-specific activator protein-binding site.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 909256211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The pattern of differential expression of alternatively spliced Pax-5 isoforms suggests that they may be important regulators of transcription during B-cell maturation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 909462801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Physical interactions between Ets and NF-kappaB/NFAT proteins play an important role in their cooperative activation of the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer in T cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 909462802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcriptional regulatory elements of many inducible T-cell genes contain adjacent or overlapping binding sites for the Ets and NF-kappaB/NFAT families of transcription factors.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 909462803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar arrays of functionally important NF-kappaB/NFAT and Ets binding sites are present in the transcriptional enhancers of human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2), suggesting that this pattern of nuclear protein binding sites reflects an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for regulating inducible T-cell gene expression that has been co-opted during HIV evolution.@@@@1@58@@oe@16-12-2010 909462804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Despite these findings, the molecular mechanisms by which Ets and NF-kappaB/NFAT proteins cooperatively regulate inducible T-cell gene expression remained unknown.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 909462805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the studies described in this report, we demonstrated a physical interaction between multiple Ets and NF-kappaB/NFAT proteins both in vitro and in activated normal human T cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 909462806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This interaction is mediated by the Ets domain of Ets proteins and the C-terminal region of the Rel homology domains of NF-kappaB/NFAT proteins.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 909462807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the Ets-NF-kappaB/NFAT interaction requires the presence of DNA binding sites for both proteins, as it is abolished by the DNA intercalating agents propidium iodide and ethidium bromide and enhanced by the presence of synthetic oligonucleotides containing binding sites for Ets and NF-kappaB proteins.@@@@1@48@@oe@16-12-2010 909462808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A dominant-negative mutant of NF-kappaB p50 that binds DNA but fails to interact with Ets proteins inhibits the synergistic activation of the HIV-1 and HIV-2 enhancers by NF-kappaB (p50 + p65) and Ets-1, suggesting that physical interaction between Ets and NF-kappaB proteins is required for the transcriptional activity of the HIV-1 and HIV-2 enhancers.@@@@1@58@@oe@16-12-2010 909462809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these findings suggest that evolutionarily conserved physical interactions between Ets and NF-kappaB/NFAT proteins are important in regulating the inducible expression of T-cell genes and viruses.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 909462810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These interactions represent a potential target for the development of novel immunosuppressive and antiviral therapies.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 909557701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oxidant-regulation of gene expression in the chronically inflamed intestine.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 909557702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is becoming increasingly apparent that the chronic gut inflammation observed in the idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g. ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease) is associated with enhanced production of leukocyte-derived oxidants.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 909557703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide are known to activate certain transcription factors such as nuclear transcription factor kappa beta.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 909557704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear transcription factor kB (NF-kappa B) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and pleiotropic regulator of numerous genes involved in the immune and inflammatory responses.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 909557705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This transcription factor is activated via the selective phosphorylation, ubiquination and degradation of its inhibitor protein I-kB thereby allowing translocation of NF-kappa B into the nucleus where it upregulates the transcription of a variety of adhesion molecules (e.g. ICAM-1, VCAM-1), cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-6) and enzymes (iNOS).@@@@1@59@@oe@16-12-2010 909557706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The proteolytic degradation of the post-translationally modified I-kappa B is known to be mediated by the 26S proteasome complex.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 909557707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Based upon work from our laboratory, we propose that inhibition of NF-kappa B activation produces significant anti inflammatory activity which may be mediated by the inhibition of transcription of certain pro-inflammatory mediators and adhesion molecules.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 909670101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of LAZ3/BCL6 in follicular center (FC) B cells of reactive lymph nodes and FC-derived non-Hodgkin lymphomas.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 909670102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chromosomal translocation resulting in abnormal expression of the LAZ3/BCL6 gene in B cells has been implicated in the tumorigenesis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 909670103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore we studied the expression pattern of LAZ3/BCL6 by in situ hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotide probes in frozen tissue sections from five reactive lymph nodes and 38 B cell and non-B NHL.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 909670104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, we investigated the expression of LAZ3/BCL6 by Northern blot analysis on multiple human tissues.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 909670105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The LAZ3/BCL6 transcript was found in a variety of tissues, including skeletal muscle, peripheral blood leukocytes, and weakly in normal lymph nodes.