210516701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reactivity of lymphocytes to a progesterone receptor-specific monoclonal antibody.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 210516702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study we present evidence for reactivity of pregnancy lymphocytes, but not nonpregnancy lymphocytes, with the progesterone receptor-specific monoclonal antibody mPRI.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 210516703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using an avidin-biotin peroxidase detection system, we found a nuclear staining in 14.6 +/- 3.7% (mean +/- SEM, N = 27) of pregnancy lymphocytes, while only 0.47 +/- 0.33% (mean +/- SEM, N = 15) of nonpregnancy lymphocytes reacted with the antibody.@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 210516704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To characterize the receptor-bearing subset, CD8+ and CD4+ cells were depleted by complement-dependent lysis.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 210516705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Depletion of CD8+ cells was accompanied by 62 +/- 18% loss of progesterone receptor-bearing cells, while depletion of CD4+ cells resulted in a twofold increase in the number of positively staining lymphocytes.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 210516706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In nonpregnancy lymphocytes a 3-day PHA treatment, as well as allogeneic stimulation, resulted in a significant increase in the number of receptor-containing cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 210516707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that pregnancy, but not nonpregnancy, lymphocytes contain progesterone binding structures, and that these are inducible by mitogenic or alloantigenic stimuli.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 211119101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of mitogenic agents upon glucocorticoid action in human tonsillar T-lymphocytes.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 211119102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The treatment of human tonsillar T-lymphocytes with 4-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), resulted in about two fold increase in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) number, without any significant change in the receptor affinity.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 211119103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This increase disappeared in the presence of cycloheximide.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 211119104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alone, PMA and calcium ionophore A23187 did not affect, but together stimulated, like phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), leucine and, in particular, thymidine incorporation.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 211119105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMA enhanced slightly the stimulatory effect of PHA.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 211119106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alone, these agents failed to alter the suppressive effect of dexamethasone on thymidine and leucine incorporation; however, PMA-A23187 and PMA-PHA combinations appeared to antagonize the suppression by dexamethasone.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 211636201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel B-cell lineage-specific transcription factor present at early but not late stages of differentiation.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 211636202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel B-cell-specific transcription factor, BSAP, was identified as a mammalian homolog of the sea urchin protein TSAP, which interacts with the promoters of four tissue-specific late histone H2A-2 and H2B-2 genes.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 211636203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As shown by mobility-shift, methylation interference, and mutational analyses, the mammalian protein BSAP recognizes all four sea urchin binding sites in a manner indistinguishable from TSAP; however, the two proteins differ in molecular weight.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 211636204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BSAP is exclusively restricted to the B-cell lineage of lymphoid differentiation.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 211636205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Its expression appears to be activated during pro-B-cell development, is abundant at the pre-B- and mature B-cell stages, but is absent in terminally differentiated plasma cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 211636206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, BSAP is clearly a B-cell-specific transcription factor, as a wild-type but not a mutant TSAP-binding site of the sea urchin functions only in transfected B cells as an upstream promoter element.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 211636207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Competition experiments did not reveal any high-affinity binding site for BSAP in known regulatory regions of immunoglobulin and class II major histocompatibility (MHC) genes, suggesting that BSAP is a regulator of a different set of B-lymphoid-specific genes.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 211804901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine receptors (T3R) of circulating human lymphocytes in hyper- and hypothyroidism and nonthyroidal diseases.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 211804902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The clinical implications of nuclear T3R alterations of circulating lymphocytes in hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and nonthyroidal diseases were investigated.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 211804903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear T3R in lymphocytes was determined by radio-ligand binding analysis.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 211804904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results showed that in hyper- and hypothyroid patients the nuclear affinity (Ka) for T3 was similar to that of normal subjects.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 211804905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In hyperthyroidism nuclear T3 maximal binding capacity (MBC) was unaltered, whereas in hypothyroidism the MBC was significantly increased.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 211804906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure and hepatic cirrhosis, the nuclear T3R MBC of lymphocytes was about 1.5-1.6 times of the normal controls.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 211804907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was concluded that there existed hormonal regulation of nuclear T3R, and up-regulation was seen in hypothyroidism and low T3 syndrome.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 212497301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TAR independent activation of the human immunodeficiency virus in phorbol ester stimulated T lymphocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 212497302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Multiple regulatory elements in the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat (HIV LTR) are required for activation of HIV gene expression.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 212497303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous transfection studies of HIV LTR constructs linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene indicated that multiple regulatory regions including the enhancer, SP1, TATA and TAR regions were important for HIV gene expression.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 212497304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To characterize these regulatory elements further, mutations in these regions were inserted into both the 5' and 3' HIV LTRs and infectious proviral constructs were assembled.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 212497305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These constructs were transfected into either HeLa cells, Jurkat cells or U937 cells in both the presence and absence of phorbol esters which have previously been demonstrated to activate HIV gene expression.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 212497306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Viral gene expression was assayed by the level of p24 gag protein released from cultures transfected with the proviral constructs.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 212497307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Results in all cell lines indicated that mutations of the SP1, TATA and the TAR loop and stem secondary structure resulted in marked decreases in gene expression while mutations of the enhancer motif or TAR primary sequence resulted in only slight decreases.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 212497308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, viruses containing mutations in either the TAR loop sequences or stem secondary structure which were very defective for gene expression in untreated Jurkat cells, gave nearly wild-type levels of gene expression in phorbol ester-treated Jurkat cells but not in phorbol ester-treated HeLa or U937 cells.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 212497309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High level gene expression of these TAR mutant constructs in phorbol ester-treated Jurkat cells was eliminated by second site mutations in the enhancer region or by disruption of the tat gene.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 212497310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 212894001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A case of hypersensitivity to thyroid hormones with normally functioning thyroid gland and increased nuclear triiodothyronine receptors.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 212894002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 52-year-old male presented himself with tachycardia crises which appeared first during childhood, increased in frequency without goiter or exophthalmos.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 212894003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cardiac and adrenergic diseases were excluded.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 212894004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The thyroid function was normal regarding T4, free T4 and T3, TBG, radioiodine uptake, TSH and T3 suppressibility; however the TSH response to TRH was decreased.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 212894005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The lymphocyte nuclear T3 receptor was found with an affinity close to that of normal volunteers (Ka: 1.42 x 10(10) M-1 vs 1.95 +/- 0.35 x 10(10) M-1) and a binding capacity markedly increased (9.9 vs 3.7 +/- 0.4 fmol T3/100 micrograms DNA).@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 212894006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pindolol was inefficient on the dysrhythmia which disappeared with carbimazole and relapsed after withdrawal of the antithyroid drug.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 212894007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Under carbimazole, the plasma T4 markedly decreased (27.7 +/- 3.6 nmol/l) but the patient remained euthyroid.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 212894008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The clinical course and the laboratory data suggest that the tachycardia crises are the consequence of a hypersensitivity of the heart to thyroid hormones, associated with an increased number of T3 nuclear receptor sites in lymphocytes.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 213783101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pseudohypoaldosteronism in eight families: different forms of inheritance are evidence for various genetic defects.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 213783102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pseudohypoaldosteronism is a rare hereditary disorder presenting in early infancy with renal salt loss leading to hyponatremia and hyperkalemia despite high levels of plasma aldosterone.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 213783103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The patients are insensitive to mineralocorticoids; however, sodium supplementation is able to correct electrolyte abnormalities.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 213783104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Absent or greatly diminished type I aldosterone receptors in peripheral mononuclear leucocytes have been recently demonstrated and explain the lack of response to mineralocorticoids.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 213783105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have studied the mode of inheritance in eight families with a total of nine patients.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 213783106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was evidence for an autosomal recessive form of inheritance in four families, while the other four families appeared to have an autosomal dominant mode of transmission.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 213783107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In three families the autosomal recessive form was characterized by normal receptor as well as hormone data in both parents, while in one family receptor levels in both parents were greatly reduced, but hormone levels were normal.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 213783108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the four families with an autosomal dominant mode of transmission there was always one parent with reduced receptor binding in peripheral mononuclear leucocytes and elevated serum hormone levels.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 213783109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These parents were entirely asymptomatic.@@@@1@6@@oe@19-12-2010 213783110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an extended family we were able to study an aunt and her newborn daughter, who were both also biochemically affected but clinically asymptomatic.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 213783111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It, therefore, appears that this dual pattern of genetic transmission may indicate differing genetic defects which cause the same clinical picture of pseudohypoaldosteronism.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 213989601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human immunodeficiency virus vpr product is a virion-associated regulatory protein.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 213989602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The vpr product of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acts in trans to accelerate virus replication and cytopathic effect in T cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 213989603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here it is shown that the HIV-1 viral particle contains multiple copies of the vpr protein.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 213989604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The vpr product is the first regulatory protein of HIV-1 to be found in the virus particle.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 213989605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This observation raises the possibility that vpr acts to facilitate the early steps of infection before de novo viral protein synthesis occurs.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 214252801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two distinct forms of active transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element binding protein).@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 214252802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mammalian cells express two distinct forms of transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) that are apparently the products of alternative splicing of the CREB gene transcript.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 214252803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two proteins differ by a 14-amino acid serine-rich insertion present in one of the CREB isoforms.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 214252804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that both CREB isoforms are expressed in many cell types and mammalian species.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 214252805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both encode proteins that bind specifically to a cAMP response element in vitro.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 214252806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As expected for proteins of this class, the CREB proteins bind DNA as dimers.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 214252807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both proteins impart cAMP-regulated transcriptional activity to a heterologous DNA-binding domain, showing that cAMP directly modulates the transcriptional stimulatory activity of CREB.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 214252808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of multiple CREB isoforms with identical DNA-binding specificities but differences in the presumed regulatory domain raises the possibility that CREB proteins may be able to integrate distinct regulatory signals at the level of gene transcription.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 214477701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retroviral mediated transfer and expression of exogenous genes in primary lymphoid cells: assaying for a viral transactivator activity in normal and malignant cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 214477702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report we describe the use of recombinant retroviruses to characterize the activity of an exogenous promoter in primary cells obtained from patients with lymphoproliferative disorders.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 214477703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The infection of a variety of cultured and primary lymphoid cells with a recombinant retrovirus containing a histone promoter-driven beta-galactosidase gene is shown to result in the expression of beta-galactosidase in 50% to 100% of the cells.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 214477704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A similar infection with a recombinant retrovirus containing the beta-galactosidase gene with an adenovirus E2 promoter, results in beta-galactosidase activity in a limited number of cultured and primary cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 214477705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since the adenovirus E2 promoter has been well characterized and is known to be regulated by transactivators encoded by many viruses, the activity of this promoter in specific cell types is discussed in reference to both the biology of the cell and the possible presence of as yet undetected viral gene products.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 214685201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Extrarenal receptor-effector-mechanisms for aldosterone: the sequence of effects on the cellular electrolyte transport in human lymphocytes and their implications for disorders of the water and electrolyte balances.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 214685202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High affinity aldosterone binding sites have not only been described in the classic target tissues such as the renal tubules, but also in non-classic target tissues such as the hippocampus, mammary gland, endothelial cells and, recently, human mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 214685203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An in vitro effect of aldosterone on intracellular sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations and cell volume was shown in human mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 214685204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the absence of aldosterone, the intracellular Na+, K+ and Ca2+ concentrations and the cell volume decreased significantly, but remained constant when aldosterone (1.4 nmol/l) was added to the incubation medium.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 214685205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These effects of aldosterone were blocked by the aldosterone antagonist canrenone (140 nmol/l).@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 214685206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The sodium/proton exchanger of the cell membrane could be identified as the primary target of the aldosterone action, possibly non-genomically mediated through membrane receptors.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 214685207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The clinical significance of this model was underlined by the demonstration of absent or a decreased number of mineralocorticoid receptors and the lack of electrolyte response to aldosterone in human mononuclear leukocytes of patients with pseudohypoaldosteronism and aldosteronism.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 214685208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additionally, an abnormal effector mechanism could be demonstrated in human mononuclear leukocytes from essential hypertensives.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 214685209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies are the first to demonstrate the significance of extrarenal, nonepithelial mineralocorticoid receptors and the related effector mechanism in different disorders of the water and electrolyte balance in man.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 215604301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive expression of HIV-1 tat protein in human Jurkat T cells using a BK virus vector.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 215604302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The production and characterization of Jurkat cell lines that constitutively express functional human immune deficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) tat protein, using a BK virus plasmid expression vector and HIV-1 tat cDNA, is described.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 215604303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An increased growth rate of these Jurkat-tat cell lines as compared with control cell lines was observed.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 215660701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Risk factors for breast recurrence in premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with ductal cancers treated by conservation therapy.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 215660702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Risk factors for local failure were evaluated for 496 clinical Stage I-II patients with infiltrating ductal carcinomas (median follow-up, 71 months) treated by conservative surgery and radiotherapy.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 215660703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monofactorial analysis identified the following factors to be correlated with increased risk: moderate/marked mononuclear cell reaction (MCR), high histologic grade (G), extensive intraductal component (EIC), tumor necrosis, macroscopic multiplicity, estrogen receptor negativity, anatomic tumor size, age younger than 40 years, and vascular invasion.@@@@1@59@@oe@19-12-2010 215660704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Only MCR, G, and EIC proved significant in Cox multivariate analysis.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 215660705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These risk factors were highly age dependent, with EIC markedly more prevalent in women younger than 50, MCR and G in women younger than 40.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 215660706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Separate Cox analysis for premenopausal patients showed that MCR/EIC determined risk independent of resection margins: tumors with MCR had a 28%, and with EIC a 22% probability of recurring locally by 5 years.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 215660707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Premenopausal patients with neither risk factor had a very low failure rate (2.6% at 5 years), regardless of age.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 215660708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For postmenopausal patients risk of breast recurrence was determined both by adequacy of resection margins and grade, with a high local failure rate for patients having G3 tumors with positive or indeterminate margins (31% at 5 years).@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 215660709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The authors conclude that the microscopic examination is the only useful tool for assessing the risk of local failure, which is quite low for the majority of patients treated with breast conservation.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 215660710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High-risk patients can be recognized morphologically.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 215660711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The age dependence of morphologic risk factors appears to explain the high local failure rate seen in patients younger than 40.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 215708901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of aldosterone on intralymphocytic sodium and potassium in patients with essential hypertension.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 215708902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro binding of aldosterone to mineralocorticoid receptors on human mononuclear leukocytes (HML) and its effects on the intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations of HML have already been described.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 215708903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present paper this easily accessible human cell model was investigated in 13 patients with essential hypertension.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 215708904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In only four patients sodium in HML without incubation was elevated compared with the range for normal persons.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 215708905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A decrease of intracellular sodium or potassium occurred during incubation without aldosterone (P less than 0.02).@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 215708906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The addition of 1.4 nM aldosterone did not prevent this loss of electrolytes as observed in normal persons.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 215708907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Plasma renin activity and aldosterone were not correlated with the electrolyte response and were within the normal limits.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 215708908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of mineralocorticoid receptors/cell were within or close to the normal range (n = 9).@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 215708909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The independence of intracellular electrolytes from aldosterone despite a normal number of mineralocorticoid receptors may reflect an impairment of the mineralocorticoid effector mechanism in the HML of patients with essential hypertension.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 215902401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25(OH)2D2 production by T lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages recovered by lavage from normocalcemic patients with tuberculosis.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 215902402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To compare extra-renal 1,25(OH)2D3 production in different types of granulomatous disease, and to identify the cell types responsible, we have evaluated the conversion of 25(OH)D3 in 1,25(OH)2D3 by uncultured cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage and blood mononuclear cells from normocalcemic patients with sarcoidosis and tuberculosis.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 215902403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25(OH)2D3 was produced both by lavage cells (12/12 tuberculosis patients, 2/6 sarcoidosis patients) and blood mononuclear cells (3/5 tuberculosis patients, 0/3 sarcoidosis patients) from patients but not controls, but significantly greater amounts were produced by lavage cells from tuberculosis patients than those of sarcoidosis patients (P less than 0.001).@@@@1@59@@oe@19-12-2010 215902404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25(OH)2D3 production by lavage cells from tuberculosis patients correlated with the number of CD8+ T lymphocytes present but not other cell types.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 215902405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T lymphocytes appeared to be an important source of 1,25(OH)2D3 production, since purified T lymphocytes from all patients with tuberculosis produced 1,25(OH)2D3, and 1,25(OH)2D3 production by these cells correlated closely with that produced by unseparated lavage cells.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 215902406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because 1,25(OH)2D3 can improve the capacity of macrophages to kill mycobacteria, our results support the conclusion that macrophage-lymphocyte interactions, mediated at least in part by 1,25(OH)2D3, may be an important component of a successful antituberculous immune response.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 215937201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line RWLeu-4.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 215937202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) on proliferation, differentiation, and macromolecular synthesis in the new Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line, RWLeu-4, were investigated.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 215937203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of [3H]VD3 was saturable, with approximately 2000-3000 sites/cell, and half-maximal binding occurring at 0.21-0.33 nM.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 215937204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of RWLeu-4 cells with VD3 induced 24R-hydroxylase activity, a marker of vitamin D3 responsiveness in many tissues.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 215937205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Exposure of RWLeu-4 cells to VD3 also inhibited proliferation and DNA synthesis with a 50% effective dose of 3.5-10 nM within 72 h; in addition, protein and RNA synthesis were inhibited by VD3 treatment.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 215937206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Exposure of RWLeu-4 cells to 5 nM VD3 for 72 h caused 50% of the cells to differentiate into macrophage/monocyte type cells as judged by nitroblue tetrazolium staining and adherence to plastic.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 215937207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Progressive expression of cell surface maturation-specific antigens of the monocyte/macrophage lineage was induced by treatment of RWLeu-4 cells with VD3 for 24 to 72 h at doses that inhibited cellular proliferation.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 215937208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-myc RNA, which is constitutively expressed in RWLeu-4 cells, increased after 0.5 h of treatment with 50 nM VD3 and then rapidly decreased to barely detectable levels after 4 h of treatment.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 215937209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, the in vitro tyrosine kinase activity associated with the p210bcr-abl oncogene product was decreased approximately 50% by VD3 treatment.