764190301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Flutamide in the treatment of hirsutism: long-term clinical effects, endocrine changes, and androgen receptor behavior.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 764190302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term effects of treatment with low doses of flutamide on clinical and hormonal parameters, as well as on the androgen receptor status, in hirsute women.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 764190303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DESIGN: Eighteen hirsute patients with regular menses were studied basally and during treatment with 125 mg flutamide, three times per day for 12 months.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 764190304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Barrier or intrauterine contraception was used during the study in sexually active women.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 764190305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Safety parameters were assessed throughout the study.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 764190306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hirsutism, graded by the modified Ferriman-Gallwey score, and hormonal parameters were evaluated basally and at 4-month intervals during treatment.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 764190307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and ACTH stimulation tests were performed before and after 3 to 4 months of therapy.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 764190308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the concentration of androgen receptors in mononuclear leukocytes was measured, in both the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, basally and after 4 months of flutamide treatment.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 764190309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: Flutamide was well tolerated in all women, with the noticeable exception of one patient who presented increased serum transaminase after 8 months of therapy.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 764190310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hirsutism markedly improved in all women during the treatment (Ferriman-Gallwey score after 1 year: 4.1 +/- 0.5 versus 14.1 +/- 0.9).@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 764190311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A reduction of serum androgens was found, whereas no change was observed in either basal or GnRH-stimulated gonadotropins or in the cortisol and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone response to ACTH.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 764190312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cycles remained ovulatory.@@@@1@4@@oe@19-12-2010 764190313@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Before treatment, the number of androgen receptors was higher in the luteal than in the follicular phase.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 764190314@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This rhythmic differentiation disappeared after the patients had been given the antiandrogen drug.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 764190315@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: Flutamide is effective in the treatment of hirsutism but requires constant surveillance of liver function.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 764190316@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Androgen receptor blockade might be potentiated by a reduction of serum androgens.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 764190317@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Flutamide affects androgen receptor behavior during the menstrual cycle.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 764190318@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The meaning of this finding remains to be elucidated .@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 764261501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins induce activation of activated protein-1 in CD4+ T cells [published erratum appears in J Biol Chem 1995 Dec 1;270(48):29038]@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 764261502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of CD4 positive T cells is a primary requirement for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry, efficient HIV replication, and progression to AIDS,@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 764261503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Utilizing CD4 positive T cell lines and purified T cells from normal individuals, we have demonstrated that native envelope glycoproteins of HIV, gp 160, can induce activation of transcription factor, activated protein-1 (AP-1).@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 764261504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The stimulatory effects of gp160 are mediated through the CD4 molecule, since treatment of gp160 with soluble CD4-IgG abrogates its activity, and CD4 negative T cell lines fail to be stimulated with gp160.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 764261505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunoprecipitation of the gp 160-induced nuclear extracts with polyclonal antibodies to Fos and Jun proteins indicates that AP-1 complex is comprised of members of these family of proteins.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 764261506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The gp160-induced AP-1 complex is dependent upon protein tyrosine phosphorylation and is protein synthesis-independent.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 764261507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This stimulation can also be abolished by inhibitors of protein kinase C, but it is unaffected by calcium channel blocker or cyclosporine A.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 764261508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This gp160 treatment adversely affects the functional capabilities of T cells: pre-treatment of CD4+ T cells with gp160 for 4 h at 37 degrees C inhibited anti-CD3-induced interleukin-2 secretion.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 764261509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects similar to gp160 were seen with anti-CD4 mAb.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 764261510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The aberrant activation of AP-1 by gp160 in CD4 positive T cells could result in up-regulation of cytokines containing AP-1 sites, e.g. interleukin-3 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and concurrently lead to T cell unresponsiveness by inhibiting interleukin-2 secretion.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 764301501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cellular and molecular mechanisms of IFN-gamma production induced by IL-2 and IL-12 in a human NK cell line.