127968501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A mechanism for the antiinflammatory effects of corticosteroids: the glucocorticoid receptor regulates leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and expression of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 127968502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Corticosteroids are the preeminent antiinflammatory agents although the molecular mechanisms that impart their efficacy have not been defined.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 127968503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The endothelium plays a critical role in inflammation by directing circulating leukocytes into extravascular tissues by expressing adhesive molecules for leukocytes [e.g., endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)].@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 127968504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We therefore determined whether corticosteroids suppress inflammation by inhibiting endothelial expression of adhesion molecules for neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes).@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 127968505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Preincubation of endothelial cells with endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 1 microgram/ml] led to a 4-fold increase in subsequent adherence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (P < 0.0001, n = 10) to endothelial cells, an increase that was markedly attenuated when endothelial cells were treated with dexamethasone (IC50 < 1 nM, P < 0.0001, n = 6 or 7) during preincubation with LPS.@@@@1@73@@oe@19-12-2010 127968506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, the steroid receptor agonist cortisol (10 microM), but not its inactive metabolite tetrahydrocortisol (10 microM), diminished LPS-induced endothelial cell adhesiveness.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 127968507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further evidence that the action of dexamethasone was mediated through ligation of corticosteroid receptors [human glucocorticoid receptors (hGRs)] was provided by experiments utilizing the steroid antagonist RU-486.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 127968508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RU-486 (10 microM), which prevents translocation of ligated hGR to the nucleus by inhibiting dissociation of hGR from heat shock protein 90, completely aborted the effect of dexamethasone on adhesiveness of endothelial cells (P < 0.0005, n = 3).@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 127968509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of endothelial cells with LPS (1 microgram/ml) stimulated transcription of ELAM-1, as shown by Northern blot analysis, and expression of membrane-associated ELAM-1 and ICAM-1, as shown by quantitative immunofluorescence (both P < 0.001, n = 9).@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 127968510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dexamethasone markedly inhibited LPS-stimulated accumulation of mRNA for ELAM-1 and expression of ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 (IC50 < 10 nM, both P < 0.001, n = 4-9); inhibition of expression by dexamethasone was reversed by RU-486 (both P < 0.005, n = 4-6).@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 127968511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As in the adhesion studies, cortisol but not tetrahydrocortisol inhibited expression of ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 (both P < 0.005, n = 3 or 4).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 127968512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, sodium salicylate (1 mM) inhibited neither adhesion nor expression of these adhesion molecules.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 127968513@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies suggest that antagonism by dexamethasone of endotoxin-induced inflammation is a specific instance of the general biological principle that the glucocorticoid receptor is a hormone-dependent regulator of transcription.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 129922401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ablation of transplanted HTLV-I Tax-transformed tumors in mice by antisense inhibition of NF-kappa B [published erratum appears in Science 1993 Mar 12;259(5101):1523]@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 129922402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mice transgenic for the human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) Tax gene develop fibroblastic tumors that express NF-kappa B-inducible early genes.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 129922403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro inhibition of NF-kappa B expression by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) inhibited growth of these culture-adapted Tax-transformed fibroblasts as well as an HTLV-I-transformed human lymphocyte line.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 129922404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, antisense inhibition of Tax itself had no apparent effect on cell growth.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 129922405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mice treated with antisense to NF-kappa B ODNs showed rapid regression of transplanted fibrosarcomas.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 129922406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This suggests that NF-kappa B expression may be necessary for the maintenance of the malignant phenotype and provides a therapeutic approach for HTLV-I-associated disease.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 130958701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cellular oncogene c-myb can interact synergistically with the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 transactivator in lymphoid cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 130958702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of replicative functions in the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome is mediated through activation of a virally encoded transcription factor, Z (BZLF1).@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 130958703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have shown that the Z gene product, which binds to AP-1 sites as a homodimer and has sequence similarity to c-Fos, can efficiently activate the EBV early promoter, BMRF1, in certain cell types (i.e., HeLa cells) but not others (i.e., Jurkat cells).@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 130958704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate that the c-myb proto-oncogene product, which is itself a DNA-binding protein and transcriptional transactivator, can interact synergistically with Z in activating the BMRF1 promoter in Jurkat cells (a T-cell line) or Raji cells (an EBV-positive B-cell), whereas the c-myb gene product by itself has little effect.@@@@1@57@@oe@19-12-2010 130958705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The simian virus 40 early promoter is also synergistically activated by the Z/c-myb combination.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 130958706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synergistic transactivation of the BMRF1 promoter by the Z/c-myb combination appears to involve direct binding by the Z protein but not the c-myb protein.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 130958707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 30-bp sequence in the BMRF1 promoter which contains a Z binding site (a consensus AP-1 site) is sufficient to transfer high-level lymphoid-specific responsiveness to the Z/c-myb combination to a heterologous promoter.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 130958708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@That the c-myb oncogene product can interact synergistically with an EBV-encoded member of the leucine zipper protein family suggests c-myb is likely to engage in similar interactions with cellularly encoded transcription factors.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 130983301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cortisol receptor resistance: the variability of its clinical presentation and response to treatment.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 130983302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Primary (partial) cortisol receptor resistance was previously reported in a total of 7 patients and 14 asymptomatic family members.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 130983303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Its occurrence is considered to be extremely rare.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 130983304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study we report on 6 patients (2 males and 4 females) with the syndrome.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 130983305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The first male patient presented with mild hypertension.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 130983306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hydrochlorothiazide therapy resulted in life-threatening hypokalemia.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 130983307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The second male patient had slight hypertension without hypokalemia.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 130983308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All four female patients presented between the age of 20-30 yr with acne, hirsutism, and irregular menstruations.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 130983309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Low dose dexamethasone therapy (1-1.5 mg/day) was of clinical benefit in these patients.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 130983310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All patients showed insufficient suppression of serum cortisol concentrations in the overnight 1-mg dexamethasone test.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 130983311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The diurnal rhythm of ACTH and cortisol was intact, albeit at an elevated level.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 130983312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was a normal increase in ACTH, cortisol, and GH (except in one obese patient) in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, while cortisol production was elevated in three patients.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 130983313@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Circulating adrenal androgen levels were increased in all patients.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 130983314@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors were investigated in a whole cell dexamethasone binding assay in mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 130983315@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the first male patient, the number of receptors was very low, while the affinity was lower than that in controls.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 130983316@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A lowered affinity to dexamethasone was found in one female patient, while a lowered number of receptors was found in three patients.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 130983317@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the second male patient, no abnormalities were found.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 130983318@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a bioassay for glucocorticoid action we also measured dexamethasone suppressibility of mitogen-stimulated incorporation of [3H]thymidine in mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 130983319@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the male patient with normal receptor status, dexamethasone suppressibility of [3H]thymidine incorporation was significantly lower than that in healthy controls with respect to both maximal suppression and IC50.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 130983320@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Partial cortisol receptor resistance might be less rare than previously thought.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 130983321@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the six patients presented, at least three different forms can be recognized.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 130983322@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therapy with dexamethasone was successful in female patients with acne and hirsutism, as the secondary increase in the production of adrenal androgens was effectively controlled.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 131068001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Structure function analysis of vitamin D analogs with C-ring modifications.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 131068002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analogs of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3) with substitutions on C-11 were synthesized.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 131068003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Small apolar substitutions (11 alpha-methyl, 11 alpha-fluoromethyl) did not markedly decrease the affinity for the vitamin D receptor, but larger (11 alpha-chloromethyl or 11 alpha- or 11 beta-phenyl) or more polar substitutions (11 alpha-hydroxymethyl, 11 alpha-(2-hydroxyethyl] decreased the affinity to less than 5% of that of 1 alpha,25-OH)2D3.@@@@1@59@@oe@19-12-2010 131068004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Their affinity for the vitamin D-binding protein, however, increased up to 4-fold.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 131068005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The biological activity of 11 alpha-methyl-1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 closely resembled that of the natural hormone on normal and leukemic cell proliferation and bone resorption, whereas its in vivo effect on calcium metabolism of the rachitic chick was about 50% of that of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 131068006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 11 beta-methyl analog had a greater than 10-fold lower activity.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 131068007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The differentiating effects of the other C-11 analogs on human promyeloid leukemia cells (HL-60) agreed well with their bone-resorbing activity and receptor affinity, but they demonstrated lower calcemic effects in vivo.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 131068008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Large or polar substitutions on C-11 of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 thus impair the binding of the vitamin D receptor but increase the affinity to vitamin D-binding protein.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 131068009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of many C-11-substituted 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 analogs on HL-60 cell differentiation exceeded their activity on calcium metabolism.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 131254101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoid receptors in mononuclear leukocytes in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 131254102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To examine the role of mineralocorticoids in the pathophysiology of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), we studied plasma aldosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone levels in 25 women with PIH and 25 normal pregnant women, as controls.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 131254103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we evaluated the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) status in mononuclear leukocytes in the 2 groups.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 131254104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MR count was significantly (P less than 0.0005) decreased in the PIH group (148 +/- 9 binding sites/cell) compared with the control group (300 +/- 17 binding sites/cell; mean +/- SEM).@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 131254105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Plasma aldosterone in women with PIH was 281 +/- 61 pmol/L; in normal pregnant women it was 697 +/- 172 pmol/L (P less than 0.025).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 131254106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Plasma 18-hydroxycorticosterone was also significantly (P less than 0.025) lower (PIH, 1071 +/- 149 pmol/L; controls, 1907 +/- 318 pmol/L).@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 131254107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These values were determined at the onset of clinical symptoms of PIH.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 131254108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results cannot be explained by receptor down-regulation due to higher levels of mineralocorticoids in PIH; a hitherto unknown mineralocorticoid may, thus, be responsible for the hypertension and altered MR status.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 131254301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mineralocorticoid effector mechanism in preeclampsia.@@@@1@6@@oe@19-12-2010 131254302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mineralocorticoid effector mechanisms were evaluated in 29 patients with preeclampsia and in 25 uncomplicated pregnancies by measurement of plasma aldosterone, levels of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in mononuclear leucocytes, and subtraction potential difference (SPD; rectal minus oral values).@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 131254303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mean values for plasma aldosterone were not different between the two groups, but significant differences were observed for MR (preeclampsia, 81 +/- 44 receptors/cell; controls, 306 +/- 168) and SPD (preeclampsia, 65 +/- 7 mV; controls, 12 +/- 5 mV).@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 131254304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In six cases we determined MR, plasma aldosterone, and SPD in patients with preeclampsia before and 3 months after delivery.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 131254305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MR were reduced before delivery (96 +/- 27 receptors/cell), and SPD increased (64 +/- 8 mV), with both parameters normalizing after delivery (MR, 242 +/- 79; SPD, 14.0 +/- 4 mV).@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 131254306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Aldosterone levels returned to normal nonpregnant values after delivery.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 131254307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest an important role for abnormalities in mineralocorticoid effector mechanisms in the etiology of preeclampsia and could be an useful marker for diagnosis.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 131369301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Kinetics of nuclear translocation and turnover of the vitamin D receptor in human HL60 leukemia cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes--coincident rise of DNA-relaxing activity in nuclear extracts.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 131369302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High affinity receptors (VDR) for 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) are expressed in HL60 human leukemia cells and in low numbers in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL).@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 131369303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HL60 cells, expressing some characteristics of promyelocytes, can be induced to monocytoid differentiation by calcitriol.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 131369304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific nuclear translocation of [3H]calcitriol/VDR was examined after exposure of whole cells to 10(-9) M/l calcitriol in the presence and absence of a 500-fold excess of unlabeled ligand and subsequent isolation of nuclei.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 131369305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific nuclear translocation of [3H]calcitriol/VDR was found to be time dependent reaching a maximum of approximately 2100 binding sites/nucleus after 3 h of incubation in HL60 cells, whereas a maximum of approximately 310 binding sites/nucleus was found after 3 h in PBL.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 131369306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pulse exposure of HL60 to radiolabeled hormone for 3 h followed by culture in medium without serum and calcitriol lead to nuclear retention of approximately 1600 radiolabeled VDR by 8 h and approximately 1000 VDR by 24 h.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 131369307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Radiolabeled VDR disappeared from the nuclear compartment with a halflife of approximately 30 min if cells were cultured with identical concentrations of unlabeled hormone after the pulse (pulse/chase-experiments).@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 131369308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No difference of VDR retention in pulse and pulse/chase-experiments was seen in PBL, where VDR halflife was approximately 30 min.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 131369309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No specific translocation into the nuclear compartment was seen when isolated nuclei were incubated in [3H]calcitriol.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 131369310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Radiolabeled hormone/receptor complexes of nuclei isolated from cells exposed for 3 h to radiolabeled hormone--in contrast to identical experiments with intact cells--did not disappear from the nuclear compartment upon incubation of nuclei with identical concentrations of the unlabeled compound.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 131369311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activity of DNA relaxing enzymes (e.g. topoisomerases I and II) in nuclear extracts was measured using a PBR 322-relaxation-assay.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 131369312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhanced overall enzyme activity was found in nuclear extracts by 1 h after incubation with calcitriol (final ethanol concentration 0.0001% v/v) in HL60 and PBL.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 131369313@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The enhanced activity disappeared after 2 h in PBL, whereas it was still enhanced by 4 h in HL60.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 131369314@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No effect was seen in ethanol treated controls.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 131369315@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that a specific nuclear translocation mechanism exists for calcitriol in both cell types examined, most likely due to translocation of receptor proteins after hormone binding.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 131369316@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Translocated hormone/receptor complexes compete for a limited number of specific nuclear binding sites.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 131369317@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhanced activity of topoisomerases in nuclear extracts upon translocation of VDR might reflect interaction of both within the nuclear compartment, thus initiating DNA-unwinding, a prerequisite of transcription initiation.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 132667501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Effect of antihypertensive therapy with captopril on gluco- and mineralocorticoid receptors of peripheral blood lymphocytes in hypertensive patients of various age]@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 132667502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of 3H-dexamethasone and 3H-aldosterone by peripheral lymphocyte receptors was investigated in healthy persons and hypertensive patients before and after 2-week captopril treatment.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 132667503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid binding sites was increased in hypertensives vs normotensives.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 132667504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The treatment with the ACE inhibitor captopril led to activation of hormone-receptor interactions.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 132667505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was a more marked rise of the number of receptors in middle-aged (44-55 years) hypertensives vs elderly (61-80 years) subjects after captopril treatment.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 132780301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Leukotriene B4 transcriptionally activates interleukin-6 expression involving NK-chi B and NF-IL6.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 132780302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a notable participant in inflammation and chemotaxis.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 132780303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is, however, still unclear whether LTB4 acts in this regard directly or indirectly by stimulating the release of chemotactic and inflammatory cytokines.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 132780304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that LTB4 induces synthesis of interleukin (IL)-6 by human blood monocytes through transcriptional activation of the IL-6 gene.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 132780305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We furthermore demonstrate that this process involves activation of the transcription factor NF-chi B and, to a lesser extent, of NF-IL6, while the activity of the transcription factor AP-1, shown to otherwise confer IL-6 inducibility, appeared to be unaffected by LTB4.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 132780306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of NF-chi B and NF-IL6 in induction of IL-6 transcription by monocytes was demonstrated using deleted forms of the IL-6 promoter.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 132780307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the IL-6 promoter by LTB4 was not only associated with accumulation of the respective transcripts but resulted in synthesis of functional IL-6 protein as well.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 132780308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, LTB4 mediated transactivation of a heterologous promoter construct containing the NF-chi B or the NF-IL6 enhancer, but not the AP-1 enhancer.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 132780309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The signaling events mediating this effect appeared to involve the release of H2O2, since LTB4 failed to induce NF-chi B or NF-IL6 in the presence of the scavenger of H2O2, N-acetyl-L-cysteine.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 132887301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of a new tissue-specific transcription factor binding to the simian virus 40 enhancer TC-II (NF-kappa B) element.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 132887302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have biochemically and functionally characterized a new transcription factor, NP-TCII, which is present in nuclei from unstimulated T and B lymphocytes but is not found in nonhematopoietic cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 132887303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This factor has a DNA-binding specificity similar to that of NF-kappa B but is unrelated to this or other Rel proteins by functional and biochemical criteria.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 132887304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It can also be distinguished from other previously described lymphocyte-specific DNA-binding proteins.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 133291201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat elements are efficient promoters in cells of various species and tissue origin, including human lymphoid cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 133291202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Promiscuous transcriptional activity of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) long terminal repeat (LTR) was detected in transient expression assays using LTR-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase-encoding gene chimeras, and cells of diverse species and tissue type; levels of expression from two different REV LTRs correlate with reports of pathogenicity of the respective viruses in vivo.@@@@1@57@@oe@19-12-2010 133291203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@REVs do not encode a transactivator targeted to the viral LTR, and cells infected with Marek's disease virus, a herpesvirus with an overlapping host range, do not express factors that preferentially enhance expression from REV or avian sarcoma/leukemia virus LTRs.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 133291204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@REV LTRs work efficiently in human lymphoid cells, and are viable alternatives to promoters commonly used for expression of cloned genes.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 133291205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They may also prove useful in the identification of new, ubiquitous cellular transcription factors.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 133480601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody-induced T-cell proliferation by dexamethasone, isoproterenol, or prostaglandin E2 either alone or in combination.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 133480602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the modulation of the proliferation of human T cells obtained from peripheral blood by dexamethasone (DEX), isoproterenol (ISO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 133480603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The former two substances interact with T cells via the glucocorticoid and beta-adrenergic receptors respectively.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 133480604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When occupied by their natural ligands, glucocorticosteroids and catecholamines, these receptors have a role in modulating T-cell function during stress.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 133480605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During the inflammatory response increased levels of PGE2 bind to their receptors on T cells and thus alter responsiveness.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 133480606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proliferation of T cells was induced by immobilized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in the presence or absence of an additional costimulatory signal delivered by anti-CD28 mAb.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 133480607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@2. Various physiologic concentrations of DEX, ISO, or PGE2 were added at the time of initiation of the cultures and subsequent proliferation of the unstimulated T cells was determined.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 133480608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results demonstrate that physiologic concentrations of all three of these agents inhibit the anti-CD3 mAb-induced proliferation of T cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 133480609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@3. Although DEX and PGE2 were equipotent in suppressing T-cell proliferation, ISO was much less effective.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 133480610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@4. Because concomitant elevations in the peripheral levels of these substances may occur, experiments were performed to determine the T-cell inhibitory effects of DEX together with either PGE2 or ISO.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 133480611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synergistic suppression of T-cell proliferation was observed when various concentrations of DEX and PGE2, but not DEX and ISO, were added to cultures.