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 215937210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because of the presence of a functional receptor-effector system for VD3 and multiple biological responses to the hormone, these cells provide a unique model system with which to probe the specific effects of VD3 on cell growth and differentiation in chronic myelogenous leukemia.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 215954501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ORI1yt enhancer is not B-cell specific and does not respond synergistically to the EBV transcription factors R and Z.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 215954502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Epstein-Barr virus DR promoter is located upstream of the PstI repeats, and in addition to the TATA box, it contains an upstream region (positions -69 to -220) responsive to EB1 (Z) (the BZLF1-encoded transcription factor) and an enhancer with two functionally distinct domains, A and B.@@@@1@55@@oe@19-12-2010 215954503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Domain B has been described as a B-cell-specific EB1-responsive element (P.M.Lieberman, J.M.Hardwick, and S.D.Hayward, J.Virol.63:3040-3050, 1989) activated synergistically by EB1 and R, an EBV early product encoded by the open reading frame BRLF1 (M.A. Cox, J.Leahy, and J.M.Hardwick, J.Virol.64:313-321, 1990).@@@@1@58@@oe@19-12-2010 215954504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here that domain B is an R-responsive element in HeLa cells and is therefore not an EB1-responsive B-cell-specific element.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 215954505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, there is an EB1-binding site (ZRE-B) located within the R-responsive enhancer region.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 215954506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ZRE-B can be deleted without affecting the R-dependent enhancer activity.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 215954507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, there is no cooperation or synergy between R and EB1 when activating the B domain (ZRE-B plus the R-responsive element) positioned as an enhancer.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 215954508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ZRE-B is therefore not part of the R- inducible enhancer.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 215954509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have tested several subregions of the DR enhancer B domain, either alone or in combination, for their capacity to transmit the R-activating signal to the rabbit beta-globin promoter.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 215954510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that the R-responsive element is composed of four protoenhancers that span the whole B domain.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 215954511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These protoenhancers alone are weakly or not responsive to R.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 215954512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the protoenhancers contains the overlapping palindromes 5'-TTGTCCcgtGGACAAaTGTCC-3'.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 215954513@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, one palindrome, either alone or duplicated, or the overlapping palindromes did not respond to R.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 215968401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Type II estrogen binding sites in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: variations during the menstrual cycle.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 215968402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously reported that human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) contain type II estrogen binding sites (type II EBS).@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 215968403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, the fluctuations of type II EBS during the menstrual cycle were analyzed in 6 normally menstruating women.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 215968404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Approximately 3 times higher levels of type II EBS were found in the periovulatory period with respect to both follicular and luteal phases.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 215968405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In postmenopausal women the mean type II EBS levels were similar to those observed in the follicular phase of the cycle.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 215968406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in 3 postmenopausal patients a short course of estrogen or tamoxifen resulted in a marked increase of type II EBS levels.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 215968407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tamoxifen was also found to compete with 17 beta-estradiol for type II EBS in PBMC, although to a lesser extent than diethylstilbestrol.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 216038001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocyte cell lines from vitamin D-dependent rickets type II show functional defects in the 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 216038002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocyte cell lines were established from five patients with vitamin D-dependent rickets, type II (VDDR-II).@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 216038003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These lines were established by infection with human T-lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-I).@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 216038004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of [3H]1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) to its receptor in these cell lines was compared to binding studies using a T-lymphocyte cell line (S-LB1) from a normal individual.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 216038005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor of S-LB1 was comparable to the well-characterized chick intestinal 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor in terms of its ligand binding affinity and capacity, its mobility on 5-20% sucrose gradients, and its adsorption to and elution properties from DNA-cellulose.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 216038006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three cell lines established from patients with VDDR-II (Rh-VDR, Sh-VDR, and Ab-VDR) showed no specific binding of 1,25(OH)2D3 to a receptor and treatment of the cultured cells with 1,25(OH)2D3 did not stimulate production of 24,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3), a response which is diagnostic of the presence of a functional 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor.@@@@1@58@@oe@19-12-2010 216038007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a fourth cell line, A1-VDR, the receptor for 1,25(OH)2D3 had a low binding capacity and 25(OH)D3-24-hydroxylase activity was not detectable.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 216038008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of 24,25-(OH)2D3 synthesis by 1,25(OH)2D3 was observed in the fifth cell line, designated Ro-VDR, although the sensitivity to hormone treatment was lower than in the control cell line from a normal donor.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 216038009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The capacity of the receptor for 1,25(OH)2D3 was low in Ro-VDR.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 216038010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In all cell lines where 1,25(OH)2D3 binding to a receptor was detectable, the receptor had the typical sedimentation coefficient of 3.7 S on sucrose density gradient analysis.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 216038011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding and elution properties to DNA-cellulose, however, differed from normal in both Ro-VDR and A1-VDR cells where elution from DNA-cellulose occurred at a lower salt concentration than is typical of the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 216038012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While Ro-VDR cells showed typical nuclear localization of the unoccupied 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor, neither the unoccupied nor the occupied receptor from A1-VDR cells was completely localized in the nucleus.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 216038013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a series of functional studies we found that modulation of the level of the mRNAs coding for both the c-myc oncogene and the growth factor known as granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating activity by 1,25(OH)2D3 correlated with the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor status of these cells.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 216038014@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Use of these cell lines will facilitate further study of the molecular defect(s) in the receptor for 1,25(OH)2D3 in vitamin D-dependent rickets type II and will allow a correlation with impairment of cellular functions.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 216181301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Heterogeneity of antigen molecules recognized by anti-tax1 monoclonal antibody Lt-4 in cell lines bearing human T cell leukemia virus type I and related retroviruses.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 216181302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a monoclonal antibody, Lt-4, directed against human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) trans-activator (tax1) antigen, we examined the expression of tax1 and related antigens in a variety of T cell lines bearing HTLV-I and related retroviruses, simian T cell leukemia virus type I (STLV-I) and HTLV-II, by immunofluorescence and immunoblot assays.@@@@1@66@@oe@19-12-2010 216181303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lt-4 reacted with all HTLV-I-bearing cell lines tested and five out of eight simian cell lines bearing STLV-I, but not with an HTLV-II-bearing cell line.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 216181304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lt-4 detected 40 kd tax1 antigen molecules in most HTLV-I-bearing cell lines except one cell line that expressed 39 kd tax1 antigen.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 216181305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the STLV-I-bearing T cell lines, tax1-related antigen molecules detected by Lt-4 were heterogeneous, having molecular weights in the range of 36-41 kd.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 216334701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sequence-specific DNA binding of the proto-oncoprotein ets-1 defines a transcriptional activator sequence within the long terminal repeat of the Moloney murine sarcoma virus.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 216334702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ets proto-oncogene family is a group of sequence-related genes whose normal cellular function is unknown.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 216334703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a study of cellular proteins involved in the transcriptional regulation of murine retroviruses in T lymphocytes, we have discovered that a member of the ets gene family encodes a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 216334704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A mouse ets-1 cDNA clone was obtained by screening a mouse thymus cDNA expression library with a double-stranded oligonucleotide probe representing 20 bp of the Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) long terminal repeat (LTR).@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 216334705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cDNA sequence has an 813-bp open reading frame (ORF) whose predicted amino acid sequence is 97.6% identical to the 272 carboxy-terminal amino acids of the human ets-1 protein.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 216334706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ORF was expressed in bacteria, and the 30-kD protein product was shown to bind DNA in a sequence-specific manner by mobility-shift assays, Southwestern blot analysis, and methylation interference.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 216334707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A mutant LTR containing four base pair substitutions in the ets-1 binding site was constructed and was shown to have reduced binding in vitro.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 216334708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional efficiency of the MSV LTR promoter containing this disrupted ets-1 binding site was compared to the activity of a wild-type promoter in mouse T lymphocytes in culture, and 15- to 20-fold reduction in expression of a reporter gene was observed.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 216334709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose that ets-1 functions as a transcriptional activator of mammalian type-C retroviruses and speculate that ets-related genes constitute a new group of eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 216459501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BMRF1 promoter for early antigen (EA-D) is regulated by the EBV transactivators, BRLF1 and BZLF1, in a cell-specific manner.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 216459502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Epstein-Barr virus early antigen diffuse component (EA-D) is essential for Epstein-Barr virus DNA polymerase activity, and its activity is suppressed during latent infection.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 216459503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated the regulation of the promoter (BMRF1) for this early gene by studying its responsiveness in vitro to two immediate-early viral transactivators, BZLF1 (Z) and BRLF1 (R), focusing on the differences in response in lymphoid cells and epithelial cells.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 216459504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In lymphoid cells, Z or R alone produced only small increases in EA-D promoter activity, whereas both transactivators together produced a large stimulatory effect.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 216459505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In epithelial cells, the Z transactivator alone produced maximal stimulation of the EA-D promoter; the effect of R and Z together was no greater than that of Z alone.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 216459506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletional analysis and site-directed mutagenesis of the EA-D promoter demonstrated that in epithelial cells the potential AP-1 binding site plays an essential role in Z responsiveness, although sequences further upstream are also important.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 216459507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In lymphoid cells, only the upstream sequences are required for transactivation by the Z/R combination, and the AP-1 site is dispensable.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 216459508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that EA-D (BMRF1) promoter regulation by Z and R is cell type specific and appears to involve different mechanisms in each cell type.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 217170401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Decreased concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in peripheral mononuclear cells of patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets: effect of phosphate supplementation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 217170402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Abnormal renal tubular phosphate transport is considered to be the primary defect in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH).@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 217170403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the resistance to vitamin D treatment in XLH cannot be explained by hypophosphatemia alone.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 217170404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since most of the actions of vitamin D are mediated by its receptors (VDR), abnormalities of VDR have been postulated in XLH.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 217170405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to investigate this possibility, we measured the concentration of VDR in PHA-activated peripheral mononuclear cells from 10 XLH patients.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 217170406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Patients without phosphate supplementation showed significantly lower concentration (21.7 +/- 5.1 fmol/mg protein, mean +/- SEM) compared to the normal controls (60.7 +/- 4.0).@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 217170407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the contrary, there was no significant difference between the phosphate-supplemented patients (58.3 +/- 2.7) and controls.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 217170408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was a significant positive correlation between VDR concentration and serum phosphate (P less than 0.05).@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 217170409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In two patients, VDR was increased after daily phosphate supplementation was started.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 217170410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that a decreased concentration of VDR secondary to persistent hypophosphatemia is one of the causes of vitamin D resistance in XLH.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 217242201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunohistochemical study of steroid hormones and an estrogen binding assay in malignant soft tissue tumors.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 217242202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunohistochemically, the immunoreaction against 5 steroid hormone anti-sera (estradiol, estriol, cortisol, progesterone and testosterone) was examined in 39 cases with the malignant soft tissue tumors (fibrosarcoma: 8, malignant fibrous histiocytoma: 6, rhabdomyosarcoma: 10, leiomyosarcoma: 10, liposarcoma: 5).@@@@1@55@@oe@19-12-2010 217242203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Seventeen cases revealed distinct immunostaining against at least 1 of the 5 steroid hormones.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 217242204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunostained tumor cells were more frequently distributed in the area where tumor cell infiltration was more invasive.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 217242205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The majority of the positive cases occurred in female cases.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 217242206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the existence of estrogen receptor (estrogen binding activity) was examined histochemically in 39 cases and it was detected in 8.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 217242207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We concluded that steroid hormones might be closely related to tumor cell infiltration of some malignant soft tissue tumors.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 219199201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Steroid dose sparing: pharmacodynamic responses to single versus divided doses of methylprednisolone in man.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 219199202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibitory drug interactions affecting the metabolism of methylprednisolone (MP) may produce either steroid sparing or adverse effects partly by increasing the exposure time to the steroid.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 219199203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This phenomenon can be mimicked by administering MP in divided doses.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 219199204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two types of responses were compared after a single MP dose (40 mg bolus) and a divided regimen (20 mg bolus and a 5 mg bolus 8 hours later) in six healthy male volunteers.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 219199205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The suppression of basophils measured as whole blood histamine and plasma cortisol concentrations was assessed during 32 hours.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 219199206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 37.5% reduction in dose produced a 23% overall decreased blood histamine response.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 219199207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A pharmacodynamic model for basophil cell distribution to and from an extravascular compartment describes the effects of MP after both regimens.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 219199208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A slower initial decline in blood histamine after the divided regimen may be related to incomplete suppression of basophil cell return to blood.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 219199209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 50% inhibitory concentrations of MP of about 5 ng/ml were similar for both regimens.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 219199210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The decline and return of cortisol concentrations were similar between MP treatments with suppression continuing for 24 hours.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 219199211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 50% inhibitory concentrations of MP values for adrenal suppression were about 1 ng/ml.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 219199212@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pharmacodynamic modeling is useful in quantitating corticosteroid responses and generally predicted the "dose-sparing" effects that were achieved by prolonging MP plasma concentrations.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 219199213@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study supports previous clinical observations that patients may require morning through evening exposure to MP to optimize efficacy while adrenal suppression is being minimized.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 219428901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning of a transcriptionally active human TATA binding factor.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 219428902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factor IID (TFIID) binds to the TATA box promoter element and regulates the expression of most eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 219428903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding a human TFIID protein has been cloned.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 219428904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human TFIID polypeptide has 339 amino acids and a molecular size of 37,745 daltons.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 219428905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The carboxyl-terminal 181 amino acids of the human TFIID protein shares 80% identity with the TFIID protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 219428906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The amino terminus contains an unusual repeat of 38 consecutive glutamine residues and an X-Thr-Pro repeat.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 219428907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of DNA in reticulocyte lysates or in Escherichia coli yielded a protein that was competent for both DNA binding and transcription activation.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 220547701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two glucocorticoid binding sites on the human glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 220547702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoids are known to have a lytic effect in leukemic cells via interactions with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR).@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 220547703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cortisol and various synthetic glucocorticoids bind to the GR with one-site kinetics.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 220547704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cortivazol (CVZ) is a unique, high potency synthetic glucocorticoid, which has a phenylpyrazol fused to the A-ring of the steroid nucleus and displays binding consistent with two or more sites in the cytosol from CEM C7 cells (a human acute lymphoblastic T-cell line).@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 220547705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has previously been shown that the lower affinity class of sites are similar in affinity and site molarity to those recognized by dexamethasone.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 220547706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The higher affinity sites bind CVZ with 20- to 50-fold greater affinity, consistent with CVZ's enhanced biological effects.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 220547707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In mutant leukemic cells resistant to the lytic effects of dexamethasone, CVZ both lyses the cells and recognizes a single class of sites similar to the high affinity site in CEM C7 cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 220547708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have carried out experiments to define the nature of the higher affinity CVZ binding site.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 220547709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We now show that: 1) CVZ has more than one binding site in a second, independent, B-cell line, IM-9; 2) the antiglucocorticoid RU 38486 is able to block both CVZ's higher and lower affinity sites; 3) all of CVZ's binding sites are on a protein immunologically indistinguishable from the human GR; and 4) freshly isolated clones of CVZ-resistant cells have lost all binding sites for CVZ.@@@@1@80@@oe@19-12-2010 220547710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate that CVZ is recognizing two glucocorticoid binding sites on the human GR or a protein very similar to it.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 221462001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[The role of glucocorticoid receptors and HLA antigens in the pathogenesis of Cushing's syndrome]@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 221462002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocytic levels of glucocorticoid receptors were evaluated in 114 patients suffering from Icenko-Cushing's syndrome.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 221462003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Incidence of HLA antigens was determined in 94 of them.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 221462004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A significant rise of A10 and B27 antigen incidence compared to that in normal subjects allows these antigens to be considered genetic markers of Icenko-Cushing's syndrome.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 221462005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The levels of glucocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes of the patients are lower than in normal subjects both in the active stage of the disease and following bilateral total adrenalectomy.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 221462006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The patients carrying B27 antigen had lymphocytic receptor concentrations under the levels of such in patients free of the antigen carriage.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 221462007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antigen B27 seems to be a cause of lower levels of glucocorticoid receptors in blood lymphocytes.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 221722801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Circadian rhythm of glucocorticoid receptors in human peripheral leukocytes and their reactivity to glucocorticoids.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 221722802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1) There exists a CR of GR in human leukocytes, PMN, and monocytes with the peak values from 0400 to 0800 hr and the trough values between 2300 and 0000 hr.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 221722803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The difference between them was significant statistically.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 221722804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@2) The FI of the chemotactic migration rate of PMN by cortisol also showed diurnal changes which were synchronous with that of GR.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 221722805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This indicates that the CR of GR may be of functional significance.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 221722806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@3) In Cushing's syndrome, the CR of GR was normal in spite of the fact that the CR of plasma cortisol was disturbed.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 221722807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This indicates the independency of the CR of GR from that of cortisol.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 221722808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@4) In apoplexy caused by brain ischemia, the CR of GR was abolished in patients with basal lesions but preserved when the lesions were located in the cerebral cortex.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 221722809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results strongly suggest that the main "circadian pacemaker" of GR is located in the basal brain, most probably in the suprachiasmatic nuclei as has been suggested for rodents.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 222277401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Progesterone suppression of pregnancy lymphocytes is not mediated by glucocorticoid effect.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 222277402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study investigated whether the suppressive effect of progesterone on pregnancy lymphocytes is mediated by specific progesterone receptors.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 222277403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of a competitive progesterone antagonist (RU486) and a specific glucocorticoid receptor blocker (RU43044) were tested on the release of a blocking factor by progesterone-treated pregnancy lymphocytes.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 222277404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RU 486 tested at an equal concentration as progesterone significantly inhibited the production of the blocking factor, while RU 43044 was without effect.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 222277405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that in pregnancy, lymphocyte progesterone acts on specific progesterone receptors and glucocorticoid binding sites are not involved.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 223852301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[The effect of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (dioxyvit) on Ca metabolism and immune status during chronic kidney failure]@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 223852302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Active metabolite of vitamin D3, 24R,25 (OH)2D3 (dioxyvit) was used at a daily dose of 100 micrograms in treatment of children affected with tubulointerstitial disease of kidney and with chronic glomerulonephritis under conditions of kidney insufficiency.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 223852303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The drug exhibited distinct normalizing effect on patterns of calcium metabolism: increase of total and ionized Ca2+ and of 25-OHD, decrease in concentration of parath hormone and osteocalcine in blood serum as well as on immunological parameters: restoration of decreased content of T- and 0-lymphocytes.