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 764301502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is an important immunoregulatory protein produced predominantly by T cells and large granular lymphocytes (LGL) in response to different extracellular signals.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 764301503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In particular, two interleukins (ILs), IL-2 and IL-12, have been shown to be potent inducers of IFN-gamma gene expression in both T cells and LGL.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 764301504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although it has been reported that there are some T cell lines that produce IFN-gamma in response to IL-2 and IL-12 stimulation, there has as yet been no report of a natural killer (NK) cell line that responds in a similar manner.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 764301505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report we present evidence that the cell line NK3.3 derived from human NK cells, responds to both IL-2 and IL-12, as measured by increases in IFN-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytoplasmic mRNA and protein expression.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 764301506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, when used together IL-2 and IL-12 synergized in the induction of IFN-gamma and GM-CSF and this synergy was attributed to an increased accumulation and stability of the IFN-gamma and GM-CSF mRNAs.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 764301507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate the signaling pathways involved in the gene induction, five inhibitors, cyclosporin A (CsA), transforming growth factor-beta, cycloheximide, genistein, and staurosporine A, were used in analyzing the effects of IL-2 and IL-12 on NK3.3 cells.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 764301508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results suggest that activation of protein kinase C, but not new protein synthesis, is required for IL-2 induction of IFN-gamma and GM-CSF cytoplasmic mRNA.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 764301509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, IL-12 induction of IFN-gamma cytoplasmic mRNA appears to only partially depend on activation of protein kinase C.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 764301510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, both transforming growth factor-beta and genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, could suppress IL-2 and IL-12 signaling but CsA was generally inactive.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 764301511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It also was observed that suppression of cytokine gene expression by these agents was independent of the inhibition of proliferation.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 764301512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, IL-2 but not IL-12 induced nuclear factors NF-kappa B and AP1, and regulation of the nuclear levels of these two DNA binding protein complexes is correlated with IFN-gamma and GM-CSF gene expression.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 764301513@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate that IL-2 and IL-12 may have distinct signaling pathways leading to the induction of IFN-gamma and GM-CSF gene expression, and that the NK3.3 cell line may serve as a novel model for dissecting the biochemical and molecular events involved in these pathways.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 764523701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Restoration of the Epstein-Barr virus ZEBRA protein's capacity to disrupt latency by the addition of heterologous activation regions.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 764523702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ZEBRA protein has a unique biological function among herpesviral proteins.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 764523703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is responsible for the disruption of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latency and the induction of the lytic cycle.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 764523704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ZEBRA is a bZIP transcriptional activator which binds as a dimer to 7-bp response elements within EBV promoters and is directly involved in the stimulation of virus replication at the EBV lytic origin.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 764523705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have employed the ZEBRA/EBV biological system to test whether a heterologous activation domain can substitute for another activation domain (the ZEBRA domain).@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 764523706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ZEBRA activation region was replaced with the potent acid activation region from the herpes simplex virus VP16 protein or with the activation region of the EBV R protein.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 764523707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both chimeras were found to transactivate model and native promoters at equivalent or better levels than ZEBRA itself.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 764523708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation was not target- or cell-type dependent, nor was it dependent on the presence of virus.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 764523709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These activation domains restored ZEBRA's ability to induce early antigen and to stimulate origin replication to levels that were equal to or greater than those of wild type.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 764523710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies suggest that the specificities of some of the known biological functions of ZEBRA are not dependent upon the nature of the activation domain present within ZEBRA.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 764700101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of erythroid-specific genes in acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia and transient myeloproliferative disorder in Down's syndrome.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 764700102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia (M7) and transient myeloproliferative disorder in Down's syndrome (TMD) are characterized by rapid growth of abnormal blast cells which express megakaryocytic markers.