1041560901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Possible differences in the mechanism(s) of action of different glucocorticoid hormone compounds.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1041560902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Different glucocorticoid hormones (GCH) show differences in the intensity and in the kinetics of their immunomodulating activity.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1041560903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism(s) of action of GCH is under investigation, but is has been noted that they exert immune activity via the genomic pathway.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1041560904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have studied the effects of prednisone (PDN), deflazacort (DFC), and dexamethasone (DXM) on the production of cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10) by peripheral T lymphocytes, and the effects on the inhibition of NF-kB DNA binding activity by activated Jurkat cell line.@@@@1@57@@oe@16-12-2010
1041560905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data obtained show that the three GCH molecules exert an immunosuppression on cytokine production by T lymphocytes and a strong decrease in the nuclear translocation of NF-kB in Jurkat cells; moreover, (a) not all the cytokines investigated were affected, and not with the same intensity, by the three GCH and (b) DXM inhibited the binding activity of NF-kB less than that of DFC and PDN.@@@@1@75@@oe@16-12-2010
1041560906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data are in agreement with the concept that different GCH compounds might differ in their binding and affinity properties, tissue-specific metabolism, and interaction with transcription factor.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1041695701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The p53 paradox in the pathogenesis of tumor progression.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
1041695702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent evidence suggests that the p53 molecule appears in two different forms: the mutant p53 that stimulates tumor progression, and wild type p53 that inhibits tumor progression.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1041695703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, it has been established that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) can activate the expression of wild type p53 in concert with the nuclear transcription factor, NF-kappa B.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
1041695704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both TNF-alpha and NF-kappa B are also involved in the stimulation of the pathway that leads to the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and, hence, antigen presentation to the T cells.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
1041695705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this paper we shall advance the hypothesis that: (i) TNF-alpha indirectly controls immune surveillance; and (ii) TNF-alpha controls DNA repair and tumor suppression through the regulation of wild type p53.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
1041695706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, it is hypothesized that elevated TNF-alpha is primarily responsible for promoting tumor progression.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1041733301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)-dependent and ERK-independent pathways target STAT3 on serine-727 in human neutrophils stimulated by chemotactic factors and cytokines.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1041733302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) is a latent transcription factor that is activated by tyrosine phosphorylation (Tyr-705) in cells stimulated with cytokines or growth factors.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
1041733303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent studies suggest that one or more cytoplasmic serine kinases also phosphorylate STAT3 and are necessary for maximal gene activation.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1041733304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate, with a site-specific antibody, that STAT3 is phosphorylated on Ser-727 in human neutrophils stimulated with chemotactic factors (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and complement C5a), cytokines [granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)], or a protein kinase C activator (PMA).@@@@1@56@@oe@16-12-2010
1041733305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(2-Amino-3'-methoxyphenyl)oxanaphthalen-4-one (PD 98059), an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) activation, blocked the serine phosphorylation of STAT3 induced by chemotactic factors or PMA.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
1041733306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The drug was less effective on cytokines: it virtually abolished the response to GM-CSF that occurred 5 min after stimulation but only partly decreased those at 15-30 min and did not appreciably alter responses to G-CSF regardless of incubation time.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010
1041733307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1-(5-Isoquinolinylsulphonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride (H7), an inhibitor of a putative STAT3 serine kinase, and 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulphinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl) 1H-imidazole (SB 203580), an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, did not dampen any of these serine phosphorylation responses.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
1041733308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose that neutrophils use both ERK-dependent and ERK-independent pathways to phosphorylate Ser-727 on STAT3.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1041733309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The former pathway is recruited by all ERK-activating stimuli, whereas the latter pathway uses an undefined serine kinase and is recruited selectively by cytokines.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1042178601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of STAT5 by IL-4 relies on Janus kinase function but not on receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, and can contribute to both cell proliferation and gene regulation.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1042178602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have investigated mechanisms and consequences of STAT5 activation through the human IL-4 receptor (IL-4R).@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1042178603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By functionally expressing receptor mutants in the murine pro-B cell line Ba/F3, we could show that phosphorylated tyrosine residues within the IL-4R alpha chain are dispensable for IL-4-induced STAT5 activity.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
1042178604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, disruption of a membrane-proximal proline-rich sequence motif ('box1') in either subunit of the bipartite IL-4R abolished not only ligand-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Janus kinases JAK1 and JAK3, but also IL-4-triggered activation of STAT5 and concomitant cell proliferation.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010
1042178605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A dominant-negative version of STAT5b, but not of STAT5a, interfered with IL-4-induced DNA synthesis in Ba/F3 cells, suggesting an involvement of STAT5b in the control of cell proliferation through IL-4R.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
1042178606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reporter gene experiments finally showed that transcription from promoters of STAT5 target genes can be specifically induced by challenging cells with IL-4, and that both STAT5a and STAT5b can contribute to IL-4-triggered transcriptional control.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
1042340601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of neutrophil interleukin-8 production by eosinophil granule major basic protein.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
1042340602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We evaluated the ability of eosinophil granule major basic protein (MBP) to stimulate interleukin (IL)-8 production by neutrophils.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1042340603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MBP over the concentration range of 0.1 to 10 microM stimulated the release of up to approximately 8 ng/ml IL-8.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1042340604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Incubation with 2 microM MBP showed that, after a 1 h lag, the level of IL-8 release increased with time for approximately 10 h.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1042340605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At the 2 microM concentration, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, and eosinophil peroxidase did not stimulate significant levels of IL-8 production.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1042340606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MBP stimulated 2-fold increases in IL-8 messenger RNA (mRNA) after 1 and 3 h of incubation, which were blocked by pretreatment with actinomycin D.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1042340607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, stimulation with MBP did not produce an increase in the binding activity of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB or activator protein-1.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1042340608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No NF-IL-6 binding activity was detected in the same nuclear extracts.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
1042340609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, stimulation with MBP prolonged the stability of IL-8 mRNA.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
1042340610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MBP also induced transient increases in mRNA for macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta, but did not stimulate the release of either chemokine.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1042340611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings indicate that MBP is selective among the eosinophil granule proteins as a stimulus for neutrophil IL-8 release and, further, that stimulation of neutrophil IL-8 release by MBP involves both transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
1042340612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We postulate that MBP-induced release of IL-8 by neutrophils may contribute to the pathophysiology of acute asthma and other inflammatory lung diseases.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1042520601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PPARgamma activation induces the expression of the adipocyte fatty acid binding protein gene in human monocytes.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1042520602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand activated transcription factors, plays a key role in the anti-diabetic actions of the thiazolidinediones (TZDs).@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
1042520603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PPARgamma induces the expression of many genes involved in lipid anabolism, including the adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2), and is a key regulator of adipocyte differentiation.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
1042520604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PPARgamma is also expressed in hematopoietic cells and is up-regulated in activated monocytes/macrophages.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1042520605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of PPARgamma may play a role in the induction of differentiation of macrophages to foam cells that are associated with atherosclerotic lesions.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1042520606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report that both natural and synthetic PPARgamma agonists induce time- and dose-dependent increases in aP2 mRNA in both primary human monocytes and the monocytic cell line, THP-1.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1042520607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that PPARgamma activation may play a role in monocyte differentiation and function analogous to its well-characterized role in adipocytes.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1042526201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reactive oxygen intermediate-release of fibre-exposed monocytes increases inflammatory cytokine-mRNA level, protein tyrosine kinase and NF-kappaB activity in co-cultured bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1042526202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some pulmonary diseases like bronchitis or asthma bronchiale are mediated by inflammatory mechanisms in bronchial epithelial cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1042526203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alveolar macrophages are located directly in the surrounding of these cells, so that we suppose an interaction between epithelial cells and macrophages regarding to the release of inflammatory mediators.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
1042526204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For measuring the contribution of macrophages to the release of inflammatory mediators by bronchial epithelial cells, we established an in vitro model of co-cultured blood monocytes (BM) and BEAS-2B cells in a transwell system (Costar).@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
1042526205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BM were exposed to Chrysotile B and soot particle FR 101 in a concentration of 100 microg/10(6) cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1042526206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After up to 90 min exposure time ELISA, EMSA (electromobility shift assay) and RT-PCR were used to measure protein tyrosine kinase activity, protein activity of NF-kappaB and cytokine (IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha) specific mRNA levels in BEAS-2B cells.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010
1042526207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We observed an increase in protein tyrosine kinase activity (up to 1.8 +/- 0.5-fold) and NF-kappaB protein activity in BEAS-2B cells after particle or fibre exposure of co-cultured BM.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
1042526208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consecutive IL-1beta-, IL-6- and TNF-alpha-mRNA were elevated (up to 1.9 +/- 0.58-fold).@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1042526209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Protein tyrosine kinase activity, NF-kappaB activity, and the synthesis of cytokine-specific mRNA were inhibited by antioxidants.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1042526210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest a ROI-dependent NF-kappaB mediated transcription of inflammatory cytokines in bronchial epithelial cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MHC-peptide ligand interactions establish a functional threshold for antigen-specific T cell recognition.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antigen-specific T cell recognition is dependent on the functional density of the TCR-ligand, which consists of specific MHC molecules and a specifically bound peptide.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined the influence of the affinity and concentration of exogenous peptide and the density of specific MHC molecules on the proliferation of a CD4+, DQA1*0501/DQB1*0201 (DQ2.1)-restricted, HSV-2-specific T cell clone.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using antigen peptide analogs with different mutations of known DQ2-anchor residues, T cell response was reduced in an peptide-affinity and - concentration specific manner.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The decrease using weaker binding peptides was gradual as stimulation with a peptide with intermediate affinity yielded intermediate T cell proliferation and the poorest binding peptide induced an even weaker T cell response.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MHC class II density on the APC was modified using DQ2 homo- and heterozygous B-LCLs as APCs, however this variation of MHC concentration had no effect on T cell proliferation.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We interpret this as a reflection of a low threshold for activation of the T cell clone, in which peptide-MHC avidity is the over-riding determinant of the strength of ligand signal.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peptide binding affinity and pH variation establish functional thresholds for activation of HLA-DQ-restricted T cell recognition.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peptides derived from the HSV-2 VP16 protein were utilized for studies of peptide binding to DQ0302 molecules and T cell activation at both neutral and acidic pH.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The native peptide VP16 430-444 contains an Asp at position 442, binds to DQ0302 strongly, with a Kd value of 50nM at acidic pH and very weakly, with a Kd value of greater than 10 microM at neutral pH.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A truncated version of 430-444, i.e., VP16 433-442, binds with an affinity 10-fold lower compared to 430-444 at acidic pH, and binding at neutral pH was barely detectable.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The homologous peptide 430-444,442A has an Asp to Ala substitution at position 442 and binds to DQ0302 with a Kd similar to 433-442.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The short truncated analog 433-442A binds very poorly at both acidic and neutral pH.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both the wild type 430-444 and 433-442 peptides stimulated a HSV-specific T cell clone after a brief incubation with antigen presenting cells (APC) expressing DQ0302 at acidic pH.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Much higher concentrations of wild type peptides were needed to activate T cells at neutral pH.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, APC pulsed with Ala-substituted peptides 430-444,442A or 433-442A at neutral pH failed to stimulate the T cell clone, while APC pulsed at acidic pH and subsequently washed led to successful T cell activation.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Ala-substituted peptide was recognized by the T cell clone at neutral pH only when it was present in the APC culture throughout the stimulation process.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1042627911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While the MHC-peptide complexes formed with the native peptide are stable, complexes formed with the Ala-substituted peptide had a functional t1/2 of less than 4 hr at neutral pH.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
1042699501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Host defense mechanisms triggered by microbial lipoproteins through toll-like receptors.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