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 223852304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Concentration of receptors of hormonal form of 1,25(OH)2D3 was found to be minimal in lymphocytes under conditions of chronic kidney insufficiency, while their expression, after the dioxyvit action, was detected only in patients with glomerulonephritis.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 223852305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific calcitropic effect of dioxyvit with simultaneous correction of vitamin D deficiency were apparently responsible for high efficacy of the drug in treatment of calcium metabolism and immunity impairments in children with renal deteriorations at the step of chronic kidney insufficiency.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 224989901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Type-II estrogen binding sites in a lymphoblastoid cell line and growth-inhibitory effect of estrogen, anti-estrogen and bioflavonoids.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 224989902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Type-II estrogen-binding sites (type-II EBS) have been demonstrated in the human lymphoblastoid cell line IM-9 using a whole-cell assay with (6,7-3H) estradiol (3H-E2) as tracer.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 224989903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Competition analysis showed that the anti-estrogen tamoxifen and the flavonoids quercetin and rutin competed for (3H)-E2 binding to type-II EBS.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 224989904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Growth experiments demonstrated that diethylstilbestrol (DES) tamoxifen (TAM), quercetin and rutin exerted a reversible dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in the range of concentrations between 10 nM and 10 microM.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 224989905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The relative binding affinity of quercetin, rutin, DES and TAM for type-II EBS correlated well with their potency as cell growth inhibitors.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 224989906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, hesperidin, a flavonoid which does not bind to type-II EBS, was ineffective in inhibiting cell growth.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 224989907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell-cycle analysis showed that the growth-inhibitory effect of DES, TAM or quercetin was due to a blocking effect in the G0-G1 phases.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 224989908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results suggest that high estrogen and anti-estrogen concentrations and flavonoids may regulate IM-9 cell growth through a common mechanism involving a binding interaction with type-II EBS.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 225591401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Disruption of the human SCL locus by "illegitimate" V-(D)-J recombinase activity.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 225591402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A fusion complementary DNA in the T cell line HSB-2 elucidates a provocative mechanism for the disruption of the putative hematopoietic transcription factor SCL.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 225591403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The fusion cDNA results from an interstitial deletion between a previously unknown locus, SIL (SCL interrupting locus), and the 5' untranslated region of SCL.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 225591404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar to 1;14 translocations, this deletion disrupts the SCL 5' regulatory region.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 225591405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This event is probably mediated by V-(D)-J recombinase activity, although neither locus is an immunoglobulin or a T cell receptor.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 225591406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two other T cell lines, CEM and RPMI 8402, have essentially identical deletions.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 225591407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, in lymphocytes, growth-affecting genes other than immune receptors risk rearrangements.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 226855801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synthesis of 4,19-disubstituted derivatives of DOC.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 226855802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Radioreceptor assay of some corticosteroid derivatives in human mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 226855803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several new 4,19-substituted steroids and previously synthesized corticosteroids were assayed for affinity to type 1 receptors in human mononuclear leukocytes.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 226855804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@11 beta,19-epoxy-4,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (2) was hydrogenated with Pd-C to yield a mixture of all four dihydro derivatives 5, accompanied by 4,21-diacetoxy-11 beta,19-epoxy-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one (6) and 21-acetoxy-11 beta,19-epoxy-4-hydroxypregnane-3,20-dione (7).@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 226855805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@With hot acetic + p-toluenesulfonic acid 5 underwent rearrangement to 21-acetoxy-11 beta,19-epoxypregn-5-ene-4,20-dione (8) Pd-C hydrogenation of 3,21-diacetoxy-5 beta,19-cyclopregna-2,9(11)-diene-4,20-dione (10) gave 3,21-diacetoxy-5 beta,19-cyclopregn-5-ene-4,20-dione (11) and the 9,11-dihydro derivative of the latter.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 226855806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of 10 with warm HCl furnished 19-chloro-4,21-dihydroxypregna-4,9(11)-diene-3,20-dione (13).@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 226855807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pd-C hydrogenation of its diacetate 14 afforded the 4,5-dihydro derivative 18, 19-chloro-21-acetoxypregn-9(11)-en-20-one (15), its 4-acetoxy derivative 16 and the 3,4-diacetoxy derivative 17.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 226855808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When tested in a radioreceptor assay in human mononuclear leukocytes the synthesized compounds showed only low relative binding affinities (RBA) to type 1 receptor, the highest being 0.72% for 13 (aldosterone = 100%).@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 226855809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For comparison, other RBA in this system were: 19-noraldosterone, 20%; 18-deoxyaldosterone, 5.8%; 18-deoxy-19-noraldosterone, 4.7%; 18,21-anhydroaldosterone, 0.37%; 17-isoaldosterone, 7.6% and apoaldosterone, 4.3%@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 226891401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Effect of the regimen of kidney-tonifying and qi-invigorating on aging changes of glucocorticoid receptor]@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 226891402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The plasma cortisol concentration and the sites of glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) in the peripheral lymphocytes were measured in 32 healthy aged persons and 13 young adults.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 226891403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In animal experiment, GCR of spleen lymphocytic cell was also measured in 18 aged rats and 9 young rats.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 226891404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results showed that GCR was significantly lower in the aged persons or rats than that in the young while the plasma cortisol level didn't change with aging.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 226891405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@So we think that GCR is more sensitive than the plasma cortisol level to reflect the aging change of the adrenal cortex function.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 226891406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After the treatment with the regimen of Kidney-tonifying and Qi-invigorating, the GCR of the aged persons and rats was enhanced, and in this way, the function of the aged adrenal cortex was improved.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 228060901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oestrogen receptor (ER) analysis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: correlation of biochemical and immunocytochemical methods.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 228060902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oestrogen receptors (ER) are present in neoplastic lymphoid cells and have been considered a physiological marker of growth rate or differentiation.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 228060903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tamoxifen, an oestrogen antagonist, has been given in some patients with CLL and Hodgkin's disease, with dramatic response in single cases.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 228060904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Until now, ER status has been assessed using a steroid binding assay (SBA) which has many inherent problems.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 228060905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, the development of monoclonal antibodies directed against ER has been applied to the study of breast carcinomas and results obtained show good correlation with the quantitative SBA.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 228060906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We studied 49 cases of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) using immunostaining of cytospin preparations.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 228060907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In 30 of these cases ER enzyme immunoassay (ER-EIA) was also performed.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 228060908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cultured MCF-7 cells, derived from a pleural effusion of a breast cancer patient, known to contain high levels of ER were used as a positive control (40-48% ER positive cells by immunocytochemistry; 200 fmol/mg protein by EIA).@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 228060909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All of the CLL cases except two (96%) were negative for ER (less than 1% staining; less than 4 fmol/mg protein).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 228060910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two positive cases expressed granular ER staining over the nucleus (9.2 and 12.1% positive cells) and were positive by EIA and SBA.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 228060911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is concluded that (i) patients with CLL rarely express ER and (ii) immunocytochemical staining of cytospin preparations is a valid technique for the measurement of ER.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 228060912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is of interest that one of the positive cases was diagnosed as CLL with Richter's transformation confirming earlier findings.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 228076901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thyroid hormone receptors form distinct nuclear protein-dependent and independent complexes with a thyroid hormone response element.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 228076902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined the binding of nuclear proteins and recombinant thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) to the palindromic thyroid hormone responsive element AGGTCATGACCT (TREp) using a gel electrophoretic mobility shift assay.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 228076903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Four specific protein-DNA complexes were detected after incubation of nuclear extracts (NE) from T3-responsive pituitary (GH3) cells with a TREp-containing DNA fragment.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 228076904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This was compared with the TREp binding of reticulocyte lysate-synthesized TRs.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 228076905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TR alpha 1 and TR beta 2 each formed a single major TR:TREp complex which comigrated with the least retarded complex formed by GH3 NE, while TR beta 1 formed multiple complexes suggesting that it can bind to TREp as an oligomer.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 228076906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, coincubation of 35S-TR alpha 1, GH3 NE, and unlabeled TREp resulted in not only the 35S-TR:TREp complex, but in two additional more greatly retarded complexes containing 35S-TR alpha 1 and comigrating with those formed by GH3 extract alone.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 228076907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Incubation of each of the TRs with NE from COS-7 cells, which do not possess sufficient endogenous TRs to mediate T3-responses, resulted in formation of a new, more greatly shifted complex.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 228076908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A similar, heat labile activity which altered mobility of the TR:TRE complex was also present in NE from T3-unresponsive JEG-3 cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 228076909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At high concentration of NE, all of the TR bound to TREp was more greatly retarded than in the absence of NE.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 228076910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Truncation of TR alpha 1 at amino acid 210 prevented additional complex formation in the presence of NE without affecting DNA binding, suggesting that the carboxyl-terminus of the TRs is essential for interaction with nuclear proteins.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 228076911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 228380501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Glucocorticoid receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with bronchial asthma]@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 228380502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Quantitation of glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) and the study of their affinity for glucocorticosteroids (GCS) were made in peripheral blood lymphocytes of bronchial asthma (BA) patients in consideration of GCR treatment and serum levels of endogenous cortisol.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 228380503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is stated that GCR of healthy controls and GCS-untreated patients outnumbered those of cortisol-dependent BA patients on hormone therapy.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 228380504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Following discontinuation of glucocorticoid drugs GCR count in cortisol-dependent BA tends to rise.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 228380505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Endogenous cortisol has no effect on GCR level estimated by 3H-triamcinolone acetonide.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 230502401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Perceived social support and tumor estrogen/progesterone receptor status as predictors of natural killer cell activity in breast cancer patients.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 230502402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This report is concerned with the prediction of natural killer (NK) cell activity in 61 Stage I and II breast cancer patients, between the ages of 25 and 70, who were accrued to this project.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 230502403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All baseline interview and testing data were obtained either just before patients were discharged from the hospital, or at their first outpatient visit, within two weeks of discharge.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 230502404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A major interest of this project is the predictive value of perceived social support, as a potential "stress" buffer, related to NK activity.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 230502405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the main model reported here, we found that a significant amount of NK activity variance could be explained by five variables.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 230502406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Higher NK activity could be predicted by the perception of high quality emotional support from a spouse or intimate other, perceived social support from the patient's physician, estrogen receptor-negative tumor status, having an excisional biopsy as surgical treatment, and actively seeking social support as a major coping strategy (R2 = 0.33, F(5,55) = 5.5, p less than 0.0004).@@@@1@73@@oe@19-12-2010 230502407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Findings are discussed in terms of host interaction with tumor endocrine status, and the role that social support might play in modulating such activity.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 232011301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Megakaryocytic and erythrocytic lineages share specific transcription factors.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 232011302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Erythroid-specific genes contain binding sites for NF-E1 (also called GF-1 and Eryf-1; refs 1-3 respectively), the principal DNA-binding protein of the erythrocytic lineage.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 232011303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-E1 expression seems to be restricted to the erythrocytic lineage.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 232011304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A closely related (if not identical) protein is found in both a human megakaryocytic cell line and purified human megakaryocytes; it binds to promoter regions of two megakaryocytic-specific genes.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 232011305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The binding sites and partial proteolysis profile of this protein are indistinguishable from those of the erythroid protein; also, NF-E1 messenger RNA is the same size in both the megakaryocytic and erythroid cell lines.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 232011306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, point mutations that abolish binding of NF-E1 result in a 70% decrease in the transcriptional activity of a megakaryocytic-specific promoter.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 232011307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also find that NF-E2, another trans-acting factor of the erythrocytic lineage, is present in megakaryocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 232011308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional effects in both lineages might then be mediated in part by the same specific trans-acting factors.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 232011309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data strengthen the idea of a close association between the erythrocytic and the megakaryocytic lineages and could also explain the expression of markers specific to the erythrocytic and megakaryocytic lineages in most erythroblastic and megakaryoblastic permanent cell lines.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 232101801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A new member of the leucine zipper class of proteins that binds to the HLA DR alpha promoter.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 232101802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several mutants derived from transformed human B cell lines are defective in expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 232101803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The failure to express a class II gene in at least one such mutant line has been mapped to the MHC class II X box, a conserved transcriptional element in the promoter region.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 232101804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A complementary DNA encoding a DNA-binding protein (human X box binding protein, hXBP-1) whose target is the human DR alpha X box and the 3' flanking region has now been cloned.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 232101805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This complementary DNA encoded a protein with structural similarities to the c-jun proto-oncogene product, and its target sequence was closely related to the palindromic target sequence of c-jun.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 232101806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation of the hXBP-1 DNA target sequence decreased DR alpha promoter activity in vivo.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 232101807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies suggest that the hXBP-1 protein acts as a transcription factor in B cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 233580301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of mononuclear infiltrates in breast carcinomas--correlation with tumour differentiation.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 233580302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inflammatory infiltrates were analysed in tissue sections of 76 breast carcinomas by counting the percentage of macrophages, IgA+ and IgG+ plasma cells, T cells with their subpopulations, and natural killer cells, and by measuring postcapillary venules (PCVs, found in 12 cases) within the infiltrates.@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 233580303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These parameters were correlated with nuclear grade and biochemically determined hormone receptor status, known markers of tumour differentiation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 233580304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A direct correlation was found between the extent of inflammation and nuclear grade (P less than 0.0001), and an inverse correlation between inflammation and oestrogen receptor (OR) positivity (P less than 0.05) as well as inflammation and progesterone receptor (PR) positivity (P less than 0.05).@@@@1@57@@oe@19-12-2010 233580305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The percentage of the OKT8+ suppressor/cytotoxic T cells increased when the inflammation expanded from scanty to moderate (P less than 0.02).@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 233580306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The diameter of the PCVs also increased with increasing inflammatory infiltrate (P less than 0.02).@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 233580307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, a direct correlation exists between the diameter of the PCVs and both the percentage of the OKT8+ T cells (P less than 0.04) and the Leu-7+ natural killer cells (P less than 0.03).@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 235232201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel T-cell protein which recognizes a palindromic sequence in the negative regulatory element of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 235232202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two major protein-binding sites within the negative regulatory element of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat have been identified.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 235232203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One (site B) contained a palindromic sequence with homology to steroid/thyroid hormone response elements but was distinct from previously described binding sites of this class.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 235232204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel T-cell protein recognized the palindromic sequence within site B and also bound estrogen- or thyroid hormone-response elements with lower affinity.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 235232205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 7-base-pair mutation in the site B palindrome, which destroyed protein binding, resulted in increased expression from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat in T cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 235232801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 transactivates latent membrane protein LMP1.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 235232802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several lines of evidence are compatible with the hypothesis that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2) or leader protein (EBNA-LP) affects expression of the EBV latent infection membrane protein LMP1.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 235232803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We now demonstrate the following.@@@@1@6@@oe@19-12-2010 235232804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(i) Acute transfection and expression of EBNA-2 under control of simian virus 40 or Moloney murine leukemia virus promoters resulted in increased LMP1 expression in P3HR-1-infected Burkitt's lymphoma cells and the P3HR-1 or Daudi cell line.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 235232805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ii) Transfection and expression of EBNA-LP alone had no effect on LMP1 expression and did not act synergistically with EBNA-2 to affect LMP1 expression.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 235232806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(iii) LMP1 expression in Daudi and P3HR-1-infected cells was controlled at the mRNA level, and EBNA-2 expression in Daudi cells increased LMP1 mRNA.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 235232807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(iv) No other EBV genes were required for EBNA-2 transactivation of LMP1 since cotransfection of recombinant EBNA-2 expression vectors and genomic LMP1 DNA fragments enhanced LMP1 expression in the EBV-negative B-lymphoma cell lines BJAB, Louckes, and BL30.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 235232808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(v) An EBNA-2-responsive element was found within the -512 to +40 LMP1 DNA since this DNA linked to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene was transactivated by cotransfection with an EBNA-2 expression vector.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 235232809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(vi) The EBV type 2 EBNA-2 transactivated LMP1 as well as the EBV type 1 EBNA-2.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 235232810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(vii) Two deletions within the EBNA-2 gene which rendered EBV transformation incompetent did not transactivate LMP1, whereas a transformation-competent EBNA-2 deletion mutant did transactivate LMP1.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 235232811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LMP1 is a potent effector of B-lymphocyte activation and can act synergistically with EBNA-2 to induce cellular CD23 gene expression.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 235232812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, EBNA-2 transactivation of LMP1 amplifies the biological impact of EBNA-2 and underscores its central role in EBV-induced growth transformation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 235721601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Protein kinase inhibitor H-7 blocks accumulation of unspliced mRNA of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I).@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 235721602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rex, the post-transcriptional regulator of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), is known to induce accumulation of the unspliced viral gag-pol mRNA.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 235721603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rex is a phosphoprotein found in the cell nucleolus, whose function may be regulated by its localization and phosphorylation.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 235721604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined the role of phosphorylation on Rex function by using a protein kinase inhibitor, H-7 [1-(5-isoquinolinyl-sulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine].@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 235721605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of an HTLV-I infected human T-cell line with H-7 blocked specifically accumulation of the unspliced gag-pol mRNA, resulting in the decreased Gag protein synthesis that corresponds with the decreased in vivo phosphorylation of Rex.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 235721606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, other viral and cellular products have not been influenced by the level of H-7 used.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 235721607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, the phosphorylation of Rex is required for the viral RNA partition of HTLV-I.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 236761601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mononuclear leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor binding characteristics and down-regulation in major depression.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 236761602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have elevated plasma cortisol concentrations and show failure to suppress cortisol secretion upon administration of dexamethasone (DEX), yet they do not have Cushingoid features.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 236761603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To study whether this represents glucocorticoid (GC) resistance, [3H]-DEX-binding assays were used to measure, in vitro, the GC receptor affinity (1/Kd) and number (Bmax) in mononuclear leukocytes of 11 MDD patients and 15 control subjects.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 236761604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No receptor abnormalities were detected in the MDD group; thus any cellular defect leading to a lack of responsiveness to GC in the MDD patients, if present, probably lies beyond the initial receptor binding.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 236761605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DEX (1.0 mg orally) was administered to study in vivo GC receptor down-regulation.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 236761606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Compared to the control group, fewer depressed subjects down-regulated Bmax after DEX.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 236761607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By paired t-test, Bmax decreased significantly in the control group but not in the depressed group.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 236761608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Receptor number on the control day did not correlate significantly with the degree of receptor down-regulation, severity of depression or cortisol concentrations across all the subjects.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 236761609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results do not lend support to previous reports suggesting that GC resistance in MDD results from a GC receptor-binding abnormality, and they emphasize the importance of considering receptor studies in the context of GC-mediated cell processes in order to identify the exact cellular defect(s) leading to GC resistance.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 237493501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[The inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on the chemotactic migration of human leukocytes]@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 237493502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Random migration (RM) and chemotactic migration (ChtM) of human leukocytes to yeast activated serum were studied with the modified Boyden chamber method.