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 764700103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To clarify properties of the blast cells in M7 and TMD cases, we examined erythroid markers expression in blasts from six cases with M7 and seven cases with TMD in this study.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 764700104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Erythroid-specific mRNAs encoding gamma-globin and erythroid delta-aminolevulinate synthase were found to be expressed in blasts from most of these cases, indicating that majorities of the blasts in M7 and TMD cases have erythroid and megakaryocytic phenotypes.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 764700105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also found that mRNAs encoding GATA-1 and GATA-2 are expressed in all these cases.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 764700106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that M7 blasts and TMD blasts correspond to the erythroid/megakaryocytic bipotential progenitor cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 765418401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Relationship between Rap1 protein phosphorylation and regulation of Ca2+ transport in platelets: a new approach.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 765418402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although the interrelationship between the two messengers Ca2+ and cyclic AMP in platelet function is well documented, its mechanism of action still remains to be established.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 765418403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated here the question of the regulation of platelet Ca(2+)-ATPases by cyclic AMP through the phosphorylation of the Rap1 protein using a pathological model.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 765418404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We first found experimental conditions where Ca(2+)-transport by platelet membrane vesicles appeared to be dependent on the phosphorylation of the Rap1 protein.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 765418405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Then, we studied platelets of patients with congestive heart failure for their expression of the potential 97 kDa Ca(2+)-ATPase target of regulation through the Rap1 protein as well as the phosphorylation of the Rap1 protein using the catalytic subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (C. Sub.).@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 765418406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the first patients studied, we found no significant modification in the expression of the 97 kDa Ca(2+)-ATPase by Western blotting using the PL/IM 430 monoclonal antibody which specifically recognized this isoform.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 765418407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the Rap1 protein was differentially phosphorylated when using 15 micrograms/ml of the C. Sub.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 765418408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results allowed us to use these pathological platelets to study the relationship between the expression of Rap1 protein and the regulation of Ca2+ transport by selecting a patient with severe heart failure.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 765418409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We could show a decrease in the expression as well as in the phosphorylation of Rap1 protein and demonstrate a lower effect of C. Sub. on Ca2+ transport.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 765418410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, by studying a further series of patients, we could confirm that the decrease in Rap1 protein expression in heart failure, whatever its extent, was variable, and could strictly correlate the expression of Rap1 protein with the stimulatory effect of C. Sub. on Ca2+ transport.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 765418411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Besides the evidence for regulation of the expression of the Rap1 protein in platelets from patients with heart failure, these findings constitute a new approach in favour of the regulation of platelet Ca2+ transport through the phosphorylation of the Rap1 protein.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 765716201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the HIV-1 enhancer by the LEF-1 HMG protein on nucleosome-assembled DNA in vitro.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 765716202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF-1) is a regulatory high mobility group (HMG) protein that activates the T cell receptor alpha (TCR alpha) enhancer in a context-restricted manner in T cells.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 765716203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this paper we demonstrate that the distal region of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) enhancer, which contains DNA-binding sites for LEF-1 and Ets-1, also provides a functional context for activation by LEF-1.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 765716204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@First, we show that mutations in the LEF-1-binding site inhibit the activity of multimerized copies of the HIV-1 enhancer in Jurkat T cells, and that LEF-1/GAL4 can activate a GAL4-substituted HIV-1 enhancer 80- to 100-fold in vivo.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 765716205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Second, recombinant LEF-1 is shown to activate HIV-1 transcription on chromatin-assembled DNA in vitro.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 765716206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By using a nucleosome-assembly system derived from Drosophila embryos, we find that the packaging of DNA into chromatin in vitro strongly represses HIV-1 transcription and that repression can be counteracted efficiently by preincubation of the DNA with LEF-1 (or LEF-1 and Ets-1) supplemented with fractions containing the promoter-binding protein, Sp1.@@@@1@55@@oe@19-12-2010 765716207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of TFE-3, which binds to an E-box motif upstream of the LEF-1 and Ets-1 sites, further augments transcription in this system.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 765716208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Individually or collectively, none of the three enhancer-binding proteins (LEF-1, Ets-1, and TFE-3) could activate transcription in the absence of Sp1.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 765716209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A truncation mutant of LEF-1 (HMG-88), which contains the HMG box but lacks the trans-activation domain, did not activate transcription from nucleosomal DNA, indicating that bending of DNA by the HMG domain is not sufficient to activate transcription in vitro.