1042699502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The generation of cell-mediated immunity against many infectious pathogens involves the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12), a key signal of the innate immune system.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1042699503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Yet, for many pathogens, the molecules that induce IL-12 production by macrophages and the mechanisms by which they do so remain undefined.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1042699504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here it is shown that microbial lipoproteins are potent stimulators of IL-12 production by human macrophages, and that induction is mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs).@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1042699505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several lipoproteins stimulated TLR-dependent transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the production of nitric oxide, a powerful microbicidal pathway.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1042699506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of TLRs by microbial lipoproteins may initiate innate defense mechanisms against infectious pathogens.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1042699601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell activation and apoptosis by bacterial lipoproteins through toll-like receptor-2.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
1042699602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Apoptosis is implicated in the generation and resolution of inflammation in response to bacterial pathogens.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1042699603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All bacterial pathogens produce lipoproteins (BLPs), which trigger the innate immune response.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1042699604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BLPs were found to induce apoptosis in THP-1 monocytic cells through human Toll-like receptor-2 (hTLR2).@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1042699605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BLPs also initiated apoptosis in an epithelial cell line transfected with hTLR2.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
1042699606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, BLPs stimulated nuclear factor-kappaB, a transcriptional activator of multiple host defense genes, and activated the respiratory burst through hTLR2.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1042699607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, hTLR2 is a molecular link between microbial products, apoptosis, and host defense mechanisms.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1042797101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Diminished responses to IL-13 by human monocytes differentiated in vitro: role of the IL-13Ralpha1 chain and STAT6.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1042797102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The primary IL-13 receptor complex on human monocytes is believed to be a heterodimer comprised of the IL-4R alpha chain and the IL-2R gamma chain (gamma(c))-like molecule, IL-13R alpha1.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
1042797103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@mRNA levels for IL-13R alpha1, but not IL-4R alpha, were markedly decreased in in vitro monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMac), and with increasing time of monocytes in culture correlated with the loss of IL-13 regulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha production.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
1042797104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of cell lines Daudi and THP-1 that differentially express gamma(c) and IL-13R alpha1 showed that IL-13 can activate STAT6 in IL-13R alpha1-positive THP-1 cells but not in gamma(c)-positive, IL-13R alpha1-negative Daudi cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
1042797105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-13 activation of STAT6 was reduced in MDMac which was associated with diminished IL-13-induced expression of CD23 and MHC class II.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1042797106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, with reduced IL-13R alpha1 expression and low nuclear STAT6 activity, some IL-13-induced responses were unaltered in magnitude in MDMac.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1042797107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the absence of functional IL-13R alpha1 and gamma(c), IL-13 must signal through an alternative receptor complex on MDMac.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1042797108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Experiments with a blocking antibody to IL-4R alpha showed that this chain remains an essential component of the IL-13 receptor complex on MDMac.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1042885301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tissue-specific regulation of the ecto-5'-nucleotidase promoter.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010
1042885302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Role of the camp response element site in mediating repression by the upstream regulatory region.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1042885303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have isolated the 5' region of the ecto-5'-nucleotidase (low K(m) 5'-NT) gene and established that a 969-base pair (bp) fragment confers cell-specific expression of a CAT reporter gene that correlates with the expression of endogenous ecto-5'-NT mRNA and enzymatic activity.@@@@1@50@@oe@16-12-2010
1042885304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 768-bp upstream negative regulatory region has been identified that conferred lymphocyte-specific negative regulation in a heterologous system with a 244-bp deoxycytidine kinase core promoter.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1042885305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNase I footprinting identified several protected areas including Sp1, Sp1/AP-2, and cAMP response element (CRE) binding sites within the 201-bp core promoter region and Sp1, NRE-2a, TCF-1/LEF-1, and Sp1/NF-AT binding sites in the upstream regulatory region.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010
1042885306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas the CRE site was essential in mediating the negative activity of the upstream regulatory region in Jurkat but not in HeLa cells, mutation of the Sp1/AP-2 site decreased promoter activity in both cell lines.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
1042885307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis of proteins binding to the CRE site identified both ATF-1 and ATF-2 in Jurkat cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1042885308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate increased the activity of both the core and the 969-bp promoter fragments, and this increase was abrogated by mutations at the CRE site.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1042885309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In summary, we have identified a tissue-specific regulatory region 5' of the ecto-5'-NT core promoter that requires the presence of a functional CRE site within the basal promoter for its suppressive activity.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
1043002501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monoallelic expression of Pax5: a paradigm for the haploinsufficiency of mammalian Pax genes?@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1043002502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is generally assumed that most mammalian genes are transcribed from both alleles.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1043002503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hence, the diploid state of the genome offers the advantage that a loss-of-function mutation in one allele can be compensated for by the remaining wild-type allele of the same gene.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
1043002504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Indeed, the vast majority of human disease syndromes and engineered mutations in the mouse genome are recessive, indicating that recessiveness is the 'default' state.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1043002505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, a minority of genes are semi-dominant, as heterozygous loss-of-function mutation in these genes leads to phenotypic abnormalities.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1043002506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This condition, known as haploinsufficiency, has been described for five of the nine mammalian Pax genes, which are associated with mouse developmental mutants and human disease syndromes.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
1043002507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently we have reported that the Pax5 gene is subject to allele-specific regulation during B cell development.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1043002508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pax5 is predominantly transcribed from only one of its two alleles in early B-lymphoid progenitors and mature B cells, while it transiently switches to a biallelic mode of transcription in pre-B and immature B cells.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
1043002509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a consequence, B-lymphoid tissues are mosaic with regard to the transcribed allele, and heterozygous mutation of Pax5 therefore results in deletion of B lymphocytes expressing only the mutant allele.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
1043002510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The allele-specific regulation of Pax5 raises the intriguing possibility that monoallelic expression may also be the mechanism causing the haploinsufficiency of other Pax genes.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1043002511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this review, we discuss different models accounting for the haploinsufficiency of mammalian Pax genes, provide further evidence in support of the allele-specific regulation of Pax5 and discuss the implication of these findings in the context of the recent literature describing the stochastic and monoallelic activation of other hematopoietic genes.@@@@1@53@@oe@16-12-2010
1043090801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappaB-mediated up-regulation of Bcl-x and Bfl-1/A1 is required for CD40 survival signaling in B lymphocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1043090802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of CD40 is essential for thymus-dependent humoral immune responses and rescuing B cells from apoptosis.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1043090803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Many of the effects of CD40 are believed to be achieved through altered gene expression.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1043090804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to Bcl-x, a known CD40-regulated antiapoptotic molecule, we identified a related antiapoptotic molecule, A1/Bfl-1, as a CD40-inducible gene.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1043090805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway by overexpression of a dominant-active inhibitor of NF-kappaB abolished CD40-induced up-regulation of both the Bfl-1 and Bcl-x genes and also eliminated the ability of CD40 to rescue Fas-induced cell death.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
1043090806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within the upstream promoter region of Bcl-x, a potential NF-kappaB-binding sequence was found to support NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional activation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1043090807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, expression of physiological levels of Bcl-x protected B cells from Fas-mediated apoptosis in the absence of NF-kappaB signaling.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1043090808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, our results suggest that CD40-mediated cell survival proceeds through NF-kappaB-dependent up-regulation of Bcl-2 family members.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1043092201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Distinctive gene expression patterns in human mammary epithelial cells and breast cancers.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
1043092202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@cDNA microarrays and a clustering algorithm were used to identify patterns of gene expression in human mammary epithelial cells growing in culture and in primary human breast tumors.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1043092203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clusters of coexpressed genes identified through manipulations of mammary epithelial cells in vitro also showed consistent patterns of variation in expression among breast tumor samples.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1043092204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By using immunohistochemistry with antibodies against proteins encoded by a particular gene in a cluster, the identity of the cell type within the tumor specimen that contributed the observed gene expression pattern could be determined.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
1043092205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clusters of genes with coherent expression patterns in cultured cells and in the breast tumors samples could be related to specific features of biological variation among the samples.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1043092206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two such clusters were found to have patterns that correlated with variation in cell proliferation rates and with activation of the IFN-regulated signal transduction pathway, respectively.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1043092207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clusters of genes expressed by stromal cells and lymphocytes in the breast tumors also were identified in this analysis.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1043092208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results support the feasibility and usefulness of this systematic approach to studying variation in gene expression patterns in human cancers as a means to dissect and classify solid tumors.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
1043094401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Epstein-Barr virus latency BamHI-Q promoter is positively regulated by STATs and Zta interference with JAK/STAT activation leads to loss of BamHI-Q promoter activity.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1043094402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated tumors in nonimmunocompromised patients, EBV gene expression is highly restricted.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1043094403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EBV-encoded nuclear antigen (EBNA)-1 is expressed, whereas the immunogenic and proliferative EBNAs are not.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1043094404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This pattern of EBNA expression is generated by usage of the BamHI-Q promoter (Qp).@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1043094405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have determined that the JAK/STAT pathway positively regulates Qp activity.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
1043094406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In transient-transfection assays, a Qp-CAT reporter was activated by cotransfected JAK-1 and by treatment of cells with the cytokine IL-6.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1043094407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ability of Qp to bind signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins was directly demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility-shift assay, and mutation of potential STAT-binding sites reduced Qp responsiveness to Janus kinase (JAK)-1.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
1043094408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with a role for STATs in Qp function, Qp using Burkitt's lymphoma Rael cells and cultured nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells contained nuclear STAT protein.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1043094409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated whether the inability to maintain EBV-positive NPC cell lines in culture was related to Qp activity.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1043094410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Passaging of the NPC cell line HK666 led to activation of expression of BZLF1, which encodes Zta and loss of Qp function.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1043094411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient expression assays linked Zta expression to the down-regulation of Qp.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
1043094412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cotransfection of Zta reduced Qp activity in reporter assays.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
1043094413@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This negative regulation required Zta DNA-binding activity.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010
1043094414@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We provide evidence that Zta up-regulation of p53 leads to p53-mediated interference with JAK/STAT activation of Qp.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1043094415@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data imply that JAK/STAT signaling has a role in EBV-associated malignancies.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
1043228801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bcl-2-mediated drug resistance: inhibition of apoptosis by blocking nuclear factor of activated T lymphocytes (NFAT)-induced Fas ligand transcription.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1043228802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis induced by a variety of stimuli, including chemotherapy drugs and glucocorticoids.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1043228803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is generally accepted that Bcl-2 exerts its antiapoptotic effects mainly by dimerizing with proapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family such as Bax and Bad.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1043228804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the mechanism of the antiapoptotic effects is unclear.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
1043228805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Paclitaxel and other drugs that disturb microtubule dynamics kill cells in a Fas/Fas ligand (FasL)-dependent manner; antibody to FasL inhibits paclitaxel-induced apoptosis.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1043228806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have found that Bcl-2 overexpression leads to the prevention of chemotherapy (paclitaxel)-induced expression of FasL and blocks paclitaxel-induced apoptosis.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1043228807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism of this effect is that Bcl-2 prevents the nuclear translocation of NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T lymphocytes, a transcription factor activated by microtubule damage) by binding and sequestering calcineurin, a calcium-dependent phosphatase that must dephosphorylate NFAT to move to the nucleus.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010
1043228808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Without NFAT nuclear translocation, the FasL gene is not transcribed.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