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 133480612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This synergistic suppression could not be explained by an increase in cAMP accumulation in T cells stimulated with DEX and PGE2.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 133480613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@5. Finally, the addition of anti-CD28 mAb to anti-CD3 mAb-stimulated T cells overcame much of the suppression of proliferation induced by PGE2 or ISO but less so than that induced by DEX.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 133535701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Calcitriol: a hematolymphopoietrope? [editorial]@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 133535702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A MEDLINE search of the English-language literature was conducted using the indexing terms 'immunology, calcitriol and vitamin D' to identify studies indicating a role for calcitriol as a primary immunomodulator.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 133535703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sixty-six papers published between January 1956 and June 1991 were identified.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 133535704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Forty-five of these reports are cited in this review.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 133535705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data strongly suggest an endocrine, autocrine and/or paracrine role for calcitriol in immune regulation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 133535706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No unifying hypothesis has yet emerged explaining this collection of data.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 133535707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This paper provides a brief review of immune properties currently attributed to calcitriol.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 133872601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Aldosterone-specific membrane receptors and rapid non-genomic actions of mineralocorticoids.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 133872602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional studies in extrarenal, non-epithelial cells such as smooth muscle cells and more recently circulating human lymphocytes have provided increasing evidence that aldosterone produces not only classical genomic effects, but also rapid, non-genomic effects on transmembrane electrolyte movements.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 133872603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These involve activation of the sodium/proton exchanger of the cell membrane at very low, physiological concentrations of aldosterone with an acute onset within 1-2 min.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 133872604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A second messenger cascade involved is the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/calcium pathway which responds over the same rapid time course.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 133872605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such changes clearly cannot be explained by genomic mechanisms, which are responsible for later effects than the membrane related rapid responses.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 133872606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanisms underlying these rapid effects of aldosterone on electrolytes have been extensively studied in human lymphocytes, which thus may represent valuable tools in the delineation of the receptor-effector mechanisms involved.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 133872607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The unique characteristics of this new pathway for steroid action include its rapid time course, 10,000-fold selectivity for aldosterone over cortisol and the ineffectiveness of spironolactones, classical mineralocorticoid antagonists, as antagonists of the response.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 134791401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Modulation of normal erythroid differentiation by the endogenous thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors: a possible target for v-erbA oncogene action.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 134791402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The v-erbA oncogene, a mutated version of the thyroid hormone receptor alpha (c-erbA/TR-alpha), inhibits erythroid differentiation and constitutively represses transcription of certain erythrocyte genes, suggesting a normal function of the proto-oncogene c-erbA in erythropoiesis.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 134791403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate that the endogenous thyroid hormone receptor alpha (c-erbA/TR-alpha) and the closely related retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR-alpha) play a role in the regulation of normal erythroid differentiation.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 134791404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retinoic acid (RA) distinctly modulated the erythroid differentiation program of normal erythroid progenitors and erythroblasts reversibly transformed by a conditional tyrosine kinase oncogene.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 134791405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When added pulsewise to immature cells, differentiation was accelerated while more mature cells underwent premature cell death.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 134791406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thyroid hormone (T3) alone caused similar but weaker effects.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 134791407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, T3 strongly enhanced the action of RA, suggesting cooperative action of the two receptors in modulating erythroid differentiation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 134791408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the human RAR-alpha in receptor-negative erythroblasts conferred RA-induced regulation of differentiation to the otherwise unresponsive cells, thus showing that the RAR-alpha is essential for the RA effect.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 134791409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Likewise, enhanced expression of exogenous c-erbA/TR-alpha in erythroblasts rendered them susceptible to modulation of differentiation by T3, suggesting a similar function of both receptors.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 134901601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stable expression of HB24, a diverged human homeobox gene, in T lymphocytes induces genes involved in T cell activation and growth.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 134901602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A diverged homeobox gene, HB24, which is known to be induced following lymphocyte activation, was introduced into Jurkat T cells under the control of a constitutive promoter.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 134901603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stable transfectants of HB24 were established that expressed high levels of HB24 mRNA and possessed an altered phenotype suggestive of activated T cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 134901604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A number of genes known to be induced following T cell activation and associated with cell growth were increased in the transfectants, including c-fos, c-myc, c-myb, HLA-DR, lck, NF-kappa B, interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 receptor alpha (IL-2R alpha).@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 134901605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of IL-2R alpha expression by transient transfection of IL-2R alpha promoter constructs into the HB24 transfectants revealed constitutive expression (about 60% of phytohemagglutinin- and phorbol ester-activated Jurkat cells) that was dependent on the kappa B site in the IL-2R alpha promoter.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 134901606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, as a consequence of the increased HB24 mRNA levels, the Jurkat HB24 transfectants proliferated more rapidly than control cell lines.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 134901607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, stable expression of HB24 confers an activation phenotype on a human T cell line, implicating this gene as an important transcriptional factor during T cell activation and growth.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 135109001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reduced susceptibility to HIV-1 infection of ethyl-methanesulfonate-treated CEM subclones correlates with a blockade in their protein kinase C signaling pathway.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 135109002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have described the isolation of chemically induced CEM subclones that express CD4 receptors and bind soluble gp120, yet show a markedly reduced susceptibility to infection with HIV-1.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 135109003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two subclones were found to have an abnormal response to the protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 135109004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMA treatment induced CD3 and CD25 (IL-2R) receptors on the parental line and on other ethyl-methanesulfonate-derived subclones, but not on these two mutants.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 135109005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Direct assays of PKC activity were conducted.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 135109006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Total cellular PKC enzymatic activity was found to be normal in these subclones.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 135109007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMA-induced CD4 down-modulation occurred normally.@@@@1@6@@oe@19-12-2010 135109008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, activation of c-raf kinase was normal.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 135109009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since HIV-1 long terminal repeat contains two functional nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) regulatory elements, we studied the ability of PMA to induce NF-kB binding activity by different assays.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 135109010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) assays using the HIV-1 (-139)long terminal repeat-CAT construct showed no PMA induction of CAT activity in these subclones (unlike the parental line and other subclones).@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 135109011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Okadaic acid, an inhibitor of phosphatases 1 and 2A, did not overcome the defect in these subclones.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 135109012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel retardation assays, using a 32P-probe containing the HIV-1 NF-kB probe and nuclear extracts from PMA-treated cells, showed significantly reduced induction of nuclear NF-kB binding proteins in these two subclones compared with wild type CEM and a control subclone.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 135109013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deoxycholate treatment of cytoplasmic extracts from these subclones released much reduced NF-kB binding proteins from their cytoplasmic pools.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 135109014@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, reduced levels of PKC-induced nuclear NF-kB activity in two T cell subclones did not affect their normal cell growth, but correlated with a pronounced reduction in their susceptibility to HIV-1 infection.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 136411601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cellular immune and cytokine pathways resulting in tissue factor expression and relevance to septic shock.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 136411602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells of monocyte lineage serve as effector cells in the cellular immune response.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 136411603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, they respond to LPS and cytokines with activation and expression of inflammatory effector gene products similar to those elicited by the antigen driven response.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 136411604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The response to antigen proceeds at the T helper cell level through two independent forms of cellular collaboration, contact and lymphokine.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 136411605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We review the control of expression of the Tissue Factor (TF) gene and the function of the TF protein.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 136411606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The enhanced initiation of transcription of the TF gene appears to require engagement of a 56 bp LPS Response Element, an enhancer that is engaged by both AP-1 type heterodimeric complexes as well as NF kappa B like heterodimeric complexes.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 136411607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dissociation of NF kappa B from Ig kappa B by cytokine and LPS stimulation, and possibly activated T cells, may represent a common pathway to induction of the TF and other inflammatory genes.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 136411608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhancement of expression of TF is observed upon adhesion of Mo to endothelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins, as well as upon engagement of leukocyte integrins.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 136411609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The biological effects that follow from expression of TF by vascular cells have been resolved by analysis of function aided by the use of recombinant full length TF and truncated surface domain of TF.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 136411610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The rules of assembly of the cognate ligands of TF, namely the zymogen plasma factors VII and the serine protease factor VIIa, with the soluble surface domain of TF in free solution, in the presence of phospholipid surfaces and cell surface and of the anchored TF molecule have been described.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 136411611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is evident that assembly of the surface domain of TF with VIIa to form the binary TF.VIIa complex induces a significant increase in the Kcat of the catalytic domain of VIIa for small peptidyl substrates and more profoundly for protein substrate.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 136411612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This provides substantial evidence for an allosteric effect on the catalytic cleft of VIIa that is imparted by binding to TF, its cognate catalytic cofactor.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 136411613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is also evident that the TF.VIIa complex is proteolytically active and can activate the zymogen plasma factor X to the serine protease Xa in free solution, inferring that extended substrate recognition by induced structural loci of the TF.VIIa complex are created from either or both proteins to constitute a new recognition structure.@@@@1@55@@oe@19-12-2010 136411614@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is also evident that association of X with charged phospholipid surfaces enhances the proteolytic activation of this zymogen by increasing recognition and susceptibility of the sessile peptide bond deduced from the markedly decreased Km and increased Kcat.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 137178801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gangliosides suppress tumor necrosis factor production in human monocytes.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 137178802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both normal and malignant cells contain gangliosides as important cell membrane constituents that, after being shed, may influence cells of the immune system.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 137178803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have studied the impact of gangliosides on the expression of TNF in blood monocytes and in the monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 137178804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although under standard culture conditions, bovine brain gangliosides (100 micrograms/ml) suppressed LPS-stimulated TNF production 5-fold in PBMC and 10-fold in Mono Mac 6 cells, suppression was more efficient under serum-free conditions.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 137178805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Looking at highly purified gangliosides, GD3, GD1a, GM3, GM2, and GM1 were all effective in reducing TNF production in PBMC, and in Mono Mac 6 by factor 10 to 50.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 137178806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The suppressive activity was lost in molecules, lacking the sugar moiety or the lipid moiety.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 137178807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gangliosides appear to act at an early step of activation in that TNF transcripts were reduced and the mobilization of the nuclear factor kappa B was blocked.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 137178808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, in time kinetics, gangliosides were effective for up to 30 min after addition of LPS, but not thereafter.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 137178809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the expression of the CD14 Ag, a receptor molecule for LPS-LPS binding protein complexes, was unaffected by gangliosides.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 137178810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, when using Staphylococcus aureus or platelet activating factor as a stimulus, gangliosides were able to suppress TNF production in Mono Mac 6 cells by factor 5 to 10, as well.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 137178811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the other hand, phorbol ester-induced production of O2- was similar in cells treated with and without gangliosides.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 137178812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, our data demonstrate that TNF gene expression in monocytes induced by different types of stimuli can be blocked by gangliosides at an early step of signal transduction.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 137461201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism of action of cyclosporin A and FK506.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 137461202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CsA and FK506 are powerful suppressors of the immune system, most notably of T cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 137461203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They act at a point in activation that lies between receptor ligation and the transcription of early genes.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 137461204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, Stuart Schreiber and Gerald Crabtree review recent findings that indicate CsA and FK506 operate as prodrugs: they bind endogenous intracellular receptors, the immunophilins, and the resulting complex targets the protein phosphatase, calcineurin, to exert the immunosuppressive effect.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 138681101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Age-related changes in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes of healthy persons and patients with hypertension]@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 138681102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has been found that the number of glucocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood of healthy elderly subjects increases, while the number of mineralocorticoid receptors decreases.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 138681103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanisms of hormone-receptor interactions in hypertension are activated: the number of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid binding sites grows in hypertensive patients.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 138681104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Still a more essential rise in the number of receptors is observed in mid-age hypertensive patients than in elderly ones.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 139797601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogen binding sites in peripheral blood monocytes and effects of danazol on their sites in vitro.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 139797602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1. This study was designed to investigate the presence of estrogen type I (high affinity, low capacity) and type II (low affinity, high capacity) binding sites in human peripheral blood monocytes and the effects of danazol on these sites.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 139797603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@2. These two types of estrogen binding sites existed in human peripheral blood monocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 139797604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@3. Danazol bound to these sites in high concentration (10(-6) M, clinical serum concentration during danazol therapy) and decreased the number of both sites.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 139797605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@4. It is suggested that danazol has an anti-estrogenic action to the monocytes through the competition and suppression of estrogen binding sites as seen in the estrogen target organ.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 139820501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Mechanism of action of steroid hormones. I. Estrogens]@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 139820502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The steroid hormone are very versatile molecules: although they are related among them by their chemical structure, they have very diverse functions and including antagonic.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 139820503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Their action mechanism is not completely cleared.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 139820504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The estrogens participate in the regulation of practically all the reproductive and sexual events of the female, although the intracellular actions by which they take place are not well known and the proposed models do not adequately satisfy the questions.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 139820505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Currently it is accepted the existence of a cytoplasmic and/or nuclear receptor, without explaining satisfactorily how the hormones come to the nucleus.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 139820506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The endocrine events that are rapidly expressed (seconds) are due to a possible interaction with cellular membrane.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 139820507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The purpose of this review is to analyze and concilliate the reported data on the mechanism of action of estrogens.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 140266101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stable expression of transdominant Rev protein in human T cells inhibits human immunodeficiency virus replication.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 140266102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Rev protein is essential for viral structural protein expression (Gag, Pol, and Env) and, hence, for viral replication.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 140266103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In transient transfection assays, mutant forms of Rev have been identified that inhibit wild-type Rev activity and therefore suppress viral replication.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 140266104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine whether such transdominant Rev proteins could provide long-term protection against HIV infection without affecting T cell function, T leukemia cell lines were stably transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a transdominant mutant of the Rev protein, M10.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 140266105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While all the M10-expressing cell lines remained infectable by HIV-1, these same cells failed to support a productive replication cycle when infected with a cloned isolate of HIV-1.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 140266106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, two out of three M10-expressing CEM clones were also resistant to highly productive infection by a heterogeneous HIV-1 pool.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 140266107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of M10 did not affect induction of HIV transcription mediated by the kappa B regulatory element or Tat.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 140266108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Importantly, constitutive expression of Rev M10 did not alter the secretion of interleukin 2 in response to mitogen stimulation of EL-4 and Jurkat cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 140266109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibition of HIV infection in cells stably expressing a transdominant Rev protein, in the absence of any deleterious effect on T cell function, suggests that such a strategy could provide a therapeutic effect in the T lymphocytes of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 140412401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptor in patients with lupus nephritis: relationship between receptor levels in mononuclear leukocytes and effect of glucocorticoid therapy.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 140412402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated the clinical significance of glucocorticoid receptor determination in 20 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who afterwards developed nephrotic syndrome.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 140412403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) in these patients were comparable with those in both other patients with SLE and healthy persons.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 140412404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Improvement in urinary protein excretion and in disease activity, which was scored according to the SLE Disease Activity Index system of the University of Toronto, closely related to the glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in MNL isolated from the corresponding patients.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 140412405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In summary, glucocorticoid receptor determination in patients with lupus nephritis may be a predictive clue for assessing responsiveness to glucocorticoid therapy.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 140663001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Selection of optimal kappa B/Rel DNA-binding motifs: interaction of both subunits of NF-kappa B with DNA is required for transcriptional activation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 140663002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of the p50 and p65 subunits of the NF-kappa B transcription factor complex has revealed that both proteins can interact with related DNA sequences through either homo- or heterodimer formation.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 140663003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the product of the proto-oncogene c-rel can bind to similar DNA motifs by itself or as a heterodimer with p50 or p65.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 140663004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, these studies have used a limited number of known kappa B DNA motifs, and the question of the optimal DNA sequences preferred by each homodimer has not been addressed.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 140663005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using purified recombinant p50, p65, and c-Rel proteins, optimal DNA-binding motifs were selected from a pool of random oligonucleotides.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 140663006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alignment of the selected sequences allowed us to predict a consensus sequence for binding of the individual homodimeric Rel-related proteins, and DNA-protein binding analysis of the selected DNA sequences revealed sequence specificity of the proteins.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 140663007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Contrary to previous assumptions, we observed that p65 homodimers can interact with a subset of DNA sequences not recognized by p50 homodimers.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 140663008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differential binding affinities were also obtained with p50- and c-Rel-selected sequences.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 140663009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using either a p50- or p65- selected kappa B motif, which displayed differential binding with respect to the other protein, little to no binding was observed with the heterodimeric NF-kappa B complex.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 140663010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similarly, in transfection experiments in which the selective kappa B binding sites were used to drive the expression of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter construct, the p65- and p50-selected motifs were activated only in the presence of p65 and p50/65 (a chimeric protein with the p50 DNA binding domain and p65 activation domain) expression vectors, respectively, and neither demonstrated a significant response to stimuli that induce NF-kappa B activity.@@@@1@75@@oe@19-12-2010 140663011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings demonstrate that interaction of both subunits of the heterodimeric NF-kappa B complex with DNA is required for DNA binding and transcriptional activation and suggest that transcriptional activation mediated by the individual rel-related proteins will differ dramatically, depending on the specific kappa B motifs present.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 140693901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The candidate oncoprotein Bcl-3 is an antagonist of p50/NF-kappa B-mediated inhibition.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 140693902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The candidate oncogene bcl-3 was discovered as a translocation into the immunoglobulin alpha-locus in some cases of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemias.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 140693903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein Bcl-3 contains seven so-called ankyrin repeats.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 140693904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar repeat motifs are found in a number of diverse regulatory proteins but the motifs of Bcl-3 are most closely related to those found in I kappa B proteins in which the ankyrin repeat domain is thought to be directly involved in inhibition of NF-kappa B activity.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 140693905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No biological function has yet been described for Bcl-3, but it was noted recently that Bcl-3 interferes with DNA-binding of the p50 subunit of NF-kappa B in vitro.