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 765716210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that transcription activation by LEF-1 in vitro is a chromatin-dependent process that requires a functional trans-activation domain in addition to the HMG domain.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 765764501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phosphorylation of the transcription factor NFATp inhibits its DNA binding activity in cyclosporin A-treated human B and T cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 765764502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cyclosporin A (CsA) exerts its immunosuppressive effect by inhibiting the activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), thus preventing transcriptional induction of several cytokine genes.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 765764503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This effect is thought to be largely mediated through inactivation of the phosphatase calcineurin, which in turn inhibits translocation of an NFAT component to the nucleus.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 765764504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that CsA treatment of Raji B and Jurkat T cell lines yields a phosphorylated form of NFATp that is inhibited in DNA-binding and in its ability to form an NFAT complex with Fos and Jun.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 765764505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunoblot analyses and metabolic labeling with [32P]orthophosphate show that CsA alters NFATp migration on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by increasing its phosphorylation level without affecting subcellular distribution.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 765764506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dephosphorylation by in vitro treatment with calcineurin or alkaline phosphatase restores NFATp DNA binding activity and its ability to reconstitute an NFAT complex with Fos and Jun proteins.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 765764507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data point to a new mechanism for CsA-sensitive regulation of NFATp in which dephosphorylation is critical for DNA binding.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 766352001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Disruption of a GATA motif in the Duffy gene promoter abolishes erythroid gene expression in Duffy-negative individuals.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 766352002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mRNA for the Duffy blood group antigen, the erythrocyte receptor for the Plasmodium vivax malaria parasite, has recently been cloned and shown to encode a widely expressed chemokine receptor.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 766352003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we show that the Duffy antigen/chemokine receptor gene (DARC) is composed of a single exon and that most Duffy-negative blacks carry a silent FY*B allele with a single T to C substitution at nucleotide -46.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 766352004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This mutation impairs the promoter activity in erythroid cells by disrupting a binding site for the GATA1 erythroid transcription factor.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 766352005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@With the recent characterization of the FY*A and FY*B alleles, these findings provide the molecular basis of the Duffy blood group system and an explanation for the erythroid-specific repression of the DARC gene in Duffy-negative individuals.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 766838501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nonradioactive quantification of glucocorticoid receptor expression during differentiation of human monocytic cells (U937).@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 766838502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We describe a method for relative quantification of specific mRNA using a nonradioactive assay based on DNA strand competition between identical sequences of biotin- and fluorescein-labeled amplicon (probe) and unlabeled amplicon (target) during hybridization.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 766838503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As the target quantity increased, that of the double-labeled probe decreased in accordance with the mass action law.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 766838504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This technique was successfully applied to evaluate differences in glucocorticoid receptor expression in U937 cells before and after the addition of potent differentiation inducers: 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and a combination of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (VD).@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 766838505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We observed that TPA treatment was associated with an increase in specific binding of [3H]dexamethasone and up-regulation of GR mRNA while no enhanced GR expression was perceived with RA/VD treatment.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 767319401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Microtubules mediate cellular 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 trafficking and the genomic response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in normal human monocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 767319402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The genomic actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) are mediated by the intracellular vitamin D receptor (VDR).@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 767319403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although immunocytochemistry has shown that disruption of microtubular assembly prevents nuclear access of the sterol-VDR complex, the role of microtubules in the response to 1,25(OH)2D3 has not been studied in viable cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 767319404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our studies examined this interaction in normal human monocytes.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 767319405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monocytes convert 25(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 and to 24-hydroxylated metabolites more polar than 1,25(OH)2D3.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 767319406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Microtubule disruption totally abolished the ability of exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3 to suppress its own synthesis and to induce 24-hydroxylase mRNA and activity, without affecting either total 1,25(OH)2D3 uptake or maximal 1,25(OH)2D3-VDR binding.