1043228809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, it appears that paclitaxel and other drugs that disturb microtubule function kill cells at least in part through the induction of FasL.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1043228810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, Bcl-2 antagonizes drug-induced apoptosis by inhibiting calcineurin activation, blocking NFAT nuclear translocation, and preventing FasL expression.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1043228811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of Bcl-2 can be overcome, at least partially, through phosphorylation of Bcl-2.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1043228812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phosphorylated Bcl-2 cannot bind calcineurin, and NFAT activation, FasL expression, and apoptosis can occur after Bcl-2 phosphorylation.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1043337001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Selective DNA-binding activity of interleukin-10-stimulated STAT molecules in human monocytes.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
1043337002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has been demonstrated that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) have various reverse effects on macrophages; however, the molecular mechanism of this difference has not been fully understood.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
1043337003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we analyzed the binding activity of IL-10- and IFN-gamma-activated STAT molecules to two kinds of GAS-motif sequences.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1043337004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-10-activated STAT1 could bind to the GAS-motif sequence in the promoter region of the Fcgamma receptor, but not to that in the promoter region of the COX-2 gene, whereas IFN-gamma-activated STAT1 and STAT5 could bind to both sequences.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
1043337005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-10 inhibited IFN-gamma-induced STAT activation without newly synthesized protein.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
1043337006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We further demonstrated that aspirin, but not dexamethasone, suppressed IFN-gamma-induced STAT activation.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1043337007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these results suggest that IL-10-activated STAT1 has a specificity in binding to the GAS-motif sequences, whereas IFN-gamma-activated STAT1 and STAT5 have a broader spectrum in binding to the GAS-motif sequences.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
1043337008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This may explain the difference between IL-10 and IFN-gamma in biological activity, and the inhibitory effect of IL-10 on IFN-gamma activities.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1043558601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Block of granulocytic differentiation of 32Dcl3 cells by AML1/ETO(MTG8) but not by highly expressed Bcl-2.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1043558602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The chimeric gene, AML1/ETO (MTG8), generated in t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia enhances the expression of Bcl-2.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1043558603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To evaluate whether this enhancement is the primary role of AML1/ETO in leukemogenesis, effects of over-expression of Bcl-2 in the murine myeloid precursor cell line, 32Dcl3, were examined.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
1043558604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When 32Dcl3 cells expressing exogenous Bcl-2 were induced to differentiate, the onset of morphological differentiation was delayed.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1043558605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, even the cells expressing very high levels of exogenous Bcl-2 eventually underwent differentiation without a significant decrease in the synthesis of Bcl-2.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1043558606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the contrary, 32Dcl3 cells stably expressing AML1/ETO were completely resistant to differentiation and continued to grow in the presence of G-CSF.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1043558607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results are consistent with the interpretation that stimulation of Bcl-2 expression is not the primary target of AML1/ETO.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1043791301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retinoblastoma protein expression leads to reduced Oct-1 DNA binding activity and enhances interleukin-8 expression.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1043791302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor cell lines with a defective retinoblastoma gene are unable to transcribe the HLA class II genes in response to IFN-gamma treatment, and reconstitution of functional Rb rescues IFN-gamma-induced class II gene expression.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
1043791303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the molecular mechanism of Rb rescue of the class II genes is unknown.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1043791304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined the effect of Rb expression on the activation of the promoter for HLA-DRA, the prototype class II gene.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1043791305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oct-1, a POU domain transcription factor, was identified as a repressor of HLA-DRA promoter activity in the Rb-defective cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1043791306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rb expression led to phosphorylation of Oct-1, thus relieving its repressive effect.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1043791307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oct-1 has also been shown to repress interleukin 8 promoter activity.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
1043791308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with reduced levels of Oct-1 DNA binding activity in the Rb-transformed cell lines, interleukin 8 expression is higher in these cell lines.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1043845701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Protein kinase C and calcineurin synergize to activate IkappaB kinase and NF-kappaB in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1043845702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The nuclear factor of kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor that is key in the regulation of the immune response and inflammation.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1043845703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cell receptor (TCR) cross-linking is in part required for activation of NF-kappaB, which is dependent on the phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1043845704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By using Jurkat and primary human T lymphocytes, we demonstrate that the simultaneous activation of two second messengers of the TCR-initiated signal transduction, protein kinase C (PKC) and calcineurin, results in the synergistic activation of the IkappaBalpha kinase (IKK) complex but not of another putative IkappaBalpha kinase, p90(rsk).@@@@1@60@@oe@16-12-2010
1043845705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also demonstrate that the IKK complex, but not p90(rsk), is responsible for the in vivo phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha mediated by the co-activation of PKC and calcineurin.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
1043845706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Each second messenger is necessary, as inhibition of either one reverses the activation of the IKK complex and IkappaBalpha phosphorylation in vivo.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1043845707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Overexpression of dominant negative forms of IKKalpha and -beta demonstrates that only IKKbeta is the target for PKC and calcineurin.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1043845708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that within the TCR/CD3 signal transduction pathway both PKC and calcineurin are required for the effective activation of the IKK complex and NF-kappaB in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1043873101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@C/EBPbeta and GATA-1 synergistically regulate activity of the eosinophil granule major basic protein promoter: implication for C/EBPbeta activity in eosinophil gene expression.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1043873102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eosinophil granule major basic protein (MBP) is expressed exclusively in eosinophils and basophils in hematopoietic cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1043873103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In our previous study, we demonstrated a major positive regulatory role for GATA-1 and a negative regulatory role for GATA-2 in MBP gene transcription.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1043873104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further analysis of the MBP promoter region identified a C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein) consensus binding site 6 bp upstream of the functional GATA-binding site in the MBP gene.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1043873105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the cell line HT93A, which is capable of differentiating towards both the eosinophil and neutrophil lineages in response to retinoic acid (RA), C/EBPalpha mRNA expression decreased significantly concomitant with eosinophilic and neutrophilic differentiation, whereas C/EBPbeta expression was markedly increased.@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010
1043873106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) showed that recombinant C/EBPbeta protein could bind to the potential C/EBP-binding site (bp -90 to -82) in the MBP promoter.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1043873107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we have demonstrated that both C/EBPbeta and GATA-1 can bind simultaneously to the C/EBP- and GATA-binding sites in the MBP promoter.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1043873108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine the functionality of both the C/EBP- and GATA- binding sites, we analyzed whether C/EBPbeta and GATA-1 can stimulate the MBP promoter in the C/EBPbeta and GATA-1 negative Jurkat T-cell line.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
1043873109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cotransfection with C/EBPbeta and GATA-1 expression vectors produced a 5-fold increase compared with cotransfection with the C/EBPbeta or GATA-1 expression vectors individually.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1043873110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, GST pull-down experiments demonstrated a physical interaction between human GATA-1 and C/EBPbeta.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1043873111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of FOG (riend ATA), which binds to GATA-1 and acts as a cofactor for GATA-binding proteins, decreased transactivation activity of GATA-1 for the MBP promoter in a dose-dependent manner.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
1043873112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results provide the first evidence that both GATA-1 and C/EBPbeta synergistically transactivate the promoter of an eosinophil-specific granule protein gene and that FOG may act as a negative cofactor for the eosinophil lineage, unlike its positively regulatory function for the erythroid and megakaryocyte lineages.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010
1043875801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Legionella pneumophila rpoS gene is required for growth within Acanthamoeba castellanii.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
1043875802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate regulatory networks in Legionella pneumophila, the gene encoding the homolog of the Escherichia coli stress and stationary-phase sigma factor RpoS was identified by complementation of an E. coli rpoS mutation.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
1043875803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An open reading frame that is approximately 60% identical to the E. coli rpoS gene was identified.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1043875804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Western blot analysis showed that the level of L. pneumophila RpoS increased in stationary phase.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1043875805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An insertion mutation was constructed in the rpoS gene on the chromosome of L. pneumophila, and the ability of this mutant strain to survive various stress conditions was assayed and compared with results for the wild-type strain.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
1043875806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both the mutant and wild-type strains were more resistant to stress when in stationary phase than when in the logarithmic phase of growth.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1043875807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This finding indicates that L. pneumophila RpoS is not required for a stationary-phase-dependent resistance to stress.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1043875808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although the mutant strain was able to kill HL-60- and THP-1-derived macrophages, it could not replicate within a protozoan host, Acanthamoeba castellanii.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1043875809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that L. pneumophila possesses a growth phase-dependent resistance to stress that is independent of RpoS control and that RpoS likely regulates genes that enable it to survive in the environment within protozoa.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
1043875810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data indicate that the role of rpoS in L. pneumophila is very different from what has previously been reported for E. coli rpoS.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1043884301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thymocyte-thymic epithelial cell interaction leads to high-level replication of human immunodeficiency virus exclusively in mature CD4(+) CD8(-) CD3(+) thymocytes: a critical role for tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-7.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1043884302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This work aims at identifying the thymocyte subpopulation able to support human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication under the biological stimuli of the thymic microenvironment.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1043884303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report we demonstrate that interaction with thymic epithelial cells (TEC) induces a high-level replication of the T-tropic primary isolate HIV-1(B-LAIp) exclusively in the mature CD4(+) CD8(-) CD3(+) thymocytes.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
1043884304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-7 (IL-7), secreted during this interaction, are critical cytokines for HIV long terminal repeat transactivation through NF-kappaB-dependent activation.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1043884305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TNF is the major inducer of NF-kappaB and particularly of the p50-p65 complex, whereas IL-7 acts as a cofactor by sustaining the expression of the p75 TNF receptor.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1043884306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The requirement for TNF is further confirmed by the observation that the inability of the intermediate CD4(+) CD8(-) CD3(-) thymocytes to replicate the virus is associated with a defect in TNF production during their interaction with TEC and correlates with the absence of nuclear NF-kappaB activity in these freshly isolated thymocytes.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010
1043884307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of exogenous TNF to the intermediate thymocyte cultures induces NF-kappaB activity and is sufficient to promote HIV replication in the cocultures with TEC.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1043884308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The other major subpopulation expressing the CD4 receptor, namely, the double-positive (DP) CD4(+) CD8(+) CD3(+/-) thymocytes, despite the entry of the virus, do not produce a significant level of virus, presumably because they are unresponsive to TNF and IL-7.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010
1043884309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Together, these data suggest that in vivo, despite an efficient entry of the virus in all the CD4(+) subpopulations, a high viral load may be generated exclusively within the mature CD4(+) CD8(-) CD3(+) subset of thymocytes.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
1043884310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, under conditions of inflammatory response after infection, TNF might also be present in the intermediate thymocyte compartment, leading to efficient HIV replication in these cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1043890301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cutting edge: TCR stimulation by antibody and bacterial superantigen induces Stat3 activation in human T cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1043890302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent data show that TCR/CD3 stimulation induces activation of Stat5 in murine T cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1043890303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we show that CD3 ligation by mAb and Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) induce a rapid, gradually accumulating, long-lasting tyrosine, and serine phosphorylation of Stat3 (but not Stat5) in allogen-specific human CD4+ T cell lines.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
1043890304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, IL-2 induces a rapid and transient tyrosine and serine phosphorylation of Stat3.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1043890305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Compared with IL-2, CD3 ligation induces a delayed Stat3 binding to oligonucleotide probes from the ICAM-1 and IL-2R alpha promoter.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1043890306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD3-mediated activation of Stat3 is almost completely inhibited by a Src kinase inhibitor (PP1), whereas IL-2-induced Stat3 activation is unaffected.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1043890307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, we show that CD3 ligation by mAb and SE triggers a rapid, PP1-sensitive tyrosine and serine phosphorylation of Stat3 in human CD4+ T cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1043890308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, we provide evidence that TCR/CD3 and IL-2 induce Stat3 activation via distinct signaling pathways.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1043891301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-2-independent activation and proliferation in human T cells induced by CD28.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