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 140693906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate that Bcl-3 can aid kappa B site-dependent transcription in vivo by counteracting the inhibitory effects of p50/NF-kappa B homodimers.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 140693907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bcl-3 may therefore aid activation of select NF-kappa B-regulated genes, including those of the human immunodeficiency virus.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 141124901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A microtitre assay system for glucocorticoid receptors: decreased receptor concentration in myocardial infarction.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 141124902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A major difficulty in determination of glucocorticoid receptor sites is the very complicated assay procedure.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 141124903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, we describe a microtitre assay system for glucocorticoid receptors which is a whole-cell competitive binding radioassay using [3H]-dexamethasone as radioligand.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 141124904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This modification of a previously described protocol simplifies and reduces laboratory work and allows assay reproducibility to be controlled more reliably.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 141124905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus enabled to perform the test on multiple blood samples in parallel, we investigated cardiac infarction patients over a 12-day period to test if glucocorticoid receptor binding is altered in this 'stressful' disease.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 141124906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the first day of the disease, glucocorticoid receptor capacity was significantly decreased without alteration of the receptor-ligand affinity, whereas on days 4 and 12 the number of receptor sites was normal again.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 141124907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This result fits well into the general observation of stress-induced down-regulation of immune responses.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 142120701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Single point estimation of glucocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes of normal subjects and of children under long term glucocorticoid treatment.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 142120702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A single point assay of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in human lymphocytes based on the measurement of specific dexamethasone binding has been developed and compared with a common multi-point Scatchard analysis.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 142120703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The assay conditions-concentration of the ligand 20 nmol/l, incubation time 2 h and the cell count 2-6 mil. cells/tube in the assay volume 0.25 ml were found to be optimal.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 142120704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An attempt was also undertaken to use a cell harvester for the separation of cells from unbound ligand.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 142120705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Though specifically bound dexamethasone measured by whole-cell assay and that using cell harvester correlated well, almost by one order lower values obtained with the latter method render it non-applicable for receptor quantitation.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 142120706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results from 9 healthy volunteers (average GR concentration 7131 +/- 1256 sites/cell) correlated excellently with those obtained by the Scatchard analysis.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 142120707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The single point assay has been also applied for determination of GH in 10 children treated with large doses of prednisone.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 142120708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The average values from healthy volunteers did not differ significantly from those found in these children, though much broader range was found in patients.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 142359101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel B cell-derived coactivator potentiates the activation of immunoglobulin promoters by octamer-binding transcription factors.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 142359102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel B cell-restricted activity, required for high levels of octamer/Oct-dependent transcription from an immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) promoter, was detected in an in vitro system consisting of HeLa cell-derived extracts complemented with fractionated B cell nuclear proteins.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 142359103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The factor responsible for this activity was designated Oct coactivator from B cells (OCA-B).@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 142359104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OCA-B stimulates the transcription from an IgH promoter in conjunction with either Oct-1 or Oct-2 but shows no significant effect on the octamer/Oct-dependent transcription of the ubiquitously expressed histone H2B promoter and the transcription of USF- and Sp1-regulated promoters.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 142359105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, our results suggest that OCA-B is a tissue-, promoter-, and factor-specific coactivator and that OCA-B may be a major determinant for B cell-specific activation of immunoglobulin promoters.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 142359106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In light of the evidence showing physical and functional interactions between Oct factors and OCA-B, we propose a mechanism of action for OCA-B and discuss the implications of OCA-B for the transcriptional regulation of other tissue-specific promoters.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 143494401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of c-fos, c-jun and jun B in peripheral blood lymphocytes from young and elderly adults.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 143494402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of c-fos, c-jun and jun B proto-oncogenes was studied in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from young and aged humans.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 143494403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific mRNAs for c-fos and c-jun were detectable within 30 min after cell activation and reached maximal levels within 2 h.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 143494404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both c-fos and jun B mRNAs decreased to pre-activation levels within 6 h, while c-jun mRNA remained elevated.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 143494405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In PHA-activated PBL, no age-related differences were observed in c-fos or jun B mRNA expression.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 143494406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, c-jun mRNA levels decreased significantly (1.73 +/- 0.08 vs. 1.16 +/- 0.09 arbitrary units, P < 0.01, young vs. old) in PBL from elderly individuals activated with PHA.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 143494407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because previous work has demonstrated that T cells from elderly individuals may display normal proliferative responses when activated via the anti-CD2 pathway, c-jun and jun B mRNA expression was also studied in anti-CD2-activated purified T cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 143494408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No age-related differences were found in the expression of either of these two proto-oncogenes by anti-CD2 activated T cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 143494409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that the decreased IL-2 production and proliferative response displayed by PHA-activated PBL from elderly adults may be related to age-related changes in c-jun mRNA expression and in the ratio of c-fos to c-jun mRNA.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 143756001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of a novel T lymphocyte protein which binds to a site related to steroid/thyroid hormone receptor response elements in the negative regulatory sequence of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 143756002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously identified a T lymphocyte protein which binds to a site within the LTR of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and exerts an inhibitory effect on virus gene expression.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 143756003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The palindromic site (site B) recognized by this protein is related to the palindromic binding sites of members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor family.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 143756004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we characterize the T cell protein binding to this site as a 100 kD protein which is most abundant in T cells and which binds to site B as a 200 kD complex.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 143756005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This protein is distinct from other members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor family including the COUP protein which has a closely related DNA binding specificity.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 144313001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Membrane receptors for aldosterone: a novel pathway for mineralocorticoid action.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 144313002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rapid nongenomic in vitro effects of aldosterone on intracellular electrolytes, cell volume, and Na(+)-H+ antiport have been found in human mononuclear leukocytes (HML).@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 144313003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of 125I-labeled aldosterone to plasma membranes of HML shares important features with these functional data.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 144313004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This includes a very low apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.1 nM for both aldosterone and the effect on the Na(+)-H(+)-antiport, a high turnover rate, and the almost exclusive binding selectivity for aldosterone.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 144313005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dexamethasone, RU 26988, corticosterone, ouabain, amiloride, and 18-hydroxyprogesterone were inactive as ligands.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 144313006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deoxycorticosterone acetate had an intermediate activity with an apparent Kd of 100 nM.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 144313007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings are the first to demonstrate membrane binding of aldosterone being compatible with major aspects of its nongenomic effects.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 145301301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SCL and related hemopoietic helix-loop-helix transcription factors.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 145301302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins are a family of transcription factors that include proteins critical to differentiation and development in species ranging from plants to mammals.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 145301303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Five members of this family (MYC, SCL, TAL-2, LYL-1 and E2A) are implicated in oncogenic events in human lymphoid tumors because of their consistent involvement in chromosomal translocations.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 145301304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although activated in T cell leukemias, expression of SCL and LYL-1 is low or undetectable in normal T cell populations.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 145301305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SCL is expressed in erythroid, megakaryocyte and mast cell populations (the same cell lineages as GATA-1, a zinc-finger transcription factor).@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 145301306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, both SCL and GATA-1 undergo coordinate modulation during chemically induced erythroid differentiation of mouse erythroleukemia cells and are down-modulated during myeloid differentiation of human K562 cells, thus implying a role for SCL in erythroid differentiation events.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 145301307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in contrast to GATA-1, SCL is expressed in the developing brain.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 145301308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies of the function of SCL suggest it is also important in proliferation and self-renewal events in erythroid cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 147205701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutations in the Pit-1 gene in children with combined pituitary hormone deficiency.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 147205702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pit-1 is a pituitary-specific transcription factor that binds to and transactivates promoters of growth hormone and prolactin genes.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 147205703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In three unrelated Japanese children with combined pituitary hormone deficiency, we identified three point mutations in the Pit-1 gene, Pro24Leu, Arg143Gln, and Arg271Trp, located on the major transactivation region, POU-specific domain, and POU-homeodomain, respectively.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 147801101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The use of interferon-gamma-treated U937 cells in chemiluminescence assays to detect red cell, platelet and granulocyte antibodies of potential clinical significance.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 147801102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The chemiluminescent (CL) response of interferon-gamma-treated U937 (IFN-U937) cells to sensitized target cells has been used to detect red cell, platelet and granulocyte antibodies.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 147801103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A clone of U937 cells was selected which expressed Fc receptor I (Fc gamma RI) and which, after incubation with IFN-gamma for 72 h, was capable of generating high levels of lucigenin-enhanced CL.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 147801104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The CL responses of IFN-U937 cells and peripheral blood human monocytes to sensitized red cells, platelets or granulocytes were then compared.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 147801105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Assays using monocytes or IFN-U937 cells were of comparable sensitivity for detection of antibodies against all three types of target cell.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 147801106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the use of IFN-U937 cells reduced interassay variation and simplified assay performance.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 147801107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The potential clinical usefulness of these CL assays was suggested by the ability of both monocytes and IFN-U937 cells to respond to red cells, platelets or granulocytes sensitized with sera from pregnant women whose babies had either haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), alloimmune thrombocytopenia or alloimmune neutropenia respectively.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 147801108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, monocytes and IFN-U937 cells both responded to red cells sensitized with antibodies against a variety of specificities of assumed (although not documented) clinical significance for blood transfusion recipients.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 147801109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, monocytes and IFN-U937 cells responded only weakly to red cells sensitized with either anti-D in sera from mothers of babies unaffected by HDN, or with antisera containing high titre antibodies with specificities not normally associated with significantly reduced red cell survival.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 148235701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Photoaffinity labeling of plasma membrane receptors for aldosterone from human mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 148235702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Non-genomic effects of aldosterone on the sodium-proton-antiport have been shown in human mononuclear leukocytes which could be related to a new aldosterone membrane receptor.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 148235703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present paper plasma membranes from human mononuclear leukocytes were covalently photolabeled with a [125I]-aldosterone derivative.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 148235704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed significant aldosterone binding at a molecular weight of approximately 50000 Dalton which was absent with 1 microM cold aldosterone, but not cortisol in the binding media.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 148235705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of the sulfhydryl agent dithiothreitol did not affect results suggesting the absence of disulfide bridges in the steroid binding domain of the receptor.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 148235706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data are the first to define the molecular weight of the membrane receptor for aldosterone.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 149337001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surrogate thyroglobulin receptors and T cell proliferation in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 149337002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunoglobulin molecules on the surface of a B lymphocyte are the endogenous "receptors" to which specific antigens bind.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 149337003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies in mice have shown that a monoclonal antibody, conjugated with palmitate to provide a lipid tail, can be inserted into the cell membrane to provide a "surrogate" antigen receptor.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 149337004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have investigated whether a palmitate conjugate of a human monoclonal antibody specific for thyroglobulin (TG) could function as a surrogate TG receptor on blood mononuclear cells separated into fractions enriched for T cells or depleted of T cells (non-T cells).@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 149337005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using flow cytometry, we detected surrogate TG receptors on non-T (but not on T) cells from 11 of 11 individuals studied (5 Hashimoto patients and 6 control donors).@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 149337006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, endogenous TG receptors could only be detected on non-T cells from 1 of 3 Hashimoto patients and from 0 of 4 control donors.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 149337007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because of the efficient binding of TG by surrogate receptors on non-T cells, we assessed the ability of such cells to present TG to T cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 149337008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proliferation in response to TG was observed in T cells from only 1 of 5 Hashimoto patients.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 149337009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This low frequency of response was no different from that previously detected using cultures of T cells and autologous dendritic cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 149337010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, the successful generation of surrogate receptors on non-T cells is not associated with more efficient TG presentation of T cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 149337011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the significance of the present study is that the T cells, not the antigen-presenting cells, are likely to be the limiting element in the T cell proliferative response to TG and other thyroid autoantigens.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 150217101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo footprint analysis of the HLA-DRA gene promoter: cell-specific interaction at the octamer site and up-regulation of X box binding by interferon gamma.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 150217102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of the major histocompatibility complex class II gene promoter DRA has previously identified at least five cis-acting regions required for maximal expression.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 150217103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined the DRA promoter for protein-DNA interactions in the intact cell, which may mediate transcriptional activation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 150217104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using in vivo genomic footprinting we identified interactions in B-cell lines at the octamer site and the Y, X1, and X2 boxes.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 150217105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Class II antigen expressing T-cell lines maintained contacts identical to B-cell lines, while class II-negative T-cell lines exhibited no interactions.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 150217106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In lymphoid cell lines, the octamer site is occupied and required for maximal expression.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 150217107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is most likely due to the presence of the lymphoid-specific OTF-2 factor.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 150217108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the class II-positive nonlymphoid glioblastoma cell line does not exhibit interactions at the octamer site despite the presence of the ubiquitous OTF-1 factor and an open binding site.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 150217109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the DRA promoter discriminates against OTF-1 activation at the level of DNA binding in the glioblastoma line.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 150217110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferon gamma induces class II expression in this glioblastoma cell line and, in parallel, up-regulates X1 and X2 box protein-DNA interactions, while all other interactions remain unchanged.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 150217111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that interferon gamma functions on a poised promoter by altering weak, nonproductive interactions at the X boxes to strong interactions.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 150217112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings provide direct in vivo evidence to strongly suggest that the modulation of X1 and X2 interactions is an important constituent of the interferon gamma induction pathway.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 151081101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bcl-2: a repressor of lymphocyte death.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 151081102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The genes and mechanisms that control programmed cell death are currently the subject of intense study.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 151081103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The bcl-2 gene, a repressor of lymphocyte death, is perhaps the best understood of the programmed cell death associated genes.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 151081104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, Stanley Korsmeyer provides a brief overview of bcl-2, concentrating on its roles in B- and T-cell development and in oncogenesis.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 151682501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pax-5 encodes the transcription factor BSAP and is expressed in B lymphocytes, the developing CNS, and adult testis.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 151682502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BSAP has been identified previously as a transcription factor that is expressed at early, but not late, stages of B-cell differentiation.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 151682503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Biochemical purification and cDNA cloning has now revealed that BSAP belongs to the family of paired domain proteins.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 151682504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BSAP is encoded by the Pax-5 gene and has been highly conserved between human and mouse.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 151682505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An intact paired domain was shown to be both necessary and sufficient for DNA binding of BSAP.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 151682506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding studies with several BSAP recognition sequences demonstrated that the sequence specificity of BSAP differs from that of the distantly related paired domain protein Pax-1.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 151682507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During embryogenesis, the BSAP gene is transiently expressed in the mesencephalon and spinal cord with a spatial and temporal expression pattern that is distinct from that of other Pax genes in the developing central nervous system (CNS).@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 151682508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Later, the expression of the BSAP gene shifts to the fetal liver where it correlates with the onset of B lymphopoiesis.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 151682509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BSAP expression persists in B lymphocytes and is also seen in the testis of the adult mouse.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 151682510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All of this evidence indicates that the transcription factor BSAP may not only play an important role in B-cell differentiation but also in neural development and spermatogenesis.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 153322701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies on the biological activity of triiodothyronine sulfate.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 153322702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hepatic microsomes and isolated hepatocytes in short term culture desulfate T3 sulfate (T3SO4).@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 153322703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We, therefore, wished to determine whether T3SO4 could mimic the action of thyroid hormone in vitro.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 153322704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T3SO4 had no thyromimetic effect on the activity of Ca(2+)-ATPase in human erythrocyte membranes at doses up to 10,000 times the maximally effective dose of T3 (10(-10) mol/L).@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 153322705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In GH4C1 pituitary cells, T3SO4 failed to displace [125I]T3 from nuclear receptors in intact cells or soluble preparations.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 153322706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, T3SO4 was not directly thyromimetic in either an isolated human membrane system or a pituitary cell system in which nuclear receptor occupancy correlates with GH synthesis.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 153322707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thyroid hormones inhibit [3H]glycosaminoglycan synthesis by cultured human dermal fibroblasts, and T3SO4 displayed about 0.5% the activity of T3 at 72 h.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 153322708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human fibroblasts contained roughly the same level of microsomal p-nitrophenyl sulfatase activity as that previously observed in hepatic microsomes.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 153322709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Propylthiouracil (50 mumol/L) did not affect the action of T3SO4, suggesting that deiodination was not important for this activity of T3SO4.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 153322710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, it appears T3SO4 has no intrinsic biological activity, but, under certain circumstances, may be reactivated by desulfation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 153344101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factor of activated T cells contains Fos and Jun.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 153344102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The nuclear factor NF-AT (ref. 1) is induced in T cells stimulated through the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex, and is required for interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene induction.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 153344103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although NF-AT has not been cloned or purified, there is evidence that it is a major target for immunosuppression by cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 (refs 2-7).@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 153344104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-AT induction may require two activation-dependent events: the CsA-sensitive translocation of a pre-existing component and the CsA-resistant synthesis of a nuclear component.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 153344105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that the newly synthesized nuclear component of NF-AT is the transcription factor AP-1.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 153344106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that the inducible nuclear form of NF-AT contains Fos and Jun proteins.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 153344107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we identify a pre-existing NF-AT-binding factor that is present in hypotonic extracts of unstimulated T cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 153344108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the basis of binding, reconstitution and cotransfection experiments, we propose that activation of NF-AT occurs in at least two stages: a CsA-sensitive stage involving modification and/or translocation of the pre-existing NF-AT complex, and a CsA-insensitive stage involving the addition of newly synthesized Fos or Fos/Jun proteins to the pre-existing complex.@@@@1@56@@oe@19-12-2010 153545501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytoplasmic domain heterogeneity and functions of IgG Fc receptors in B lymphocytes.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 153545502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B lymphocytes and macrophages express closely related immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptors (Fc gamma RII) that differ only in the structures of their cytoplasmic domains.