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 767319407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, intact microtubules are essential for 1,25(OH)2D3-dependent modulation of gene transcription.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 767319408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, microtubule disruption also decreased monocyte 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis, not by decreasing the Vmax of monocyte mitochondrial 1 alpha-hydroxylase but through an increase in the Km for 25(OH)2D3.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 767319409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We examined 25(OH)D3 transport.@@@@1@5@@oe@19-12-2010 767319410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Microtubule disruption did not affect total cellular 25(OH)D3 uptake but reduced its intracellular trafficking to the mitochondria.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 767319411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, microtubules participate in intracellular 25(OH)D3 transport, and their integrity determines normal 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 767877901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The zinc finger transcription factor Egr-1 is essential for and restricts differentiation along the macrophage lineage.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 767877902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have isolated cDNA clones of myeloid differentiation primary response (MyD) genes, activated in the absence of de novo protein synthesis following induction for differentiation along either the macrophage or granulocyte lineage in human myeloblastic leukemia HL-60 cells.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 767877903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One cDNA clone of a primary response gene, expressed upon macrophage differentiation, encoded for Egr-1, a zinc finger transcription factor.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 767877904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Egr-1 gene was observed to be transcriptionally silent in HL-60 cells, but active in U-937 and M1 cells, the latter two being predetermined for macrophage differentiation.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 767877905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Egr-1 antisense oligomers in the culture media blocked macrophage differentiation in both myeloid leukemia cell lines and normal myeloblasts.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 767877906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HL-60 cells constitutively expressing an Egr-1 transgene (HL-60Egr-1) could be induced for macrophage, but not granulocyte, differentiation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 767877907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations indicate that expression of Egr-1 is essential for and restricts differentiation of myeloblasts along the macrophage lineage.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 767899401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of tal-1 and GATA-binding proteins during human hematopoiesis.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 767899402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tal-1 rearrangements are associated with nearly 30% of human T acute lymphoblastic leukemia.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 767899403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tal-1 gene encodes a putative transcription factor with a basic helix-loop-helix domain and is known to be predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 767899404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated the pattern of tal-1 expression in purified human hematopoietic cells by in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 767899405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both methods demonstrated that the tal-1 gene is expressed in megakaryocytes and erythroblasts as well as in basophilic granulocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 767899406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, our results indicate that the tal-1 1A promoter, which contains two consensus GATA-binding sites, is active mainly in these lineages.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 767899407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because the GATA-1 gene is known to transactivate several genes specific for the erythroid, megakaryocytic, and mastocytic/basophilic lineages, we studied GATA-1 expression in these purified hematopoietic cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 767899408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that GATA-1 and tal-1 genes are coexpressed in these three lineages.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 767899409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Remarkably, the expression of both genes is downmodulated during erythroid and megakaryocytic terminal maturation.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 767899410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In immature hematopoietic cells, tal-1 and GATA-1 genes are coexpressed in committed progenitors cells (CD34+/CD38(2+)), whereas they are not detectable in the most primitive cells (CD34(2+)/CD38-).@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 767899411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, GATA-2 is strongly expressed in both most primitive and committed progenitors cells, whereas GATA-3 is mostly detected in most primitive ones.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 767899412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Altogether our results strongly suggest that GATA-1 modulates the transcription of tal-1 during the differentiation of the erythroid, megakaryocytic, and basosophilic lineages.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 768065301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell type- and stage-specific expression of the CD20/B1 antigen correlates with the activity of a diverged octamer DNA motif present in its promoter.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 768065302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The CD20(B1) gene encodes a B cell-specific protein involved in the regulation of human B cell proliferation and differentiation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 768065303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies with 5' deletion CD20 promoter-CAT constructs have previously revealed two regions of the promoter between bases -186 and -280 and between bases -280 and -454 which contained positive regulatory elements.