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 237493503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both RM and ChtM showed circadian rhythm.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 237493504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Leukocytes migrated most rapidly at night.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 237493505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The difference between the peak (0:00) and trough values (8:00) of RM and ChtM was significant statistically (P less than 0.01).@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 237493506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ChtM was inhibited by hydrocortisone (F) of physiological concentration (10(-9)-10(-7) mol/L) which was dose-dependent and completely antagonized by the competitive antagonist, RU38486.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 237493507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibitory effect was much more evident with higher dose (more than 10(-5) mol/L) and it was also reversed by RU38486, but only partially.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 237493508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is suggested that glucocorticoids (GC) may be a physiological regulator of the activity of leukocytes and its inhibitory action on ChtM may be involved in antiinflammatory mechanisms of GC of pharmacological doses.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 237493509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The action of physiological and pharmacological concentration of GC may be mediated by low affinity specific binding sites of glucocorticoid receptors.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 237887001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 56-59-kilodalton protein identified in untransformed steroid receptor complexes is a unique protein that exists in cytosol in a complex with both the 70- and 90-kilodalton heat shock proteins.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 237887002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has previously been shown that 9S, untransformed progestin, estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptor complexes in rabbit uterine and liver cytosols contain a 59-kDa protein [Tai, P.K., Maeda, Y., Nakao, K., Wakim, N.G., Duhring, J.L., & Faber, L.E.(1986) Biochemistry 25, 5269-5275].@@@@1@63@@oe@19-12-2010 237887003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this work we show that the monoclonal antibody KN 382/EC1 raised against the rabbit 59-kDa protein reacts with 9S, untransformed glucocorticoid receptor complexes in cytosol prepared from human IM-9 lymphocytes but not with 4S salt-transformed receptors.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 237887004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human protein recognized by the EC1 antibody is a 56-kDa protein (p56) of moderate abundance located predominantly in the cytoplasm by indirect immunofluorescence.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 237887005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There are at least six isomorphs of p56 by two-dimensional gel analysis.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 237887006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@N-Terminal sequencing (20 amino acids) shows that p56 is a unique human protein.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 237887007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When p56 is immunoadsorbed from IM-9 cell cytosol, both the 70- and 90-kDa heat shock proteins are coadsorbed in an immune-specific manner.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 237887008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither heat shock protein reacts directly with the EC1 antibody.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 237887009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that p56 exists in cytosol in a higher order complex containing hsp70 and hsp90, both of which in turn have been found to be associated with untransformed steroid receptors.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 238649201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Detection in non-erythroid cells of a factor with the binding characteristics of the erythroid cell transcription factor EF1.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 238649202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The erythroid transcription factor erythroid factor-1 (EF1) plays a critical role in the transcription of erythroid-specific genes.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 238649203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report the presence of a factor with the mobility and sequence-specific DNA-binding characteristics of EF1 at low abundance in a wide variety of non-erythroid cell types.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 238649204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is the first report of an EF1-like activity in non-erythroid cells and indicates that this factor may play a role in the regulation of genes expressed in such cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 239853301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The internal methionine codons of human T-cell leukemia virus type II rex gene are not required for p24rex production or virus replication and transformation.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 239853302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T-cell leukemia virus types I (HTLV-I) and II (HTLV-II) have two nonstructural trans-acting regulatory genes, tax and rex, located in the 3' region of the viral genome.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 239853303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tax gene product (HTLV-I p40tax and HTLV-II p37tax) is the transcriptional activator of the viral long terminal repeat.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 239853304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The rex gene encodes two protein products, p27rex/p21rex and p26rex/p24rex in HTLV-I and HTLV-II, respectively.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 239853305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rex acts posttranscriptionally to facilitate accumulation of full-length gag/pol and singly spliced env mRNA in the cytoplasm of HTLV-infected cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 239853306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous studies showed that the first ATG of the rex gene is critical for Rex production and function.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 239853307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The importance of the internal ATGs to Rex function is not known.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 239853308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in vitro mutagenesis of the HTLV-I rex gene has provided indirect evidence which suggests that p21rex, and by analogy HTLV-II p24rex, results from initiation at an internal AUG of the tax/rex mRNA.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 239853309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By using an infectious molecular clone of HTLV-II, we investigated the importance of the internal ATGs of the rex gene on Rex protein production and function.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 239853310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results indicate that p24rex of HTLV-II is not initiated at an internal AUG and that the internal methionine codons are not crucial to the function of the rex gene and, ultimately, the transforming properties of the virus.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 240080701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferon affects nuclear proteins in cells of clinically sensitive chronic myelogenous leukemia patients.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 240080702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytoplasmic protein extracts from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells contained an activity that altered the electrophoretic mobility of complexes formed between nuclear proteins and the transcriptional enhancers of interferon (IFN)-inducible genes.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 240080703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Exposure of CML cells to IFN-alpha diminished the effect of the CML cytoplasmic proteins on these nuclear protein-DNA complexes.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 240080704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of clinical responsiveness to IFN-alpha correlated with the sensitivity to the IFN-induced change in the electrophoretic mobility of nuclear protein-DNA complexes.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 240080705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that the action of IFN-alpha in CML may be linked to a pathway that can result in posttranslational modification of nuclear proteins.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 240103301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Glucocorticoid receptors on human peripheral mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leucocytes: changes in patients with yang-deficiency]@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 240103302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was found that, in former works, the glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) on peripheral mixed leucocytes in patients with Yang-deficiency were decreased.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 240103303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this work, the mixed leucocytes were further separated into mononuclear (MNL) and polymorphonuclear (PML) leucocytes, and GCR were determined in each part of leucocytes.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 240103304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GCR on MNL and PML in 6 Yang deficient patients were 3473 +/- 413 and 4433 +/- 651 sites/cell respectively, statistically significant from the normal control group (4462 +/- 962 and 5622 +/- 782 sites/cell respectively, P less than 0.05).@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 240103305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GCR on MNL, PML and mixed leucocytes in 5 patients were determined simultaneously, and all lowered from the control group.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 240103306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results were 3369 +/- 370, 4986 +/- 419 and 4524 +/- 852 sites/cell respectively, with the lowest GCR on MNL and highest on PML.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 747859101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The murine BCL6 gene is induced in activated lymphocytes as an immediate early gene.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 747859102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The chromosomal translocation involving 3q27 is often detected in human B-cell lymphomas, especially diffuse lymphomas with a large-cell component.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 747859103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The BCL6 gene has been isolated from the chromosomal breakpoint in these lymphomas.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 747859104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we cloned the murine BCL6 (mBCL6) cDNA from the muscle cDNA library using the human BCL6 (hBCL6) cDNA as a probe.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 747859105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The predicted amino acid sequence was 95% identical to that of hBCL6.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 747859106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It contains six repeats of the Kruppel-like zinc-finger motif that are completely identical to those of hBCL6, indicating that the BCL6 gene is well conserved between humans and mice.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 747859107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the mBCL6 gene was ubiquitously detected in adult mouse tissues including lymphatic organs.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 747859108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, it was induced in lymphocytes activated with phorbol ester and Ca2+ ionophore within 30 min after stimulation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 747859109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This induction was not inhibited by treatment of the cells with a protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 747859110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that BCL6 plays a role in activated lymphocytes as an immediate early gene.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 747862301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bik, a novel death-inducing protein shares a distinct sequence motif with Bcl-2 family proteins and interacts with viral and cellular survival-promoting proteins.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 747862302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The survival-promoting activity of the Bcl-2 family of proteins appears to be modulated by interactions between various cellular proteins.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 747862303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have identified a novel cellular protein, Bik, that interacts with the cellular survival-promoting proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, as well as the viral survival-promoting proteins, Epstein Barr virus-BHRF1 and adenovirus E1B-19 kDa.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 747862304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In transient transfection assays, Bik promotes cell death in a manner similar to the death-promoting members of the Bcl-2 family, Bax and Bak.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 747862305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This death-promoting activity of Bik can be suppressed by coexpression of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, EBV-BHRF1 and E1B-19 kDa proteins suggesting that Bik may be a common target for both cellular and viral anti-apoptotic proteins.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 747862306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While Bik does not show overt homology to the BH1 and BH2 conserved domains characteristic of the Bcl-2 family, it does share a 9 amino acid domain (BH3) with Bax and Bak which may be a critical determinant for the death-promoting activity of these proteins.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 747992401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Staphylococcal enterotoxins modulate interleukin 2 receptor expression and ligand-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the Janus protein-tyrosine kinase 3 (Jak3) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat proteins).@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 747992402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) stimulate T cells expressing the appropriate variable region beta chain of (V beta) T-cell receptors and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 747992403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Depending on costimulatory signals, SE induce either proliferation or anergy in T cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 747992404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, SE can induce an interleukin-2 (IL-2) nonresponsive state and apoptosis.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 747992405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we show that SE induce dynamic changes in the expression of and signal transduction through the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) beta and gamma chains (IL-2R beta and IL-2R gamma) in human antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell lines.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 747992406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, after 4 hr of exposure to SEA and SEB, the expression of IL-2R beta was down-regulated, IL-2R gamma was slightly up-regulated, while IL-2R alpha remained largely unaffected.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 747992407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The changes in the composition of IL-2Rs were accompanied by inhibition of IL-2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the Janus protein-tyrosine kinase 3 (Jak3) and signal transducers and activators of transcription called Stat3 and Stat5.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 747992408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In parallel experiments, IL-2-driven proliferation was inhibited significantly.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 747992409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After 16 hr of exposure to SE, the expression of IL-2R beta remained low, while that of IL2R alpha and IL2R gamma was further up-regulated, and ligand-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak3 and Stat proteins was partly normalized.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 747992410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Yet, IL-2-driven proliferation remained profoundly inhibited, suggesting that signaling events other than Jak3/Stat activation had also been changed following SE stimulation.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 747992411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, our data suggest that SE can modulate IL-2R expression and signal transduction involving the Jak/Stat pathway in CD4+ T-cell lines.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 748176801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation of Jak3 in a patient with SCID: essential role of Jak3 in lymphoid development.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 748176802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Males with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) have defects in the common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gamma c) gene that encodes a shared, essential component of the receptors of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 748176803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Janus family tyrosine kinase Jak3 is the only signaling molecule known to be associated with gamma c, so it was hypothesized that defects in Jak3 might cause an XSCID-like phenotype.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 748176804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A girl with immunological features indistinguishable from those of XSCID was therefore selected for analysis.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 748176805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed cell line derived from her lymphocytes had normal gamma c expression but lacked Jak3 protein and had greatly diminished Jak3 messenger RNA.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 748176806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sequencing revealed a different mutation on each allele: a single nucleotide insertion resulting in a frame shift and premature termination in the Jak3 JH4 domain and a nonsense mutation in the Jak3 JH2 domain.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 748176807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The lack of Jak3 expression correlated with impaired B cell signaling, as demonstrated by the inability of IL-4 to activate Stat6 in the EBV-transformed cell line from the patient.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 748176808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations indicate that the functions of gamma c are dependent on Jak3 and that Jak3 is essential for lymphoid development and signaling.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 748263101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of dexamethasone binding to human glucocorticoid receptor by New World primate cell extracts.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 748263102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine if New World primates express an inhibitor that influences glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding characteristics, we examined [3H]dexamethasone binding in cytosol prepared from B95-8 lymphoid cells, derived from the cotton top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), in combination with cytosol prepared from human or rat tissues.@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 748263103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B95-8 cytosol inhibited specific binding of [3H]dexamethasone (P < 0.01) when mixed with cytosol prepared from either a human lymphoid cell line (HL) or rat thymus.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 748263104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibitory activity was heat labile and trypsin sensitive.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 748263105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peak inhibitory activity was found in the 150-200 kd fractions after Sephacryl G-200 ultrafiltration.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 748263106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Scatchard analysis of [3H]dexamethasone binding using mixed cytosol showed a diminished GR apparent binding affinity when compared to HL cytosol.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 748263107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Kinetic studies using mixed cytosol indicated that B95-8 cytosol did not affect the apparent dissociation rate of [3H]dexamethasone.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 748263108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data demonstrate that B95-8 cells contain a competitive inhibitor that prevents binding of dexamethasone to its cognate receptor.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 748682901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chromosomal localization of two KOX zinc finger genes on chromosome bands 7q21-q22.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 748682902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human cDNAs encoding Kruppel-type zinc finger domains, designated KOX 1-32, have been cloned from human T lymphocyte cell line libraries.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 748682903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report here the regional localizations by in situ hybridization of KOX 18 and KOX 25 on chromosome bands 7q21q22.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 748682904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed that these genes are physically located within a DNA fragment of 250 kb.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 748682905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The genes KOX 4 and KOX 9, mapped on chromosome 8q24, were found to be located within a DNA fragment of 450 kb.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 748682906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From the present and previous data, eighteen different KOX genes have been located at least two by two within nine DNA fragments of 200 to 580 kb.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 748801601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the chemokine receptor BLR2/EBI1 is specifically transactivated by Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 748801602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In our attempt to identify chemokine receptors that are related to Burkitt's lymphoma receptor 1 (BLR1) and are expressed in activated lymphocytes we used RT-PCR resulting in the isolation of a cDNA encoding a seven transmembrane receptor termed BLR2.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 748801603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein shows significant sequence similarities to the family of G-protein coupled chemokine receptors and turned out to be identical to the recently described receptor EBI1.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 748801604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot analysis revealed that BLR2 mRNA could be highly stimulated in mitogen- and anti-CD3-treated peripheral blood lymphocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 748801605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BLR2-specific mRNA could be detected in all Epstein-Barr virus positive B cell lines.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 748801606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that transcription of the BLR2 gene could be specifically induced in Epstein-Barr virus negative BL 41 cells via estrogen-mediated activation of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2, a key regulator of viral and cellular genes in immortalized B cells.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 748801607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data suggest an involvement of BLR2 in the regulation of migration in activated lymphocytes and in viral pathogenesis.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 748974101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-7 can induce the activation of Jak 1, Jak 3 and STAT 5 proteins in murine T cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 748974102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation of Janus protein tyrosine kinases (Jak) and STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) proteins has recently been linked to the signal transduction mechanism of several cytokines.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 748974103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-7 was observed to induce a rapid and dose-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak 1 and Jak 3 and concomitantly, the tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding activity of multiple STAT proteins.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 748974104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The STAT proteins utilized by IL-7 were identical to those induced by IL-2 and could be identified as various STAT 5 isoforms.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 748974105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, the induction of both Jak 1 and 3, and STAT 5 activity strongly correlated with the growth-promoting effects of IL-7, suggesting that this signal transduction mechanism may play a key role in IL-7-induced proliferation.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 749138901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor: predictor of sertraline response in adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD).@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 749138902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents demonstrates resistance to tricyclic antidepressants and absence of hypercortisolemia.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 749138903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The efficacy of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) is uncertain, and response predictors are unavailable.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 749138904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Abnormal fast feedback and negative feedback of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis implicates a dampened limbic-hippocampal glucocorticoid type II receptor (GCII).@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 749138905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We hypothesized that lymphocyte GCII is altered in adolescent MDD and could serve as a marker for response to SRIs.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 749138906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an open-label study, adolescents (n = 20) meeting DSM-III-R criteria for MDD showed baseline lymphocyte GCII sites per cell (sites/cell) values of 793 +/- 106 versus 2,563 +/- 499 (+/- SEM) for matched controls (n = 18) (t = 3.5; df = 36; p < .001).@@@@1@63@@oe@19-12-2010 749138907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GCII was bimodally distributed, with SRI responders differing from nonresponders (t = 3.9; df = 14; p < .001).@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 749138908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GCII accurately classified 90 percent of sertraline responders and 80 percent of nonresponders.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 749138909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Only SRI responders showed GCII sites/cell upregulated after 6 weeks of treatment (t = 2.1, df = 10; p < .05).@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 749427201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oncogenicity of human papillomavirus- or adenovirus-transformed cells correlates with resistance to lysis by natural killer cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 749427202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The reasons for the dissimilar oncogenicities of human adenoviruses and human papillomaviruses (HPV) in humans are unknown but may relate to differences in the capacities of the E1A and E7 proteins to target cells for rejection by the host natural killer (NK) cell response.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 749427203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As one test of this hypothesis, we compared the abilities of E1A- and E7-expressing human fibroblastic or keratinocyte-derived human cells to be selectively killed by either unstimulated or interferon (IFN)-activated NK cells.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 749427204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells expressing the E1A oncoprotein were selectively killed by unstimulated NK cells, while the same parental cells but expressing the HPV type 16 (HPV-16) or HPV-18 E7 oncoprotein were resistant to NK cell lysis.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 749427205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ability of IFN-activated NK cells to selectively kill virally transformed cells depends on IFN's ability to induce resistance to NK cell lysis in normal (i.e., non-viral oncogene-expressing) but not virally transformed cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 749427206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E1A blocked IFN's induction of cytolytic resistance, resulting in the selective lysis of adenovirus-transformed cells by IFN-activated NK cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 749427207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The extent of IFN-induced NK cell killing of E1A-expressing cells was proportional to the level of E1A expression and correlated with the ability of E1A to block IFN-stimulated gene expression in target cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 749427208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, E7 blocked neither IFN-stimulated gene expression nor IFN's induction of cytolytic resistance, thereby precluding the selective lysis of HPV-transformed cells by IFN-activated NK cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 749427209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, E1A expression marks cells for destruction by the host NK cell response, whereas the E7 oncoprotein lacks this activity.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 750002801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of the balance of cytokine production and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) transcription factor activity by cytokines and inflammatory synovial fluids.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 750002802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The balance between type 1 and 2 T helper cell cytokine production plays an important role in several animal models of autoimmunity, and skewed patterns of cytokine expression have been described in human inflammatory diseases.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 750002803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Many cytokines activate signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) transcription factors, which, in turn, activate transcription of inflammatory effector genes.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 750002804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We used mononuclear cell priming cultures and inflammatory synovial fluids (SFs) derived from arthritis patients to examine the regulation of cytokine production and STAT activity by an inflammatory synovial microenvironment.