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 153545503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because of cell type-specific alternative messenger RNA splicing, B-cell Fc gamma RII contains an insertion of 47 amino acids that participates in determining receptor function in these cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 153545504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection of an Fc gamma RII-negative B-cell line with complementary DNA's encoding the two splice products and various receptor mutants indicated that the insertion was responsible for preventing both Fc gamma RII-mediated endocytosis and Fc gamma RII-mediated antigen presentation.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 153545505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The insertion was not required for Fc gamma RII to modulate surface immunoglobulin-triggered B-cell activation.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 153545506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Instead, regulation of activation involved a region of the cytoplasmic domain common to both the lymphocyte and macrophage receptor isoforms.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 153545507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the insertion did contribute to the formation of caps in response to receptor cross-linking, consistent with suggestions that the lymphocyte but not macrophage form of the receptor can associate with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 154578701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@cis-acting sequences required for inducible interleukin-2 enhancer function bind a novel Ets-related protein, Elf-1.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 154578702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The recent definition of a consensus DNA binding sequence for the Ets family of transcription factors has allowed the identification of potential Ets binding sites in the promoters and enhancers of many inducible T-cell genes.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 154578703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the studies described in this report, we have identified two potential Ets binding sites, EBS1 and EBS2, which are conserved in both the human and murine interleukin-2 enhancers.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 154578704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within the human enhancer, these two sites are located within the previously defined DNase I footprints, NFAT-1 and NFIL-2B, respectively.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 154578705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift and methylation interference analyses demonstrated that EBS1 and EBS2 are essential for the formation of the NFAT-1 and NFIL-2B nuclear protein complexes.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 154578706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, in vitro mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that inducible interleukin-2 enhancer function requires the presence of either EBS1 or EBS2.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 154578707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two well-characterized Ets family members, Ets-1 and Ets-2, are reciprocally expressed during T-cell activation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 154578708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surprisingly, however, neither of these proteins bound in vitro to EBS1 or EBS2.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 154578709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We therefore screened a T-cell cDNA library under low-stringency conditions with a probe from the DNA binding domain of Ets-1 and isolated a novel Ets family member, Elf-1.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 154578710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elf-1 contains a DNA binding domain that is nearly identical to that of E74, the ecdysone-inducible Drosophila transcription factor required for metamorphosis (hence the name Elf-1, for E74-like factor 1).@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 154578711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elf-1 bound specifically to both EBS1 and EBS2 in electrophoretic mobility shift assays.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 154578712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It also bound to the purine-rich CD3R element from the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 long terminal repeat, which is required for inducible virus expression in response to signalling through the T-cell receptor.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 154578713@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these results demonstrate that multiple Ets family members with apparently distinct DNA binding specificities regulate differential gene expression in resting and activated T cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 155750801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptor binding in three different cell types in major depressive disorder: lack of evidence of receptor binding defect.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 155750802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1. In order to further understand the apparent glucocorticoid resistance in major depressive disorder, circadian variation in cortisol concentration, dexamethasone suppression and glucocorticoid receptor binding in mononuclear leukocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts were measured in rigidly defined major depressive disorder patients and non-depressed psychiatric controls.@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 155750803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@2. Mononuclear leukocytes binding to glucocorticoid correlated significantly with polymorphonuclear leukocytes binding to glucocorticoid, but both determinations failed to differentiate major depressive disorder and control subjects.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 155750804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@3. Initial and post-dexamethasone in vitro fibroblast binding to glucocorticoid was not different between major depressive disorder and non-depressed control subjects.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 155750805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@4. The phenomenon of glucocorticoid resistance in major depressive disorder remains unexplained.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 156683401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Corticosteroid receptors and lymphocyte subsets in mononuclear leukocytes in aging.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 156683402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Plasma cortisol and aldosterone levels and number of related receptors in mononuclear leukocytes were measured in 49 healthy aged subjects (62-97 yr) and in 21 adult controls (21-50 yr).@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 156683403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In all subjects, in addition, lymphocyte subsets were determined as an index of corticosteroid action.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 156683404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mean number of type I and type II receptors was significantly lower in aged subjects than in controls (respectively, 198 +/- 96 and 272 +/- 97 receptors/cell for type I, and 1,794 +/- 803 and 3,339 +/- 918 for type II receptors).@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 156683405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Plasma aldosterone and cortisol and lymphocyte subsets were not different in the two groups.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 156683406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All of the parameters were also tested for correlation, and a significant inverse correlation was found between age and type I and type II receptors when all subjects were plotted and between aged and CD4 and age and CD4/CD8 in the aged group.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 156683407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data show that aged subjects have reductions of corticosteroid receptors that are not associated with increase of related steroids and that this situation probably represents a concomitant of the normal aging process.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 160382201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eicosanoids in breast cancer patients before and after mastectomy.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 160382202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In 19 patients with a malignant breast tumor, tumor tissue and blood were taken to determine the eicosanoid profile and platelet aggregation.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 160382203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Values were compared with those of patients with benign tumors (n = 4), or undergoing a mammary reduction (n = 7).@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 160382204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Postoperatively, blood was taken as well in order to compare pre- and postoperative values.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 160382205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eicosanoids were measured in peripheral blood monocytes and mammary tissue by means of HPLC; furthermore, TXA2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, and PGE2 were determined by RIA.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 160382206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differences in pre- and postoperative values of cancer patients were seen in plasma RIA values: PGE2 and 6-k-PGF1 alpha were significantly higher preoperatively when compared with postoperatively, however, such differences were seen in the control groups as well.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 160382207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Compared to benign tumor or mammary reduction test material the eicosanoid profile of tissue obtained from malignant mammary tumors showed important differences.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 160382208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Except for PGF2 alpha, HHT and 15-HETE no detectable quantities of eicosanoids were found in the non-tumor material, whereas in the malignant tumor material substantial quantities of a number of eicosanoid metabolites were present.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 160382209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Statistically significant correlations could be established between patient/histopathology data and the results of the platelet aggregation assays, e.g. between menopausal status and ADP aggregation; oestrogen receptor (+/-) and collagen and arachidonic acid aggregation, inflammatory cell infiltration score and arachidonic acid aggregation and fibrosis score and ADP aggregation.@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 160382210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results show that eicosanoid synthesis in material from mammary cancer patients is different from that in benign mammary tissue.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 160382211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The implications, in particular, in relation to future prognosis of the patient, remain obscure.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 161369701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-myc mRNA expression in minor salivary glands of patients with Sjogren's syndrome.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 161369702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-myc protooncogene is implicated in the pathogenesis of B cell lymphoid malignancies and high levels of c-myc mRNA expression are observed in activated blood mononuclear cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 161369703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is characterized by lymphocytic infiltrates of exocrine glands, remarkable B cell hyperreactivity and a strong predisposition to B cell neoplasia.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 161369704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, c-myc protooncogene mRNA expression in 29 labial minor salivary gland biopsies from patients with primary SS and 15 controls was examined using in situ hybridization histochemistry.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 161369705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two 40mer oligonucleotides from the 1st and the 2nd exon of the c-myc gene, labeled with 35S, were used as probes.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 161369706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To detect the origin of the cell hybridized with a c-myc probe, a combined immunochemistry in situ hybridization histochemistry technique was used.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 161369707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High c-myc mRNA expression was detected on acinar epithelial cells.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 161369708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-myc did not correlate with c-fos and c-jun protein expression.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 161369709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stronger c-myc mRNA expression was detected in labial salivary glands of patients with longer disease duration (p less than or equal to 0.002) and more intense T lymphocyte infiltrates (p less than 0.05) although these patients revealed no hypergammaglobulinemia.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 161369710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No correlation was observed between c-myc mRNA and B lymphocyte monoclonicity or lymphoma.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 161369711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, strong c-myc mRNA expression was observed on epithelial cells of labial salivary glands from patients with primary SS.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 161369712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our findings may indicate the presence of a reactivated virus hosted in these cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 162111001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Changes in plasma interleukin-1 and their possible relationship with the changes in glucocorticoid receptor in aged long-distance runner]@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 162111002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For the study of the changes in plasma interleukin-1 (IL-1) and their possible relationship with the changes in glucocorticoid receptor (GR), plasma IL-1 and GR in peripheral blood leukocytes in aged long-distance runner were measured simultaneously.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 162111003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activity of IL-1 was expressed as its ability to stimulate 3H-TdR incorporation in the thymocytes of C57 mice.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 162111004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GR was determined by whole cell assay with 3H-Dex.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 162111005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results showed that the activity of plasma IL-1 in aged long-distance runner was 209%, 223% and 145% of the control at 14.7-18.7, 3.8-7.0 and 1.5-2.6 KD fractions.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 162111006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GR in peripheral blood leukocytes in aged runner was 65% of the control.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 162111007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Possible relationship between the changes in IL-1 and GR in aged long-distance runner and its physiological significance are discussed.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 163113001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell cycle-dependent initiation and lineage-dependent abrogation of GATA-1 expression in pure differentiating hematopoietic progenitors.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 163113002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The programmed activation/repression of transcription factors in early hematopoietic differentiation has not yet been explored.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 163113003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The DNA-binding protein GATA-1 is required for normal erythroid development and regulates erythroid-expressed genes in maturing erythroblasts.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 163113004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We analyzed GATA-1 expression in early human adult hematopoiesis by using an in vitro system in which "pure" early hematopoietic progenitors are induced to gradual and synchronized differentiation selectively along the erythroid or granulocyte-macrophage pathway by differential treatment with hematopoietic growth factors.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 163113005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GATA-1 gene, though virtually silent in quiescent progenitors, is activated after entrance into the cell cycle upon stimulation with hematopoietic growth factors.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 163113006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Subsequently, increasing expression along the erythroid pathway contrasts with an abrupt downregulation in the granulocyte-macrophage lineage.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 163113007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest a microenvironment-directed, two-step model for GATA-1 expression in differentiating hematopoietic progenitors that involves (i) cycle-dependent initiation and (ii) lineage-dependent maintenance or suppression.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 163113008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hypothetically, on/off switches of lineage-restricted transactivators may underlie the binary fate decisions of hematopoietic progenitors.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 164658301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors on alveolar lymphocytes from patients with pulmonary granulomatous diseases.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 164658302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25(OH)2D3 is known to be produced at sites of granulomatous reactions.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 164658303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to characterize the cell types that are targets for this immunoregulatory hormone, we have evaluated the expression of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors on peripheral blood T-lymphocytes and those recovered from the lung by bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with pulmonary granulomatous diseases (tuberculosis and sarcoidosis) and from normal control subjects using combined autoradiographic and immunohistochemical techniques.@@@@1@59@@oe@19-12-2010 164658304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lavage T-lymphocytes from patients with tuberculosis or with sarcoidosis, but not those from normal control subjects, expressed 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors as demonstrated by binding of [3H]1,25(OH)2D3, which was inhibited by the presence of excess unlabeled 1,25(OH)2D3, but not by the presence of unlabeled 25(OH)D3 (receptor-positive lymphocytes: sarcoidosis, 20 +/- 12%; tuberculosis, 31 +/- 17%).@@@@1@66@@oe@19-12-2010 164658305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, blood lymphocytes from patients with granulomatous diseases did not express detectable 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 164658306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The percentage of lavage T-lymphocytes expressing 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors was significantly greater for patients with tuberculosis presenting with isolated hilar adenopathy than for patients with pulmonary infiltrates and/or cavities.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 164658307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25(OH)2D3 receptors were expressed to a greater extent on CD8+ T-lymphocytes than on CD4+ T-lymphocytes in sarcoidosis, whereas a greater proportion of CD4+ than of CD8+ T-lymphocytes from patients with tuberculosis were receptor-positive.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 164658308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings support the conclusion that the interaction of 1,25(OH)2D3 with its receptor on T-lymphocytes may play an important role in the regulation of granulomatous reactions, but because these receptors are expressed on different lymphocyte populations, the net effect of this potent immunoregulatory molecule is likely different in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 164843001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Severe 5-fluorouracil toxicity secondary to dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 164843002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A potentially more common pharmacogenetic syndrome.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 164843003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study describes the inheritance of a defect in pyrimidine catabolism and its association with drug-induced toxicity in a patient receiving 5-fluorouracil (FUra) as adjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 164843004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The study population included the affected patient (proband), nine of her blood relatives, and seven healthy volunteers.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 164843005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the initial enzyme of pyrimidine (and FUra) catabolism, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured in each subject by a specific radiometric assay using FUra as the substrate.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 164843006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The proband had no detectable DPD activity.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 164843007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When enzyme levels in the proband and relatives were compared with that in controls, an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance was demonstrated.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 164843008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is the third patient with severe FUra toxicity secondary to an alteration in pyrimidine catabolism and the second from our clinic population suggesting that the frequency of this genetic defect may be greater than previously thought.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 164843009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monitoring DPD activity may be important in the management of patients experiencing severe toxicity secondary to FUra chemotherapy.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 164870601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Differential diagnostic value of receptors of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) determination in lymphocytes of children with rickets and rickets-like diseases]@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 164870602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The authors provide the results of studying 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) in lymphocytes of children with rickets and rickets-like diseases.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 164870603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is proposed that the character of their expression under the influence of vitamin D may be used with differential diagnostic purposes in view.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 165047701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus 1 replication in monocytes by 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 165047702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) expression and replication are under tight regulatory control.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 165047703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3] enhances the replication of monocyte- and lymphocyte-tropic strains of HIV-1 up to 10,000-fold in monocyte cell lines, peripheral blood monocytes, and unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 165047704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25(OH)2D3 is therefore one of the most potent regulators of HIV-1 replication described to date.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 165047705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Precursors of 1,25(OH)2D3 enhance HIV-1 replication in proportion to their affinity for the 1,25(OH)2D3 intracellular receptor, suggesting that 1,25(OH)2D3 influences HIV-1 replication by mechanisms involving this receptor.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 165047706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies may have important implications for the design of effective therapy of HIV-1 infection.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 165260301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor binding during depression and after clinical recovery.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 165260302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor binding parameters were studied in 15 severely depressed patients during depression and after clinical recovery, and in 15 healthy controls.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 165260303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was no difference in glucocorticoid receptor number or affinity between depressed patients and recovered or control subjects.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 165260304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Afternoon ACTH and cortisol concentrations did not differ significantly between the three groups.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 165260305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No relationship could be established between glucocorticoid receptor binding and antidepressant medication.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 165260306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data support the view of an impaired ligand-induced plasticity of glucocorticoid receptor regulation rather than the hypothesis of decreased glucocorticoid receptor numbers during depression.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 165644101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Demonstration of a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-responsive protein in human lymphocytes: immunologic crossreactivity and inverse regulation with the vitamin D receptor.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 165644102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using Western blot analysis with a monoclonal antibody recognizing a 17-amino acid epitope of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]receptor, we have detected two crossreacting proteins in activated normal human lymphocytes.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 165644103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The smaller of the two proteins (50 kDa) was indistinguishable from the classical 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor and, similar to the classical 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor, was upregulated in a dose-dependent fashion by 1,25(OH)2D3.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 165644104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The larger crossreacting protein exhibited an electrophoretic mobility of 80 kDa, was localized in the cell cytosol, and appeared to be specific for activated lymphocytes since it was not detected in several other human cells including monocytes.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 165644105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@More strikingly, the 80-kDa protein was downregulated in a dose-dependent fashion by 1,25(OH)2D3; this effect was independent of the mode of lymphocyte activation and specific for the 1,25(OH)2D3 metabolite of vitamin D3.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 165644106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, two potent immunosuppressive agents, glucocorticoids and cyclosporin A, also inhibited the 80-kDa protein.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 166041401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elevated glucocorticoid receptor concentrations before and after glucocorticoid therapy in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes of patients with atopic dermatitis.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 166041402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number and affinity of glucocorticoid binding sites in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and healthy controls were determined under baseline conditions and after a defined oral glucocorticoid treatment.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 166041403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Patients with AD (n = 15) exhibited significantly more glucocorticoid receptors (GR) per cell than the control group (n = 22), while the GR affinity did not differ.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 166041404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Methylprednisolone treatment resulted in a significant reduction of the GR sites per cell in the steroid-treated control group (n = 10) in contrast to the patients.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 166041405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The dissociation constant was not affected by methylprednisolone treatment in either group.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 166041406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In view of the therapeutic efficiency of glucocorticoids in AD and findings of abnormal cAMP and cAMP-phosphodiesterase activity, the elevated GR concentrations in AD lend support to the hypothesis of a compensatory GR upregulation due to an insufficient action of endogenous cortisol or to altered cAMP-induced GR expression.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 166249601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High affinity aldosterone binding to plasma membrane rich fractions from mononuclear leukocytes: is there a membrane receptor for mineralocorticoids?@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 166249602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro effects of aldosterone on the intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and calcium, cell volume and the sodium-proton-antiport have been described in intact human mononuclear leukocytes (HML).@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 166249603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present paper, the binding of a [125I]-labeled aldosterone derivative to plasma membrane rich fractions of HML was studied.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 166249604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High affinity binding of the radioligand with an apparent Kd of approximately 0.1 nM was found.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 166249605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Aldosterone displaced the tracer at a similar Kd.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 166249606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both canrenone and cortisol were inactive as ligands up to concentrations of 0.1 microM.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 166249607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The findings are the first to demonstrate membrane binding sites with a high affinity for aldosterone, but not for cortisol.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 166249608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data are perfectly compatible with major properties of steroidal effects on the sodium-proton-antiport in HML and thus very likely represent membrane receptors for aldosterone.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 167060601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of human CD4 T lymphocytes.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 167060602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interaction of fibronectin with VLA-5 receptor on CD4 cells induces the AP-1 transcription factor.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 167060603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fibronectin synergized with anti-CD3 antibody to promote CD4 cell proliferation in a serum-free culture system whereas no proliferation was observed when CD4 cells were cultured with anti-CD3 alone or fibronectin alone.