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 768065304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study we identified a sequence element present in the most proximal region located between bases -214 and -201, TTCTTCTAATTAA, which is important in the high constitutive expression of CD20 in mature B cells and the induction of CD20 in pre-B cells.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 768065305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This sequence element was referred to as the BAT box and its deletion significantly reduced the activity of a CD20 promoter-CAT construct in B cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 768065306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mobility shift assays with various mutant probes and B cell nuclear extracts demonstrated that the core sequence TAAT was essential for binding to this site.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 768065307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cross competition experiments with an octamer sequence from the Ig heavy chain promoter, the BAT box, and a TA-rich sequence present in the CD21 promoter revealed that all three sequences bound the same nuclear proteins suggesting that the BAT box binding proteins were Oct-1 and Oct-2.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 768065308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Southwestern blotting and UV cross-linking studies confirmed that the BAT box binding proteins were Oct-1 and Oct-2.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 768065309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The affinity of the BAT box binding proteins for the BAT box was approximately 25-fold less than for the octamer sequence and the BAT box binding proteins dissociated from the BAT box 10-fold more rapidly than from the octamer sequence.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 768065310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Despite this lower affinity, a trimer of the BAT box sequence was as efficiently transactivated by an Oct-2 expression vector as was a trimer of the octamer sequence in HeLa cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 768065311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The BAT box and Oct-2 were also implicated in the induction of CD20 in the pre-B cell line, PB-697, via phorbol esters.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 768065312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of CD20 mRNA was temporally associated with induction of Oct-2 mRNA and a BAT box-deleted CD20-CAT construct, in contrast to the wild type, was poorly induced by phorbol esters.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 768065313@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Together these results suggest that the BAT box binding proteins are important in the B cell specific expression of CD20 and perhaps CD21.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 768331601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Adenovirus E1A inhibits IFN-induced resistance to cytolysis by natural killer cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 768331602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Infection of target cells with cytopathic viruses inhibits IFN induction of cytolytic resistance to NK cell-mediated cytolysis [IFN-mediated cytoprotection (IFN-MCP)].@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 768331603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has been thought that the virally induced inhibition of IFN-MCP is secondary to the shutdown of cellular macromolecular synthesis that accompanies cytopathic virus infections.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 768331604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Group C, adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) infection inhibits both IFN-MCP and cellular protein synthesis.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 768331605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study determined if the Ad5-induced inhibition of IFN-MCP was independent of adenovirus (Ad) infection and secondary only to the expression of the Ad early region 1A gene (E1A).@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 768331606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To test this hypothesis, 4-h NK cytolysis assays were performed on IFN-gamma-treated human cells infected with an Ad5 E1A deletion mutant, dl343, or transfected with the Ad5 E1A gene.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 768331607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IFN-MCP was not inhibited by infection with dl343, despite the production of large amounts of both early (E1B, p55) and late (hexon) Ad proteins.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 768331608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to E1A-negative, parental cell lines, IFN-MCP was blocked in Ad5 E1A-transfected epithelial and fibroblastic cell lines.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 768331609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Genetic mapping studies within the E1A gene demonstrated that expression of only the first exon of E1A was sufficient to inhibit IFN-MCP.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 768331610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA sequence homology of E1A genes between different Ad groups (group A, Ad12; group C, Ad5) is limited almost entirely to three conserved regions located within the first exon of E1A.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 768331611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because IFN-MCP was also blocked in Ad12 E1A-transfected cell lines, expression of one or more of the E1A-conserved regions may be necessary to inhibit IFN-MCP.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 768331612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In summary, the expression of E1A gene products inhibited IFN-MCP independently of virus infection.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 768331613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E1A's inhibition of IFN-MCP has the net effect of promoting the selective NK cell-mediated clearance of Ad-infected or Ad-transformed human cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 768369201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A mutation of the glucocorticoid receptor in primary cortisol resistance.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 768369202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The precise molecular abnormalities that cause primary cortisol resistance have not been completely described.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 768369203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a subject with primary cortisol resistance we have observed glucocorticoid receptors (hGR) with a decreased affinity for dexamethasone.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 768369204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We hypothesize that a mutation of the hGR glucocorticoid-binding domain is the cause of cortisol resistance.