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 750002805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Exposure to SFs during priming resulted in an 81% inhibition of interferon (IFN)-gamma, but not interleukin (IL) 4, production by effector cells generated in priming cultures.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 750002806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SF suppression was mediated by IL-4 and IL-10 and inhibition of IL-12 expression, and it was reversed in a dominant fashion by exogenous IL-12.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 750002807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SFs blocked the sustained activity of transcription factor Stat1, but not Stat3, during the priming period, and Stat1 activity was differentially regulated by cytokines in parallel with their positive or negative regulation of IFN-gamma production.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 750002808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Active Stat3, but not Stat1, was detected in cells from inflamed joints.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 750002809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest a role for altered balance of Stat1 and Stat3 transcriptional activity in the regulation of T cell differentiation and in the pathogenesis of inflammatory synovitis.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 750004001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anti-immunoglobulin M activates nuclear calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in human B lymphocytes.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 750004002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We and others have previously shown that the nuclear protein, Ets-1, is phosphorylated in a calcium-dependent manner after ligation of immunoglobulin (Ig) M on B lymphocytes.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 750004003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As this phosphorylation was independent of protein kinase C activity, we tested whether a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) might phosphorylate the Ets-1 protein after elevation of intracellular free calcium concentrations.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 750004004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The dephosphorylated form of Ets-1 has been shown to bind to chromatin, suggesting that the operative kinase should be detectable in the nucleus.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 750004005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We prepared nuclear extracts from two human B cell lines in which increased intracellular free calcium levels correlated with increased phosphorylation of the Ets-1 protein.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 750004006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activity of the CaM kinases was determined using a synthetic peptide substrate both in the absence and presence of an inhibitor specific for the CaM kinase family, KN-62.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 750004007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of cells with anti-IgM led to increased activity of a nuclear kinase that could phosphorylate the peptide, and this activity was reduced by 10 microM KN-62.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 750004008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Kinase activity was reduced in lysates preadsorbed using an antibody specific for CaM kinase II.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 750004009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two-dimensional phosphopeptide maps of the Ets-1 protein from cells incubated with ionomycin or anti-IgM contained two unique phosphopeptides that were absent in untreated cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 750004010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Incubation of isolated Ets-1 protein with purified CaM kinase II produced phosphorylation of peptides that migrated identically to those found in cells incubated with either anti-IgM or ionomycin.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 750004011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest a model of signal transduction by the antigen receptor on B lymphocytes in which increased intracellular free calcium can rapidly activate nuclear CaM kinase II, potentially resulting in phosphorylation and regulation of DNA-binding proteins.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 750893701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@rel Is rapidly tyrosine-phosphorylated following granulocyte-colony stimulating factor treatment of human neutrophils.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 750893702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of neutrophils with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) results in an enhanced respiratory burst, prolonged survival, and increased tumor cell killing.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 750893703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of G-CSF are mediated by binding to specific, high affinity receptors.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 750893704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@G-CSF receptors lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, but activation of the receptor results in the rapid induction of tyrosine kinase activity.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 750893705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antiphosphotyrosine immunoblots of whole cell lysates prepared from neutrophils show that the G-CSF rapidly induces prominent tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein of a relative molecular mass of 80 kDa.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 750893706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using monospecific antibodies, the 80-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated protein has been shown to be p80c-rel, a proto-oncogene belonging to a family of transcriptional regulators which include NF-kB.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 750893707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of p80c-rel was unique to G-CSF in that granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor which also stimulates neutrophils and induces tyrosine phosphorylation does not result in tyrosine phosphorylation of p80c-rel.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 750893708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The consequences of p80c-rel tyrosine phosphorylation are not yet known; however, tyrosine-phosphorylated p80c-rel is capable of binding to DNA, and G-CSF stimulation results in an increase in the amount of p80c-rel which binds to DNA.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 750893709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrate that one of the first biochemical events which occurs in neutrophils following G-CSF stimulation, activation of a tyrosine kinase, leads directly to the tyrosine phosphorylation of p80c-rel.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 750893710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the tyrosine kinase activated by G-CSF appears to directly transduce a signal to a protein which functions as a transcriptional regulator.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 751105001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retinoic acid-induced expression of CD38 antigen in myeloid cells is mediated through retinoic acid receptor-alpha.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 751105002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD38 is a leukocyte differentiation antigen that has been thought to be a phenotypic marker of different subpopulations of T- and B- lymphocytes.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 751105003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In myeloid cells, CD38 is expressed during early stages of differentiation.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 751105004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Virtually no information is available on regulation and functions of CD38.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 751105005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently we reported that all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is a potent and highly specific inducer of CD38 expression in human promyelocytic leukemia cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 751105006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that ATRA-induced expression of CD38 antigen in myeloid cells is mediated through retinoic acid-alpha receptor (RAR alpha).@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 751105007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ATRA failed to induce CD38 expression in a mutant subclone of the HL-60 myeloid leukemia cell line (designated HL-60R) that is relatively resistant to ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 751105008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retroviral vector-mediated transduction of RA receptor (RAR alpha) into this HL-60R subclone completely restored the sensitivity of these cells to ATRA in terms of their ability to express CD38.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 751105009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, CD38 expression was not inducible by ATRA in HL-60R cells, transfected with a functional RAR beta, RAR gamma, or RXR alpha receptor.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 751105010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of CD38 in acute promyelocytic and acute myeloblastic leukemia cells was independent of ATRA-induced cytodifferentiation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 751105011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Following culture with ATRA, increased CD38 protein levels were also observed in normal CD34+ bone marrow cells, but not on normal circulating granulocytes.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 751105012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From these results, we conclude that CD38 is ATRA inducible in myeloid leukemia cells and normal CD34+ bone marrow cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 751105013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This effect is independent of differentiation and is mediated by RAR alpha in HL-60 cells, suggesting a similar role for RAR alpha in CD38 expression in other hematopoietic cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 751207901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Comparison of retinoic acid and phorbol myristate acetate as inducers of monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 751207902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several human myeloid leukemia cell lines growing in vitro can be induced to differentiate to more mature monocyte/macrophage-like cells by treatment with protein kinase C-activating phorbol esters, such as PMA.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 751207903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to PMA, cells of the THP-1 myeloid leukemia cell line acquire macrophage-like characteristics after treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (RA).@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 751207904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To analyze the signal transduction mechanisms induced by RA, we first compared the effects of PMA and RA on the expression of genes which are known to be regulated during monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 751207905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both RA and PMA effectively down-regulated c-myc expression, while c-myb expression decreased only after PMA treatment.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 751207906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the beta 2-integrin genes, CD11a and CD11b, was clearly increased after both of these treatments.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 751207907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Their effects on the src-family tyrosine kinase genes were different: hck expression was similarly induced by these agents but lyn expression was stronger and more rapid after RA treatment.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 751207908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RA also enhanced lyn mRNA production rapidly in HL-60, indicating that the activation of lyn gene expression is common in monocytic and granulocytic maturation of myeloid leukemia cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 751207909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To examine whether the AP-1 enhancer activity is involved in RA-induced monocytic differentiation, THP-1 cells were transiently transfected with a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT)-reporter gene containing 5 copies of the AP-1 binding sites.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 751207910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to PMA, RA did not induce any CAT activity in these cells, thus suggesting that the RA-induced changes in the expression of those genes described above were not dependent on the AP-1 enhancer activity.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 751215201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antigenic specificities of human CD4+ T-cell clones recovered from recurrent genital herpes simplex virus type 2 lesions.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 751215202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lesions resulting from recurrent genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection are characterized by infiltration of CD4+ lymphocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 751215203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have investigated the antigenic specificity of 47 HSV-specific CD4+ T-cell clones recovered from the HSV-2 buttock and thigh lesions of five patients.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 751215204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clones with proliferative responses to recombinant truncated glycoprotein B (gB) or gD of HSV-2 or purified natural gC of HSV-2 comprised a minority of the total number of HSV-specific clones isolated from lesions.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 751215205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The gC2- and gD2-specific CD4+ clones had cytotoxic activity.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 751215206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The approximate locations of the HSV-2 genes encoding HSV-2 type-specific CD4+ antigens have been determined by using HSV-1 x HSV-2 intertypic recombinant virus and include the approximate map regions 0.30 to 0.46, 0.59 to 0.67, 0.67 to 0.73, and 0.82 to 1.0 units.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 751215207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The antigenic specificity of an HLA DQ2-restricted, HSV-2 type-specific T-cell clone was mapped to amino acids 425 to 444 of VP16 of HSV-2 by sequential use of an intertypic recombinant virus containing VP16 of HSV-2 in an HSV-1 background, recombinant VP16 fusion proteins, and synthetic peptides.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 751215208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Each of the remaining four patients also yielded at least one type-specific T-cell clone reactive with an HSV-2 epitope mapping to approximately 0.67 to 0.73 map units.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 751215209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The antigenic specificities of lesion-derived CD4+ T-cell clones are quite diverse and include at least 10 epitopes.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 751215210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T-cell clones reactive with gC and VP16 are reported here for the first time.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 751463001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of T cell activation by the extracellular matrix protein tenascin.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 751463002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tenascin (TN) is an extracellular matrix protein that is expressed widely in the fetus and sparingly in the adult, but reappears at high levels in certain areas of tissue insult such as tumor matrices and sites of wound healing.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 751463003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here that soluble TN inhibits proliferation of human T cells in response to alpha CD3 Ab co-immobilized with the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 751463004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TN also inhibits proliferation driven by alpha CD3/IL-2 or by phorbol ester/IL-2, and it prevents high level induction of IL-2R.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 751463005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of TN in culture medium does not detectably alter the pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation resulting from T cell triggering with alpha CD3, but at later time points prevents the appearance of functional NF-AT1 transcription factor complexes in T cell nuclear extracts.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 751463006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings are consistent with the postulated role for TN as a natural antagonist to FN action, and suggest that T cell responses occurring at tissue sites in which TN is expressed could be influenced by its presence.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 751721101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HLA-DR-, CD33+, CD56+, CD16- myeloid/natural killer cell acute leukemia: a previously unrecognized form of acute leukemia potentially misdiagnosed as French-American-British acute myeloid leukemia-M3 [see comments]@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 751721102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have identified and characterized a previously unrecognized form of acute leukemia that shares features of both myeloid and natural killer (NK) cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 751721103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From a consecutive series of 350 cases of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we identified 20 cases (6%) with a unique immunophenotype: CD33+, CD56+, CD11a+, CD13lo, CD15lo, CD34+/-, HLA-DR-, CD16-.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 751721104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Multicolor flow cytometric assays confirmed the coexpression of myeloid (CD33, CD13, CD15) and NK cell-associated (CD56) antigens in each case, whereas reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays confirmed the identity of CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule) in leukemic blasts.@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 751721105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although two cases expressed CD4, no case expressed CD2, CD3, or CD8 and no case showed clonal rearrangement of genes encoding the T-cell receptor (TCR beta, gamma, delta).@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 751721106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Leukemic blasts in the majority of cases shared unique morphologic features (deeply invaginated nuclear membranes, scant cytoplasm with fine azurophilic granularity, and finely granular Sudan black B and myeloperoxidase cytochemical reactivity) that were remarkably similar to those of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL); particularly the microgranular variant (FAB AML-M3v).@@@@1@58@@oe@19-12-2010 751721107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, all 20 cases lacked the t(15;17) and 17 cases tested lacked the promyelocytic/retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR alpha) fusion transcript in RT-PCR assays; 12 cases had 46,XX or 46,XY karyotypes, whereas 2 cases had abnormalities of chromosome 17q: 1 with del(17)(q25) and the other with t(11;17)(q23;q21) and the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger/RAR alpha fusion transcript.@@@@1@63@@oe@19-12-2010 751721108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All cases tested (6/20), including the case with t(11;17), failed to differentiate in vitro in response to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), suggesting that these cases may account for some APLs that have not shown a clinical response to ATRA.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 751721109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Four of 6 cases tested showed functional NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, suggesting a relationship between these unique CD33+, CD56+, CD16- acute leukemias and normal CD56+, CD16- NK precursor cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 751721110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a combination of panning and multiparameter flow cytometric sorting, we identified a normal CD56+, CD33+, CD16- counterpart cell at a frequency of 1% to 2% in the peripheral blood of healthy individuals.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 751721111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our studies suggest that this form of acute leukemia may arise from transformation of a precursor cell common to both the myeloid and NK cell lineages; thus we propose the designation myeloid/NK acute leukemia.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 751721112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recognition of this new leukemic entity will be important in distinguishing these ATRA-nonresponsive cases from ATRA-responsive true APL.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 751984501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of the differentiation of human myeloid cell lines by redox changes induced through glutathione depletion.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 751984502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have investigated the effect of redox changes in vivo on the differentiation of two human myeloid cell lines, HL-60 and KG-1.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 751984503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The glutathione-depleting agent diethyl maleate (DEM) prevented the development of differentiated features in response to phorbol esters, including adherence of the cells to plastic surfaces and repression of the myeloperoxidase and CD34 genes.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 751984504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, DEM abolished phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced activation of the transcription factors AP-1 and Egr-1, suggesting that inhibition of differentiation may be due, at least in part, to redox modifications of these proteins.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 752451901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MHC class II signaling in B-cell activation [see comments]@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 752451902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cognate interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), mediated by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, results in the delivery of activation signals to the APC.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 752451903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These signals contribute to the expression of co-stimulatory activity by APCs and have important consequences for cell effector function.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 752451904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MHC class II molecules also serve as receptors for B-cell stimulation by microbial superantigens.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 752451905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this review, Paul Scholl and Raif Geha discuss recent advances in our understanding of mechanisms of MHC class II signaling and analyse their role in human B-cell activation.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 752866801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-2 induces tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of stat3 in human T lymphocytes.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 752866802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An early biochemical event associated with T cell activation through the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) is tyrosine phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 752866803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The exact mechanism by which IL-2 regulates transcription of different genes is presently unknown.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 752866804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we report that stimulation through the IL-2R induced tyrosine phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear translocation of stat3, a newly identified member of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) family of proteins.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 752866805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, stat1 proteins were not tyrosine phosphorylated after IL-2 ligation, whereas tyrosine-phosphorylated stat1 proteins (91 and 84 kDa proteins) were translocated to the nucleus following interferon-gamma treatment of HeLa cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 752866806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Apart from stat3, another cytoplasmic protein was tyrosine phosphorylated and subsequently translocated to the nucleus in response to IL-2.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 752866807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This protein had an apparent molecular mass of 84 kDa and was not recognized by stat3 or stat1 mAb or antisera.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 752866808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since IL-2 induced nuclear translocation of the 84 kDa protein and stat3 followed identical kinetics, p84 is a candidate for a new, yet undefined, member of the STAT family.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 752866809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, we report that IL-2 induces tyrosine phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear translocation of stat3 and an as yet undefined 84-kDa protein in antigen-specific human T cell lines.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 753023901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of ICAM-1 and LFA-3 by Tax1 of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and mechanism of down-regulation of ICAM-1 or LFA-1 in adult-T-cell-leukemia cell lines.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 753023902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study was undertaken to determine the role of HTLV-I TaxI in the up-regulation of ICAM-I and LFA-3 in human T cells transformed with HTLV-I and the mechanism of down-regulation of ICAM-I and LFA-I in ATL-derived cell lines.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 753023903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of TaxI in a human T-cell line Jurkat carrying the TaxI gene under the metallothionein promoter led to increases in mRNA and surface expression of ICAM-I.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 753023904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The response of LFA-3 to TaxI induction was, on the other hand, relatively slow and weak, and might be indirect.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 753023905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transactivation of the ICAM-I promoter by TaxI was further shown by co-transfection of a CAT reporter construct with the ICAM-I promoter and a plasmid expressing TaxI.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 753023906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism of down-regulation of ICAM-I or LFA-I in 4 ATL cell lines was next examined.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 753023907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ICAM-I mRNA was quite low in MT-I, but no genomic changes were found.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 753023908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The CAT reporter with the ICAM-I promoter was inactive in MT-I.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 753023909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, combined treatment of MT-I with 5-azacytidine and IFN-gamma induced re-expression of ICAM-I.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 753023910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Collectively, (a) transcriptional factor(s) necessary for expression of ICAM-I gene may be repressed in MT-I through DNA methylation.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 753023911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three other ATL cell lines (TL-OmI, H582, HuT102) were found to have little mRNA for the LFA-I beta chain (CD18).@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 753023912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@H582 and HuT102 were also negative for the LFA-I alpha chain (CDIIa) mRNA.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 753023913@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No genomic changes were found, and a CAT reporter gene with the CD18 promoter was inactive in the 3 of them, again suggesting lack of (a) transcriptional factor(s) necessary for CD18 expression.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 753768701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Growth regulation and cellular changes during differentiation of human prostatic cancer LNCaP cells as induced by T lymphocyte-conditioned medium.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 753768702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human prostatic epithelial cells from an androgen-dependent LNCaP cell line were examined in response to conditioned medium (CM) derived from phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 753768703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of CM caused a greater than 70% reduction of cell proliferation by cell counting and cell cycle.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 753768704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These cells showed G1 phase arrest and the clonogenicity was reduced.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 753768705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The growth-modulating effect was dose-dependent and not due to cell lysis or apoptosis.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 753768706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The binding of androgen to androgen receptor on these cells showed approximately 50% reduction, underlining a proliferation reduction mechanism.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 753768707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was downregulated to approximately 75% during the process.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 753768708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell morphology showed dendritic processes extending from cytoplasm and other neuroendocrine cell characteristics.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 753768709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of several cytoskeleton and intracellular proteins increased as determined by immunostaining on slides and by ELISA procedures.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 753768710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These included vimentin, correlating to cell shape changes, cytokeratins 8 and 18, associated with differentiated cell types of prostate epithelia, and neuron-specific enolase and serotonin, associated with neuroendocrine cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 753768711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From these cellular changes, we can infer that the cell growth was modulated along with induction of terminal differentiation.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 753768712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activated T cells were demonstrated to be important in providing the modulating activity.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 753768713@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This growth modulator was semipurified and had an estimated molecular weight 13,000 to 24,000 Da.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 753768714@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activity was determined to be distinct from TGF, TNF, and some commonly known lymphokines.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 753768715@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The interaction between lymphoid and prostatic cells in growth and development is described.