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 167060604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, anti-CD29 (integrin beta 1) as well as anti-VLA-5 (human fibronectin receptor) antibodies blocked this CD4 cell activation in this system.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 167060605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although anti-CD3 alone or fibronectin alone cannot induce IL-2 message by CD4 cells, the combination of anti-CD3 plus fibronectin induced IL-2 message by CD4 cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 167060606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an analysis of the molecular mechanism by which IL-2 message was generated, we showed that a fibronectin-VLA-5 fibronectin receptor interaction may contribute an independent signal distinct from the CD3 pathway of activation by the induction of an AP-1 transcriptional factor.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 167060607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus the VLA-5 fibronectin receptor on CD4 cells can play a complementary role in CD3-TCR-mediated signal transduction through its interaction with fibronectin.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 167244201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The functional domains of the murine Thy-1 gene promoter.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 167244202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Thy-1 gene promoter resembles a "housekeeping" promoter in that it is located within a methylation-free island, lacks a canonical TATA box, and displays heterogeneity in the 5'-end termini of the mRNA.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 167244203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using transgenic mice, we show that this promoter does not confer any tissue specificity and is active only in a position-dependent manner.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 167244204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It can only be activated in a tissue-specific manner by elements that lie downstream of the initiation site.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 167244205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have analyzed the functional domains of the minimal Thy-1 promoter and show that the dominant promoter elements consist of multiple binding sites for the transcription factor Sp1, an inverted CCAAT box, and sequences proximal to the transcription start site.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 167244206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNase I and gel mobility shift assays show the binding of a number of nuclear factors to these elements, including Sp1 and CP1.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 167244207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results show that the structure of this promoter only permits productive interactions of the two transcription factors Sp1 and CP1 with the basal transcription machinery in the presence of enhancer sequences.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 167659701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning of a human homeobox gene that resembles a diverged Drosophila homeobox gene and is expressed in activated lymphocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 167659702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A new homeobox gene, HB24, has been isolated from a human B-lymphocyte cDNA library.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 167659703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot analysis of polyadenylated RNA purified from activated human B cells revealed a single mRNA transcript of approximately 2.3 kb.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 167659704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two cDNA clones were sequenced and provided 2,250 nucleotides (nt) of DNA sequence information.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 167659705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There is a single methionine codon-initiated open reading frame of 1,458 nt in frame with a homeobox and a CAX repeat, and the open reading frame is predicted to encode a protein of 51,659 daltons.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 167659706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When the homeodomain from HB24 was compared to known mammalian and Drosophila homeodomains it was found to be only moderately conserved, but when it was compared to a highly diverged Drosophila homeodomain, H2.0, it was found to be 80% identical.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 167659707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The HB24 mRNA was absent or present at low levels in normal B and T lymphocytes; however, with the appropriate activation signal HB24 mRNA was induced within several hours even in the presence of cycloheximide.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 167659708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of HB24 expression in lymphoid and select developing tissues was performed by in situ hybridization.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 167659709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Positive hybridization was found in thymus, tonsil, bone marrow, developing vessels, and in fetal brain.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 167659710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HB24 is likely to have an important role in lymphocytes as well as in certain developing tissues.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 169234801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mapping of B-cell epitopes of the human hepatitis B virus X protein.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 169234802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immune response to the X protein of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) was studied by epitope mapping by using a set of MS2-HBx fusion proteins and synthetic peptides.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 169234803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antibodies in sera of patients with acute and chronic HBV infection showed a multispecific immune response.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 169234804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Each serum contained antibodies to a different set of epitopes, which taken together cover most of the HBx sequence.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 169234805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some of the epitopes were detectable only by immunoblotting with fusion proteins; others were detectable only by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with synthetic peptides.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 169234806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The carboxy-terminal half of the HBx protein was preferentially recognized by antibodies from patients with chronic hepatitis and contained a short immunodominant antigenic region with at least two major nonoverlapping epitopes.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 169234807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anti-HBx antibody titers as revealed by peptide ELISAs were highest and most frequent in patients with chronic hepatitis and usually low in acutely infected patients and asymptomatic carriers.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 169234808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data demonstrate a remarkable qualitative and quantitative heterogeneity of the humoral HBx immune response which can be monitored by HBx-specific peptide ELISAs.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 169234809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such tests may become useful diagnostic tools.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 169537801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Complementary DNA encoding the human T-cell FK506-binding protein, a peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase distinct from cyclophilin.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 169537802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The recently discovered macrolide FK506 has been demonstrated to have potent immunosuppressive activity at concentrations 100-fold lower than cyclosporin A, a cyclic undecapeptide that is used to prevent rejection after transplantation of bone marrow and organs, such as kidney, heart, and liver.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 169537803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After the recent discovery that the cyclosporin A-binding protein cyclophilin is identical to peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase, a cellular binding protein for FK506 was found to be distinct from cyclophilin but to have the same enzymatic activity.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 169537804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we isolated a cDNA coding for FK506-binding protein (FKBP) from human peripheral blood T cells by using mixed 20-mer oligonucleotide probes synthesized on the basis of the sequence, Glu-Asp-Gly-Lys-Lys-Phe-Asp, reported for bovine FKBP.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 169537805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The DNA isolated contained an open reading frame encoding 108 amino acid residues.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 169537806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The first 40 residues of the deduced amino acid sequence were identical to those of the reported amino-terminal sequence of bovine FKBP, indicating that the DNA sequence isolated represents the gene coding for FKBP.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 169537807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Computer-assisted analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence indicates that FKBP exhibits no internal homology and does not have significant sequence similarity to any other amino acid sequences of known proteins, including cyclophilin.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 169537808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This result suggests that two catalytically similar proteins, cyclophilin and FKBP, evolved independently.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 169537809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In Northern blot analysis, mRNA species of approximately 1.8 kilobases that hybridized with human FKBP cDNA were detected in poly(A)+ RNAs from brain, lung, liver, and placental cells and leukocytes.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 169537810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of Jurkat leukemic T cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin did not affect the level of FKBP mRNA.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 169537811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Southern blot analysis of human genomic DNA digested with different restriction enzymes suggests the existence of only a few copies of the DNA sequence encoding FKBP.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 169537812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is in contrast to the result that as many as 20 copies of the cyclophilin gene and possible pseudogenes may be present in the mammalian genome.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 170238401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The actions of cyclosporin A and FK506 suggest a novel step in the activation of T lymphocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 170238402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cyclosporin A and FK506 are immunosuppressive compounds that have similar inhibitory effects on the expression of several lymphokines produced by T lymphocytes.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 170238403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Despite their similar effects the drugs bind to two different cytosolic protein, cyclophilin and FKBP respectively, which raises the possibility that they have different modes of action.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 170238404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using constructs in which mRNA production controlled by a specific transcription factor could be readily measured we found that both cyclosporin A and FK506 completely inhibited transcription activated by NF-AT, NFIL2 A, NFIL2 B and partially inhibited transcription activated by NF kappa B.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 170238405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cyclosporin A and FK506 inhibited only transcriptional activation that was dependent on Ca2+ mobilization.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 170238406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, cyclosporin A and FK506 did not inhibit Ca2+ mobilization dependent expression of c-fos mRNA indicating that only a subset of signalling pathways regulated by Ca2+ is sensitive to these drugs.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 170238407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we did not observe any qualitative differences between the effect of cyclosporin A and FK506 on six different transcription factors which suggests that these drugs may interfere with the activity of a novel Ca2+ dependent step that regulates several transcription factors.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 170583601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor RNA: expression in hematopoietic cells.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 170583602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] induces differentiation and inhibits proliferation of myeloid leukemic cells from various lines and patients; these effects are probably mediated through the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 170583603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Little is known of expression of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA in hematopoietic cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 170583604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We examined the expression and modulation of expression of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA in various proliferating and nonproliferating hematopoietic cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 170583605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive expression of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA was detected in various kinds of hematopoietic cells, including macrophages and activated T lymphocytes, as well as in cell lines KG-1 (myeloblasts), HL-60 (promyelocytes), ML-3 (myelomonoblasts), U937, THP-1 (monoblasts), K562 (erythroblasts), and S-LB1 (HTLV-1-transfected T lymphocytes).@@@@1@63@@oe@19-12-2010 170583606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Receptor transcripts were 4.6 kilobases (kb), and no variant sizes were observed.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 170583607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All cell lines examined in this group also expressed 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 170583608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Most B lymphocyte lines expressed negligible levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA and protein; however; analysis of a lymphoid/myeloid somatic hybrid suggested that suppression of expression of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA in B lymphocytes may be a dominant characteristic.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 170583609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HL-60 cells were cultured with 10(-7) mol/L 1,25(OH)2D3 for 24 to 72 hours, and levels of expression of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor and its RNA were examined.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 170583610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Levels of RNA coding for the receptor were not modulated by exposure to high levels of ligand.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 170583611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Levels of occupied 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor protein increased in these HL-60 cells; but the total number of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors decreased about 50% at 24 hours and returned toward normal at 72 hours.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 170583612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Steady-state levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA were not affected by terminal differentiation of HL-60 toward either granulocytes or macrophages.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 170583613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nondividing macrophages from normal individuals also expressed 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 170583614@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, nondividing peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal individuals did not express 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA; with stimulation of proliferation of these cells, accumulation of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA increased markedly.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 170583615@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Half-life (t1/2) of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA in T lymphocytes was short (1 hour) as determined by measuring decay of the message after addition of actinomycin D.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 170583616@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with this short t1/2, accumulation of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor RNA increased in cells as their protein synthesis was inhibited.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 170583617@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further studies are required to understand the physiologic role of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors in myeloid cells and proliferating T lymphocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 170702701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immune response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to HBx-antigen of hepatitis B virus.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 170702702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The hepatitis B virus genome encodes a transcriptional transactivator protein designated HBxAg.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 170702703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have investigated whether this antigen is a target structure for human T-lymphocytes.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 170702704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using recombinant HBxAg protein, we found HBxAg-specific stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with acute hepatitis B virus infection (6 of 6) and chronic hepatitis B virus infection (6 of 17) but not in healthy individuals.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 170702705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@With HBxAg-specific synthetic polypeptides, several T-cell epitopes were identified.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 170702706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Most were located in the carboxyterminal half of the HBxAg protein.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 170702707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Five T-cell clones specific for a T-cell epitope located at the carboxyterminal region of HBxAg were established and found to belong to the CD2/CD4-positive, CD8-negative subtype.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 170702708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data establish for the first time HBxAg as an antigen in the cellular immune response.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 171737701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To be or not to be a responder in T-cell responses: ubiquitous oligopeptides in all proteins.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 171737702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Amino acid sequences of all proteins are essays written in the same language.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 171737703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Accordingly, the same set of words and phrases (oligopeptides) appear in totally unrelated proteins.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 171737704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The reason that only certain individuals of particular major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes can mount T-cell responses against a given antigen of pathogens is found in the fact that T-cell receptors are designed to recognize 18-20 residue-long peptide fragments sandwiched between two alpha-helices of class I or class II MHC molecules.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 171737705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At this range of peptide lengths, most would appear as self, while nonselfness of the remainders are destined to be quite ambiguous, hence creating responders and nonresponders.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 171802501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T-helper-cell determinants in protein antigens are preferentially located in cysteine-rich antigen segments resistant to proteolytic cleavage by cathepsin B, L, and D.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 171802502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report on a computer algorithm capable of predicting the location of T-helper-cell epitopes in protein antigen (Ag) by analysing the Ag amino acid sequence.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 171802503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The algorithm was constructed with the aim of identifying segments in Ag which are resistant to proteolytic degradation by the enzymes cathepsin B, L, and D.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 171802504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These are prominent enzymes in the endocytic pathway through which soluble protein Ag enter APC, and resistant segments in Ag may, therefore, be expected to contain more T-cell determinants than susceptible segments.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 171802505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From information available in the literature on the substrate specificity of the three enzymes, it is clear that a cysteine is not accepted in any of the S2, S1, S1', and S2' subsites of cathepsin B and L, and not in the S1 and S1' subsites of cathepsin D.@@@@1@55@@oe@19-12-2010 171802506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, we have noticed that cysteine-containing T-cell determinants in a number of protein Ag are particularly rich in the amino acids alanine, glycine, lysine, leucine, serine, threonine, and valine.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 171802507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By searching protein Ag for clusters of amino acids containing cysteine and two of the other amino acids we were able to predict 17 out of 23 empirically known T-cell determinants in the Ag with a relatively low number of false (positive) predictions.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 171802508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we present a new principle for searching Ag for potential amphipatic alpha-helical protein segments.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 171802509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such segments accord well with empirically known T-cell determinants and our algorithm produces a lower number of false positive predictions than the principle based on discrete Fourier transformations previously described.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 171907701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Charybdotoxin-sensitive, Ca(2+)-dependent membrane potential changes are not involved in human T or B cell activation and proliferation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 171907702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The involvement of ion channels in B and T lymphocyte activation is supported by many reports of changes in ion fluxes and membrane potential after mitogen binding.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 171907703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T and B lymphocytes demonstrate an early and transient hyperpolarization after ligand binding.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 171907704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inasmuch as the change in membrane potential is dependent on elevation of free cytosolic calcium, the hyperpolarization is presumably through opening of Ca(2+)-stimulated K+ channels.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 171907705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have used charybdotoxin, a known inhibitor of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels, to study the role of these channels in lymphocyte activation and mitogenesis.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 171907706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that charybdotoxin inhibits the ligand-induced transient membrane hyperpolarization in B and T cells in a dose-dependent fashion, without affecting changes in cytosolic Ca2+.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 171907707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, blockade of the Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel is not associated with changes in cell-cycle gene activation, IL-2 production, IL-2R expression or B and T cell mitogenesis.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 171907708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results imply that membrane potential changes secondary to the ligand-dependent opening of Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels are not involved in B and T lymphocyte activation and mitogenesis.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 173486501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel primer extension method to detect the number of CAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene in families with X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 173486502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), an adult-onset form of motor neuron disease, was recently reported to be caused by amplification of the CAG repeats in the androgen receptor gene.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 173486503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report here a simple and rapid strategy to detect the precise number of the CAGs.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 173486504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After the DNA fragment containing the CAG repeats is amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, a primer extension is carried out; the extension of the end-labelled reverse primer adjacent to 3' end of CAG repeats stops at the first T after CAG repeats with the incorporation of dideoxy ATP in the reaction mixture.@@@@1@56@@oe@19-12-2010 173486505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The resultant primer products are analysed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 173486506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This method could be quite useful to detect not only CAG repeats in SBMA but also other polymorphic dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 173494601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Influence of estradiol and tamoxifen on susceptibility of human breast cancer cell lines to lysis by lymphokine-activated killer cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 173494602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The design of combination hormonal and immunotherapeutic protocols for breast cancer patients may be facilitated by analysis of preclinical in vitro model systems.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 173494603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogen receptor positive (ER+: MCF-7) and negative (ER-: MDA-MB-231) human breast cancer cell lines were utilized to evaluate the effects of tamoxifen (TAM) and estradiol (E2) on modulation of breast cancer target susceptibility to lysis by lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells.@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 173494604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E2-stimulated ER+ cells were more susceptible to lysis by LAK cells than corresponding TAM-treated or control cells, while treatment of ER- cells with either E2 or TAM alone did not alter from control their susceptibility to this immune-mediated lysis.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 173494605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All ER+ and ER- cells tested remained sensitive after treatment with TAM to lysis by LAK cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 173494606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, an adenocarcinoma reactive human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody (ING-1) was able to significantly boost in vivo generated LAK cell-mediated lysis of control, E2-treated, and TAM-treated ER+ and ER- cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 173494607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These in vitro results provide a preclinical rationale for in vivo testing of TAM, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and breast cancer reactive antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity facilitating antibody in patients with refractory or high risk breast cancer.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 173654901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptor and inhibition of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose uptake by glucocorticoids in peripheral blood leukocytes from normal humans: correlation between receptor level and hormone effect in vitro.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 173654902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have measured the glucocorticoid receptor concentration in mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, both of which were isolated from peripheral blood from ten healthy male volunteers.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 173654903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In parallel, the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on 3-O-methyl-D-glucose uptake was assayed in the corresponding mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 173654904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The glucocorticoid receptor levels in mononuclear leukocytes correlated with those in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and there was a linear relationship between the cellular glucocorticoid receptor levels and glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of the uptake of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose in mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 173654905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When mononuclear leukocytes were incubated in the presence of 8-bromo-cAMP, cellular glucocorticoid receptor levels increased and a more pronounced inhibitory effect of dexamethasone was observed on the transport of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 173654906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that the cellular glucocorticoid receptor levels in peripheral blood leukocytes reflect in vitro responsiveness to glucocorticoids in mononuclear leukocytes from healthy males, and that the individual responsiveness may alter upon changes in the cellular levels of glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 174049401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cortisol resistance in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 174049402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study concerns 9 iv drug abusers with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who developed hypercortisolism without the clinical signs or metabolic consequences of hypercortisolism.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 174049403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All patients were characterized by an Addisonian picture (weakness, weight loss, hypotension, hyponatremia, and intense mucocutaneous melanosis).@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 174049404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An acquired form of peripheral resistance to glucocorticoids was suspected.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 174049405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We, therefore, examined glucocorticoid receptor characteristics on mononuclear leukocytes by measuring [3H]dexamethasone binding and the effect of dexamethasone on [3H]thymidine incorporation, which is one of the effects of glucocorticoid receptor activation.