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 768369205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Total RNA isolated from the index subject's mononuclear leukocytes was used to produce first strand hGR cDNAs, and the entire hGR cDNA was amplified in segments and sequenced.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 768369206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At nucleotide 2,317 we identified a homozygous A for G point mutation that predicts an isoleucine (ATT) for valine (GTT) substitution at amino acid 729.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 768369207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When the wild-type hGR and hGR-Ile 729 were expressed in COS-1 cells and assayed for [3H]-Dexamethasone binding, the dissociation constants were 0.799 +/- 0.068 and 1.54 +/- 0.06 nM (mean +/- SEM) (P < 0.01), respectively.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 768369208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When the wild-type hGR and hGR-Ile 729 were expressed in CV-1 cells that were cotransfected with the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat fused to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene, the hGR-Ile 729 conferred a fourfold decrease in apparent potency on dexamethasone stimulation of CAT activity.@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 768369209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The isoleucine for valine substitution at amino acid 729 impairs the function of the hGR and is the likely cause of primary cortisol resistance in this subject.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 769265201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@FK506 and ciclosporin: molecular probes for studying intracellular signal transduction.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 769265202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immunosuppressants ciclosporin and FK506 block the Ca(2+)-dependent signal-transduction pathway emanating from the T-cell receptor, thereby inhibiting the activation of helper T cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 769265203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using these drugs as probes, chemists and biologists have uncovered several intracellular signalling molecules bridging the generation of second-messenger Ca2+ ions and the transcriptional activation of IL-2, among which are calmodulin, calcineurin and the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT).@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 769265204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hence, Ca2+ binds to calmodulin, leading to the binding of calmodulin to calcineurin; the activated calcineurin, in turn, may dephosphorylate the cytoplasmic subunit of NF-AT, resulting in its translocation from the cytoplasm into the nucleus to form a competent transcriptional activator.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 769265205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As described by Jun Liu, these drugs manifest their effects in an unprecedented fashion.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 769265206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They do not directly intercept intracellular signalling molecules.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 769265207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Instead, they form tight complexes with two different classes of abundant cytosolic receptors called immunophilins upon entering the cell, and consequently inhibit their peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase activities.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 769265208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two structurally distinct immunophilin-drug complexes bind to, and inhibit, the phosphatase activity of calcineurin.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 770698301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of intranasal glucocorticoids on endogenous glucocorticoid peripheral and central function.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 770698302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoids are among the most potent antiinflammatory agents that can be used in the treatment of rhinitis.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 770698303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Their mechanisms of action are multiple and complex and a number of reports describe significant systemic effects of locally administered glucocorticoids.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 770698304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to evaluate the short-term systemic effects of intranasally administered glucocorticoids, 14 normal healthy subjects were treated with two doses of either budesonide (BUD) or fluticasone propionate (FP) for 2 weeks.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 770698305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Before treatment, at regular intervals during the treatment, 1 week and finally 6 weeks after termination of treatment, the effects on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and methallothionein (MTIIa) mRNA expression levels were examined in peripheral lymphocytes using a solution hybridization assay.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 770698306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Serum cortisol, osteocalcin and urinary cortisol levels were also determined.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 770698307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An insulin tolerance test (ITT) was performed at the end of the second week of treatment and at the end of the 6-week washout period with no statistically significant change in cortisol response.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 770698308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In peripheral lymphocytes, GR mRNA levels were significantly down-regulated.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 770698309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MTIIa mRNA levels increased significantly.@@@@1@6@@oe@19-12-2010 770698310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Serum osteocalcin decreased significantly during treatment with both BUD and FP.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 770698311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Serum cortisol decreased after 1 week of treatment whereas urinary cortisol was not affected until the second week of treatment.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 770698312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, intranasal glucocorticoids at clinically recommended doses have not only significant systemic effects on adrenal function, but also have an effect on specific gene expression in peripheral lymphocytes.