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 754198701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Ah receptor recognizes DNA binding sites for the B cell transcription factor, BSAP: a possible mechanism for dioxin-mediated alteration of CD19 gene expression in human B lymphocytes.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 754198702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) inhibits murine and human B lymphocyte immunoglobulin production through an unknown mechanism.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 754198703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study investigated the effect of TCDD on expression of the CD19 gene in a human B lymphocyte cell line.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 754198704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot analysis showed that TCDD treatment decreased steady state levels of CD19 mRNA by 67% in the IM-9 cell line.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 754198705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a gel mobility shift assay, we identified a DNA-binding complex in IM-9 nuclear extracts that by several criteria appears to be the Ah receptor.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 754198706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the Ah receptor complex recognized a DNA binding site for B cell lineage-specific activator protein (BSAP) in the promoter region of the human CD19 gene which is similar to the consensus Ah receptor DNA binding site.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 754198707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that the AhR could interfere with BSAP-stimulated CD19 gene transcription by competition for a common DNA binding site.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 754311201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Does thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine therapy, or antithyroid drug treatment alter reactivity of patients' T cells to epitopes of thyrotropin receptor in autoimmune thyroid diseases?@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 754311202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of treatment on thyroid antibody production and T cell reactivity to thyroid antigens was studied in 15 patients with Graves' disease (GD) before and after thyroidectomy, 19 patients with GD before and after radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy, and 9 patients maintained euthyroid on antithyroid drugs (ATD).@@@@1@58@@oe@19-12-2010 754311203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Twenty subjects matched for age and sex without known thyroid disease served as controls.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 754311204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In GD patients, the responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and TSH receptor (TSHR)-specific T cell lines to recombinant human TSHR extracellular domain, thyroglobulin, and TSHR peptides were examined on the day of surgery or RAI therapy (day 0) and also 6-8 weeks and 3-6 months thereafter.@@@@1@59@@oe@19-12-2010 754311205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reactivity to TSHR peptides before surgery was heterogeneous and spanned the entire extracellular domain.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 754311206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Six to 8 weeks after subtotal thyroidectomy, the number of patients' PBMC responding to any peptide and the average number of recognized peptides decreased.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 754311207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A further decrease in the T cell reactivity to TSHR peptides was observed 3-6 months after surgery.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 754311208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The responses of PBMC from Graves' patients before RAI therapy were less than those in the presurgical group.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 754311209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Six to 8 weeks after RAI therapy, the number of patients responding to any peptide and the average number of recognized peptides increased.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 754311210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three to 6 months after RAI, T cell responses to TSHR peptides were less than those 6-8 weeks after RAI therapy, but still higher than the values on day 0.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 754311211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Responses of PBMC from patients with GD, maintained euthyroid on ATD, were lower than those before surgery or RAI therapy.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 754311212@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The reactivity of T cell lines in different groups reflected a pattern similar to PBMC after treatment.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 754311213@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TSHR antibody and microsomal antibody levels decreased after surgery, but increased after RAI therapy.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 754311214@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The difference in the number of recognized peptides by patients' PBMC before RAI and surgery may reflect the effect of long term therapy with ATD in the patients before RAI vs. the shorter period in patients before surgery.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 754311215@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The decreased T cell reactivity to thyroid antigens after thyroidectomy could be the result of removal of a major part of the thyroid gland or redistribution of suppressor-inducer T cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 754311216@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The increased T cell response after RAI therapy is probably epitope specific, rather than a response to the whole TSHR molecule.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 754311217@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synchronous recognition of peptides 158-176 and 248-263 is important for the development of GD, and the loss of recognition of one of these epitopes may be an early sign of immune remission and a predictor of euthyroidism.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 754351201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-10 induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of tyk2 and Jak1 and the differential assembly of STAT1 alpha and STAT3 complexes in human T cells and monocytes.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 754351202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-10 affects monocytes and T cells by driving the progression of immune responsiveness such that Th2 lymphocyte-mediated effects predominate.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 754351203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report, we show that in monocytes and T cells IL-10 stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of the signal transducers and activators of transcription, STAT1 alpha and STAT3, in a differential manner such that the relative formation of homo- and heterodimers varies between the two cell types.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 754351204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, monocytes express a novel IL-10-stimulated STAT protein with an M(r) of 70 kDa that is recognized by the anti-STAT3 Ab but is not observed in T cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 754351205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-10 treatment of both T cells and monocytes results in the ligand-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of tyk2 and Jak1, but not Jak2 or Jak3.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 754351206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Selective modulation of immune responsiveness by IL-10 in cells such as monocytes and T cells may result in part from the differential activation of STAT protein pairs.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 754400101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin 2 signaling involves the phosphorylation of Stat proteins.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 754400102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the most important cytokines involved in immune response regulation is interleukin 2 (IL-2), a potent activator of the proliferation and function of T lymphocytes and natural killer cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 754400103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanisms by which the effects of IL-2 are propagated within cells are not understood.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 754400104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While the binding of IL-2 to its receptor was recently shown to lead to the activation of two kinases, Jak-1 and Jak-3, subsequent steps in the signaling pathway to the nucleus that lead to the activation of specific genes had not been characterized.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 754400105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since many cytokines that activate Jak kinases also lead to the tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of members of the Stat family of transcription factors, the ability of IL-2 to trigger Stat phosphorylation was examined.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 754400106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Exposure of activated human T lymphocytes or of a natural killer cell line (NKL) to IL-2 leads to the phosphorylation of Stat1 alpha, Stat1 beta, and Stat3, as well as of two Stat-related proteins, p94 and p95.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 754400107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@p94 and p95 share homology with Stat1 at the phosphorylation site and in the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, but otherwise are immunologically distinct from Stat1.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 754400108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These Stat proteins were found to translocate to the nucleus and to bind to a specific DNA sequence.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 754400109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest a mechanism by which IL-2 binding to its receptor may activate specific genes involved in immune cell function.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 754568001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Direct demonstration of NFATp dephosphorylation and nuclear localization in activated HT-2 cells using a specific NFATp polyclonal antibody.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 754568002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) regulates transcription of a number of cytokine genes, and NFAT DNA binding activity is stimulated following T cell activation.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 754568003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several lines of evidence have suggested that NFAT is a substrate for calcineurin, a serine/threonine phosphatase.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 754568004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a polyclonal antibody to murine NFATp, Western blot analysis of various mouse tissues demonstrated that the 110-130-kDa NFATp protein was highly expressed in thymus and spleen.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 754568005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of immunoprecipitated NFATp from untreated HT-2 cells with calcineurin resulted in the dephosphorylation of NFATp, demonstrating that NFATp is an in vitro substrate for calcineurin.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 754568006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NFATp immunoprecipitated from 32P-labeled HT-2 cells migrated as an approximately 120-kDa protein that was localized to the cytosol of the cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 754568007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of the cells with ionomycin resulted in a decrease in the molecular weight of NFATp and a loss of 32P, consistent with NFATp dephosphorylation.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 754568008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The dephosphorylation of NFATp was accompanied by localization of the protein to the nuclear fraction.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 754568009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both of these events were blocked by preincubation of the cells with FK506, a calcineurin inhibitor, consistent with the hypothesis that NFATp is a calcineurin substrate in cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 755431501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Temperature-induced down-regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in peripheral blood mononuclear leucocyte in patients with sepsis or septic shock.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 755431502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE: Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is of vital importance during critical illness.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 755431503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have studied the adaptive mechanisms which occur at the level of the glucocorticoid receptor in glucocorticoid target tissues in patients with sepsis or septic shock.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 755431504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DESIGN: The effects of hypercortisolaemia, hyperthermia and cellular composition on number of glucocorticoid receptors per cell and their affinity were evaluated, both in vitro and in vivo, in peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes of control subjects and in patients with sepsis or septic shock.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 755431505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SUBJECTS: Fifteen patients (age 25-79) with sepsis or septic shock who were admitted to an intensive care unit were studied.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 755431506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The control group consisted of 24 healthy laboratory employees.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 755431507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MEASUREMENTS: The binding capacity and affinity of the glucocorticoid receptors were measured and compared to clinical data and the plasma cortisol concentrations.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 755431508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: Hypercortisolaemia, in vitro, resulted in a decreased affinity and a decreased binding capacity of the glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 755431509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro, hyperthermia as well as variations in the cellular composition did not influence the glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 755431510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo, there was no change in the number of receptors per cell in patients with sepsis or septic shock as compared to healthy controls.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 755431511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, a decreased affinity of the glucocorticoid receptor was observed.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 755431512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was a weak but significant negative correlation between body temperature and the number of glucocorticoid receptors in the patient group.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 755431513@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was no relation between circulating cortisol concentrations and glucocorticoid receptor affinity and number.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 755431514@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: There is no obvious regulation of the number of glucocorticoid receptors by plasma cortisol concentrations in vivo.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 755431515@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The decreased affinity of the glucocorticoid receptor together with the negative correlation between hyperthermia and the number of glucocorticoid receptors in patients with sepsis or septic shock suggest that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation during critical illness is accompanied by peripheral adaptation in glucocorticoid receptor number and affinity.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 755988101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Evidence for normal vitamin D receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and genotype in absorptive hypercalciuria.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 755988102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Absorptive hypercalciuria (a stone-forming condition) is characterized by gut hyperabsorption of calcium, hypercalciuria, and reduced bone density.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 755988103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inasmuch as these features implicate enhanced calcitriol action in gut and bone, we analyzed the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene to ascertain whether an abnormality of this gene marks patients with intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 755988104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have compared the frequency of a restriction fragment length polymorphism (Bsm I) associated with different alleles of the VDR gene in a group of 33 well characterized absorptive hypercalciuric patients and a group of 36 normal race- and age-matched control subjects.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 755988105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was no difference between the distribution of the VDR alleles in the patient population when compared with the normal population.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 755988106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The coding region of VDR messenger RNA was also normal, as determined by both DNA sequence analysis and chemical mismatch cleavage analysis of copy DNA from 11 index absorptive hypercalciuric patients.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 755988107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the basis of these results, we propose that the enhanced intestinal calcium absorption invariably seen in absorptive hypercalciuria and attendant symptoms of this disorder are not attributable to mutations of the VDR and are not linked to a common VDR genotype.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 755988601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Up-regulation of high-affinity dehydroepiandrosterone binding activity by dehydroepiandrosterone in activated human T lymphocytes.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 755988602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although evidence indicates that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) exerts direct physiological effects, its mechanism of action remains unknown.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 755988603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DHEA binding sites were examined using a whole-cell binding assay in a human T lymphoid cell line, PEER, revealing that a single class of high-affinity binding sites for DHEA (dissociation constant = 7.4 +/- 0.53 nmol/L, mean +/- SE, n = 4) was greatly increased when treated with DHEA, phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, and the Ca2+ ionophore A23187.@@@@1@64@@oe@19-12-2010 755988604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bound [3H]DHEA was displaced sensitively by DHEA and secondarily by dihydrotestosterone, but not effectively by other steroids, including DHEA sulfate.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 755988605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results not only indicate the existence of a DHEA receptor, but also suggest that T cells become susceptible to regulation by DHEA during the process of signal-induced activation.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 756567501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The DNA-binding properties of two heat shock factors, HSF1 and HSF3, are induced in the avian erythroblast cell line HD6.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 756567502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Avian cells express three heat shock transcription factor (HSF) genes corresponding to a novel factor, HSF3, and homologs of mouse and human HSF1 and HSF2.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 756567503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of the biochemical and cell biological properties of these HSFs reveals that HSF3 has properties in common with both HSF1 and HSF2 and yet has features which are distinct from both.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 756567504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HSF3 is constitutively expressed in the erythroblast cell line HD6, the lymphoblast cell line MSB, and embryo fibroblasts, and yet its DNA-binding activity is induced only upon exposure of HD6 cells to heat shock.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 756567505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Acquisition of HSF3 DNA-binding activity in HD6 cells is accompanied by oligomerization from a non-DNA-binding dimer to a DNA-binding trimer, whereas the effect of heat shock on HSF1 is oligomerization of an inert monomer to a DNA-binding trimer.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 756567506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of HSF3 DNA-binding activity is delayed compared with that of HSF1.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 756567507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As occurs for HSF1, heat shock leads to the translocation of HSF3 to the nucleus.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 756567508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HSF exhibits the properties of a transcriptional activator, as judged from the stimulatory activity of transiently overexpressed HSF3 measured by using a heat shock element-containing reporter construct and as independently assayed by the activity of a chimeric GAL4-HSF3 protein on a GAL4 reporter construct.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 756567509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results reveal that HSF3 is negatively regulated in avian cells and acquires DNA-binding activity in certain cells upon heat shock.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 756572201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A central role for a single c-Myb binding site in a thymic locus control region.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 756572202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Locus control regions (LCRs) are powerful assemblies of cis elements that organize the actions of cell-type-specific trans-acting factors.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 756572203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 2.3-kb LCR in the human adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene first intron, which controls expression in thymocytes, is composed of a 200-bp enhancer domain and extended flanking sequences that facilitate activation from within chromatin.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 756572204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Prior analyses have demonstrated that the enhancer contains a 28-bp core region and local adjacent augmentative cis elements.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 756572205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We now show that the core contains a single critical c-Myb binding site.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 756572206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In both transiently cotransfected human cells and stable chromatin-integrated yeast cells, c-Myb strongly transactivated reporter constructs that contained polymerized core sequences.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 756572207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-Myb protein was strongly evident in T lymphoblasts in which the enhancer was active and was localized within discrete nuclear structures.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 756572208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fetal murine thymus exhibited a striking concordance of endogenous c-myb expression with that of mouse ADA and human ADA LCR-directed transgene expression.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 756572209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Point mutation of the c-Myb site within the intact 2.3-kb LCR severely attenuated enhancer activity in transfections and LCR activity in transgenic thymocytes.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 756572210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within the context of a complex enhancer and LCR, c-Myb can act as an organizer of thymocyte-specific gene expression via a single binding site.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 756573601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PU.1 (Spi-1) and C/EBP alpha regulate expression of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor alpha gene.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 756573602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Growth factor receptors play an important role in hematopoiesis.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 756573603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to further understand the mechanisms directing the expression of these key regulators of hematopoiesis, we initiated a study investigating the transcription factors activating the expression of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor alpha gene.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 756573604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we demonstrate that the human GM-CSF receptor alpha promoter directs reporter gene activity in a tissue-specific fashion in myelomonocytic cells, which correlates with its expression pattern as analyzed by reverse transcription PCR.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 756573605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GM-CSF receptor alpha promoter contains an important functional site between positions -53 and -41 as identified by deletion analysis of reporter constructs.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 756573606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that the myeloid and B cell transcription factor PU.1 binds specifically to this site.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 756573607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we demonstrate that a CCAAT site located upstream of the PU.1 site between positions -70 and -54 is involved in positive-negative regulation of the GM-CSF receptor alpha promoter activity.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 756573608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@C/EBP alpha is the major CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) form binding to this site in nuclear extracts of U937 cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 756573609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Point mutations of either the PU.1 site or the C/EBP site that abolish the binding of the respective factors result in a significant decrease of GM-CSF receptor alpha promoter activity in myelomonocytic cells only.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 756573610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we demonstrate that in myeloid and B cell extracts, PU.1 forms a novel, specific, more slowly migrating complex (PU-SF) when binding the GM-CSF receptor alpha promoter PU.1 site.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 756573611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is the first demonstration of a specific interaction with PU.1 on a myeloid PU.1 binding site.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 756573612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The novel complex is distinct from that described previously as binding to B cell enhancer sites and can be formed by addition of PU.1 to extracts from certain nonmyeloid cell types which do not express PU.1, including T cells and epithelial cells, but not from erythroid cells.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 756573613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we demonstrate that the PU-SF complex binds to PU.1 sites found on a number of myeloid promoters, and its formation requires an intact PU.1 site adjacent to a single-stranded region.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 756573614@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of PU.1 in nonmyeloid cells can activate the GM-CSF receptor alpha promoter.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 756573615@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletion of the amino-terminal region of PU.1 results in a failure to form the PU-SF complex and in a concomitant loss of transactivation, suggesting that formation of the PU-SF complex is of functional importance for the activity of the GM-CSF receptor alpha promoter.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 756573616@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, we demonstrate that C/EBP alpha can also active the GM-CSF receptor alpha promoter in nonmyeloid cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 756573617@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 757630101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the nucleoside diphosphate kinase in human skin cancers: an immunohistochemical study.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 757630102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of nucleoside diphosphate(NDP) kinase, which is homologous to the nm23 gene product in a variety of species, has been found to be inversely associated with metastatic potential.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 757630103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the relationship remains controversial according to the tumor cell types and experimental system, with conflicting results from different research groups.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 757630104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to determine whether NDP kinase expression serves as a marker for metastatic potential in human skin cancer, we assessed the levels of NDP kinase expression in 9 keratoacanthomas (KAs), 26 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), and 25 basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) using immunohistochemistry.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 757630105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of NDP kinase was intense in KA and SCC compared with BCC.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 757630106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the difference of NDP kinase expression between KA and SCC was not statistically significant.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 757630107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@And there was no statistically significant difference in NDP kinase expression between SCC with metastasis and SCC without metastasis.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 757630108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results contradict the hypothesis concerning the possible role of nm23 gene as a metastatic suppressor gene in human skin cancer.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 757630109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism of overexpression in various tumor cell types and its biological significance in cutaneous carcinogenesis remain to be determined.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 757825001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning a cDNA from human NK/T cells which codes for a protein with high proline content.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 757825002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A cDNA clone, B4-2, was isolated from a natural killer (NK) minus T cell subtractive library.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 757825003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The B4-2 clone coded for an mRNA of 2061 bp in length.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 757825004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It encodes a deduced 327 aa protein with a calculated molecular mass of 35.2 kDa.