1043891302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although the role of CD28 in T cell costimulation is firmly established, the mechanisms by which it exerts its costimulatory actions are less clear.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1043891303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In many circumstances it is difficult to distinguish the effects of CD28 from subsequent actions of cytokines, such as IL-2, on T cell proliferation.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1043891304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we report a model of CD28 costimulation using PMA plus the natural ligand CD80 that resulted in very limited stimulation of IL-2, as evidenced by both cytokine production and IL-2 promoter stimulation.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
1043891305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Promoter assays revealed CD28-dependent effects on both NF-kappaB and AP-1, but not on NF-AT or the intact IL-2 promoter.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1043891306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, T cell proliferation was completely resistant to the actions of the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA).@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1043891307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover T cell proliferation was unaffected by the addition of blocking Abs to both IL-2 and the IL-2 receptor, demonstrating that this form of costimulation by CD28 was independent of IL-2.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
1043891308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also investigated the effects of stimulating T cell blasts with CD80 alone and found that there was a limited requirement for IL-2 in this system.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1043891309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that CD28 costimulation can cause substantial T cell proliferation in the absence of IL-2, which is driven by a soluble factor independent of NF-AT transactivation.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1044093001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Suppression of TNFalpha-mediated NFkappaB activity by myricetin and other flavonoids through downregulating the activity of IKK in ECV304 cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1044093002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Flavonoids are a group of naturally-occurring phenolic compounds in the plant kingdom, and many flavonoids are found with vascular protective properties.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1044093003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nevertheless how the protective response is exerted by flavonoids is not well characterized.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1044093004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In view of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) may play a central role in the initiation of atherosclerosis, prevention of the activation of NFkappaB represents an important role in protecting vascular injury.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
1044093005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, the effects of flavonoids on NFkappaB/inhibitor-kappaB (IkappaB) system in ECV304 cells activated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) were examined.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1044093006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated the inhibitory action of six flavonoids on IkappaB kinase (IKK) activity, an enzyme recently found to phosphorylate critical serine residues of IkappaB for degradation.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1044093007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Of six flavonoids tested, myricetin was found to strongly inhibit IKK kinase activity, and prevent the degradation of IkappaBalpha and IkappaBbeta in activated endothelial cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1044093008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, myricetin was also found to inhibit NFkappaB activity correlated with suppression of monocyte adhesion to ECV304 cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1044093009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore we conclude that flavonoids may be of therapeutic value for vascular disease through down regulation of NFkappaB/IkappaB system.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1044093010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.@@@@1@6@@oe@16-12-2010
1044322801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Hormonal metabolic status in breast cancer patients after conservative surgery: comparison with known prognostic criteria]@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1044322802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Body weight, body mass index, body fat, lean body mass, blood-glucose, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, beta-lipoproteins, insulin, gonadotropin, estradiol, testosterone, SHBG, T3, T4 and TSH levels as well as estradiol and progesterone receptor levels in excised tumor were studied in 40 patients with breast cancer prior to conservative treatment.@@@@1@64@@oe@16-12-2010
1044322803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Said anthropometric, metabolic and hormonal parameters were compared with the index of lymphocytic infiltration of tumor selected as a prognostic factor.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1044322804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A significant correlation between high lymphocytic infiltration (2.5 points), low body mass and fat was identified.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1044322805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Also, smoking contributed to loss of body mass and fat; however, it caused lymphocytic infiltration to rise.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1044322806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moderate body mass, relatively low fat level and positive receptor status are among factors of good prognosis in breast cancer of early stages.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1044368801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor necrosis factor alpha decreases, and interleukin-10 increases, the sensitivity of human monocytes to dexamethasone: potential regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1044368802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Resistance to glucocorticoid therapy has been observed in patients with autoimmune/inflammatory diseases and may be related to the inflammatory process itself.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1044368803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The aim of this study was to examine the ability of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha, a proinflammatory cytokine) and interleukin (IL)-10 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine) to differentially regulate the sensitivity of human monocytes/macrophages to glucocorticoids.@@@@1@44@@oe@16-12-2010
1044368804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To accomplish this, we first analyzed the pattern of TNFalpha and IL-10 inhibition by dexamethasone in LPS-stimulated whole-blood cell cultures.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1044368805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Second, we studied the modulation of the sensitivity of these cells to dexamethasone by preincubation with TNFalpha or IL-10 and measurement of LPS-stimulated IL-6 secretion.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1044368806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, we evaluated the effect of dexamethasone on phorbolmyristate-acetate-stimulated IL-1 receptor antagonist secretion by the human monocytic cell line U937.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1044368807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, we investigated whether the modulation of corticosensitivity in TNFalpha- and IL-10-pretreated U937 cells was related to a change of the glucocorticoid receptor concentration and affinity.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1044368808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dexamethasone had different effects on LPS-induced TNFalpha and IL-10 secretion; whereas it suppressed TNFalpha in a dose-dependent fashion, its effect on IL-10 secretion was biphasic, producing stimulation at lower, and inhibition at higher doses.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
1044368809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The concentration of LPS employed influenced the effect of dexamethasone on IL-10 secretion (P < 0.001).@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1044368810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pretreatment with TNFalpha diminished, and with IL-10 improved, the ability of dexamethasone to suppress IL-6 secretion in whole-blood cell cultures (P < 0.01 for both) and to enhance IL-1 receptor antagonist secretion by U937 cells (P < 0.05 for both).@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010
1044368811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TNFalpha decreased (P < 0.001), while IL-10 increased (P < 0.001), the concentration of dexamethasone binding sites in these cells, with no discernible effect on their binding affinity.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
1044368812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that glucocorticoids differentially modulate TNFalpha and IL-10 secretion by human monocytes in a LPS dose-dependent fashion and that the sensitivity of these cells to glucocorticoids is altered by TNFalpha or IL-10 pretreatment; TNFalpha blocks their effects, whereas IL-10 acts synergistically with glucocorticoids.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010
1044368813@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is accompanied by opposite glucocorticoid receptor changes, respectively opposing and favoring glucocorticoid actions.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1044368814@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study suggests that the pattern of pro-/antiinflammatory cytokine secretion may alter the response of patients to glucocorticoid therapy.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1044606501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional inhibition by interleukin-6 of the class A macrophage scavenger receptor in macrophages derived from human peripheral monocytes and the THP-1 monocytic cell line.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1044606502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the class A macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR) contributes to the uptake of modified low density lipoproteins (LDL) by macrophages and transformation of these cells into lipid-laden foam cells, which characterize atherosclerosis.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
1044606503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Many environmental factors, in particular, proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors, can exert regulatory effects on MSR expression, whereas intracellular accumulation of cholesterol itself does not influence MSR levels to any considerable extent.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
1044606504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study, by using an in vitro model, we examined whether stimulation with interleukin-6 (IL-6), an immunoregulatory, multipotential cytokine, modulates the expression and activities of the MSR in macrophages.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
1044606505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When treated with IL-6, macrophages derived from peripheral monocytes and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated THP-1 monocytic cells showed significantly reduced uptake and/or binding of the MSR ligand, acetylated LDL.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
1044606506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This effect was paralleled by a reduction in the expression of MSR protein and mRNA.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1044606507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of MSR promoter activity in THP-1 cells transfected with an MSR promoter-reporter gene construct demonstrated decreased activity of the MSR promoter in IL-6-treated THP-1 macrophages.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1044606508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay also showed a reduction in the binding of a transcription factor to the MSR promoter AP-1/ets elements in IL-6-treated cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1044606509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, exposure to IL-6 may inhibit expression of the class A MSR in differentiated macrophages at transcriptional levels.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1044606510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This result suggests that this cytokine may modulate foam cell formation during atherogenesis.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1044699901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of a functional vitamin D receptor in all-trans-retinoic acid-induced monocytic differentiation of M2-type leukemic blast cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1044699902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Different types of acute myeloid leukemia blast cells were induced to differentiate in vitro with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and vitamin D3 (VD).@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1044699903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@M0/M1 leukemic cells are not sensitive to differentiating agents, whereas M3 leukemic cells are induced to undergo granulocytic differentiation after ATRA treatment but are not sensitive to VD.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1044699904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@M2 leukemic blast cells behave differently because they undergo monocytic differentiation with both the differentiation inducers.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1044699905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To gain some insight into the maturation of M2-type leukemic cells, we studied the molecular mechanisms underlying monocytic differentiation induced by ATRA and VD in spontaneous M2 blast cells as well as in Kasumi-1 cells (an acute myeloid leukemia M2-type cell line).@@@@1@46@@oe@16-12-2010
1044699906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results indicate that ATRA as well as VD efficiently increases the nuclear abundance of VD receptor (VDR) and promotes monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1044699907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@VDR is functionally active in ATRA-treated Kasumi-1 cells because it efficiently heterodimerizes with retinoid X receptor, binds to a DR3-type vitamin D-responsive element, and activates the transcription of a vitamin D-responsive element-regulated reporter gene.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
1044699908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with these findings, VD-responsive genes are induced by ATRA treatment of Kasumi-1 cells, suggesting that the genetic program underlying monocytic differentiation is activated.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1044699909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The molecular mechanism by which ATRA increases the nuclear abundance of a functional VDR is still unknown, but our data clearly indicate that the M2 leukemic cell context is only permissive of monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
1044814401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immune responses to adenoviruses: viral evasion mechanisms and their implications for the clinic.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1044814402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Adenoviruses encode proteins that block responses to interferons, intrinsic cellular apoptosis, killing by CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes and killing by the death ligands TNF, Fas ligand and TRAIL.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
1044814403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The viral proteins are believed to prolong acute and persistent adenovirus infections.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
1044814404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The proteins may prove useful in protecting adenovirus gene therapy vectors and transplanted cells from the immune system.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1044915701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Myb-transformed hematopoietic cells as a model for monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells and macrophages.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1044915702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immune induction is effected through the interaction of antigen-presenting cells with specific receptors on the surface of thymus-derived lymphocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1044915703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells most able to ingest, process, and present antigen appear to be related to the mononuclear phagocyte/neutrophil series.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1044915704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For example dendritic cells (DC) can be found in colonies of GM-CSF-responsive bone marrow cells, and under experimental conditions are routinely expanded as a population in vitro from GM-CSF-responsive progenitor cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
1044915705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To address the question of DC lineage and to determine what genes are involved in lineage commitment, we have generated a series of GM-CSF-responsive cell lines that can be induced to differentiate in a homogeneous manner in vitro.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
1044915706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cloned cell lines are derived from 12-day fetal liver and are transformed with a truncated form of c-myb, which lacks the normal autoregulatory sequences.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1044915707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As far as we know, these myb-transformed hemopoi-etic cells (MTHC) differ from normal only in the unregulated expression of myb, a gene whose expression is obligatory for proliferation of hemopoietic cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
1044915708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MTHC in the presence of TNF-alpha and IL-4 will differentiate into cells that have many of the properties of macrophages.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1044915709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When the same MTHC lines are exposed to TNF-alpha in combination with IFN-gamma, the cells instead become DC.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1044915710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The differentiated DC are potent presenters of antigen in mixed lymphocyte reactions and of soluble antigen to specific T cell lines.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1044915711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, cells with the properties of both macrophages and DC can be derived from a single type of GM-CSF-responsive progenitor cell.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1044915712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have used this MTHC system to analyze differences in gene expression as the cells mature along the DC and macrophage pathways.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1044915713@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A distinctive pattern of differentially expressed cDNAs is evident where macrophage-specific cDNAs are homologous to genes encoding cytoskeletal and cell-surface proteins, whereas the DC-specific cDNAs are homologous to signaling, chemokine, and IFN-gamma-inducible genes.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
1044915714@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We discuss the utility of MTHC in analyzing the relationships between DC and macrophages, and suggest that DC and macrophages represent extreme phenotypes in a spectrum of antigen handling cells that are somewhat interchangeable, depending on their immediate environment.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010