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 174049406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptor density was increased in AIDS patients with an Addisonian picture (group 1; 16.2 +/- 9.4 fmol/million cells) compared to values in 12 AIDS patients without an Addisonian picture (group 2; 6.05 +/- 2.6 fmol/million cells; P less than 0.01) and sex- and age-matched controls (3.15 +/- 2.3 fmol/million cells; P less than 0.01).@@@@1@66@@oe@19-12-2010 174049407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The affinity of glucocorticoid receptors (Kd) was strikingly decreased (9.36 +/- 3.44 nM in group 1; 3.2 +/- 1.5 nM in group 2; 2.0 +/- 0.8 nM in controls; P less than 0.01).@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 174049408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[3H]Thymidine incorporation was decreased dose-dependently by dexamethasone in controls and patients; the effect was significantly blunted (P less than 0.05) in group 1 patients, which suggests that activation of glucocorticoid receptor is impaired as a result of the glucocorticoid receptor abnormality.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 174049409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, AIDS patients with hypercortisolism and clinical features of peripheral resistance to glucocorticoids are characterized by abnormal glucocorticoid receptors on lymphocytes.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 174049410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Resistance to glucocorticoids implies a complex change in immune-endocrine function, which may be important in the course of immunodeficiency syndrome.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 176285201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Endocrine status changes in children with bronchial asthma]@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 176285202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A study was made of adrenocortical function by measuring blood plasma cortisol concentration and amount of glucocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes as well as thyroid function by measuring blood plasma triidothyronine and thyroxine concentration in 58 bronchial asthma children aged 1 to 14 years.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 176285203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The authors revealed alterations in the functional activity of the indicated endocrine glands depending on the intensity of bronchial patency disorders and the nature of the therapeutic measures carried out.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 176303501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 29-kDa proteins phosphorylated in thrombin-activated human platelets are forms of the estrogen receptor-related 27-kDa heat shock protein.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 176303502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thrombin plays a critical role in platelet activation, hemostasis, and thrombosis.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 176303503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cellular activation by thrombin leads to the phosphorylation of multiple proteins, most of which are unidentified.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 176303504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have characterized several 29-kDa proteins that are rapidly phosphorylated following exposure of intact human platelets to thrombin.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 176303505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A murine monoclonal antibody raised to an unidentified estrogen receptor-related 29-kDa protein selectively recognized these proteins as well as a more basic, unphosphorylated 27-kDa protein.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 176303506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cellular activation by thrombin led to a marked shift in the proportion of protein from the 27-kDa unphosphorylated form to the 29-kDa phosphoprotein species.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 176303507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using this antibody, we isolated and sequenced a human cDNA clone encoding a protein that was identical to the mammalian 27-kDa heat shock protein (HSP27), a protein of uncertain function that is known to be phosphorylated to several forms and to be transcriptionally induced by estrogen.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 176303508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 29-kDa proteins were confirmed to be phosphorylated forms of HSP27 by immunoprecipitation studies.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 176303509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the "estrogen receptor-related protein" is HSP27, and the three major 29-kDa proteins phosphorylated in thrombin-activated platelets are forms of HSP27.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 176303510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest a role for HSP27 in the signal transduction events of platelet activation.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 177346301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Changes in leucocytic estrogen receptor levels in patients with climacteric syndrome and therapeutic effect of liuwei dihuang pills]@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 177346302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The numbers of estrogen receptor (ER) in human peripheral leucocytes in 22 women with climacteric syndrome were measured by radioligand method.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 177346303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results were compared with those of 12 normal child-bearing-age women.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 177346304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It wat found that the contents of leucocytic ER in climacteric syndrome patients were significantly lower than normal child-bearing-age women.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 177346305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The authors used a Chinese prescription--Liuwei Dihuang Pills (LDP) to treat the patients for 2 months.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 177346306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The numbers of leucocytic ER were significantly increased after treatment.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 177346307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data indicate that decrease of ER levels in cell may involve in the pathogenesis of climacteric syndrome.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 177346308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LDP not only increases plasma estradiol levels, but also increases the leucocytic ER levels.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 177346309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This may be the basis of the therapeutic effect on the disease.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 179631401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Regulatory effect of insulin on glucocorticoid receptor in human peripheral leukocytes]@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 179631402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The regulatory effect of insulin on the specific binding power of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) of human leukocytes was assessed by the unoccupied receptor sites capable of combining with [3H] labelled dexamethasone measured at 3 and 24 h after incubation with various concentrations of insulin added to the medium.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 179631403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After 3 h incubation the specific binding power with [3H] Dex was decreased by 23.3 +/- 10.0, 32.2 +/- 13.2 and 54.3 +/- 9.2% (P greater than 0.05, P greater than 0.05 and P less than 0.01 as compared with the control value of 100 in the absence of insulin) respectively in the presence of 20 mU/L (physiological testing concentration), 200 mU/L (physiological upper limit) and 2,000 mU/L (pharmacological concentration) insulin in the incubation medium.@@@@1@88@@oe@19-12-2010 179631404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After 24 h incubation the decrease of these values increased respectively to 43.5 +/- 19.0, 56.1 +/- 20.7 and 80.2 +/- 15.5 (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.01 compared with control).@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 179631405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus the inhibitory effect of insulin on the GR binding power is both dose- and time-dependent, which strongly suggests that GR is tonically controlled by insulin concentration change under physiological conditions.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 180542301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Hormonal interactions and glucocorticoid receptors in patients with the nephrotic syndrome]@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 180542302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As many as 27 children aged 6 to 15 years with morphologically verified nephropathies were examined.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 180542303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Four variants of changes in the thyroid status, characteristic of children with different variants of nephrotic syndrome were distinguished: 1) biochemical signs of primary hypothyroidism, 2) biochemical signs of secondary hypothyroidism, 3) low content of T3, 4) dysfunction of the hypophyseal and thyroid system.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 180542304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is shown that the low level of steroid receptors, thyroid hormones that the low level of steroid receptors, thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and cortisol is typical of children with the signs of renal dysplasia.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 180542305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is assumed that superaddition under such conditions of immune glomerulopathy (glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome) gives rise to the resistance to the treatment with glucocorticoids.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 180740401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Regulation of intracellular cholesterol synthesis in hypercholesterolemia by glucocorticoids]@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 180740402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The rate of endogenous cholesterol synthesis in blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts from patients with type IIa hyperlipidemia was found to be increased in comparison with healthy donors.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 180740403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cells of hyperlipidemic patients had lowered levels of glucocorticoid receptors concomitantly with a partial loss of their sensitivity to glucocorticoids.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 180740404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In fibroblasts from patients with hereditary hypercholesteremia of homozygous type the number of glucocorticoid receptors did not exceed 10% of their content in normal cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 180740405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The decrease of the number of glucocorticoid receptors in patients with type IIa hyperlipidemia seems to be a compensatory response of cells culminating in activation of endogenous cholesterol synthesis.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 181316901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Plasma cortisol concentration and blood leukocyte content of glucocorticoid receptors in patients with deficiency-cold vs deficiency-heat syndromes]@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 181316902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Plasma cortisol concentration and blood leukocyte content of glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) were assayed in 20 patients with deficiency syndromes, 10 cold in property (deficiency-cold), the other 10 hot in property (deficiency-heat), and also in 10 healthy individuals as normal control for the purpose of investigating the nature of cold and heat syndromes.@@@@1@62@@oe@19-12-2010 181316903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a result, the cases of deficiency-cold syndrome (DCS) had a normal concentration of plasma cortisol but a lowered content of GCR in leukocytes when compared with the normal control (P less than 0.05); the cases of deficiency-heat syndrome (DHS) had a higher concentration of plasma cortisol than the normal control (P less than 0.05) and a slightly higher content of GCR in leukocytes.@@@@1@75@@oe@19-12-2010 181316904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was concluded that the DCS is characterized by diminished biological effects of adrenocortical activity, while the DHS, by augmented biological effects of adrenocortical activity.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 181443401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Protein kinase C activation and protooncogene expression in differentiation/retrodifferentiation of human U-937 leukemia cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 181443402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human U-937 leukemia cells differentiate along the monocytic lineage following 3-day exposures to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA).@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 181443403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This induction of differentiation is accompanied by adherence and loss of proliferation, as well as expression/repression of differentiation-associated genes.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 181443404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Long term culture of TPA-differentiated U-937 cells in the absence of phorbol ester for 32-36 days resulted in a process of retrodifferentiation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 181443405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The retrodifferentiated cells detached from the substrate and reinitiated proliferation.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 181443406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Other cellular parameters, such as glycosidase activities, cytokine release, and filament expression, returned to levels similar to that observed in uninduced cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 181443407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of U-937 cells with TPA resulted in a rapid translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) from the cytosol to cell membrane fractions within 2-8 min.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 181443408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased levels of membrane-associated PKC activity persisted until 17-29 days.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 181443409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, longer periods of incubation were associated with a return to the distribution of PKC in control cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 181443410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of PKC has been implicated in the regulation of certain immediate early response genes, and in the present studies, TPA rapidly induced c-fos and c-jun gene expression.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 181443411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Levels of c-fos and c-jun transcripts remained elevated during periods of PKC activation and also returned to levels observed in control cells by 30-36 days, when the cells entered retrodifferentiation.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 181443412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Staurosporine, a nonspecific inhibitor of PKC, partially blocked TPA-induced adherence and growth inhibition and concomitantly prevented TPA-induced c-fos and c-jun gene expression.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 181443413@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 182713801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning of murine TCF-1, a T cell-specific transcription factor interacting with functional motifs in the CD3-epsilon and T cell receptor alpha enhancers.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 182713802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD3-epsilon gene expression is confined to the T cell lineage.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 182713803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently identified and cloned a human transcription factor, TCF-1, that binds to a functional element in the T lymphocyte-specific enhancer of CD3-epsilon.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 182713804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a panel of human cell lines, TCF-1 expression was restricted to T lineage cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 182713805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF-1 belonged to a novel family of genes that contain the so-called high mobility group 1 (HMG) box.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 182713806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report the cloning of murine TCF-1.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 182713807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two splice alternatives were identified that were not previously observed in human TCF-1.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 182713808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Murine and human TCF-1 displayed a 95.5% overall amino acid homology.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 182713809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recombinant murine and human TCF-1 recognized the same sequence motif in the CD3-epsilon enhancer as judged by gel retardation and methylation interference assays.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 182713810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@With the murine cDNA clones several aspects of TCF-1 were analyzed.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 182713811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@First, deletion analysis revealed that a region of TCF-1 containing the HMG box was sufficient for sequence-specific binding.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 182713812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Second, by high stringency Northern blotting and in situ hybridization, TCF-1 expression was shown to be confined to the thymus and to the T cell areas of the spleen.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 182713813@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Third, TCF-1 bound specifically to a functional T cell-specific element in the T cell receptor alpha (TCR-alpha) enhancer.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 182713814@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The T lineage-specific expression and the affinity for functional motifs in the TCR-alpha and CD3-epsilon enhancers imply an important role for TCF-1 in the establishment of the mature T cell phenotype.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 183254701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of toremifene therapy on serum immunoglobulin levels in breast cancer.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 183254702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogens and anti-estrogens enhance the number of immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting cells in pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated lymphocyte cultures.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 183254703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocytes from patients who have received anti-estrogen therapy show similar enhancement of Ig-secreting cells after PWM stimulation.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 183254704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study the effect of anti-estrogen (toremifene) therapy on serum immunoglobulin (IgA, IgM, IgG) levels in breast cancer patients was investigated.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 183254705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Serum Ig levels were followed up to two years after or during the therapy.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 183254706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An unexpected finding was that the Ig levels decreased during the follow-up period.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 183254707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This decrease was seen in patients who responded to the therapy as well as in those who did not.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 183695801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF-1, a T cell-specific transcription factor of the HMG box family, interacts with sequence motifs in the TCR beta and TCR delta enhancers.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 183695802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently identified and cloned TCF-1, a T cell-specific transcription factor with specificity for the AACAAAG motif in the CD3 epsilon enhancer and for the TTCAAAG motif in the TCR alpha enhancer.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 183695803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF-1 belongs to the family of transcription-regulating proteins which share a region of homology termed the HMG-box.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 183695804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we show by gel retardation analysis that TCF-1 specifically recognizes the T beta 5 element of the TCR beta enhancer and the T delta 7 element of the TCR delta enhancer.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 183695805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Comparison of the sequences of all elements recognized by TCF-1 defines a consensus motif A/T A/T C A A/G A G.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 183695806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations imply that TCF-1 is involved in the control of several T cell-specific genes and might thus play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of the mature T cell phenotype.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 185041201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Vitamin D receptor expression in human lymphocytes.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 185041202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signal requirements and characterization by western blots and DNA sequencing.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 185041203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The signals controlling the expression of the receptor protein for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in normal human lymphocytes and the relationship of this protein to the classical vitamin D receptor were examined.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 185041204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocytes activated with the OKT3 antibody to the T-cell antigen receptor expressed fewer binding sites as compared to lymphocytes that were activated by the polyclonal activator phytohemagglutinin (PHA).@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 185041205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, combination of OKT3 and phorbol myristate acetate produced a concentration of binding sites similar to the PHA-activated cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 185041206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The receptor from OKT3 and OKT3 + phorbol myristate acetate-activated lymphocytes exhibited decreased binding to DNA-cellulose compared to PHA-activated lymphocytes.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 185041207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In lymphocytes activated either by PHA or OKT3 (but not in resting cells), a 50-kDa species cross-reacting with a monoclonal antibody against the intestinal vitamin D receptor was detected.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 185041208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, RNA from activated lymphocytes was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers flanking the 196 base pair long region encoding the DNA-binding domain of the human intestinal receptor.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 185041209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The amplified product showed an identical nucleotide sequence to the DNA-binding domain of the human intestinal receptor.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 185041210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest that expression of the 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor in lymphocytes is triggered by distinct and contingent signals, and that the protein and the mRNA encoding it are identical to the classical vitamin D receptor.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 185064401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Estrogen receptor content of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus]@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 185064402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ER content in lymphocytes of peripheral blood from 27 SLE patients and 20 healthy controls were determined by dextran-coated charcoal assay.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 185064403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ER content in lymphocytes of each sample was expressed by both fmol/mg of lymphocyte cytosolic protein and fmol/micrograms of lymphocyte DNA.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 185064404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results showed that there was no significant difference between the ER content of lymphocytes from the controls and that from patients with SLE.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 185064405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@But the logarithmic mean of ER content in lymphocytes, expressed by fmol/mg of cytosolic protein, in 14 patients with active SLE (0.9356 +/- 0.31) was significantly higher than that in 13 patients with inactive SLE (0.2979 +/- 0.23, P less than 0.001) and in the controls (0.6204 +/- 0.52, P less than 0.001).@@@@1@64@@oe@19-12-2010 185064406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The normal upper limit of ER content in lymphocytes, expressed by fmol/micrograms of DNA, was 0.136.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 185064407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The elevated rate of ER content in lymphocytes in 14 active SLE (92.9%) was also higher than that in quieiescent patients (23.1%, P less than 0.001) and in the controls (10%, P less than 0.001).@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 185064408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, the elevated level of ER content was found to be related to the positive antidsDNA antibody and hypocomplementemia.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 185084101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Role for the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 in viral promoter switching during initial stages of infection.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 185084102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of human B lymphocytes, six viral nuclear antigen (EBNAs) are expressed from long primary transcripts by means of alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylylation sites.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 185084103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These transcripts initiate from one of two promoters, Cp or Wp, that function in a mutually exclusive fashion.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 185084104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Wp is exclusively utilized during the initial stages of infection of primary B lymphocytes, followed by a switch to Cp usage.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 185084105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies have been extended to show that (i) a mutant EBV strain lacking the gene encoding EBNA 2 fails to switch from Wp to Cp usage in primary B lymphocytes, although the virus contains a functional Cp; (ii) a region from -429 to -245 base pairs upstream of Cp is essential for Cp activity in B lymphocytes, but only in the context of upstream and downstream sequences; (iii) this region contains an EBNA 2-dependent enhancer; and (iv) DNase I protection employing nuclear extracts from B and T lymphocytes revealed a B-cell-specific footprint in the region of the EBNA 2-dependent enhancer.@@@@1@115@@oe@19-12-2010 185084106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results support a model for viral promoter switching during the initial stages of infection in which Wp activity leads to the expression of EBNA 2, followed by activation of Cp through the EBNA 2-dependent enhancer.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 185185801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differentiation-associated expression of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 transactivator protein in oral hairy leukoplakia.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 185185802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The BZLF1 protein of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a key immediate-early protein which has been shown to disrupt virus latency in EBV-infected B cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 185185803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have generated a monoclonal antibody, BZ1, to BZLF1 which reacts in immunohistology, immunoblotting, and immunoprecipitation and which recognizes both the active, dimeric form and the inactive, monomeric form of the protein.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 185185804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Biopsies of oral hairy leukoplakia, an AIDS-associated lesion characterized by high-level EBV replication, were examined by immunohistochemistry using the BZ1 monoclonal antibody.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 185185805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A differentiation-associated pattern of BZLF1 expression was observed, BZ1 reacting with nuclei of the upper spinous layer of the lesion.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 185185806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This finding suggests that the BZLF1 promoter may be regulated by the degree of squamous differentiation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 185185807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A comparison of in situ hybridization to EBV DNA and viral capsid antigen staining with BZ1 reactivity suggested that BZLF1 expression precedes rampant virus replication.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 185185808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inability to detect EBV in the lower epithelial layers of oral hairy leukoplakia raises questions concerning the nature of EBV latency and persistence in stratified squamous epithelium.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 186541301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors in systemic lupus erythematosus.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 186541302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticosteroids remain the major treatment modality for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but their mechanism of action is unclear.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 186541303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Over the past decade it has become clear that glucocorticosteroid receptors play a significant role in the mechanism of glucocorticosteroid action.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 186541304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We studied glucocorticosteroid receptor density and affinity on peripheral blood mononuclear cells by the glucocorticosteroid binding assay in 33 patients with SLE who had taken no glucocorticosteroid for the previous 6 months and in 32 healthy controls.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 186541305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Patients' disease activity was measured by the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI).@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 186541306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticosteroid receptors on leukocytes of patients with SLE were significantly higher than in healthy controls (4419 +/- 306 vs 3369 +/- 196, p less than 0.005).