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 757825005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Searching of B4-2 DNA and protein sequences against various databases revealed no high homology to other sequences.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 757825006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, B4-2 has an unusually high proline content (13%), contains a putative nuclear targeting sequence, and has several SPXX motifs which are frequently found in gene regulatory proteins.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 757825007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the stretches of prolines in B4-2 closely resembles the ligand for proteins with SH3 domains.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 757825008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern hybridization data showed that B4-2 is not a lymphoid specific gene and is expressed in a hepatoma cell line and also weakly transcribed or absent in a variety of other cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 757825009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A polyclonal antiserum raised against recombinant B4-2 recognizes a 32-34 kDa protein in lymphocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 757939901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human TCF-1 gene encodes a nuclear DNA-binding protein uniquely expressed in normal and neoplastic T-lineage lymphocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 757939902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The TCF-1 gene encodes a putative transcription factor with affinity for a sequence motif occurring in a number of T-cell enhancers.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 757939903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF-1 mRNA was originally found to be expressed in a T cell-specific fashion within a set of human and mouse cell lines.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 757939904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, expression reportedly occurs in multiple nonlymphoid tissues during murine embryogenesis.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 757939905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have now raised a monoclonal antibody to document expression and biochemistry of the human TCF-1 protein.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 757939906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As expected, the TCF-1 protein was detectable only in cell lines of T lineage.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 757939907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Its expression was always restricted to the nucleus.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 757939908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunohistochemistry on a panel of human tissues revealed that the TCF-1 protein was found exclusively in thymocytes and in CD3+ T cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 757939909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Western blotting yielded a set of bands ranging from 25 kD to 55 kD, resulting from extensive alternative splicing.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 757939910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The TCF-1 protein was detectable in all samples of a set of 22 T-cell malignancies of various stages of maturation, but was absent from a large number of other hematologic neoplasms.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 757939911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations imply a T cell-specific function for TCF-1, a notion corroborated by recent observations on Tcf-1 knock-out mice.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 757939912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, these results indicate that nuclear TCF-1 expression can serve as a pan-T-lineage marker in the diagnosis of lymphoid malignancies.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 757940501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive overexpression of the L-selectin gene in fresh leukemic cells of adult T-cell leukemia that can be transactivated by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 757940502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@L-selectin is an adhesion molecule of the selectin family that mediates the initial step of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 757940503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upon cellular activation, expression of the L-selectin gene is downregulated at both the protein and mRNA levels.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 757940504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To understand the mechanism of leukemic cell infiltration into organs, we studied the expression and regulation of L-selectin mRNA in fresh leukemic cells of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) patients and investigated the response of the L-selectin promoter to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax, which is a viral transcriptional transactivator.@@@@1@59@@oe@19-12-2010 757940505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Flow cytometry showed that L-selectin was expressed on fresh ATL cells along with other activation antigens.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 757940506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot analysis showed that ATL cells overexpressed that L-selectin mRNA and that the level was aberrantly upregulated after PMA stimulation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 757940507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies using in situ hybridization showed expression of the L-selectin mRNA in the infiltrating leukemic cells in the liver of two ATL patients.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 757940508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Intravenous injection of a rat T-cell line that overexpresses L-selectin showed increased organ infiltration.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 757940509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of Tax expression in JPX9 cells resulted in about a twofold increase in the mRNA expression levels compared with the basal level.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 757940510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assay after transient cotransfection showed about a fivefold transactivation of the L-selectin promoter by Tax.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 757940511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The serum level of the shed form of L-selectin was significantly increased in ATL patients (mean +/- SD, 4,215.4 +/- 4,111 ng/mL) compared with those of asymptomatic carriers and healthy blood donors (mean +/- SD, 1,148.0 +/- 269.0 ng/mL and 991.9 +/- 224 ng/mL, respectively).@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 757940512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicated that ATL cells constitutively overexpress the L-selectin gene that can be transactivated by HTLV-1 Tax.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 757940513@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The overexpression of L-selectin, as well as of inflammatory cytokines, by ATL cells may provide a basis for ATL cells to attach the vascular endothelium, leading to transmigration and organ infitration.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 758452001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The DNA and steroid binding domains of the glucocorticoid receptor are not altered in mononuclear cells of treated CLL patients.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 758452002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The aim of this study was to investigate whether mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor could account for the increasing unresponsiveness of patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) to combination chemotherapy.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 758452003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The receptor was tested immunocytochemically, in steroid binding assays, and by a mutation screening (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) of the receptor-cDNA.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 758452004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The receptor concentration, as measured by staining and steroid binding test, varied considerably but showed no clear correlation to clinical response.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 758452005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a highly sensitive mutation screening assay of the DNA- and the steroid-binding region, none of the treated patients revealed any mutation, suggesting that the glucocorticoid receptor in the CLL patients tested is not altered in these domains.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 758452006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In one individual who had not been treated before analysis a silent mutation was found in one receptor allele.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 758452007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results suggest that mechanisms other than altered ligand or DNA binding of the receptor may be responsible for the lack of response to chemotherapy.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 758452008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This conclusion is discussed in relation to the mechanism of corticoid resistance in mouse and human lymphoma cells in culture.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 758706101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BCL-6 and the molecular pathogenesis of B-cell lymphoma.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 758706102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results presented identify the first genetic lesion associated with DLCL, the most clinically relevant form of NHL.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 758706103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although no proof yet exists of a role for these lesions in DLCL pathogenesis, the feature of the BCL-6 gene product, its specific pattern of expression in B cells, and the clustering of lesions disrupting its regulatory domain strongly suggest that deregulation of BCL-6 expression may contribute to DLCL development.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 758706104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A more precise definition of the role of BCL-6 in normal and neoplastic B-cell development is the goal of ongoing study of transgenic mice engineered either to express BCL-6 under heterologous promoters or lacking BCL-6 function due to targeted deletions.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 758706105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to contributing to the understanding of DLCL pathogenesis, the identification of BCL-6 lesions may have relevant clinical implications.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 758706106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DLCL represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms which are treated homogeneously despite the fact that only 50% of patients experience long-term disease-free survival (Schneider et al. 1990).@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 758706107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The fact that BCL-6 rearrangements identify biologically and clinically distinct subsets of DLCL suggests that these lesions may be useful as markers in selection of differential therapeutic strategies based on different risk groups.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 758706108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the BCL-6 rearrangements can be used to identify and monitor the malignant clone with sensitive PCR-based techniques.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 758706109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since clinical remission has been observed in a significant fraction of DLCL cases, these markers may serve as critical tools for sensitive monitoring of minimal residual disease and early diagnosis of relapse (Gribben et al. 1993).@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 758832601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Prolactin and interleukin-2 receptors in T lymphocytes signal through a MGF-STAT5-like transcription factor.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 758832602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cell surface receptors for PRL and interleukin-2 (IL-2) are structurally distinct, but share regulatory tasks in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 758832603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They can stimulate proliferation and activate transcription of over-lapping sets of genes of T cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 758832604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PRL and IL-2 receptor activation are both linked to the Jak/Stat (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 758832605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated the ability of PRL and IL-2 to activate Stat proteins in different T cell lines.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 758832606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The DNA binding specificities, the reactivities toward Stat-specific antisera, and the mol wt of IL-2- and PRL-induced DNA-binding proteins in Nb2 and C196 T cell lines were investigated.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 758832607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A comparison with the Stat proteins induced by interferon-gamma, PRL, and IL-6 in T47D mammary tumor cells was made.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 758832608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that these parameters were indistinguishable for one of the PRL- and IL-2-induced factors.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 758832609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A transcription factor closely related to mammary gland factor-Stat5 is rapidly activated upon interaction of IL-2 and PRL with their respective receptors.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 758832610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of a second protein related to Stat1 was also observed.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 758832611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results emphasize the role of PRL as a regulator of the immune response and indicate that the Stat factors mammary gland factor-Stat5 and Stat1 play a role in the regulation of gene expression during T cell development.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 759109101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Attenuation of gamma interferon-induced tyrosine phosphorylation in mononuclear phagocytes infected with Leishmania donovani: selective inhibition of signaling through Janus kinases and Stat1.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 759109102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of gene transcription in response to gamma interferon is impaired in mononuclear phagocytes infected with Leishmania donovani, and the mechanisms involved are not fully understood.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 759109103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The changes in gene expression brought about by gamma interferon are thought to involve transient increases in the activities of cellular protein tyrosine kinases, including the Janus kinases Jak1 and Jak2, leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of the transcription factor Stat1.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 759109104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate the mechanisms accounting for the impaired responses to gamma interferon, a model system for examining overall changes in protein tyrosine phosphorylation, activation of Jak1 and Jak2 and phosphorylation of Stat1 was developed in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-differentiated U-937 cells.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 759109105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of whole-cell lysates by antiphosphotyrosine immunoblotting showed that incubation with gamma interferon brought about specific increases in phosphotyrosine labeling of several proteins.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 759109106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased labeling of these proteins occurred to similar extents in control cells and in cells that had been infected with L. donovani for 16 h.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 759109107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Jak1, Jak2, and Stat1 were immunoprecipitated from control and interferon-treated cells, and tyrosine phosphorylation of these proteins, detected by antiphosphotyrosine immunoblotting was used to measured their activation.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 759109108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak1, Jak2, and Stat1 increased markedly, in a dose-dependent manner, in U-937 cells incubated with gamma interferon.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 759109109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, in cells infected with L. donovani, tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak1, Jak2, and Stat1 was markedly impaired.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 759109110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This effect was dependent upon the duration of exposure to L. donovani and was maximal and complete at 16 h.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 759109111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Results similar to those observed with U-937 cells were also obtained with human peripheral blood monocytes.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 759109112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings indicate that infection of human mononuclear phagocytes with L. donovani leads to impaired gamma interferon-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation and selective effects on the Jak-Stat1 pathway.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 759109113@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unresponsiveness to gamma interferon for activation of this pathway may explain impaired transcriptional responses in leishmania-infected cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 759109501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nonopsonic phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes requires the presence of the bacterial flagellum.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 759109502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas the mechanism of nonopsonic phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been described, the bacterial ligands required are poorly understood.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 759109503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To identify the requisite bacterial ligands, studies with isogenic mutants of P. aeruginosa PAK lacking pili, flagella, and the RpoN sigma factor were undertaken.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 759109504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The RpoN mutant, lacking pili, flagella, and nonpilus adhesins, bound poorly and was resistant to ingestion by both macrophages and neutrophils.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 759109505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pili were not absolutely required for binding or phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 759109506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of a flagellum was not required for binding of P. aeruginosa to macrophages but was critical for the subsequent internalization of the bacterium, suggesting that this factor or a surface ligand associated with its assembly was responsible for stimulation of nonopsonic phagocytosis.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 759259801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutually exclusive interaction of a novel matrix attachment region binding protein and the NF-muNR enhancer repressor.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 759259802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Implications for regulation of immunoglobulin heavy chain expression.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 759259803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) intronic enhancer stimulates transcription from functional promoters in B lymphocytes but not other cell types.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 759259804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The observation that binding sites for the nuclear factor-mu negative regulator (NF-muNR) enhancer repressor overlap nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) in this enhancer has lead to the hypothesis that the cell type specificity of the enhancer might be controlled by regulating nuclear matrix attachment (Scheuermann, R. H., and Chen, U. (1989) Genes & Dev. 3, 1255-1266).@@@@1@69@@oe@19-12-2010 759259805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To understand the role of MARs in IgH enhancer regulation, we have identified a novel MAR-binding protein, MAR-BP1, from soluble nuclear matrix preparations based on its ability to bind to the MARs associated with the IgH enhancer.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 759259806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Purified MAR-BP1 migrates as a 33-kDa protein, and it can be found in nuclear matrix preparations from a number of different types of lymphoid cell lines.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 759259807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although specific binding sites have been difficult to localize by chemical or enzymatic footprinting procedures, NF-muNR binding sites are critical for efficient MAR-BP1 binding.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 759259808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Indeed, binding of the IgH enhancer to either intact nuclear matrix preparations or to MAR-BP1 is mutually exclusive to NF-muNR binding.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 759259809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results are consistent with a model for cell-type specific regulation in which binding of the NF-muNR repressor to the IgH enhancer prevents nuclear matrix attachment in inappropriate cells by interfering with MAR-BP1/enhancer interaction.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 759267101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of essential GATA and Ets binding motifs within the promoter of the platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha gene.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 759267102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V is a multisubunit adhesion receptor that supports platelet attachment to thrombogenic surfaces at sites of vascular injury.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 759267103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The congenital absence of the receptor results in a bleeding disorder associated with "giant" platelets, a condition linking the expression of the complex to platelet morphogenesis.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 759267104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To understand better the expression of the GP Ib-IX-V complex, studies were undertaken to define the essential genetic elements supporting the expression of the alpha-subunit of the complex (GP Ib alpha).@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 759267105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GP Ib alpha promoter activity was evaluated by transfection of human erythroleukemia cells with reporter plasmids coding for the enzyme, luciferase.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 759267106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies were initiated with a fragment extending 2,738 nucleotides 5' to the transcription start site and lead to the identification of 253 nucleotides retaining full promoter activity in human erythroleukemia cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 759267107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In cells of nonhematopoietic lineage, human endothelial and HeLa cells, the GP Ib alpha promoter activity was no greater than background levels obtained with promoterless constructs.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 759267108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel shift assays and site-directed mutagenesis studies defined essential GATA and Ets binding motifs 93 and 150 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site, a finding which further substantiates these elements as important determinants of megakaryocytic gene expression.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 759267109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results define essential cis-acting elements responsible for the expression of GP Ib alpha and provide insights into molecular events coinciding with the release of normal platelets into the bloodstream.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 759267601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Multiple proteins interact with the nuclear inhibitory protein repressor element in the human interleukin-3 promoter.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 759267602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cell expression of interleukin 3 (IL-3) is directed by positive and negative cis-acting DNA elements clustered within 300 base pairs of the transcriptional start site.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 759267603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A strong repressor element, termed nuclear inhibitory protein (NIP), was previously mapped to a segment of the IL-3 promoter between nucleotides -271 and -250.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 759267604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional characterization of this element demonstrates that it can mediate repression when linked in cis to a heterologous promoter.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 759267605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA binding experiments were carried out to characterize the repressor activity.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 759267606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using varying conditions, three distinct complexes were shown to interact specifically with the NIP region, although only one correlates with repressor activity.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 759267607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Complex 1 results from binding of a ubiquitous polypeptide that recognizes the 3' portion of this sequence and is not required for repression.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 759267608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Complex 2 corresponds to binding of transcription factor (upstream stimulatory factor) to an E-box motif in the 5' portion of the NIP region.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 759267609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA binding specificity of complex 3 overlaps with that of upstream stimulatory factor but is clearly distinct.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 759267610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine which of the latter two complexes represents NIP activity, we incorporated small alterations into the NIP site of an IL-3 promoter-linked reporter construct and examined their effects on NIP-mediated repression.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 759267611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional specificity for repression matches the DNA binding specificity of complex 3; both repressor activity and complex 3 binding require the consensus sequence CTCACNTNC.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 759313601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Correlation of differentiation-inducing activity of retinoids on human leukemia cell lines HL-60 and NB4.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 759313602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retinoids, including all-trans-retinoic acid, its isomers, and fifty synthetic retinoids (retinobenzoic acids), were tested for differentiation-inducing activity on human leukemia cell lines HL-60 and NB4.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 759313603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A good linear correlation, with an r value of 0.91, between the ED50 values for the differentiation-inducing activity towards HL-60 cells and that towards NB4 cells was found.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 760211401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation of the Jak-STAT 1 signaling pathway by IL-5 in eosinophils.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 760211402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The intracellular signal transduction of IL-5 in eosinophils is unknown.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 760211403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of the newly discovered Jak-STAT pathway in the IL-5 signal transduction mechanism.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 760211404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eosinophils were purified from peripheral blood by discontinuous Percoll gradients and stimulated with IL-5.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 760211405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The involvement of Jak 2 was investigated by immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblotting for tyrosine phosphorylation.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 760211406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation of Jak 2 was studied by autophosphorylation of the immunoprecipitated kinase.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 760211407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Jak 2 was tyrosine phosphorylated within 1 to 3 min after stimulation of eosinophils with IL-5.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 760211408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further, the immunoprecipitated Jak 2 obtained from IL-5-stimulated cells underwent autophosphorylation.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 760211409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Jak 2 coprecipitated with the beta-subunit of the IL-5 receptor, suggesting a physical association of the kinase with the receptor.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 760211410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The nuclear factor STAT-1 (p91) was investigated by immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblotting for tyrosine phosphorylation.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 760211411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@STAT-1 was tyrosine phosphorylated within 15 min of IL-5 stimulation.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 760211412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of STAT-1 in the nuclear extract was studied by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 760211413@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-5 induced two proteins that bound to the gamma-activating sequence.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 760211414@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the presence of an anti-STAT-1 Ab, the band was supershifted.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 760211415@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, we demonstrated that IL-5 activated the Jak 2-STAT 1 signaling pathway in eosinophils.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 760211416@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We speculate that the Jak 2-STAT 1 pathway may be involved in the activation of IL-5-inducible genes in eosinophils.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 760428301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutively activated Jak-STAT pathway in T cells transformed with HTLV-I.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 760428302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T cell lymphotropic virus I (HTLV-I) is the etiological agent for adult T cell leukemia and tropical spastic paraparesis (also termed HTLV-I-associated myelopathy).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 760428303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HTLV-I-infected peripheral blood T cells exhibit an initial phase of interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent growth; over time, by an unknown mechanism, the cells become IL-2-independent.