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 909670106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the tumor samples, expression of LAZ3/BCL6 was observed in 68% of all B cell NHL and none of the non-B lymphomas.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 909670107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All cases of follicular, mixed small and large cell lymphomas showed LAZ3/BCL6 expression confined to the neoplastic follicles.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 909670108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A follicular expression pattern was also found in all non-malignant reactive lymph nodes.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 909670109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hence, the expression of LAZ3/BCL6 does not correlate to malignancy, but reflects the origin of B cells from the germinal centers.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 909777601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogen and progesterone receptors in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 909777602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PURPOSE: Sex-related influences have been implicated in the pathogenesis of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), an allergic eosinophilic disease.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 909777603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS: The authors evaluated tarsal and bulbar conjunctival biopsies from seven patients with severe and symptomatic VKC for the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors by using monoclonal antibodies with a peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 909777604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: Both the epithelium and subepithelium of the tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva of patients with VKC, but not those of four nonatopic control subjects, showed intense positive staining for estrogen and progesterone receptors.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 909777605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunofluorescence colocalization of both estrogen and progesterone receptors with eosinophil cationic protein showed that approximately 70% of positive cells were eosinophils.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 909777606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: Sexual hormones, through their receptors, may influence the activity of eosinophils in patients with VKC.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 909847501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Use of new biologic markers in the ovulation induction.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 909847502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Biological markers of ovulation, after a great in the past, have been fallen into disuse for the large diffusion of biochemical and biophysical ones.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 909847503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the real effect of hormones involved in ovulation is expressed by biological modifications on target tissues.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 909847504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To explore the modifications of not reproductive target tissues as ovulation markers we studied the behaviour of Albuminemia, Platelet Factor IV (as indicator of Platelet Aggregation), Type II estrogenic receptors in 42 ovulation induced women, undergoing our observation.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 909847505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@33 of them had ovulation and 9 developed a LUF syndrome, constituting two biological models of an opposite situation for the three markers observed.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 909847506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All the markers considered were sufficiently sensitive, but among them, Platelet Factor IV was the most reliable to the hormonal ovulatory situation.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 909980001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factors required for lymphoid lineage commitment.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 909980002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Intimate interactions between multipotential hemopoietic stem cells and their microenvironment work towards redefining the identity and the differentiative fate of these primitive cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 909980003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Molecular cues delivered by the microenvironment frequently act in an instructive fashion by initiating intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately target a select group of transcription factors.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 909980004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These transcriptional regulators in turn trigger a cascade of genetic changes that ultimately determine the course of the cells during differentiation.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 909980005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gene inactivation studies on the PU.1, Ikaros and GATA-3 genes have revealed that their encoded factors are essential for the earliest commitment step into the B and T lymphoid lineages.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 910108901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of relA(p65) and I kappa B alpha subunit expression during differentiation of human peripheral blood monocytes to macrophages.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 910108902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We evaluated the expression and DNA binding activity of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B subunits in human peripheral blood monocytes and in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs).@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 910108903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive DNA binding activity consisting of p50 homodimers was detected in nuclear extracts from both cell types.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 910108904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An additional complex composed of p50/RelA(p65) heterodimers appeared only in nuclear extracts from 7-day MDMs.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 910108905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunoblot analysis showed that the p50 subunit was constitutively expressed in monocytes and MDMs.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 910108906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the RelA(p65) subunit was barely detectable in monocytes, but its level increased markedly in MDMs.