1044916901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dendritic cells and the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010
1044916902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease in which unknown arthrogenic autoantigen is presented to CD4+ T cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1044916903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The strong association of the disease with an epitope within the HLA-DR chain shared between various alleles of HLA-DR4 and DR1 emphasizes the importance of antigen presentation.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1044916904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This immune response predominantly occurs in the synovial tissue and fluid of the joints and autoreactive T cells are readily demonstrable in both the synovial compartment and blood.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1044916905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Circulating dendritic cells (DC) are phenotypically and functionally identical with normal peripheral blood (PB) DC.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1044916906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the synovial tissue, fully differentiated perivascular DC are found in close association with T cells and with B cell follicles, sometimes containing follicular DC.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1044916907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These perivascular DC migrate across the activated endothelium from blood and receive differentiative signals within the joint from monocyte-derived cytokines and CD40-ligand+ T cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1044916908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the SF, DC manifest an intermediate phenotype, similar to that of monocyte-derived DC in vitro.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1044916909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Like a delayed-type hypersensitivity response, the rheumatoid synovium represents an effector site.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1044916910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DC at many effector sites have a characteristic pattern of infiltration and differentiation.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1044916911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is important to note that the effector response is not self-limiting in RA autoimmune inflammation.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1044916912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this article, we argue that the presentation of self-antigen by DC and by autoantibody-producing B cells is critical for the perpetuation of the autoimmune response.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1044916913@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Permanently arresting this ongoing immune response with either pharmaceutical agents or immunotherapy is a major challenge for immunology.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1044944201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogen decreases TNF gene expression by blocking JNK activity and the resulting production of c-Jun and JunD.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1044944202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Central to the bone-sparing effect of estrogen (E(2)) is its ability to block the monocytic production of the osteoclastogenic cytokine TNF-alpha (TNF).@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1044944203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the mechanism by which E(2) downregulates TNF production is presently unknown.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1044944204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient transfection studies in HeLa cells, an E(2) receptor-negative line, suggest that E(2) inhibits TNF gene expression through an effect mediated by estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta).@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
1044944205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also report that in RAW 264.7 cells, an E(2) receptor-positive murine monocytic line, E(2) downregulates cytokine-induced TNF gene expression by decreasing the activity of the Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK).@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
1044944206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The resulting diminished phosphorylation of c-Jun and JunD at their NH(2)-termini decreases the ability of these nuclear proteins to autostimulate the expression of the c-Jun and JunD genes, thus leading to lower production of c-Jun and JunD.@@@@1@39@@oe@16-12-2010
1044944207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The consequent decrease in the nuclear levels of c-Jun and JunD leads to diminished binding of c-Jun/c-Fos and JunD/c-Fos heterodimers to the AP-1 consensus sequence in the TNF promoter and, thus, to decreased transactivation of the TNF gene.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
1044977601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCL1 oncogene expression in AIDS-related lymphomas and lymphoid tissues.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
1044977602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (AIDS NHL) comprises a diverse and heterogeneous group of high-grade B cell tumors.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1044977603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Certain classes of AIDS NHL are associated with alterations in oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes or infections by oncogenic herpesviruses.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1044977604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the clinically significant class of AIDS NHL designated immunoblastic lymphoma plasmacytoid (AIDS IBLP) lacks any consistent genetic alterations.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1044977605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We identified the TCL1 oncogene from a set of AIDS IBLP-associated cDNA fragments generated by subtractive hybridization with non-AIDS IBLP.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1044977606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Aberrant TCL1 expression has been implicated in T cell leukemia/lymphoma development, and its expression also has been seen in many established B cell tumor lines.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1044977607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, TCL1 expression has not been reported in AIDS NHL.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
1044977608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We find that TCL1 is expressed in the majority of AIDS IBLP tumors examined.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1044977609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCL1 protein expression is restricted to tumor cells in AIDS IBLP tissue samples analyzed with immunohistochemical staining.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1044977610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hyperplastic lymph node and tonsil also exhibit strong TCL1 protein expression in mantle zone B cells and in rare interfollicular zone cells, whereas follicle-center B cells (centroblasts and centrocytes) show weaker expression.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
1044977611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results establish TCL1 as the most prevalent of all of the surveyed oncogenes associated with AIDS IBLP.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1044977612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They also indicate that abundant TCL1 expression in quiescent mantle zone B cells is down-regulated in activated germinal center follicular B cells in parallel to the known expression pattern of BCL-2.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
1044977613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High-level expression in nonproliferating B cells suggests that TCL1 may function in protecting naive preactivated B cells from apoptosis.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1045276001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signal transduction pathways triggered by the FcepsilonRIIb receptor (CD23) in human monocytes lead to nuclear factor-kappaB activation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1045276002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND: Alveolar macrophages play a key role in the initiation of the inflammatory reaction of allergic asthma.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1045276003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes are activated when IgE/allergen immune complexes bind to the CD23 receptor, which leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1045276004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating this early inflammatory response.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1045276005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have focused on the study of the signal transduction pathways triggered by CD23 in human monocytes and the promonocytic cell line U937.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1045276006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS: CD23 was cross-linked in human monocytes and U937 cells with IgE immune complexes.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1045276007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surface expression of CD23 was determined by FACS analysis.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
1045276008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factor activation and gene transcription were studied by gel-shift assays and Northern blot analysis, respectively.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1045276009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation was analyzed by Western blot.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
1045276010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB is the main transcription factor involved in the gene activation that follows CD23 cross-linking in monocytes.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1045276011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD23-induced NF-kappaB is a heterodimer composed of p65/p50 subunits.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
1045276012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappaB nuclear translocation is secondary to the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of the NF-kappaB inhibitory molecule IkappaBalpha.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1045276013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyrosine kinase-dependent, and not protein kinase C-dependent, pathways mediate CD23-triggered NF-kappaB activation but do not participate in the direct phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1045276014@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IkappaBalpha degradation and NF-kappaB nuclear translocation correlate with transcriptional activation of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1045276015@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: NF-kappaB is the main transcription factor involved in the signal transduction pathway of CD23 in monocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1045463601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dopamine stimulates expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 via NF-kappaB in cells of the immune system.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1045463602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent studies have reported that lymphocytes produce, transport and bind dopamine present in plasma.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1045463603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the action of dopamine on HIV-1 gene expression in cells of the immune system has not yet been examined.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1045463604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we have investigated the regulation of HIV-1 expression by dopamine in Jurkat T cells and in primary blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1045463605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV-1 replication was increased by dopamine, which correlated with the increased levels of HIV-1 transactivation.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1045463606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our transient expression data revealed that dopamine stimulated transcription through the NF-kappaB element present in the long terminal repeat.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1045463607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The importance of NF-kappaB sites was confirmed by using vectors containing wild-type or mutant kappaB sites in a heterologous promoter.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1045463608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with the role of NF-kappaB in mediating dopamine responsiveness, the proteasome inhibitor MG132 abolished dopamine-induced transcriptional activation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1045463609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We further explored the effect of dopamine in the presence of phorbol esters or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) known to activate NF-kappaB.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1045463610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The combination of dopamine and TNF-alpha led to a stimulation of HIV-1 transcription and replication.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1045463611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in contrast with TNF-alpha, dopamine treatment did not affect NF-kappaB DNA binding activity nor the concentrations of p50, p65 and IkappaB-alpha proteins, which suggests a distinct NF-kappaB activation mechanism.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
1045463612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results reveal a new link between the dopamine system, cytokine signaling pathway and regulation of gene expression via the involvement of NF-kappaB in T cells and PBMC.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1045512801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differential effects of lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor on monocytic IkappaB kinase signalsome activation and IkappaB proteolysis.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1045512802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inflammatory mediators lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are potent activators of NF-kappaB.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1045512803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study compared the effect of these stimuli on endogenous IkappaB kinase (IKK) signalsome activation and IkappaB phosphorylation/proteolysis in human monocytic cells and investigated the role of the signalsome proteins IKK-alpha, IKK-beta, NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), IKK-gamma (NF-kappaB essential modulator), and IKK complex-associated protein.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010
1045512804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Kinase assays showed that TNF elicited a rapid but short-lived induction of IKK activity with a 3-fold greater effect on IKK-alpha than on IKK-beta, peaking at 5 min.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1045512805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, LPS predominantly stimulated IKK-beta activity, which slowly increased, peaking at 30 min.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1045512806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A second peak was observed at a later time point following LPS stimulation, which consisted of both IKK-alpha and -beta activity.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1045512807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The endogenous levels of the signalsome components were unaffected by stimulation.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
1045512808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, our studies showed association of the IKK-alpha/beta heterodimer with NIK, IkappaB-alpha and -epsilon in unstimulated cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1045512809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Exposure to LPS or TNF led to differential patterns of IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-epsilon disappearance from and reassembly with the signalsome, whereas IKK-alpha, IKK-beta, and NIK remained complex-associated.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
1045512810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NIK cannot phosphorylate IkappaB-alpha directly, but it appears to be a functionally important subunit, because mutated NIK inhibited stimulus-induced kappaB-dependent transcription more effectively than mutated IKK-alpha or -beta.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
1045512811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Overexpression of IKK complex-associated protein inhibited stimulus-mediated transcription, whereas NF-kappaB essential modulator enhanced it.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1045512812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The understanding of LPS- and TNF-induced signaling may allow the development of specific strategies to treat sepsis-associated disease.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1045513401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AML1 (CBFalpha2) cooperates with B cell-specific activating protein (BSAP/PAX5) in activation of the B cell-specific BLK gene promoter.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1045513402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AML1 plays a critical role during hematopoiesis and chromosomal translocations involving AML1 are commonly associated with different forms of leukemia, including pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1045513403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To understand the function of AML1 during B cell differentiation, we analyzed regulatory regions of B cell-specific genes for potential AML1-binding sites and have identified a putative AML1-binding site in the promoter of the B cell-specific tyrosine kinase gene, blk.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
1045513404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel mobility shift assays and transient transfection assays demonstrate that AML1 binds specifically to this site in the blk promoter and this binding site is important for blk promoter activity.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
1045513405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, in vitro binding analysis revealed that the AML1 runt DNA-binding domain physically interacts with the paired DNA-binding domain of BSAP, a B cell-specific transcription factor.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1045513406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BSAP has been shown previously to be important for B cell-specific regulation of the blk gene.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1045513407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Physical interaction of AML1 with BSAP correlates with functional cooperativity in transfection studies where AML1 and BSAP synergistically activate blk promoter transcription by more than 50-fold.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1045513408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrate physical and functional interactions between AML1 and BSAP and suggest that AML1 is an important factor for regulating a critical B cell-specific gene, blk.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1045552301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gender and vascular reactivity.@@@@1@5@@oe@16-12-2010