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 760428304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas the Jak kinases Jak1 and Jak3 and the signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins Stat3 and Stat5 are activated in normal T cells in response to IL-2, this signaling pathway was constitutively activated in HTLV-I-transformed cells.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 760428305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In HTLV-I-infected cord blood lymphocytes, the transition from IL-2-dependent to IL-2-independent growth correlated with the acquisition of a constitutively activated Jak-STAT pathway, which suggests that this pathway participates in HTLV-I-mediated T cell transformation.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 760599601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Heterogeneous expression of Epstein-Barr virus latent proteins in endemic Burkitt's lymphoma.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 760599602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected cells may sustain three distinct forms of virus latency.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 760599603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In lymphoblastoid cell lines, six EBV-encoded nuclear antigens (EBNA1, 2, 3A, 3B, 3C, -LP), three latent membrane proteins (LMP1, 2A, 2B), and two nuclear RNAs (EBERs) are expressed.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 760599604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This form of latency, termed latency III, is also encountered in some posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 760599605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In EBV-positive cases of Hodgkin's disease, the EBERs, EBNA1, and the LMPs are expressed (latency II), whereas in Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) only the EBERs and EBNA1 have been detected (latency I).@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 760599606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have studied the expression of EBV proteins in 17 cases of EBV-positive endemic BL by immunohistology.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 760599607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of LMP1 was seen in variable proportions of tumor cells in two cases and EBNA2 was detected in some tumor cells in three other cases.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 760599608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Also, the BZLF1 trans-activator protein was expressed in a few tumor cells in 6 cases, indicating entry into the lytic cycle.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 760599609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A phenotypic drift from latency I to latency III has been observed previously in some BL cell lines.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 760599610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results suggest that a similar phenomenon may occur in BL in vivo and indicate that the operational definition of EBV latencies is not easily applied to human tumors.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 760599701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Does activation of the TAL1 gene occur in a majority of patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 760599702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A pediatric oncology group study.@@@@1@6@@oe@19-12-2010 760599703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Almost 25% of patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) have tumor-specific rearrangements of the TAL1 gene.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 760599704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although TAL1 expression has not been observed in normal lymphocytes, TAL1 gene products are readily detected in leukemic cells that harbor a rearranged TAL1 allele.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 760599705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hence, it has been proposed that ectopic expression of TAL1 promotes the development of T-ALL.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 760599706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report, we show that TAL1 is expressed in the leukemic cells of most patients with T-ALL, including many that do not display an apparent TAL1 gene alteration.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 760599707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A polymorphic dinucleotide repeat in the transcribed sequences of TAL1 was used to determine the allele specificity of TAL1 transcription in primary T-ALL cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 760599708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monoallelic expression of TAL1 was observed in the leukemic cells of all patients (8 of 8) bearing a TAL1 gene rearrangement.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 760599709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the leukemic cells of patients without detectable TAL1 rearrangements, TAL1 transcription occurred in either a monoallelic (3 of 7 patients) or a biallelic (4 of 7 patients) fashion.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 760599710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, TAL1 activation in these patients may result from subtle alterations in cis-acting regulatory sequences (affecting expression of a single TAL1 allele) or changes in trans-acting factors that control TAL1 transcription (affecting expression of both TAL1 alleles).@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 761266101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibitory action of nm23 proteins on induction of erythroid differentiation of human leukemia cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 761266102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We recently identified a differentiation inhibitory factor (I-factor) in mouse myeloid leukemia M1 cells as a murine homolog of the human nm23-H2 gene product.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 761266103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@nm23 genes encode proteins that participate in tumor metastasis regulation and in various fundamental cellular processes, although their mechanisms of action are still unknown.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 761266104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although all nm23 proteins contain nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase activity, it has not been established that the enzyme activity mediated the various functions of nm23 proteins.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 761266105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present experiment, we examined the effect of nm23 proteins on various differentiation induction systems of human leukemic cells including HL-60, U937, HEL/S, KU812F, K562, and HEL cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 761266106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Native human erythrocyte NDP kinase protein inhibited the induction of erythroid differentiation of HEL, KU812 and K562 cells, but not the induction of monocytic or granulocytic differentiation of HL-60, U937 and HEL/S cells.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 761266107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The erythroid differentiation of HEL cells was inhibited by recombinant human nm23-H1, -H2, mouse nm23-M1, and -M2 proteins.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 761266108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, both the mutant nm23-H2His protein and truncated nm23-H2 protein containing N-terminal (1-60) peptide, which do not have NDP kinase activity, also inhibited erythroid differentiation of HEL cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 761266109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that (1) the differentiation inhibitory activity of I-factor/nm23 protein is not restricted to monocytic differentiation of M1 cells, (2) the inhibitory activity is exhibited without species specificity, and (3) the differentiation inhibitory activity of the nm23/NDP kinase protein is independent of its enzyme activity and requires the presence of N-terminal peptides.@@@@1@63@@oe@19-12-2010 761313501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A conserved motif in the promoters of several cytokines expressed by human Th2-type lymphocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 761313502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently found a novel conserved motif in the promoters of several T-cell-expressed cytokines [human interleukin-2, -4, -5 and -13 and human and mouse granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)].@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 761313503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It contains a core sequence CTTGG ... CCAAG which is present as part of larger palindromic sequences in each gene.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 761313504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This suggest that they may interact with a new family of trans-acting factors.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 761313505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In transfection assays, the human GM-CSF element has a strong positive effect on the expression of a reporter gene by the human T cell line Jurkat J6 upon stimulation.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 761313506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In DNA mobility shift assays, this sequence can give either six different specific bands which are competed out by different parts of the sequence or one specific band which is competed out by each of the inverted repeats, depending on the reconstitution conditions.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 761313507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In different genes, the core sequences are separated by integer numbers of helical turns.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 761313508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Considering the strong positive regulatory effect of this element and its presence in several T-cell-expressed cytokine genes, it may be crucial to the coordinated expression of these cytokines in T helper cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 761313801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The interleukin-5/receptor interaction activates Lyn and Jak2 tyrosine kinases and propagates signals via the Ras-Raf-1-MAP kinase and the Jak-STAT pathways in eosinophils.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 761313802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have shown that the interaction of interleukin (IL)-5 with the receptor activates Lyn tyrosine kinase within 1 min and Jak2 tyrosine kinase within 1-3 min.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 761313803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-5 also stimulates GTP binding to p21ras.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 761313804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The signal is subsequently propagated through the activation of Raf-1, MEK, and MAP kinases as shown by their increased autophosphorylation in vitro and phosphorylation in situ.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 761313805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Jak2 kinase has been shown to phosphorylate STAT nuclear proteins.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 761313806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation of STAT nuclear factors was studied by electrophoretic mobility shift assay using a gamma activation site (GAS) probe.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 761313807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that IL-5 induces two GAS-binding proteins in eosinophils, one of which is STAT1.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 761313808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that IL-5 induced signals are propagated through two distinct pathways: (1) Lyn-->Ras-->Raf-1-->MEK-->MAP kinase and (2) Jak2-->STAT1.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 761349001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hematopoietic lineage commitment: role of transcription factors.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 761349002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This review focuses on the roles of transcription factors in hematopoietic lineage commitment.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 761349003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A brief introduction to lineage commitment and asymmetric cell division is followed by a discussion of several methods used to identify transcription factors important in specifying hematopoietic cell types.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 761349004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Next is presented a discussion of the use of embryonic stem cells in the analysis of hematopoietic gene expression and the use of targeted gene disruption to analyze the role of transcription factors in hematopoiesis.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 761349005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, the status of our current knowledge concerning the roles of transcription factors in the commitment to erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid cell types is summarized.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 761827701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E1A gene expression induces susceptibility to killing by NK cells following immortalization but not adenovirus infection of human cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 761827702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Adenovirus (Ad) infection and E1A transfection were used to model changes in susceptibility to NK cell killing caused by transient vs stable E1A expression in human cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 761827703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Only stably transfected target cells exhibited cytolytic susceptibility, despite expression of equivalent levels of E1A proteins in Ad-infected targets.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 761827704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inability of E1A gene products to induce cytolytic susceptibility during infection was not explained by an inhibitory effect of viral infection on otherwise susceptible target cells or by viral gene effects on class I MHC antigen expression on target cells.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 761827705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This differential effect of E1A expression on the cytolytic phenotypes of infected and stably transfected human cells suggests that human NK cells provide an effective immunologic barrier against the in vivo survival and neoplastic progression of E1A-immortalized cells that may emerge from the reservoir of persistently infected cells in the human host.@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 763557201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RB and a novel E2F-1 binding protein in MHC class II deficient B-cell lines and normal IFN-gamma induction of the class IL transactivator CIITA in class II non-inducible RB-defective tumor lines.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 763557202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The major histocompatibility (MHC) class II genes encode cell surface proteins that bind antigenic peptide for presentation to T-cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 763557203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The class II proteins are expressed constitutively on B-cells and EBV-transformed B-cells, and are inducible by IFN-gamma on a wide variety of cell types.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 763557204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retinoblastoma protein (RB) is a tumor suppressor and functions as a transcriptional repressor by binding and inactivating the transactivator E2F-I.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 763557205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RB-defective tumor lines are non-inducible for MHC class II by IFN-gamma, or very weakly inducible, but transfection of 2 different lines with RB expression vectors re-establishes or substantially enhances class II inducibility.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 763557206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, we examined the RB status of a series of B-cell mutants that are defective in class II expression, generated either in vitro or derived from Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome (BLS) patients.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 763557207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear matrix-bound RB was detectable in all cases, indicating that loss of RB is not responsible for decreased class II expression in these lines.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 763557208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A second E2F-I binding protein, most likely DP-I, was also apparently normal in both class II-positive and -negative B-cell lines.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 763557209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also examined the IFN-gamma induction of CIITA in RB-defective lines.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 763557210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CIITA is a class II gene transactivator known to be defective in one form of BLS and to be required for the induction of MHC class II by IFN-gamma.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 763557211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CIITA mRNA is normally inducible by IFN-gamma in class II non-inducible, RB-defective lines, and in one line, re-expression of RB has no effect on CIITA mRNA induction levels.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 763557212@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the block in MHC class II inducibility in RB-defective cells is not due to a block in CIITA inducibility.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 763617901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Latent membrane protein-1 induces cyclin D2 expression, pRb hyperphosphorylation, and loss of TGF-beta 1-mediated growth inhibition in EBV-positive B cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 763617902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The normal cell cycle is regulated by several molecules, such as the tumor-suppressor protein pRb, the G1 cyclins, the cyclin-dependent kinases, and their inhibitors.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 763617903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These regulators are targeted by negative growth regulatory signals, such as that provided by TGF-beta.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 763617904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we show that the presence of either wild-type EBV or its transforming latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) results in the loss of TGF-beta 1-mediated growth inhibition in human B cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 763617905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chemical cross-linking with 125I-labeled TGF-beta 1 showed an essentially normal TGF-beta receptor profile in EBV-positive and EBV-negative Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines, and these receptors were shown to be functional in transducing signals, as evidenced by the TGF-beta 1-mediated modulation of junB gene expression.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 763617906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, TGF-beta 1 did not induce dephosphorylation of pRb in EBV (or LMP-1)-positive cells as opposed to EBV-negative cells, suggesting a dichotomy in the TGF-beta 1 signaling pathway leading to separable gene regulatory and growth inhibitory responses.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 763617907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, LMP-1 was found to induce the expression of cyclin D2; normal B cells or EBV-negative Burkitt's lymphoma cells do not express D-type cyclins.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 763617908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these data point to a potential mechanism underlying EBV-mediated B cell transformation whereby constitutive induction of key cell cycle regulators by LMP-1 can lead to pRb hyperphosphorylation and uncontrolled cell proliferation.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 763697701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@C/EBP proteins activate transcription from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat in macrophages/monocytes.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 763697702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three binding sites for C/EBP proteins are found in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) (V.M. Tesmer, A.Rajadhyaksha, J.Babin, and M.Bina, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA 90:7298-7302, 1993).@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 763697703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have determined the functional role of C/EBP proteins and C/EBP sites in regulating transcription from the HIV- 1 LTR in monocytes/macrophages.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 763697704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of endogenous C/EBP proteins, using either an excess of C/EBP binding sites or a trans- dominant negative inhibitor, demonstrated that C/EBP proteins are required for basal and activated levels of HIV-1 LTR transcription in the promonocytic cell line U937.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 763697705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern (RNA) blots and binding assays showed that NF-IL6 is the only known C/EBP family member which is increased when U937 cells are activated.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 763697706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutational analyses of the HIV-1 LTR showed that one C/EBP site is required for normal LTR transcription both before and after cellular activation and that the two 3' C/EBP sites are functionally equivalent.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 763697707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, transcription from crippled HIV-1 LTRs lacking C/EBP sites can still be induced following activation of U937 cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 763697708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several models are suggested for how elevated NF-IL6 may participate in an autostimulatory loop involving HIV infection, macrophage activation, cytokine expression, and HIV replication.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 763817301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sp1 functions in a chromatin-dependent manner to augment human alpha-globin promoter activity.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 763817302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 5' flanking region of the human alpha-globin gene is highly G + C rich and contains multiple copies of the consensus sequence for the Sp1 binding site.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 763817303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated the role of this G + C-rich region in augmenting alpha-globin promoter activity in the presence of the far-upstream alpha-globin enhancer, HS-40.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 763817304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that in transiently transfected erythroid cells, deletion of the alpha-globin G + C-rich 5' flanking region has no effect on alpha-globin promoter activity.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 763817305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, upon stable integration into chromatin, deletion of this region causes a nearly 90% decrease in promoter activity compared with expression from an alpha-globin promoter retaining this region.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 763817306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that the alpha-globin G + C-rich 5' flanking region augments alpha-globin promoter activity in a chromatin-dependent manner.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 763817307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We further show that this G + C-rich region is required for the activation of alpha-globin gene expression during erythroid differentiation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 763817308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, we show by both footprint analysis and functional assays that the ability of the G + C-rich region to increase alpha-globin promoter activity from a stably integrated alpha-globin gene is mediated by its multiple binding sites for the transcription factor Sp1.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 763818601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin 12 induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of STAT4 in human lymphocytes.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 763818602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is an important immunoregulatory cytokine whose receptor is a member of the hematopoietin receptor superfamily.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 763818603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently demonstrated that stimulation of human T and natural killer cells with IL-12 induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the Janus family tyrosine kinase JAK2 and Tyk2, implicating these kinases in the immediate biochemical response to IL-12.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 763818604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, transcription factors known as STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription) have been shown to be tyrosine phosphorylated and activated in response to a number of cytokines that bind hematopoietin receptors and activate JAK kinases.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 763818605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report we demonstrate that IL-12 induces tyrosine phosphorylation of a recently identified STAT family member, STAT4, and show that STAT4 expression is regulated by T-cell activation.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 763818606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we show that IL-12 stimulates formation of a DNA-binding complex that recognizes a DNA sequence previously shown to bind STAT proteins and that this complex contains STAT4.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 763818607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data, and the recent demonstration of JAK phosphorylation by IL-12, identify a rapid signal-transduction pathway likely to mediate IL-12-induced gene expression.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 763820901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Overexpression of DR-nm23, a protein encoded by a member of the nm23 gene family, inhibits granulocyte differentiation and induces apoptosis in 32Dc13 myeloid cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 763820902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chronic myelogenous leukemia evolves in two clinically distinct stages: a chronic and a blast crisis phase.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 763820903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The molecular changes associated with chronic phase to blast crisis transition are largely unknown.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 763820904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have identified a cDNA clone, DR-nm23, differentially expressed in a blast-crisis cDNA library, which has approximately 70% sequence similarity to the putative metastatic suppressor genes, nm23-H1 and nm23-H2.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 763820905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The deduced amino acid sequence similarity to the proteins encoded by these two latter genes is approximately 65% and includes domains and amino acid residues (the leucine zipper-like and the RGD domain, a serine and a histidine residue in the NH2- and in the COOH-terminal portion of the protein, respectively) postulated to be important for nm23 function.@@@@1@63@@oe@19-12-2010 763820906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DR-nm23 mRNA is preferentially expressed at early stages of myeloid differentiation of highly purified CD34+ cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 763820907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Its constitutive expression in the myeloid precursor 32Dc13 cell line, which is growth-factor dependent for both proliferation and differentiation, results in inhibition of granulocytic differentiation induced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and causes apoptotic cell death.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 763820908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results are consistent with a role for DR-nm23 in normal hematopoiesis and raise the possibility that its overexpression contributes to differentiation arrest, a feature of blastic transformation in chronic myelogenous leukemia.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 764030101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factors as targets for oxidative signalling during lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 764030102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We previously have demonstrated a requirement for oxidative events during cell cycle entry in T lymphocytes and have hypothesised that reactive oxygen species may act as intracellular signalling agents during lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 764030103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the current study, cysteamine, an aminothiol compound with antioxidant activity, has been used to further investigate the role of oxidative signalling during lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 764030104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes with cysteamine in vitro was found to inhibit proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, with essentially complete inhibition occurring at a dose of 400 microM.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 764030105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This inhibitory effect was limited to the first 2 h after mitogenic activation, localizing the time-frame of action of cysteamine to within the commitment period.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 764030106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It therefore was of interest to establish which, if any, commitment events were affected by oxidative signalling during cell cycle entry.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 764030107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taking the IL-2 gene as a candidate, we examined the effect of cysteamine treatment on early gene expression during lymphocyte activation, and on the activity of transcription factors AP-1, NF-kappa B, NF-AT and Oct1, whose functions are required for expression of the IL-2 mRNA.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 764030108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cysteamine treatment inhibited both expression of the IL-2 mRNA and secretion of IL-2 into the culture medium.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 764030109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibitory effect of cysteamine may be mediated at least in part by an effect on transcription factor function, as the DNA binding activities of AP-1 and NF-kappa B extracted from mitogen-stimulated cells were significantly inhibited by cysteamine treatment.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 764030110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, Oct1 and NF-AT DNA binding activity were not affected by cysteamine treatment, suggesting that oxidative signalling processes operate in a selective manner.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 764030111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The identification of regulatory proteins, such as transcription factors, as molecular targets for oxidative signalling provides further evidence to implicate oxidative signalling as being intimately involved in the G0 to G1 phase transition in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010