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 910108907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of RelA(p65) mRNA revealed that the stability of RelA(p65) mRNA was significantly higher in MDMs, compared with monocytes.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 910108908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In MDMs, an upregulation of I kappa B alpha synthesis as well as the appearance of a novel M(r) 40,000 form of I kappa B alpha were also observed.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 910108909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that macrophage differentiation results in the expression of active p50/RelA(p65) heterodimers with the capacity to activate target gene expression.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 910108910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The parallel induction of I kappa B alpha synthesis may allow for the continuous presence of a cytoplasmic reservoir of p50/RelA(p65) complexes that are readily available for inducer-mediated stimulation.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 910563601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Requirement of prestimulated THP-1 monocytic cells for endothelial cell activation.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 910563602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of TNF alpha.@@@@1@5@@oe@16-12-2010 910563603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Blood monocytes spontaneously activate endothelial cells in culture, leading to adhesion of monocytic cells onto the endothelial surface and overproduction of endothelial proteins such as von Willebrand factor (vWf) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1).@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 910563604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To overcome the difficulty in obtaining quiescent monocytes, we studied the ability of promonocytic THP-1 cells to activate endothelial cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 910563605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-prestimulated and untreated THP-1 cells were cocultured with resting human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) for 3 and 24 h in the presence of colimycin to neutralize LPS traces.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010 910563606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of untreated THP-1 cells had little effect on HUVEC adhesiveness.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 910563607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of prestimulated THP-1 cells was followed by a noticeable adhesion after 3 h which reversed to basal values within 24 h.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 910563608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Under these conditions HUVEC adhesion molecules, E-selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, were increased at 3 h with only ICAM-1 remaining overexpressed at 24 h.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 910563609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Diffusible endothelial proteins such as soluble E-selectin, PAI-1 and vWf to a minimal extent, increased in supernatants from HUVEC cocultured for 24 h with prestimulated THP-1 cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 910563610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In those cocultures, TNF alpha concentrations peaked at 3 h whereas IL-1 beta levels progressively rose until 24 h.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 910563611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of an anti-TNF alpha antibody decreased by 40% E-selectin and ICAM-1 induction and suppressed PAI-1 overproduction with a weak effect on vWf.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 910563612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An anti-IL-1 beta antibody had negligible effects on HUVEC adhesion molecules, PAI-1 or vWf production.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 910563613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results provide evidence that promonocytic THP-1 cells require prestimulation in order to activate HUVEC and that TNF alpha contributes to this phenomenon.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 910708701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-Jun and GST-pi expression in human plasma cells.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 910708702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bone marrow samples from 33 patients affected by MM and MGUS, and 8 patients not affected by lymphoproliferative diseases were studied for expression of c-Jun (a component of the transcription factor AP-1) and glutathione-S-transferase pi (GST-pi) using immunocytochemical methods.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 910708703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A high and frequent expression of these two proteins was found both in MM and MGUS patients (31/33 patients positive for c-Jun and 29/33 patients positive for GST-pi) and in controls not affected by monoclonal gammopathy (7/8 patients positive for both c-Jun and GST-pi).@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010 910708704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No statistically significant correlation was found between c-Jun- and GST-pi-positive plasma cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 910708705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of these two proteins was not related to clinical or laboratory data.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 910708706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results seem to confirm a possible role of the transcriptional complex AP-1 in activating GST-pi promoter in human plasma cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 910802401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nucleolin is one component of the B cell-specific transcription factor and switch region binding protein, LR1.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 910802402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LR1 is a B cell-specific, sequence-specific DNA binding activity that regulates transcription in activated B cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 910802403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LR1 also binds Ig heavy chain switch region sequences and may function in class switch recombination.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 910802404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LR1 contains two polypeptides, of 106 kDa and 45 kDa, and here we report that the 106-kDa component of LR1 is nucleolin.