1045552302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogen receptors are found on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells; their expression is influenced by exposure to the hormone.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1045552303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogen receptors influence non-genomic events, which are rapid in onset and genomic events, which are longer acting responses.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1045552304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogens affect vascular tone indirectly by modulating release of endothelium-derived vasoactive factors and directly by modulating intracellular calcium in vascular smooth muscle cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1045552305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogens indirectly affect thrombotic events and inflammation by altering platelet aggregation and leukocyte adherence and migration, respectively.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1045552306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogens also influence production of mitogens which, when released at sites of vascular injury, affect vascular remodeling.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1045552307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although estrogens initiate vascular responses, genomic sex may influence and/or limit expression of estrogen receptors and therefore actions of sex steroid hormones throughout the vasculature.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1045876901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dephosphorylation of ZAP-70 and inhibition of T cell activation by activated SHP1.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
1045876902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies with motheaten mice, which lack the SHP1 protein tyrosine phosphatase, indicate that this enzyme plays an important negative role in T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
1045876903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The physiological substrates for SHP1 in T lymphocytes, however, have remained unclear or controversial.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1045876904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To define these targets for SHP1 we have compared the effects of constitutively active and inactive mutants of SHP1 on TCR signaling.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1045876905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of wild-type SHP1 had a very small effect on the TCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of ZAP-70 and Syk, even when SHP1 was overexpressed 20 - 100-fold over endogenous SHP1.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1045876906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inactive SHP1-D421A and wild-type SHP2 were without effects.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010
1045876907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutively active SHP1-DeltaSH2 had a more pronounced effect on ZAP-70 and Syk, even when expressed at near physiological levels.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1045876908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SHP1-DeltaSH2 also inhibited events downstream of ZAP-70 and Syk, such as activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase Erk2 and the transcriptional activation of the interleukin-2 gene.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1045876909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, a constitutively active SHP2-DeltaSH2 had no statistically significant effect (although it caused a slight augmentation in some individual experiments).@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1045876910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@None of the constructs influenced the anti-CD3-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the TCR zeta-chain or phospholipase Cgamma1, indicating that Src family kinase function was intact.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1045876911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, our findings support the notion that ZAP-70 and Syk can be direct substrates for SHP1 in intact cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1045876912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the two SH2 domains of SHP1 did not facilitate its recognition of ZAP-70 and Syk as substrates in intact cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1045876913@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, we suggest that SHP1 is not actively recruited to inhibit TCR signaling induced by ligation of this receptor alone.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1045876914@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Instead, we propose that ligation of a distinct inhibitory receptor leads to the recruitment of SHP1 via its SH2 domains, activation of SHP1 and subsequently inhibition of TCR signals if the inhibitory receptor is juxtaposed to the TCR.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
1045934801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Classification of IVS1-10T-->C as a polymorphism of BRCA1.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
1045934802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutations inactivating the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 may be responsible for disease for up to 80% of familial ovarian cancer cases.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1045934803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this syndrome, tumorigenesis classically initiates from an inherited mutation in one allele followed by somatic deletion of the normal allele.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1045934804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sequencing of BRCA1 amplified from genomic DNA of lymphocytes and microdissected ovarian tumor cells of a familial ovarian cancer patient revealed three, rare heterozygous DNA variations (2418delA, 233G-->A, and IVS1-10T-->C) in both tumor and constitutional (lymphocyte) DNA.@@@@1@49@@oe@16-12-2010
1045934805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, both copies of BRCA1 were retained in tumor.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
1045934806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Haplotype analysis of the patient and four siblings assigned 2418delA to one copy of BRCA1 and 233G-->A and IVS1-10T-->C to the other.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1045934807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The DNA change, 2418delA, is considered a mutation that inactivated one BRCA1 allele because it caused a frameshift and generation of a premature stop codon, resulting in synthesis of a truncated peptide as evidenced by an in vitro protein truncation test.@@@@1@45@@oe@16-12-2010
1045934808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The DNA variation, 233G-->A, does not result in an amino acid change, and is considered a benign polymorphism.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1045934809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IVS1-10T-->C is a unique BRCA1 change that occurs in the last nucleotide of a consensus sequence for a branch site critical for RNA splicing.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1045934810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, we investigated whether IVS1-10T-->C deleteriously affected BRCA1 splicing or expression, and thereby inactivated the other BRCA1 allele.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1045934811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using the technique of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with RNA isolated from lymphoid cell lines of the patient and of controls, no evidence was found that IVS1-10TC abnormally disrupted mRNA splicing or caused the absence of BRCA1 mRNA.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
1045934812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, IVS1-10T-->C is not harmful to BRCA1 function, and is classified a benign polymorphism.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1045934813@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retention of the normal BRCA1 allele in the tumor with the heterozygous germline BRCA1 mutation, 2418delA, indicated that mutational inactivation of both BRCA1 alleles was not required for tumorigenesis.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
1045934814@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is possible that the normal allele may be functionally inactivated by a nonmutational mechanism.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1046249201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type-I tax gene induces secretion of human macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1046249202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T-cell lymphotropic virus I (HTLV-I) encodes for a 40-kDa protein, Tax, which is important for the immortalization of T cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1046249203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tax has been shown to transactivate several cellular genes.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
1046249204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we show that MIP-1alpha is selectively expressed and secreted in the tax transfected Jurkat cell line upon mitogen stimulation.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1046249205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of MIP-1alpha-R mRNA in these cells suggests an autocrine role for this chemokine in HTLV-I infected T-cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1046249206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induced MIP-1alpha expression and secretion in PMA/PHA stimulated tax transfected cells correlate with the noninduction of MNP-1 transcription factor, which is intimately involved in downmodulating the MIP-1alpha gene.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1046249207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Copyright 1999 Academic Press.@@@@1@5@@oe@16-12-2010
1046856001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The beta-globin promoter is important for recruitment of erythroid Kruppel-like factor to the locus control region in erythroid cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1046856002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF), which binds to the CACCC box in the beta-globin promoter, is required for the expression of the beta-globin gene in adult erythroid cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
1046856003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was recently demonstrated that EKLF is also required for the activity of the beta-globin locus control region (LCR) 5'HS3.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1046856004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some evidence suggests that the LCR and the beta-globin promoter interact in adult erythroid cells, and the network of protein-protein interactions that exists between these two elements may regulate how EKLF is recruited to the LCR.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
1046856005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report, we use the PIN*POINT assay to study the role of the promoter on the recruitment of EKLF to 5'HS2 and 5'HS3 of the LCR.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1046856006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We find that recruitment of EKLF to 5'HS2 requires the TATA box, but recruitment to 5'HS3 depends on the CACCC and TATA boxes of the beta-globin promoter.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1046856007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, recruitment of EKLF to 5'HS3 only occurred in beta-globin-expressing murine erythroid leukemia cells, whereas recruitment of EKLF to 5'HS2 occurred in both gamma-globin-expressing K562 cells and murine erythroid leukemia cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
1046856008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unlike EKLF, Sp1, which also binds to CACCC boxes, is not recruited to 5'HS3.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1046856009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have also examined how one 5'HS affects the recruitment of EKLF to another 5'HS.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1046856010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have found that the recruitment of EKLF to 5'HS3 depends on the presence of 5'HS2 in cis, but the recruitment to 5'HS2 does not depend on 5'HS3.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1046856011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Based on these results, we present a model that illustrates how EKLF may be recruited to the beta-globin locus.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1047132601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E1A oncogene induction of cellular susceptibility to killing by cytolytic lymphocytes through target cell sensitization to apoptotic injury.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1047132602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E1A oncogene expression increases mammalian cell susceptibility to lysis by cytolytic lymphocytes (CLs) at a stage in this intercellular interaction that is independent of cell surface recognition events.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
1047132603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since CLs can induce either apoptotic or necrotic cell death, we asked whether E1A sensitization to injury-induced apoptosis is sufficient to explain E1A-induced cytolytic susceptibility.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1047132604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mouse, rat, hamster, and human cells that were rendered cytolytic susceptible by E1A were also sensitized to CL-induced and chemically induced apoptosis.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1047132605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, E1A-positive cells were no more susceptible to injury-induced necrosis than E1A-negative cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1047132606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar to induction of cytolytic susceptibility and in contrast to other E1A activities, cellular sensitization to chemically induced apoptosis depended on high-level E1A oncoprotein expression.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1047132607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Loss of both cytolytic susceptibility and sensitization to chemically induced apoptosis was coselected during in vivo selection of E1A-positive sarcoma cells for increased tumorigenicity.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1047132608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, E1A mutant proteins that cannot bind the cellular transcriptional coactivator, p300, and that fail to induce cytolytic susceptibility also failed to sensitize cells to injury-induced apoptosis.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
1047132609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate that E1A induces susceptibility to killer cell-induced lysis through sensitization of cells to injury-induced apoptosis.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1047132610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Copyright 1999 Academic Press.@@@@1@5@@oe@16-12-2010
1047234301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Polyamines in human breast cancer and its relations to classical prognostic features: clinical implications.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1047234302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Experimental evidence suggest an important role of polyamines in breast cancer development.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
1047234303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Polyamines have been determined in tissue and erythrocyte samples from 100 patients with primary invasive breast cancer and 30 patients with fibroadenomas.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1047234304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Statistical analysis was performed in order to determine the prognostic value of the polyamine patterns of tumor tissues and erythrocytes in comparison with clinical and histological prognostic factors.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1047234305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In malignant tissues, polyamine levels were significantly higher than in benign tissues.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1047234306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They correlated with markers of tumor aggressivity (axillary node involvement and especially with markers of high mitotic rate as Ki-67 staining, histological grade).@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1047234307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No correlation was found between estrogen and progesterone status, tumor size and polyamine concentrations.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1047234308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Erythrocyte polyamines levels were identical between cancer patients and controls.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
1047234309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The knowledge of the polyamine pattern in breast cancer could become useful in clinical practice particularly if polyamine metabolism is targeted as a therapeutic approach.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1047759901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An activation-responsive element in single C motif-1/lymphotactin promoter is a site of constitutive and inducible DNA-protein interactions involving nuclear factor of activated T cell.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1047759902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Single C motif-1 (SCM-1)/lymphotactin is a C-type chemokine whose expression is activation dependent, cyclosporin A sensitive and restricted to CD8+ T cells, double-negative thymocytes, gammadelta-type T cells, and NK cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
1047759903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In humans, there are two highly homologous genes encoding SCM-1alpha and SCM-1beta.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1047759904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we examined the regulatory mechanism of the SCM-1 genes.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
1047759905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The luciferase reporter gene under the control of the 5' flanking region of 0.7 kb was strongly induced upon activation with anti-CD3 or PHA plus PMA only in SCM-1-producer T cell lines through a cyclosporin A-sensitive mechanism.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
1047759906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An element termed E1 located at -108 to -95 nt relative to the major transcription start site was found to be critical for the promoter activity.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1047759907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In electrophoretic mobility shift assays using the E1 oligonucleotide as probe, nuclear extracts from unstimulated T and B cell lines formed a constitutive complex termed complex I, while nuclear extracts from stimulated SCM-1-producer T cell lines formed a higher mobility complex termed complex II with a concomitant decrease in complex I.@@@@1@54@@oe@16-12-2010