@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 186541307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The binding affinity was not different between patients and controls.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 186541308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was no correlation between glucocorticosteroid receptor number and SLE disease activity.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 187408501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Changes in leucocytic estrogen receptor levels in patients with gynecomastia]@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 187408502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of estrogen receptor (ER) in human peripheral leucocytes in 13 men with gynecomastia were measured by radioligand binding method.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 187408503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results were compared with those of 13 sex-and age-matched healthy subjects.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 187408504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was found that the number of ER in leucocytes was significantly increased in gynecomastia (Rs of leucocytes were 1054 +/- 254 sites/cell).@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 187408505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It suggested that increase of ER levels play an important role in the pathogenesis of gynecomastia.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 187924301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Changes in levels of leucocytic estrogen receptor in patients with menopausal type II diabetes and its significance]@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 187924302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of estrogen receptors (ER) in human peripheral leucocytes in 12 women with menopausal type II diabetes was measured with radio-ligand binding method.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 187924303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results were compared with those of 12 menopausal women without diabetes and 12 normal women of childbearing age.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 187924304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was found that the number of ER in the patients was significantly decreased.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 187924305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data indicate that decrease of ER level in leukocytes may be related to the pathogenesis of type II diabetes in menopausal period.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 188868301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of glucocorticoid receptors in human mononuclear cells: effects of glucocorticoid treatment, Cushing's disease and ketoconazole.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 188868302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors (GcR) were determined by a whole cell assay in human mononulear leukocytes (hMNL) from control subjects, patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy for systemic diseases and Cushing's disease patients with or without ketoconazole therapy.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 188868303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Prolonged corticosteroid treatment resulted in down-regulation of GcR, while the mean level of GcR in Cushing's disease was normal.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 188868304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this group, however, receptor levels and morning plasma cortisol values showed a negative correlation, indicating a subtle down-regulatory effect.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 188868305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, GcR were unaltered after these patients received ketoconazole, in spite of a marked reduction in morning plasma cortisol and urinary free cortisol.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 188868306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also observed that ketoconazole was a weak competitor of GcR in intact cells, although it significantly inhibited [3H] dexamethasone binding in cytosolic preparations from rat tissues.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 188868307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results suggested that GcR in hMNL are down-regulated by synthetic steroids given in vivo, but they showed very mild down-regulation in hypercortisolemic patients suffering from Cushing's disease.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 188868308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, we did not observed either up-regulation or antagonism of GcR by ketoconazole treatment, at the time that cortisol levels of patients with Cushing's disease were reduced.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 188868309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This indicates that the beneficial effects of ketoconazole in Cushing's disease are due to adrenal cortisol suppression and not to interaction with GcR of target cells, and that the process of GcR regulation in hMNL is a complex phenomenon awaiting further elucidation.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 188914201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes in anorexia nervosa.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 188914202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE: The aim was to explore the down-regulation of the glucocorticoid receptors during hypercortisolaemia in anorexia nervosa.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 188914203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DESIGN: Urine and plasma samples were obtained for cortisol determination and blood lymphocytes were isolated for receptor binding studies.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 188914204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PATIENTS: Sixteen anorexic patients, aged 16-27 years, with a mean +/- SEM body mass index of 14.2 +/- 2.0 (ranging from 11.1 to 17.4), and 15 normal women were studied.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 188914205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Six patients were reinvestigated after a significant weight gain.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 188914206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MEASUREMENTS: The binding capacity and affinity of the glucocorticoid receptors were measured with dexamethasone as ligand on lymphocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 188914207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: In patients, both total and free plasma cortisol concentrations were higher than in the normal women, as was their urinary free cortisol; the number of glucocorticoid receptors per cell (Ro) and the binding affinity (Kd) for dexamethasone were, however, not significantly different (Ro: 7687 +/- 1750 vs 7347 +/- 1285 sites/cell; Kd: 7.7 +/- 2.4 vs 7.4 +/- 1.7 nM at 24 degrees C).@@@@1@81@@oe@19-12-2010 188914208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After weight gain (14 +/- 2 to 16 +/- 2 kg/m2), receptor numbers were 8421 +/- 2126 (pre) and 9011 +/- 500 (post) sites/cell, which are not significantly different (P greater than 0.2); the Kd was unchanged (9.3 +/- 2.6 vs 9.2 +/- 2.4 nM).@@@@1@59@@oe@19-12-2010 188914209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS Hypercortisolaemia does not down-regulate the lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors in anorexia nervosa and a post-receptor defect might be involved in peripheral tissue resistance to the effects of glucocorticoid hormones in undernutrition.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 190138901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A study on the circadian rhythm of glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 190138902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Circadian rhythm in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was studied in the rat liver and human peripheral leukocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 190138903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For rats exposed to a natural environmental photic cycle or a 12L:12D artificial light regime, peak values of hepatic GR were detected between 23:00 and 02:00 h.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 190138904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Except for a 4-hour advancement of the peak, a similar circadian rhythm of hepatic GR was detected in rats reared under a reversed lighting regimen (12D:12L; lights on between 18:30 and 06:30 h).@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 190138905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In human leukocytes, the peak value of GR was found to parallel that of plasma cortisol with high and low values detected at 04:00-08:00 h and 23:00-24:00 h, respectively.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 190138906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In patients suffering from Cushing's syndrome, the circadian rhythm of plasma cortisol either disappeared or was inverted while that of GR did not significantly deviate from the normal subjects.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 190138907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For apoplexic patients with lesions localized to the base of the brain as indicated by computerized tomography, the diurnal variation of GR was abolished.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 190138908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Conversely, diurnal rhythmicity persisted in apoplexy patients whose lesions were in the cerebral cortex.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 190138909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, we postulated that the circadian modification of GR was independent of the diurnal fluctuations in plasma cortisol level or the circadian variations in environmental lighting and that the rhythmicity might be regulated by the 'circadian pacemaker' located in the human basal brain.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 190138910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These diurnal variations in GR might serve to coordinate the reactivity of the target cells to cortisol because the diurnal rhythms of a GR-mediated response, the fractional inhibition of chemotactic migration rate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by cortisol, were found to be synchronous with those of GR.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 190615501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HTLV-1 Tax induces expression of various immediate early serum responsive genes.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 190615502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL).@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 190615503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We showed here by mobility-shift assay that T-cell lines transformed with the virus contained high levels of AP-1 activities.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 190615504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with this result, these cell lines expressed increased levels of mRNAs encoding the AP-1 proteins, c-Fos, Fra-1, c-Jun, JunB, and JunD.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 190615505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previously, transcription of the c-fos gene has been reported to be transactivated by the viral transcription factor, Tax1.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 190615506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By using the human T-cell line (JPX-9), in which expression of the Tax1 is inducible, we showed that expression of mRNAs for Fra-1, c-Jun, and JunD was also transactivated by Tax1.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 190615507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, Tax1 activated expression of two other transcription factors having zinc finger motifs, Egr-1 and Egr-2, in the same cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 190615508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Tax1-inducible transcription factors identified here are encoded by the members of immediate early genes under the control of growth signals.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 190615509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, Tax1 was suggested to replace growth signals, at least in part, by this mechanism.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 190974001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA accumulation in human myelomonocytic cell lines.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 190974002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Role of transcriptional regulation by DNA sequence motifs and mRNA stabilization.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 190974003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cytokine TNF mediates many of the pathologic signs of cachexia, inflammation, and sepsis.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 190974004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The current work describes the regulation of TNF in human myelomonocytic cell lines after PMA stimulation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 190974005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cell lines exhibit a low level of constitutive TNF mRNA expression.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 190974006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within 2 to 4 h of PMA exposure, steady state levels of TNF mRNA are markedly elevated in all myelomonocytic cell lines studied.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 190974007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This rise is due to increased mRNA stability, which increased by almost twofold, and to an overall increase in transcription, which rises by more than sixfold.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 190974008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At the level of the genomic TNF gene, a DNase I hypersensitive site is detected within the TNF promoter between -200 to -100 bp relative to the transcription initiation site.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 190974009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although absent in nonexpressing erythroleukemia cell lines, the DNase I site is present in uninduced myelomonocytic cell lines and is not changed after PMA induction.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 190974010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The PMA induction of c-fos mRNA correlated well with TNF gene induction; expression of genes encoding other proteins in the AP-1 complex (junB and junD) were also induced by PMA.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 190974011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The nuclear extracts from resting and induced ML-1 cells contain proteins binding specifically to the AP-1, AP-2, and NF kappa B sequence located within the TNF promoter.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 190974012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMA induction increases the level of a number of specific binding complexes relative to the resting cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 190974013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The regulatory mechanisms of the human and murine TNF genes are discussed.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 191417001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors in normal leukocytes: effects of age, gender, season, and plasma cortisol concentrations.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 191417002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We measured glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) isolated from peripheral blood of 145 apparently healthy volunteers (86 men and 59 women).@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 191417003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An age-related decrease in the number of GR was suggested between subjects younger than 20 years and elderly subjects; there was no apparent seasonal variation in GR.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 191417004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gender difference in the number of GR was not significant, although women showed slightly fewer GR.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 191417005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eight patients with dermatomyositis/polymyositis were examined to determine whether the number of GR in MNL could be down-regulated by their cognate ligands.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 191417006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of GR in MNL from these patients was significantly decreased one month after the initiation of prednisolone therapy.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 191417007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in normal subjects, the GR in MNL did not demonstrate circadian variation, in contrast to concentrations of plasma cortisol.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 193069301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A human putative lymphocyte G0/G1 switch gene containing a CpG-rich island encodes a small basic protein with the potential to be phosphorylated.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 193069302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Genes actively involved in the G0/G1 switch (G0S genes) may be differentially expressed during the lectin-induced switch of lymphocytes from the G0 to the G1 phases of the cell cycle.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 193069303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This paper presents studies of G0S2, a member of a set of putative G0S genes, for which cDNAs were cloned and selected on the basis of differential cDNA hybridization.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 193069304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@G0S2 mRNA increases transiently within 1-2 hr of the addition of lectin or cycloheximide to cultured blood mononuclear cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 193069305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Comparison of a nearly full-length cDNA sequence with the corresponding genomic sequence reveals one small intron and an open reading frame in the second exon.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 193069306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The derived 103-amino-acid basic protein has two potential alpha-helical domains separated by a hydrophobic region with the potential to generate turns and assume a beta-sheet conformation.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 193069307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with involvement in the G0/G1 switch, the protein contains potential sites for phosphorylation by protein kinase C and casein kinase II.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 193069308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The gene contains a CpG-rich island suggesting expression in the germ line.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 193069309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An upstream segment contains tandem dinucleotide repeats (CT)19/(CA)16.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 193069310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There is a suitably located TATA box, but potential sites for CCAAT-box binding factors are far upstream, embedded in a 42-nucleotide repeat element.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 193069311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Potential sites for transcription factors AP1, AP2, and AP3 are consistent with rapid transcriptional activation in response to inducing agents.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 195242601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid resistance in chronic asthma.@@@@1@6@@oe@19-12-2010 195242602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid pharmacokinetics, glucocorticoid receptor characteristics, and inhibition of peripheral blood T cell proliferation by glucocorticoids in vitro.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 195242603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A total of 37 chronic, severe, nonsmoking asthmatic patients with documented reversible airways obstruction were classified as glucocorticoid-sensitive or -resistant on the basis of changes in FEV1, FVC, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) after oral prednisolone.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 195242604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The resistant patients showed no significant improvements in airflow limitation.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 195242605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced proliferation of peripheral blood T lymphocytes from the sensitive but not the resistant asthmatic patients was significantly (p less than 0.01) inhibited by dexamethasone (10(-7) mol/L), reflecting a shift of the dose-response curve.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 195242606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When all the asthmatic patients were analyzed together, there was a significant correlation between the degree of sensitivity of T cells to dexamethasone and the clinical responsiveness to prednisolone (p less than 0.01).@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 195242607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No differences were observed between six of the sensitive and resistant patients in the clearance of plasma prednisolone derived from orally administered prednisone.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 195242608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peripheral blood mononuclear cell glucocorticoid receptors were also characterized in five sensitive and seven resistant patients.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 195242609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The numbers and binding affinities of these receptors could not account for the observed difference in the susceptibility of these cells to functional inhibition by dexamethasone in vitro.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 195242610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that clinical glucocorticoid resistance in chronic asthma does not reflect abnormal glucocorticoid clearance but may be due at least partly to a relative insensitivity of T lymphocytes to glucocorticoids.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 195242611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This lack of sensitivity is unexplained but is not attributable to abnormalities of cellular glucocorticoid receptors.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 196369001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors on mononuclear leukocytes in Alzheimer's disease.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 196369002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several lines of evidence suggest disturbances of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system in Alzheimer's disease (AD).@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 196369003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an exploration of the potential role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in AD, GR density and affinity were assessed on mononuclear leukocytes of 12 AD patients and 12 healthy controls.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 196369004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GR binding characteristics did not differ between patients and controls or between patients subdivided according to diagnosis or associated clinical features.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 196369005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that the abnormalities of the HPA system in AD are not related to a GR deficiency.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 196406101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sex and age distribution of 1,25(OH)2D3 receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal human subjects.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 196406102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific receptors for 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 have been described in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 196406103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have tried to find out whether these receptors could show any difference in sex or age distribution.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 196406104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Twenty two healthy men aged 21-66 yr (mean +/- SD 41.0 +/- 13.6) and nineteen healthy women aged 22-60 yr (38.9 +/- 13.9) have been studied.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 196406105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mean dissociation constant (Kd) was similar in both sexes (1.35 +/- 0.70 x 10(-10) M in males, 1.13 +/- 0.66 x 10(-10) M in females), but the concentration of binding sites (Nmax) was significantly lower in females (2.32 +/- 0.92 fmol/10(7) PBMC vs 4.43 +/- 1.38 fmol/10(7) PBMC in males; p = 0.0001).@@@@1@66@@oe@19-12-2010 196406106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither Kd nor Nmax were significantly correlated with age.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 196406107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No difference was found between pre and postmenopausal women.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 196406108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further studies are needed to elucidate if this sex difference in PBMC receptors for 1.25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is of any pathophysiological relevance.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 196686901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo and in vitro effects of glucocorticoids on lymphocyte proliferation in man: relationship to glucocorticoid receptors.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 196686902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interrelations between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system (HPA) and the immune system represent a well-documented biological phenomenon.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 196686903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While in vitro administration of glucocorticoids may inhibit concanavalin A (Con A)- and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced T-cell proliferation, pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-driven B-cell mitogenesis is relatively resistant to glucocorticoids.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 196686904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To further explore the link between the HPA and the immune system in relation to glucocorticoid receptor function, dose-response curves were obtained for Con A- and PHA-induced T-cell mitogenesis, PWM-generated B-cell mitogenesis and spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation in 13 healthy controls.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 196686905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid effects were assessed in vivo by depletion of endogenous glucocorticoids after oral administration of 1.5 g metyrapone (MET) and subsequent glucocorticoid replacement, and in vitro by incubation of the cells with different doses of dexamethasone (DEX).@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 196686906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was a significant decrease in PWM-induced B-cell mitogenesis and a more pronounced effect of DEX administered in vitro on spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation after MET treatment when compared with the DEX plus MET pretreated condition in vivo.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 196686907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that the inhibition of spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation by glucocorticoids in vitro is related to glucocorticoid receptor function.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 196686908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The decrease in PWM-generated B-cell proliferation following cortisol depletion by MET may be seen in connection with impaired glucocorticoid-mediated induction of interleukin-1 receptor synthesis.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 196725901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anti-Ro(SSA) autoantibodies are associated with T cell receptor beta genes in systemic lupus erythematosus patients.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 196725902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several of the heterogeneous clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus have been associated with specific autoantibodies.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 196725903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Associations between HLA class II antigens and autoantibodies to the ribonucleoproteins Ro(SSA) and La(SSB) have been reported in these patients.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 196725904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because HLA class II molecules present antigen to T cell receptors (TCRs), we have searched for a TCR gene associated with the production of anti-Ro(SSA) antibodies.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 196725905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A pair of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), one of which hybridizes to the TCR constant region C beta 1 and the other to the C beta 2 gene, has been identified, suggesting these may be genotypic markers for an extended region of the TCR beta locus.@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 196725906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This RFLP pair occurs in 76% of patients with Ro(SSA) precipitins, 84% of anti-Ro(SSA)-positive patients lacking La(SSB) precipitins, but only 41% of the patients lacking both precipitins (P = 0.0004).@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 196725907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This disproportionate occurrence in a subset of lupus patients indicates that these RFLPs are not disease susceptibility markers, but rather are important markers for TCR genes whose products are involved in the production of anti-Ro(SSA) antibodies.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 196725908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The majority of patients who have these RFLPs and HLA class II antigens previously associated with the anti-Ro(SSA) response make this antibody, suggesting that interactions between products of these loci occur in response to Ro(SSA).@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 196852501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Steroid mediated lysis of lymphoblasts requires the DNA binding region of the steroid hormone receptor.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 196852502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoids kill certain types of lymphoblasts, but the mechanisms are unknown.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 196852503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is clear that sufficient numbers of functional glucocorticoid receptors are required to mediate lysis, but whether they do so through the classical model of steroid hormone activation and modulation of gene expression has not been established.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 196852504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report we have asked which region(s) of the steroid receptor are important for mediating lysis in leukemic T lymphoblasts.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 196852505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CEM-ICR 27 leukemic lymphoblasts, a clone of CEM cells which lack functional glucocorticoid receptors and therefore are neither lysed by dexamethasone nor capable of showing glutamine synthetase induction, were provided with steroid receptors by DNA transfections of various receptor gene constructs.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 196852506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We measured steroid mediated lysis, receptor number and induction of glutamine synthetase in the transfected cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 196852507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results provide evidence that the lysis mechanism in the ICR27 lymphoblasts is restored when functional receptor number is restored.