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 910802405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This identification, initially made by microsequence analysis, was verified by showing that (i) LR1-DNA binding activity increased in B cells transfected with a nucleolin cDNA expression construct; (ii) LR1-DNA binding activity was recognized by antibodies raised against recombinant human nucleolin; and (iii) in B cells transfected with epitope-tagged nucleolin expression constructs, the LR1-DNA complex was recognized by the anti-tag antibody.@@@@1@72@@oe@16-12-2010 910802406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nucleolin is an abundant nucleolar protein which is believed to play a role in rDNA transcription or organization, or rRNA processing.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 910802407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Homology between nucleolin and histone H1 suggests that nucleolin may alter DNA organization in response to cell cycle controls, and the nucleolin component of LR1 may therefore function to organize switch regions before, during, or after switch recombination.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 910802408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The demonstration that nucleolin is a component of a B cell-specific complex that binds switch region sequences suggests that the G-rich switch regions may have evolved from rDNA.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 910840901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two distinct pathways of interleukin-5 synthesis in allergen-specific human T-cell clones are suppressed by glucocorticoids.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 910840902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoids (GC) have long been used as the most effective agents for the treatment of allergic diseases accompanied by eosinophilia such as chronic asthma and atopic dermatitis.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 910840903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The development of chronic eosinophilic inflammation is dependent on interleukin-5 (IL-5), a selective eosinophil-activating factor, produced by helper T cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 910840904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To delineate the regulatory mechanisms of human IL-5 synthesis, we established allergen-specific CD4+ T-cell clones from asthmatic patients.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 910840905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GC efficiently suppressed IL-5 synthesis of T-cell clones activated via either T-cell receptor (TCR) or IL-2 receptor (IL-2R).@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 910840906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of IL-5 mRNA upon TCR and IL-2R stimulation was totally inhibited by dexamethasone.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 910840907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human IL-5 promoter/enhancer-luciferase gene construct transfected to T-cell clones was transcribed on either TCR or IL-2R stimulation and was clearly downregulated by dexamethasone, indicating that the approximately 500-bp human IL-5 gene segment located 5' upstream of the coding region contains activation-inducible enhancer elements responsible for the regulation by GC.@@@@1@51@@oe@16-12-2010 910840908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis suggested that AP-1 and NF-kappaB are among the possible targets of GC actions on TCR-stimulated T cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 910840909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-AT and NF-kappaB were not significantly induced by IL-2 stimulation.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010 910840910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results showing that GC suppressed IL-5 production by human CD4+ T cells activated by two distinct stimuli, TCR and IL-2R stimulation, underscore the efficacy of GC in the treatment of allergic diseases via suppression of T-cell IL-5 synthesis.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010 910945001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Experimental expression in mice and spontaneous expression in human SLE of polyomavirus T-antigen.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 910945002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A molecular basis for induction of antibodies to DNA and eukaryotic transcription factors.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 910945003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously demonstrated that experimental expression of the polyomavirus transcription factor T-antigen has the potential to induce anti-DNA antibodies in mice.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 910945004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two sets of independent evidences are presented here that demonstrate a biological relevance for this model.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 910945005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@First, we describe results demonstrating that mice inoculated with T-antigen-expressing plasmids produced antibodies, not only to T-antigen and DNA, but also to the DNA-binding eukaryotic transcription factors TATA-binding protein (TBP), and to the cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB).@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 910945006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Secondly, we investigated whether polyomavirus reactivation occurs in SLE patients, and whether antibodies to T-antigen, DNA, and to TBP and CREB are linked to such events.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 910945007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both within and among these SLE patients, frequent polyomavirus reactivations were observed that could not be explained by certain rearrangements of the noncoding control regions, nor by corticosteroid treatment.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010 910945008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Linked to these events, antibodies to T-antigen, DNA, TBP, and CREB were detected, identical to what we observed in mice.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010 910945009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antibodies recognizing double-stranded DNA were confined to patients with frequent polyomavirus reactivations.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 910945010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results described here indicate that cognate interaction of B cells recognizing DNA or DNA-associated proteins and T cells recognizing T antigen had taken place as a consequence of complex formation between T ag and DNA in vivo in the context of polyomavirus reactivations.