1047759908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The shift from complex I to complex II seen only in SCM-1-producer T cell lines upon activation was completely suppressed by cyclosporin A.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1047759909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both complexes were critically dependent on the NF-AT core sequence TTTCC in the E1 element and were partially supershifted by anti-NF-ATp.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1047759910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One-hybrid assays in yeast isolated NF-ATp as an E1 binding protein, and transfection of NF-ATp into T and B cell lines strongly enhanced the activation-dependent SCM-1 promoter activity.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1047759911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Collectively, a unique mechanism involving NF-ATp appears to regulate the cell type-specific and activation-dependent expression of the SCM-1 genes.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoids induce apoptosis in human monocytes: potential role of IL-1 beta.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoids (GC) are potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents that act on a variety of immune cells, including monocytes and macrophages.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the exact cellular mechanisms underlying this anti-inflammatory capacity are still unknown.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In our study, we determined the induction of apoptosis by GC in human monocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated by density centrifugation methods with a purity of >90% and were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monocyte apoptosis was determined by four independent methods, including annexin-V staining, TUNEL, DNA-laddering, and typical morphology by means of transmission electron microscopy.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were measured by ELISA.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GC receptor was blocked with mifepristone.@@@@1@7@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Caspase 3 was inhibited with caspase-3 inhibitor (DEVD-CHO).@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation with different GC at therapeutic concentrations resulted in monocyte apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Necrosis was excluded by propidium iodide staining.@@@@1@8@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were down-regulated by GC treatment.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762113@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Continuous treatment of monocytes with IL-1beta, but not with TNF-alpha, could almost completely prevent GC-induced cell death.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762114@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The addition of mifepristone or caspase-3 inhibitor could partially abrogate GC-induced apoptosis as well as GC-induced inhibition of IL-1beta.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762115@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is the first study to demonstrate induction of apoptosis by GC in human monocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762116@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GC-induced monocyte apoptosis may be partially mediated through effects on IL-1beta production.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
1047762117@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is conceivable that GC exert their anti-inflammatory capacity in various diseases, at least in part, by the induction of apoptosis in monocytes.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1047768301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-Maf induces monocytic differentiation and apoptosis in bipotent myeloid progenitors.@@@@1@11@@oe@16-12-2010
1047768302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcriptional mechanisms that drive colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) myeloid progenitors to differentiate into cells of either the granulocytic or monocytic lineage are not fully understood.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1047768303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have shown that the c-Maf and c-Myb transcription factors physically interact in myeloid cells to form inhibitory complexes that hinder transactivation of c-Myb target genes through direct binding to Myb consensus sites.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
1047768304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These complexes arise in a developmentally regulated pattern, peaking at the promyelocyte stage, or in cell model systems, appearing soon after the induction of monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1047768305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We wished to determine if this developmentally related interaction is a consequence of myeloid differentiation or an intrinsic differentiating stimulus.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1047768306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because the elevated Myb:Maf status seen in differentiating cells can be recapitulated by overexpression of c-Maf in myeloid cell lines, we inducibly expressed the c-Maf cDNA in 2 bipotent human myeloid progenitor cells.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
1047768307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elevated levels of c-Maf protein led to marked increases in Myb:Maf complexes and the accumulation of monocyte/macrophage cells, followed by eventual programmed cell death.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1047768308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of targets that could mediate these phenotypic changes indicated that c-Maf likely plays a key role in myeloid cell development through dual mechanisms; inhibition of a select set of c-Myb regulated targets, such as Bcl-2 and CD13/APN, coupled with the activation of as yet undefined differentiation-promoting genes.@@@@1@52@@oe@16-12-2010
1047771601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent induction of interleukin-8 gene expression by tumor necrosis factor alpha: evidence for an antioxidant sensitive activating pathway distinct from nuclear translocation.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1047771602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is a pluripotent activator of inflammation by inducing a proinflammatory cytokine cascade.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1047771603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This phenomenon is mediated, in part, through inducible expression of the CXC chemokine, interleukin-8 (IL-8).@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1047771604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we investigate the role of TNFalpha-inducible reactive oxygen species (ROS) in IL-8 expression by "monocyte-like" U937 histiocytic lymphoma cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1047771605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TNFalpha is a rapid activator of IL-8 gene expression by U937, producing a 50-fold induction of mRNA within 1 hour of treatment.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1047771606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In gene transfection assays, the effect of TNFalpha requires the presence of an inducible nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) (Rel A) binding site in the IL-8 promoter.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
1047771607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TNFalpha treatment induces a rapid translocation of the 65 kD transcriptional activator NF-kappaB subunit, Rel A, whose binding in the nucleus occurs before changes in intracellular ROS.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1047771608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pretreatment (or up to 15 minutes posttreatment) relative to TNFalpha with the antioxidant dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (2% [vol/vol]) blocks 80% of NF-kappaB-dependent transcription.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
1047771609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surprisingly, however, DMSO has no effect on inducible Rel A binding.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1047771610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar selective effects on NF-kappaB transcription are seen with the unrelated antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and vitamin C.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1047771611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate that TNFalpha induces a delayed ROS-dependent signalling pathway that is required for NF-kappaB transcriptional activation and is separable from that required for its nuclear translocation.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1047771612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further definition of this pathway will yield new insights into inflammation initiated by TNFalpha signalling.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activators target human endothelial cells to inhibit leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An early event in acute and chronic inflammation and associated diseases such as atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis is the induced expression of specific adhesion molecules on the surface of endothelial cells (ECs), which subsequently bind leukocytes.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors, are activated by fatty acid metabolites, peroxisome proliferators, and thiazolidinediones and are now recognized as important mediators in the inflammatory response.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whether PPAR activators influence the inflammatory responses of ECs is unknown.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that the PPAR activators 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), Wyeth 14643, ciglitazone, and troglitazone, but not BRL 49653, partially inhibit the induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), as measured by ELISA, and monocyte binding to human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or lipopolysaccharide.@@@@1@78@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The "natural" PPAR activator 15d-PGJ(2) had the greatest potency and was the only tested molecule capable of partially inhibiting the induced expression of E-selectin and neutrophil-like HL60 cell binding to PMA-activated HAECs.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 induction by PMA was unaffected by any of the molecules tested.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma mRNAs were detected in HAECs by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and a ribonuclease protection assay; however, we have yet to determine which, if any, of the PPARs are mediating this process.@@@@1@41@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that certain PPAR activators may help limit chronic inflammation mediated by VCAM-1 and monocytes without affecting acute inflammation mediated by E-selectin and neutrophil binding.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@9-cis retinoic acid induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion in human monocytic THP-1 cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monocyte migration and activation are regulated by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1).@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Prior studies have shown MCP-1 expression is modulated by a variety of ligands that act through extracellular receptors.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the current study, we show 9-cis retinoic acid (RA), a ligand for the nuclear hormone receptor retinoid X receptor (RXR) and retinoic acid receptor (RAR), markedly induces the expression of MCP-1.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In human THP-1 monocytic leukemia cells cultured with RA (0.05 to 500 nmol/L), MCP-1 expression was induced rapidly, significantly, and dose-dependently by as much as 165-fold.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MCP-1 RNA level was also increased in RA-treated cells.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of PPARgamma, a heterodimer partner of RXR, is also markedly induced by RA in THP-1 cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, BRL49653, a PPARgamma ligand, failed to induce MCP-1 secretion either alone or to modify the expression level induced by RA.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, BRL49653 significantly increased MCP-1 (biotinylated MCP-1) binding to THP-1 cells, whereas RA had no effect.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Other peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) ligands, 15d-PGJ(2) and troglitazone (PPARgamma) , Wy14,643 (PPARalpha), and PD195599 (PPARbeta) inhibited the induction of MCP-1 by RA.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RA's effect on MCP-1 expression in human elutriated monocytes were similar to that observed in the THP-1 cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies identify RA as a nuclear signal for MCP-1 induction in undifferentiated human monocytic cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1047965113@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies also suggest monocyte MCP-1 expression induced through RA may modulate cell migration.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1048042601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neutrophil maturation and the role of retinoic acid.@@@@1@9@@oe@16-12-2010
1048042602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neutrophil maturation occurs in well defined morphological stages that correlate with the acquisition of molecular markers associated with neutrophil function.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1048042603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A variety of factors are known to play a role in terminal neutrophil maturation, including the vitamin A derivative, retinoic acid.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1048042604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retinoic acid can directly modulate gene expression via binding to its nuclear receptors, which can, in turn, activate transcription of target genes.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1048042605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A role for retinoic acid during neutrophil maturation has been suggested from a variety of sources.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1048042606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we present a review of the mechanism of retinoic acid receptor action and the major evidence showing that normal retinoid signaling is required for neutrophil maturation.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1048254501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of Bcl-x(L) expression by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax through NF-kappaB in apoptosis-resistant T-cell transfectants with Tax.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1048254502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax is thought to play a pivotal role in immortalization of T cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1048254503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently shown that the expression of Tax protected the mouse T-cell line CTLL-2 against apoptosis induced by interleukin-2 (IL-2) deprivation and converted its growth from being IL-2 dependent to being IL-2 independent.@@@@1@37@@oe@16-12-2010
1048254504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we demonstrate that constitutive expression of bcl-xl but not bcl-2, bcl-xs, bak, bad, or bax was associated with apoptosis resistance after IL-2 deprivation in CTLL-2 cells that expressed Tax.@@@@1@38@@oe@16-12-2010
1048254505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient-transfection assays showed that bcl-x promoter was transactivated by wild-type Tax.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
1048254506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar effects were observed in mutant Tax retaining transactivating ability through NF-kappaB.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
1048254507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletion or substitution of a putative NF-kappaB binding site identified in the bcl-x promoter significantly decreased Tax-induced transactivation.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1048254508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This NF-kappaB-like element was able to form a complex with NF-kappaB family proteins in vitro.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1048254509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, Tax-induced transactivation of the bcl-x promoter was also diminished by the mutant IkappaBalpha, which specifically inhibits NF-kappaB activity.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1048254510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our findings suggest that constitutive expression of Bcl-x(L) induced by Tax through the NF-kappaB pathway contributes to the inhibition of apoptosis in CTLL-2 cells after IL-2 deprivation.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
1048256801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Target structures of the CD8(+)-T-cell response to human cytomegalovirus: the 72-kilodalton major immediate-early protein revisited.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1048256802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell-mediated immunity plays an essential role in the control of infection with the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV).@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1048256803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, only a few CD8(+)-T-cell epitopes are known, with the majority being contained in the pp65 phosphoprotein, which is believed to dominate the CD8(+)-T-cell response to HCMV.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
1048256804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we have readdressed the issue of CD8(+) T cells specific for the 72-kDa major immediate-early protein (IE-1), which is nonstructural but is found very early and throughout the replicative cycle.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
1048256805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a novel flow-cytometric assay, we were able to identify CD8(+)-T-cell epitopes (by IE-1 peptide-specific induction of cytokine synthesis) and simultaneously measure the frequency of cells directed against them.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
1048256806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For this purpose, 81 pentadecamer peptides covering the complete 491-amino-acid sequence of IE-1 were tested on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of anti-HCMV immunoglobulin G-seropositive donors.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1048256807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At least 10 new epitopes were identified, and the fine specificity and presenting HLA molecule of the first of them was determined.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1048256808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The frequencies of CD8(+) T cells directed against IE-1 were similar to those directed against pp65 in donors tested with known pp65-derived peptides.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1048256809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Importantly, additional testing of a corresponding set of peptides covering the complete sequence of pp65 on 10 of these donors identified individuals whose CD8(+) T cells recognized IE-1 but not pp65 and vice versa, clearly illustrating that either protein may be a major target.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010
1048256810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In summary, our results suggest that IE-1 is far more important as a CD8(+)-T-cell target than current opinion suggests.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1048587501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A induces serine/threonine phosphorylation, subcellular redistribution, and functional inhibition of STAT3.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1048587502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to cytokine and growth factor stimulation of cell surface receptors.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1048587503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@STATs hereafter are translocated to the nucleus where they act as transcription factors.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1048587504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent reports suggest that serine phosphorylation of STATs also is involved in the regulation of STAT-mediated gene transcription.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1048587505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we studied the role of serine/threonine phosphatases in STAT3 signaling in human antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell lines and cutaneous T cell lymphoma lines, expressing a constitutively activated STAT3.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