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 196852508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The DNA binding region specifying high affinity for GRE sites is required.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 196852509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lysis is mediated by any steroid that allows for activation of the receptor containing such a region.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 196852510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data support the view that steroid-mediated cell death occurs by a process requiring direct interaction of steroid-receptor complexes with the genome.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 197270201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased glucocorticoid responsiveness of CD4+ T-cell clonal lines grown in serum-free media.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 197270202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CEM-C7, a human leukemic CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell line and three of its subclones, CEM-4R4, CEM-3R43, and ICR-27, previously cultured in a medium supplemented with 5 to 10% fetal bovine serum, have been adapted to serum-free media.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 197270203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The best medium of those tested was RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5 micrograms/ml each transferrin and insulin + 5 ng/ml sodium selenite +/- 0.1% bovine serum albumin.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 197270204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While growing either with or without albumin, the several clonal lines of CEM cells displayed growth similar to serum-supplemented cultures.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 197270205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell proliferation of CEM-C7 cells cultured in both serum-free media has been sustained for 3 mo. with culture doubling times of about 25 h for both serum-supplemented and serum-free cultures (viability greater than or equal to 90%).@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 197270206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell morphology remained essentially the same in serum-free or serum containing media.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 197270207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of CD4, a marker for T-derived lymphoid cells, was not significantly different in serum-free medium.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 197270208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When grown in serum-free medium, CEM-C7 cells exhibited increased steroid responsiveness as evidenced by increased glucocorticoid receptor binding sites, increased induction of glutamine synthetase, and cell lysis at lower concentrations of steroid.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 197270209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Receptor mutant subclones of CEM-C7, which are proven to be completely unresponsive to micromolar concentrations of dexamethasone when grown in serum-supplemented medium, become partially sensitive to the hormone after growth in defined medium.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 197270210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The increased sensitivity of CEM-C7 cells and its subclones to dexamethasone in serum-free medium returned to previous levels when these cells were recultured in serum-containing medium.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 197270211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results suggest that substances in serum influence steroid effects on these cells and that the molecular details of glucocorticoid hormone action may be pursued more precisely in a clearly defined culture medium.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 198012501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oncogene amplification correlates with dense lymphocyte infiltration in human breast cancers: a role for hematopoietic growth factor release by tumor cells?@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 198012502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One hundred six primary breast cancer samples were analysed for c-erbB2, int-2, and c-myc gene amplification.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 198012503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surgically confirmed nodal involvement was observed in 42%.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 198012504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Level of gene amplification was studied by Southern and/or slot blot techniques.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 198012505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Amplified c-erbB2 gene sequences were present in 21.5% of all samples.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 198012506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Int-2 was amplified in 13.1% and c-myc was amplified in 10.3%.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 198012507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a non-parametric test (Kruskal-Wallis) a strong negative association was found between high levels of c-erbB2 amplification and absence of estrogen receptor (ER) (P = .0009) or progesterone receptor (PR) (P = .011) expression.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 198012508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No correlations were found between all or high levels of amplification of each oncogene separately or combined with T, N, grade, multifocality of tumor, or associated carcinoma in situ.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 198012509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was a trend approaching statistical significance for patients with c-erbB2 amplifications to have positive lymph nodes at surgery (P = 0.09).@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 198012510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A somewhat surprising finding however was a very strong association between oncogene amplification and dense lymphocyte infiltration of the tumor (P = .05).@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 198012511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This correlation is even stronger when only high levels of amplification are considered, either for each oncogene separately (P = .0048) or in combination (P = .0007).@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 198012512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose that malignant cell cytokine production may help explain this observation.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 198895101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific depletion of the B-cell population induced by aberrant expression of human interferon regulatory factor 1 gene in transgenic mice.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 198895102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferons (IFNs) are well known both as antiviral proteins and as potent regulators of cell growth and differentiation.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 198895103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In fact, IFNs inhibit growth of various normal and transformed cell types.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 198895104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previously, a nuclear factor, IRF-1 (interferon regulatory factor 1), which binds to type I IFN and some IFN-inducible gene promoters, was identified and cloned.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 198895105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since the IRF-1 gene is both virus and IFN inducible, an intriguing issue is raised as to whether the IRF-1 gene is functioning in IFN-mediated regulation of cell growth and differentiation.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 198895106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we generated transgenic mice carrying the human IRF-1 gene linked to the human immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 198895107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the transgenic mice, all the lymphoid tissues examined showed a dramatic reduction in the number of B lymphocytes (B cells).@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 198895108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Preparation and analysis of bone marrow cells from the chimeric mice indicated that the bone marrow is the effective site for specific depletion of the B-cell population.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 198895109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In fact, transgenic bone marrow cells cocultured with a bone marrow-derived stromal cell line revealed an altered B-cell maturation pattern.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 198988001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification and cloning of TCF-1, a T lymphocyte-specific transcription factor containing a sequence-specific HMG box.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 198988002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD3-epsilon expression is controlled by a downstream T lymphocyte-specific enhancer element.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 198988003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report the identification of a T cell-specific transcription factor, TCF-1, binding to this element.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 198988004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The multimerized recognition motif of TCF-1 constituted a T cell-specific enhancer.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 198988005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Subsequent cloning of TCF-1 identified three splice alternatives.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 198988006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF-1 contained a single DNA-binding HMG box most closely related to similar boxes in the putative mammalian sex-determining gene SRY and in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Mc mating type gene.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 198988007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF-1 mRNA was expressed uniquely in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 198988008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upon cotransfection into non-T cells, TCF-1 could transactivate through its cognate motif.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 198988009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results identify TCF-1 as a T cell-specific transcription factor, which might play a role in the establishment of the mature T cell phenotype.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 200669701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor number in posttraumatic stress disorder.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 200669702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE: The authors' objective was to investigate the possibility that glucocorticoid receptor changes may be involved in the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 200669703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHOD: They measured the number of lymphocyte cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors and plasma cortisol concentrations in 15 consecutively admitted male combat Vietnam veterans with PTSD and in a normal comparison group of 11 subjects.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 200669704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: Both the patients and the normal comparison subjects showed a morning-to-afternoon decline in glucocorticoid receptor concentrations, paralleling the normal diurnal decline in cortisol levels.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 200669705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of glucocorticoid receptors was 63% greater in the morning and 26% greater in the afternoon in the patients with PTSD than in the normal subjects.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 200669706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No group differences in cortisol levels were observed, nor were glucocorticoid receptor number and cortisol levels correlated.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 200669707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of morning glucocorticoid receptors was positively correlated with symptoms of PTSD and anxiety.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 200669708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: These results provide further evidence for a dysregulation of the HPA axis in PTSD.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 200669709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The finding that patients with PTSD had a substantially greater number of lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors than normal comparison subjects is consistent with the authors' previous observations of low 24-hour urinary cortisol excretion in subjects with PTSD.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 200669710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the receptor changes observed are opposite of those reported in major depressive disorder.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 200669711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present data, along with other findings of HPA abnormalities in PTSD, support the possibility of a greater negative feedback sensitivity at one or more levels of the HPA axis.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 201009001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A thymus-specific member of the HMG protein family regulates the human T cell receptor C alpha enhancer.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 201009002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human T cell-specific transcription factor TCF-1 alpha plays a key role in the tissue-specific activation of the T cell receptor (TCR) C alpha enhancer and binds to pyrimidine-rich elements (5'-PyCTTTG-3') present in a variety of other T cell-specific control regions.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 201009003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using amino acid sequence information derived from the DNA affinity-purified protein, we have now isolated cDNA clones encoding TCF-1 alpha.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 201009004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The TCF-1 alpha cDNA contains a single 68-amino-acid domain that is homologous to a region conserved among high-mobility group (HMG) and nonhistone chromosomal proteins.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 201009005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of full-length and mutant cDNA clones in bacteria reveal that the single HMG motif, which is predicted to contain two extended alpha-helical segments, is sufficient to direct the sequence-specific binding of TCF-1 alpha to DNA.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 201009006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot experiments demonstrate further that TCF-1 alpha mRNA is highly tissue specific, found primarily in the thymus or T cell lines.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 201009007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immature CEM T cell line expresses relatively low levels of TCF-1 alpha mRNA, which are increased upon activation of these cells by phorbol esters.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 201009008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, the cloned TCF-1 alpha protein is a potent transcriptional activator of the human TCR alpha enhancer in nonlymphoid cell lines, whereas the activity of the endogenous protein in T cell lines is strongly dependent on an additional T cell-specific protein that interacts with the core enhancer.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 201009009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF-1 alpha is currently unique among the newly emerging family of DNA-binding regulatory proteins that share the HMG motif in that it is a highly tissue-specific RNA polymerase II transcription factor.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 201151201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Multiple Oct2 isoforms are generated by alternative splicing.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 201151202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The interaction of the Oct2 transcription factor with the cognate octamer motif ATGCAAAT is a critical determinant of the lymphoid-specific expression of immunoglobulin genes.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 201151203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ectopic expression of cloned Oct2 cDNA was shown to be sufficient to reconstitute at least some aspects of this regulation in non-lymphoid cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 201151204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We describe the isolation and characterization of multiple cDNAs encoding mouse Oct2 from a mature B-cell line and we show that a variety of isoforms of this transcription factor is generated from a single gene by an alternative splicing mechanism.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 201151205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All the isoforms retain the previously characterized POU-domain and are therefore able to bind to the octamer motif.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 201151206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Different amounts of the various isoforms are present within the same B-cell regardless of the developmental stage of B-cell differentiation and at least some of the isoforms are conserved between mouse and humans.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 201151207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In cotransfection experiments we show that all the isoforms are able to activate an octamer containing promoter element in fibroblasts revealing an unexpected functional redundancy.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 201151208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, we show that one of the isoforms encodes the previously described lymphoid-specific Oct2B protein which has been suggested to be involved in the function of the octamer motif in the context of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) enhancer.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 202481001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptor characteristics in monocytes of patients with corticosteroid-resistant bronchial asthma.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 202481002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism of corticosteroid resistance in bronchial asthma has been studied by determining the rank order of potency for different corticosteroids in inhibiting the generation of a 3 kD molecule from peripheral blood monocytes isolated from corticosteroid-sensitive (CS) and corticosteroid-resistant (CR) asthmatic subjects, which augments leukotriene B4 (LTB4) generation by human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated by calcium ionophore.@@@@1@67@@oe@19-12-2010 202481003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, binding studies with (3H) dexamethasone have been performed to determine the dissociation constant (Kd) and receptor numbers (Ro) in the monocytes of these two groups of subjects.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 202481004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The concentration of corticosteroid producing 50% inhibition (IC50) was 600 nM, 70 nM, and 0.5 nM for hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone, respectively, in monocytes from CS individuals.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 202481005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was only weak inhibition of the generation of enhancing activity by the corticosteroids in the CR asthmatic individuals.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 202481006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The dexamethasone Kd was 2.45 +/- 0.58 nM (mean +/- SEM, n = 6) in the CS group and 1.6 +/- 0.35 nM (mean +/- SEM, n = 6) in the CR group of patients (p = 0.14).@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 202481007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Ro in the CS group was 3,605 +/- 984 binding sites per nucleus (mean +/- SEM, n = 6) and 4,757 +/- 692 binding sites per nucleus (mean +/- SEM, n = 6) in the CR group (p = 0.23).@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 202481008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings indicate that corticosteroid resistance in bronchial asthma cannot be explained by abnormalities in corticosteroid receptor characteristics.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 203309001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Demonstration of estrogen and progesterone receptors as well as Ki-67 and p-145 antigens in single tumor cells from blood and pleural effusions using a slide assay.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 203309002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We describe a slide assay that allows the demonstration of antigens localized in the nucleus from isolated white blood cells as well as from single tumor cells derived from malignant effusions.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 203309003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@With the antibodies Ki-67 and anti-p-145 an increased rate of nuclear and nucleolar staining resulted in cells from highly malignant lymphomas.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 203309004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An almost identical reaction was obtained when tumor cells from malignant effusions were tested.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 203309005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells isolated from the blood of patients with leukemic spread of lymphomas of low malignancy yielded a weak staining comparable to that of normal mesothelial cells from non-tumorous cavity fluids.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 203309006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The detection of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) localized in the cell nucleus can be achieved by the same assay.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 203309007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The reaction is enhanced by incubation of the tumor cells for 30 min at 37 degrees C prior to fixation.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 203309008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pleural effusions from 20 patients with breast cancer were tested.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 203309009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ER was positive in 13 and PR was positive in 12 of the 20 samples.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 203309010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In 5 cases there was a divergent reaction with ER and PR antibody.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 203309011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The hormone receptors of the primary tumor were known in 15 (ER) and 14 (PR) patients, respectively.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 203309012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In each cohort there was only one case with a negative reaction of the primary tumor and a positive reaction with the isolated tumor cells from the pleural effusions.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 203309013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that the demonstration of hormone receptor proteins in cells from malignant effusions is possible and that there is a correlation with the status of the primary site of cancer.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 203467601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The rhombotin family of cysteine-rich LIM-domain oncogenes: distinct members are involved in T-cell translocations to human chromosomes 11p15 and 11p13.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 203467602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A chromosomal translocation in a T-cell leukemia involving the short arm of human chromosome 11 at band 11p15 disrupts the rhombotin gene.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 203467603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This gene encodes a protein with duplicated cysteine-rich regions called LIM domains, which show homology to zinc-binding proteins and to iron-sulfur centers of ferredoxins.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 203467604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two homologues of the rhombotin gene have now been isolated.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 203467605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of these, designated Rhom-2, is located on human chromosome 11 at band 11p13, where a cluster of T-cell leukemia-specific translocations occur; all translocation breakpoints at 11p13 are upstream of the Rhom-2 gene.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 203467606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human and mouse Rhom-2 are highly conserved and, like rhombotin, encode two tandem cysteine-rich LIM domains.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 203467607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rhom-2 mRNA is expressed in early mouse development in central nervous system, lung, kidney, liver, and spleen but only very low levels occur in thymus.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 203467608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The other gene, designated Rhom-3, is not on chromosome 11 but also retains homology to the LIM domain of rhombotin.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 203467609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since the Rhom-2 gene is such a common site of chromosomal damage in T-cell tumors, the consistency of translocations near the rhombotin gene was further examined.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 203467610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A second translocation adjacent to rhombotin was found and at the same position as in the previous example.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 203467611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, chromosome bands 11p15 (rhombotin) and 11p13 (Rhom-2) are consistent sites of chromosome translocation in T-cell leukemia, with the 11p15 target more rarely involved.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 203467612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results define the rhombotin gene family as a class of T-cell oncogenes with duplicated cysteine-rich LIM domains.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 205012501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase: promoter analysis and identification of an iron-responsive element in the mRNA.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 205012502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@5-Aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS) catalyzes the first step of the heme biosynthetic pathway.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 205012503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@cDNA clones for the human erythroid ALAS isozyme were isolated from a fetal liver library.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 205012504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It can be deduced that the erythroid ALAS precursor protein has a molecular weight of 64.6 kd, and is similar in size to the previously isolated human housekeeping ALAS precursor of molecular weight 70.6 kd.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 205012505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mature mitochondrial forms of the erythroid and housekeeping ALAS isozymes are predicted to have molecular weights of 59.5 kd and 64.6 kd, respectively.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 205012506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two isozymes show little amino acid identity in their N-terminal signal sequences but have considerable sequence identity in the C-terminal two-thirds of their proteins.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 205012507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An analysis of the immediate promoter of the human erythroid ALAS gene revealed several putative erythroid-specific cis-acting elements including both a GATA-1 and an NF-E2 binding site.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 205012508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An iron-responsive element (IRE) motif has been identified in the 5'-untranslated region of the human erythroid ALAS mRNA, but is not present in the housekeeping ALAS mRNA.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 205012509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel retardation experiments established that this IRE motif formed a protein - RNA complex with cytosolic extracts from human K562 cells and this binding was strongly competed with IRE transcripts from ferritin or transferrin receptor mRNAs.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 205012510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A transcript of the ALAS IRE, mutated in the conserved loop of the IRE, did not readily form this protein - RNA complex.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 205012511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that the IRE motif in the ALAS mRNA is functional and imply that translation of the mRNA is controlled by cellular iron availability during erythropoiesis.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 207739601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogen receptor concentration and social factors as predictors of natural killer cell activity in early-stage breast cancer patients.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 207739602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Confirmation of a model.@@@@1@5@@oe@19-12-2010 207739603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous work of ours has demonstrated that a significant amount of natural killer (NK) activity variance after surgery in stage I and II breast cancer patients could be accounted for by both the estrogen receptor (ER) status of the tumor and by social factors, namely, perceived social support and seeking social support as a general coping strategy.@@@@1@64@@oe@19-12-2010 207739604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As considerable evidence has accumulated that social support in both animal and human populations may have survival value, we sought to test the reliability of this regression model, using coping and perceived support factor values obtained at 3 months after surgery to account for concurrent follow-up NK activity in this serially assessed group of patients.@@@@1@58@@oe@19-12-2010 207739605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was found that the most significant variable predicting NK activity at follow-up was tumor ER concentration, with higher NK activity associated with ER- status.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 207739606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, seeking social support as a coping strategy, as well as the perceived quality of support, also entered the model to account for a significant amount of NK activity variance (multivariate F = 5.25, p less than 0.001).@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 207739607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@If, as the literature suggests, NK activity is relevant to breast cancer control, and since ER- tumors have a worse prognosis, we suggest here that perhaps such tumors are resistant to control by NK cells because they lack the ability to attract an accumulation of effector cells to the tumor site, or because blocking factors at the site of the tumor prevent local tumor control at the site of action.@@@@1@76@@oe@19-12-2010 207739608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The finding related to social support also replicates results from an independent sample of breast cancer patients.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 207739609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This finding, taken together with other evidence that this social variable is associated with longer survival in breast cancer populations, underscores the potential importance of this social support variable.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 207739610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our findings also suggest one possible immunological variable involved, with potential clinical significance, for this patient population.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010