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 910967701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of an SAF-like transcription factor in the activation of serum amyloid A gene in monocyte/macrophage cells by lipopolysaccharide.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 910967702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Serum amyloid A (SAA) has been linked to atherosclerosis because of its ability to remodel high-density lipoprotein by the depletion of apolipoprotein A1, its ability to bind cholesterol, and its presence in the atherosclerotic plaques of coronary and carotid arteries.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 910967703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study, we investigated the induction mechanism of SAA gene in THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cells which play a critical role in the development of atherosclerotic fatty streak and plaque formation.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 910967704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We and others have shown that SAA gene is induced in monocyte/macrophage cells by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 910967705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By promoter function analysis, we show that the SAA promoter sequence between -280 and -226 can confer LPS responsiveness.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 910967706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel electrophoretic mobility shift assay detected an induced DNA-binding activity in these cells in response to LPS.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 910967707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of the DNA-binding protein by UV cross-linking, Southwestern blot, and antibody ablation/supershift assays revealed that it is similar to a recently reported nuclear factor designated SAF.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 910967708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrated that LPS-mediated SAA gene induction in monocyte/macrophage cells is primarily due to the induction of SAF activity.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 911104001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oncogenic forms of NOTCH1 lacking either the primary binding site for RBP-Jkappa or nuclear localization sequences retain the ability to associate with RBP-Jkappa and activate transcription.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 911104002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Truncated forms of the NOTCH1 transmembrane receptor engineered to resemble mutant forms of NOTCH1 found in certain cases of human T cell leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL) efficiently induce T-ALL when expressed in the bone marrow of mice.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010 911104003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unlike full-sized NOTCH1, two such truncated forms of the protein either lacking a major portion of the extracellular domain (DeltaE) or consisting only of the intracellular domain (ICN) were found to activate transcription in cultured cells, presumably through RBP-Jkappa response elements within DNA.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010 911104004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both truncated forms also bound to the transcription factor RBP-Jkappa in extracts prepared from human and murine T-ALL cell lines.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 911104005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional activation required the presence of a weak RBP-Jkappa-binding site within the NOTCH1 ankyrin repeat region of the intracellular domain.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 911104006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unexpectedly, a second, stronger RBP-Jkappa-binding site, which lies within the intracellular domain close to the transmembrane region and significantly augments association with RBP-Jkappa, was not needed for oncogenesis or for transcriptional activation.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 911104007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While ICN appeared primarily in the nucleus, DeltaE localized to cytoplasmic and nuclear membranes, suggesting that intranuclear localization is not essential for oncogenesis or transcriptional activation.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010 911104008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In support of this interpretation, mutation of putative nuclear localization sequences decreased nuclear localization and increased transcriptional activation by membrane-bound DeltaE.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010 911104009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional activation by this mutant form of membrane-bound DeltaE was approximately equivalent to that produced by intranuclear ICN.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 911104010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data are most consistent with NOTCH1 oncogenesis and transcriptional activation being independent of association with RBP-Jkappa at promoter sites.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 911108101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human neutrophil elastase proteolytically activates the platelet integrin alphaIIbbeta3 through cleavage of the carboxyl terminus of the alphaIIb subunit heavy chain.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 911108102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement in the potentiation of platelet aggregation.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010 911108103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neutrophil elastase (NE) and cathepsin G are two serine proteinases released concomitantly by stimulated polymorphonuclear neutrophils.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 911108104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We previously demonstrated that while NE by itself does not activate human platelets, it strongly enhances the weak aggregation induced by a threshold concentration of cathepsin G (threshold of cathepsin G) (Renesto, P., and Chignard, M. (1993) Blood 82, 139-144).@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010 911108105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The aim of this study was to delineate the molecular mechanisms involved in this potentiation process.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 911108106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two main pieces of data prompted us to focus on the activation of the platelet fibrinogen receptor, the alphaIIbbeta3 integrin.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 911108107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@First, previous studies have shown this integrin to be particularly prone to proteolytic regulation of its function.