1048587506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that an inhibitor of protein phosphatases (PPs) PP1/PP2A, calyculin A, induces (i) phosphorylation of STAT3 on serine and threonine residues, (ii) inhibition of STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding activity, and (iii) relocation of STAT3 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.@@@@1@56@@oe@16-12-2010
1048587507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar results were obtained with other PP2A inhibitors (okadaic acid, endothall thioanhydride) but not with inhibitors of PP1 (tautomycin) or PP2B (cyclosporine A).@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
1048587508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pretreatment with the broad serine/threonine kinase inhibitor staurosporine partly blocked the calyculin A-induced STAT3 phosphorylation, whereas inhibitors of serine/threonine kinases, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 extracellular-regulated kinase-kinase, mitogen-activated protein p38 kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, did not.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010
1048587509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, we provide evidence that PP2A plays a crucial role in the regulation of STAT3 phosphorylation and subcellular distribution in T cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1048587510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, our findings suggest that the level of STAT3 phosphorylation is balanced between a staurosporine-sensitive kinase(s) and PP2A.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1048590601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferons inhibit activation of STAT6 by interleukin 4 in human monocytes by inducing SOCS-1 gene expression.@@@@1@17@@oe@16-12-2010
1048590602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferons (IFNs) inhibit induction by IL-4 of multiple genes in human monocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1048590603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the mechanism by which IFNs mediate this inhibition has not been defined.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1048590604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 activates gene expression by inducing tyrosine phosphorylation, homodimerization, and nuclear translocation of the latent transcription factor, STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-6).@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1048590605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@STAT6-responsive elements are characteristically present in the promoters of IL-4-inducible genes.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
1048590606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because STAT6 activation is essential for IL-4-induced gene expression, we examined the ability of type I and type II IFNs to regulate activation of STAT6 by IL-4 in primary human monocytes.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
1048590607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pretreatment of monocytes with IFN-beta or IFN-gamma, but not IL-1, IL-2, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-6, or transforming growth factor beta suppressed activation of STAT6 by IL-4.@@@@1@36@@oe@16-12-2010
1048590608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This inhibition was associated with decreased tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT6 and was not evident unless the cells were preincubated with IFN for at least 1 hr before IL-4 stimulation.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
1048590609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, inhibition by IFN could be blocked by cotreatment with actinomycin D and correlated temporally with induction of the JAK/STAT inhibitory gene, SOCS-1.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1048590610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Forced expression of SOCS-1 in a macrophage cell line, RAW264, markedly suppressed trans-activation of an IL-4-inducible reporter as well as IL-6- and IFN-gamma-induced reporter gene activity.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1048590611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings demonstrate that IFNs inhibit IL-4-induced activation of STAT6 and STAT6-dependent gene expression, at least in part, by inducing expression of SOCS-1.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1048771501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased IkappaB expression and diminished nuclear NF-kappaB in human mononuclear cells following hydrocortisone injection.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1048771502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently demonstrated that hydrocortisone and other glucocorticoids inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by mononuclear (MNC) and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL).@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1048771503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since NF-kappaB/IkappaB system regulates the transcription of proinflammatory genes, including those responsible for ROS generation, we tested the hypothesis that hydrocortisone may stimulate IkappaB production thus inhibiting NF-kappaB translocation from the cytosol into the nucleus in MNC, in vivo.@@@@1@43@@oe@16-12-2010
1048771504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One hundred milligram of hydrocortisone was injected intravenously into 4 normal subjects.@@@@1@13@@oe@16-12-2010
1048771505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Blood samples were obtained prior to the injection and at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hr after the injection.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1048771506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear extracts and total cell lysates were prepared from MNC by standard techniques.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1048771507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IkappaB levels in MNC homogenates increased at 1 hr, peaked at 2-4 hr, started to decrease at 8 hr, and returned to baseline levels at 24 hr.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
1048771508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappaB in MNC nuclear extracts decreased at 1 hr, reached a nadir at 4 hr, gradually increased at 8 hr and returned back to baseline levels at 24 hr.@@@@1@32@@oe@16-12-2010
1048771509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The total protein content of NF-kappaB subunit (P65) in MNC lysates also showed a decrease following hydrocortisone injection.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1048771510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This decrease was observed at 2 hr, reached a nadir at 4 hr, and returned to baseline levels at 24 hr.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1048771511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ROS generation inhibition paralleled NF-kappaB levels in the nucleus.@@@@1@10@@oe@16-12-2010
1048771512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was inhibited at 1 hr, reached a nadir at 2-4 hr, started to increase at 8 hr, and returned to basal levels at 24 hr.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1048771513@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data demonstrate that hydrocortisone induces IkappaB and suppresses NF-kappaB expression in MNC in parallel.@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1048771514@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IkappaB further reduces the translocation of NF-kappaB into the nucleus thus preventing the expression of proinflammatory genes.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1049139401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the CDC42 effector N-WASP by the Shigella flexneri IcsA protein promotes actin nucleation by Arp2/3 complex and bacterial actin-based motility.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1049139402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To propel itself in infected cells, the pathogen Shigella flexneri subverts the Cdc42-controlled machinery responsible for actin assembly during filopodia formation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1049139403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a combination of bacterial motility assays in platelet extracts with Escherichia coli expressing the Shigella IcsA protein and in vitro analysis of reconstituted systems from purified proteins, we show here that the bacterial protein IcsA binds N-WASP and activates it in a Cdc42-like fashion.@@@@1@47@@oe@16-12-2010
1049139404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dramatic stimulation of actin assembly is linked to the formation of a ternary IcsA-N-WASP-Arp2/3 complex, which nucleates actin polymerization.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1049139405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Arp2/3 complex is essential in initiation of actin assembly and Shigella movement, as previously observed for Listeria monocytogenes.@@@@1@21@@oe@16-12-2010
1049139406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of N-WASP by IcsA unmasks two domains acting together in insertional actin polymerization.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1049139407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The isolated COOH-terminal domain of N-WASP containing a verprolin-homology region, a cofilin-homology sequence, and an acidic terminal segment (VCA) interacts with G-actin in a unique profilin-like functional fashion.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
1049139408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hence, when N-WASP is activated, its COOH-terminal domain feeds barbed end growth of filaments and lowers the critical concentration at the bacterial surface.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1049139409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the other hand, the NH(2)-terminal domain of N-WASP interacts with F-actin, mediating the attachment of the actin tail to the bacterium surface.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1049139410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@VASP is not involved in Shigella movement, and the function of profilin does not require its binding to proline-rich regions.@@@@1@22@@oe@16-12-2010
1049141201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Renal cell carcinoma-derived gangliosides suppress nuclear factor-kappaB activation in T cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@16-12-2010
1049141202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) is impaired in T cells from patients with renal cell carcinomas (RCCs).@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1049141203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In circulating T cells from a subset of patients with RCCs, the suppression of NFkappaB binding activity is downstream from the stimulus-induced degradation of the cytoplasmic factor IkappaBalpha.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1049141204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor-derived soluble products from cultured RCC explants inhibit NFkappaB activity in T cells from healthy volunteers, despite a normal level of stimulus-induced IkappaBalpha degradation in these cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1049141205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibitory agent has several features characteristic of a ganglioside, including sensitivity to neuraminidase but not protease treatment; hydrophobicity; and molecular weight less than 3 kDa.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1049141206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Indeed, we detected gangliosides in supernatants from RCC explants and not from adjacent normal kidney tissue.@@@@1@18@@oe@16-12-2010
1049141207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gangliosides prepared from RCC supernatants, as well as the purified bovine gangliosides G(m1) and G(d1a), suppressed NFkappaB binding activity in T cells and reduced expression of the cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma.@@@@1@40@@oe@16-12-2010
1049141208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, our findings suggest that tumor-derived gangliosides may blunt antitumor immune responses in patients with RCCs.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1049203801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunocytochemical analysis of MNDA in tissue sections and sorted normal bone marrow cells documents expression only in maturing normal and neoplastic myelomonocytic cells and a subset of normal and neoplastic B lymphocytes.@@@@1@33@@oe@16-12-2010
1049203802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) is a nuclear antigen known to be expressed in mature myelomonocytic cell lines.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010
1049203803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An extensive immunocytochemical evaluation of fixed tissues confirmed MNDA expression in normal maturing granulocytes and monocytes and in acute nonlymphocytic leukemias and chronic myelogenous leukemia.@@@@1@26@@oe@16-12-2010
1049203804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MNDA was not detected in normal tissue histiocytes but was found in activated macrophages and foreign body giant cells associated with inflammation.@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1049203805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Flow cytometric cell sorting of normal bone marrow established that MNDA is initially expressed in myeloid blast cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1049203806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Examination of lymphoid tissues showed a low level of expression in a population of normal mande B lymphocytes but not in germinal center cells or plasma cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@16-12-2010
1049203807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A subset of B cell neoplasms expressing MNDA included hairy cell leukemia, parafollicular (monocytoid) B cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and small lymphocytic lymphoma.@@@@1@30@@oe@16-12-2010
1049203808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell sorting of normal bone marrow showed MNDA expression in CD20+/CD10-/CD5- B cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@16-12-2010
1049203809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MNDA was not detected in other normal bone marrow or all other nonhematopoietic cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@16-12-2010
1049203810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The hematopoietic cell-specific pattern of MNDA expression was elucidated through a comprehensive analysis of normal and neoplastic tissues, and the results provide further evidence of the coexpression of B- and myeloid cell markers in neoplastic B cells and identify a normal B cell population that might be related to the cell of origin of a subset of B cell neoplasms.@@@@1@62@@oe@16-12-2010
1049713101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Affinity-driven peptide selection of an NFAT inhibitor more selective than cyclosporin A [see comments]@@@@1@16@@oe@16-12-2010
1049713102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The flow of information from calcium-mobilizing receptors to nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-dependent genes is critically dependent on interaction between the phosphatase calcineurin and the transcription factor NFAT.@@@@1@34@@oe@16-12-2010
1049713103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A high-affinity calcineurin-binding peptide was selected from combinatorial peptide libraries based on the calcineurin docking motif of NFAT.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1049713104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This peptide potently inhibited NFAT activation and NFAT-dependent expression of endogenous cytokine genes in T cells, without affecting the expression of other cytokines that require calcineurin but not NFAT.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
1049713105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Substitution of the optimized peptide sequence into the natural calcineurin docking site increased the calcineurin responsiveness of NFAT.@@@@1@19@@oe@16-12-2010
1049713106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Compounds that interfere selectively with the calcineurin-NFAT interaction without affecting calcineurin phosphatase activity may be useful as therapeutic agents that are less toxic than current drugs.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1049953801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Vitamin D analogs, 20-Epi-22-oxa-24a,26a,27a,-trihomo-1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3, 1,24(OH)2-22-ene-24-cyclopropyl-vitamin D3 and 1alpha,25(OH)2-lumisterol3 prime NB4 leukemia cells for monocytic differentiation via nongenomic signaling pathways, involving calcium and calpain.@@@@1@29@@oe@16-12-2010
1049953802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Side-chain modified vitamin D analogs including 20-Epi-22-oxa-24a,26a,27a-trihomo-1alpha,2 5-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (KH1060), and 1,24-dihydroxy-22-ene-24-cyclopropyl-vitamin D3 (MC903) were originally designed to aid in the treatment of hyperproliferative disorders including psoriasis and cancer.@@@@1@35@@oe@16-12-2010
1049953803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate that these analogs, as well as the 6-cis-locked conformer, 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-lumisterol3 (JN) prime NB4 cells for monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1049953804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previously, the action of MC903 and KH1060 was presumed to be mediated by the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDRnuc).@@@@1@23@@oe@16-12-2010
1049953805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differentiation in response to all analogs was shown to be inhibited by 1beta,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (HL), the antagonist to the nongenomic activities of 1,25D3.@@@@1@27@@oe@16-12-2010
1049953806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that although MC903 and KH1060 may bind the VDRnuc, that the differentiative activities of these agents requires nongenomic signaling pathways.@@@@1@25@@oe@16-12-2010
1049953807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show that 1alpha,25(OH)2-d5-previtamin D3 (HF), JN, KH1060, and MC903 induce expression of PKC alpha and PKC delta and translocation of both isoforms to the particulate fraction, and PKC alpha to the nuclear fraction.@@@@1@42@@oe@16-12-2010
1049953808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The full differentiation response with combinations of analogs and TPA was inhibited 50% by the membrane permeable Ca2+ chelator, 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA-AM) or calpain inhibitor I.@@@@1@31@@oe@16-12-2010
1049953809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data demonstrate that intracellular free calcium and the calcium-dependent protease, calpain play critical roles in monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@20@@oe@16-12-2010
1049953810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Intracellular calcium appears to be most critical in the 1,25D3-priming stage of differentiation, while calpain is essential in the TPA maturation response.@@@@1@24@@oe@16-12-2010