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 911108108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Second, we found that the potentiating activity of NE on the threshold of cathepsin G-induced platelet aggregation was strictly dependent on the presence of exogenous fibrinogen.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 911108109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using flow cytometry analysis, NE was shown to trigger a time-dependent binding of PAC-1 and AP-5, two monoclonal antibodies specific for the activated and ligand-occupied conformers of alphaIIbbeta3.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 911108110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the potentiated aggregation was shown to result from an increased capacity of platelets to bind fibrinogen.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 911108111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Indeed, the combination of NE and threshold of cathepsin G increased the binding of PAC-1 approximately 5.5-fold over basal values measured on nontreated platelets, whereas this binding raised only by approximately 3-fold in threshold of cathepsin G-stimulated platelets (p < 0.05).@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 911108112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, phosphatidic acid accumulation, pleckstrin phosphorylation, and calcium mobilization produced by the combination of NE and threshold of cathepsin G were not significantly different from those measured with threshold of cathepsin G alone (p > 0.05), indicating that the phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathway is not involved in the potentiation of aggregation.@@@@1@60@@oe@16-12-2010 911108113@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The foregoing data, as well as the requirement of catalytically active NE to trigger alphaIIbbeta3 activation and potentiate threshold of cathepsin G-initiated platelet aggregation, led us to examine whether the structure of this integrin was affected by NE.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 911108114@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunoblot and flow cytometry analysis revealed a limited proteolysis of the carboxyl terminus of the alphaIIb subunit heavy chain (alphaIIbH), as judged by the disappearance of the epitope for the monoclonal antibody PMI-1.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 911108115@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mass spectrometry studies performed on a synthetic peptide mapping over the cleavage domain of alphaIIbH predicted the site of proteolysis as located between Val837 and Asp838.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 911108116@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment by NE of ATP-depleted platelets or Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human recombinant alphaIIbbeta3 clearly established that activation of the integrin was independent of signal transduction events and was concomitant with the proteolysis of alphaIIbH.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010 911131601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of NFAT-family proteins in normal human T cells.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 911131602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NFAT proteins constitute a family of transcription factors involved in mediating signal transduction.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 911131603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a panel of specific antisera in immunoprecipitation assays, we found that NFATp (135 kDa) is constitutively expressed in normal human T cells, while synthesis of NFATc (predominant form of 86 kDa) is induced by ionomycin treatment.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010 911131604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NFAT4/x was very weakly expressed in unstimulated cells, and its level did not increase upon treatment with activating agents.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 911131605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NFAT3 protein was not observed under any conditions.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010 911131606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Higher-molecular-weight species of NFATc (of 110 and 140 kDa) were also detected.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010 911131607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, translation of NFATc mRNA apparently initiates at two different AUG codons, giving rise to proteins that differ in size by 36 amino acids.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 911131608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additional size heterogeneity of both NFATc and NFATp results from phosphorylation.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 911131609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to ionomycin treatment, exposure of cells to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus anti-CD28 did not induce NFATc, indicating that under these conditions, interleukin-2 synthesis by these cells is apparently independent of NFATc.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 911131610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In DNA binding assays, both PMA plus anti-CD28 and PMA plus ionomycin resulted in nuclear NFAT.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 911131611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surprisingly, the PMA-ionomycin-induced synthesis of NFATc that was detected by immunoprecipitation was not mirrored in the DNA binding assays: nearly all of the activity was due to NFATp.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010 911131612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is the first study of expression of all family members at the protein level in normal human T cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 911159301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High levels of the DNA-binding activity of E2F in adult T-cell leukemia and human T-cell leukemia virus type I-infected cells: possible enhancement of DNA-binding of E2F by the human T-cell leukemia virus I transactivating protein, Tax.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 911159302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factor E2F binds to cellular promoters of certain growth- and cell cycle-controlling genes and forms distinct heteromeric complexes with other nuclear proteins.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 911159303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has therefore been proposed that E2F is involved in cellular proliferation control.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010 911159304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is an etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL).@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 911159305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here by mobility-shift assay that E2F-containing DNA-binding complexes were detected in HTLV-I-infected T-cell lines and leukemic cells obtained from ATL patients but not in an uninfected T-cell line, Jurkat, and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010 911159306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Tax protein, encoded by HTLV-I, is a potent transcription activator of viral and several cellular genes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 911159307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that expression of Tax can induce the E2F-containing DNA-binding complexes in Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 911159308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, Tax, through enhancement of the DNA-binding activity of E2F, may be capable of regulating cellular gene expression implicated in the proliferation and transformation of T cells in ATL.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 911159309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This activity may be relevant to the mechanisms whereby HTLV-I which does not contain oncogenes induces neoplasia.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 911521401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Molecular cloning of SLAP-130, an SLP-76-associated substrate of the T cell antigen receptor-stimulated protein tyrosine kinases.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010 911521402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous work has demonstrated that SLP-76, a Grb2-associated tyrosine-phosphorylated protein, augments Interleukin-2 promoter activity when overexpressed in the Jurkat T cell line.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 911521403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This activity requires regions of SLP-76 that mediate protein-protein interactions with other molecules in T cells, suggesting that SLP-76-associated proteins also function to regulate signal transduction.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 911521404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we describe the molecular cloning of SLAP-130, a SLP-76-associated phosphoprotein of 130 kDa.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 911521405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that SLAP-130 is hematopoietic cell-specific and associates with the SH2 domain of SLP-76.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 911521406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additionally, we show that SLAP-130 is a substrate of the T cell antigen receptor-induced protein tyrosine kinases.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010 911521407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, we find that in contrast to SLP-76, overexpression of SLAP-130 diminishes T cell antigen receptor-induced activation of the interleukin-2 promoter in Jurkat T cells and interferes with the augmentation of interleukin-2 promoter activity seen when SLP-76 is overexpressed in these cells.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010 911521408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that SLP-76 recruits a negative regulator, SLAP-130, as well as positive regulators of signal transduction in T cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 911524201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional induction of collagenase-1 in differentiated monocyte-like (U937) cells is regulated by AP-1 and an upstream C/EBP-beta site.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 911524202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report, we demonstrate that the AP-1 site and a distal promoter element regulate transcriptional induction of collagenase-1 during monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 911524203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression constructs containing regions of the human collagenase-1 promoter were stably or transiently transfected into U937 cells, and reporter activity was assessed at various times after the onset of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-mediated differentiation.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010 911524204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rapid and strong induction of promoter activity was lost in constructs with a mutant AP-1 element; however, at 16-96 h post-PMA, the mutant collagenase-1 promoter displayed AP-1 independent PMA-mediated transactivation.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 911524205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The AP-1 mutant constructs also showed delayed transcriptional activation in PMA-treated fibroblasts.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010 911524206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Western and supershift analyses indicated that functional Jun and Fos proteins were present in nuclear extracts of PMA-differentiated U937 cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 911524207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Promoter deletion constructs demonstrated the potential role of distal promoter sequences in regulating collagenase-1 transcription.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 911524208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In particular, Western, supershift, and promoter deletion analyses suggested a role for CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-beta (C/EBP-beta) binding site between -2010 and -1954 in regulating transcription of collagenase-1 in monocytic cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010 911524209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our findings suggest that distinct regulatory elements, acting somewhat independently of each other, control expression of collagenase-1.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010 911524210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, our data suggests that the rapid PMA-mediated induction of collagenase-1 transcription is controlled by a mechanism distinct from that regulating the sustained expression of this proteinase in activated macrophages.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 911536601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel genetic system to isolate a dominant negative effector on DNA-binding activity of Oct-2.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 911536602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent studies have revealed that interactions between transcription factors play an important role in regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 911536603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To isolate cDNA clones that dominantly inhibit the DNA-binding activity of Oct-2, chosen as a representative factor, we have developed a novel screening system.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010 911536604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This employs an Escherichia coli tester strain carrying a modified lac operon as a reporter gene, with the lac operator sequence replaced by an octamer sequence.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 911536605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oct-2 expressed in this tester strain represses the expression of the reporter gene and changes the phenotype of the cell from Lac+to Lac-.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010 911536606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Introduction of a cDNA expression library prepared from a human T-cell line into the Oct-2-harboring tester strain allowed selection of three Lac+clones out of 1 x 10(5) transformants.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 911536607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of them, hT86, encoding a putative zinc finger protein was found to derepress beta-galactosidase activity in the Oct-2-harboring tester strain at the transcriptional level.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010 911536608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In gel mobility shift assays, hT86 attenuated the intensity of the retarded band composed of the octamer probe and Oct-2, suggesting a dominant negative effect on the DNA-binding activity of Oct-2.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010 911536609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The strategy described here provides a new approach for studying protein-protein interactions that govern the complex regulation of gene expression.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 911539401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A negative role for phosphoinositide 3-kinase in T-cell antigen receptor function.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010 911539402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND: A delicate balance between positive and negative regulatory mechanisms during T-cell activation determines the specificity and magnitude of an immune response.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 911539403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) is activated by a diverse set of receptors that determine T-cell function, including the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR), the costimulatory receptor CD28, and negative regulators of T-cell activation such as CTLA-4.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010 911539404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PI 3-kinase is also regulated by the haematopoietic cytokines that determine T-cell differentiation and lymphocyte proliferation.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010 911539405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PI 3-kinase can thus dynamically influence the outcome of the immune reactions at various stages.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010 911539406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we investigated the importance of PI 3-kinase in TCR-directed T-cell activation using activated or inhibitory versions of PI 3-kinase.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010 911539407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: Certain aspects of TCR responses such as the induction of transcriptional activity of AP1 and serum response factor were not affected by expression of the mutant forms of PI 3-kinase.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010 911539408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found, however, that PI 3-kinase profoundly influenced the transactivation capacity of 'nuclear factor of activated T cells' (NF-AT) elicited by the TCR: expression of an activated form of PI 3-kinase inhibited TCR-mediated NF-AT responses, whereas expression of a dominant negative mutant of PI 3-kinase potently enhanced TCR-controlled NF-AT induction.@@@@1@59@@oe@16-12-2010 911539409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These effects of PI 3-kinase were not mediated by previously identified PI 3-kinase effectors, such as protein kinase B, a positive regulator of PI 3-kinase, or the GTPase Rac, and are therefore likely to involve a novel, as yet unknown, effector molecule.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010 911539410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: Our results establish that PI 3-kinase can both positively and negatively regulate T-cell function, and uncover a previously unrecognized function for PI 3-kinase in T cells as a selective negative regulator of TCR-signalling events and therefore as a determinant of T-cell homeostasis.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010 911581001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B-independent suppression of HIV expression by ascorbic acid.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010 911581002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ascorbic acid (ascorbate or vitamin C) has been shown to suppress the induction of HIV in latently infected T lymphocytic cells following stimulation with a tumor promoter (PMA) and inflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha).@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010 911581003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To assess whether this inhibition was mediated via modulation of the cellular transcription factor, NF-kappa B, we carried out gel shift analysis on nuclear extracts prepared under different conditions of cell stimulation in the presence or absence of ascorbate, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), or zidovudine (AZT).@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010 911581004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pretreatment of ACH-2 T cells by NAC followed by stimulation with PMA, TNF-alpha, or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) resulted in strong suppression of NF-kappa B activation.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010 911581005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, neither ascorbate nor AZT affected NF-kappa B activity under all three induction conditions in the ACH-2 cell line.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010 911581006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ascorbate and AZT also had no effect on NF-kappa B activation following TNF-alpha- or PMA-induced stimulation of U1 promonocytic cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010 911581007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that the molecular mechanism of HIV inhibition by ascorbate is not mediated via NF-kappa B inhibition, unlike that seen with other antioxidants.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010