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 770698313@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These effects are receptor-dependent, reversible, and according to serum and urinary cortisol levels and ITT, leave the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function intact.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 770698314@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, these short-term systemic effects were not associated with any of the noticeable side-effects usually observed during long-term treatment with glucocorticoids.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 770751401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional activity of core binding factor-alpha (AML1) and beta subunits on murine leukemia virus enhancer cores.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 770751402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Core binding factor (CBF), also known as polyomavirus enhancer-binding protein 2 and SL3 enhancer factor 1, is a mammalian transcription factor that binds to an element termed the core within the enhancers of the murine leukemia virus family of retroviruses.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 770751403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The core elements of the SL3 virus are important genetic determinants of the ability of this virus to induce T-cell lymphomas and the transcriptional activity of the viral long terminal repeat in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 770751404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CBF consists of two subunits, a DNA binding subunit, CBF alpha, and a second subunit, CBF beta, that stimulates the DNA binding activity of CBF alpha.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 770751405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the genes that encodes a CBF alpha subunit is AML1, also called Cbf alpha 2.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 770751406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This locus is rearranged by chromosomal translocations in human myeloproliferative disorders and leukemias.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 770751407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An exogenously expressed Cbf alpha 2-encoded subunit (CBF alpha 2-451) stimulated transcription from the SL3 enhancer in P19 and HeLa cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 770751408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activity was mediated through the core elements.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 770751409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three different isoforms of CBF beta were also tested for transcriptional activity on the SL3 enhancer.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 770751410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The longest form, CBF beta-187, increased the transcriptional stimulation by CBF alpha 2-451 twofold in HeLa cells, although it had no effect in P19 cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 770751411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional activation by CBF beta required binding to the CBF alpha subunit, as a form of CBF beta that lacked binding ability, CBF beta-148, failed to increase activity.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 770751412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicated that at least in certain cell types, the maximum activity of CBF required both subunits.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 770751413@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They also provided support for the hypothesis that CBF is a factor in T lymphocytes that is responsible for recognition of the SL3 cores.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 770751414@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also examined whether CBF could distinguish a 1-bp difference between the enhancer core of SL3 and the core of the nonleukemogenic virus, Akv.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 770751415@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This difference strongly affects transcription in T cells and leukemogenicity of SL3.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 770751416@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, no combination of CBF alpha and CBF beta subunits that we tested was able to distinguish the 1-bp difference in transcription assays.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 770751417@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, a complete understanding of how T cells recognize the SL3 core remains to be elucidated.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 771924801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A newly established megakaryoblastic/erythroid cell line that differentiates to red cells in the presence of erythropoietin and produces platelet-like particles.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 771924802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In August, 1992, we established a leukemic cell line (NS-Meg) from a patient in megakaryoblastic transformation of Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 771924803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NS-Meg cells were positive for alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and for surface CD4, CD7, CD13, CD34, CD41a, and glycophorin A antigens.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 771924804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ultrastructurally, the cells had alpha-granules, demarcation membranes, and platelet peroxidase activity.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 771924805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NS-Meg cells spontaneously produced platelet-like particles which contained alpha-granules, mitochondria and dense bodies, strongly suggesting platelet production.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 771924806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Erythropoietin (Epo), granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor(GM-CSF), and interleukin 3 (IL-3) promoted the growth of NS-Meg cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 771924807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate increased the expression of both CD41a and CD61 antigens.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 771924808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ten-day exposure to Epo induced mature erythroblasts and red cells.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 771924809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These benzidine-positive cells were positive for hemoglobin F staining.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 771924810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Untreated NS-Meg cells expressed mRNA for the Epo receptor (EpoR), for GATA-1, and for alpha 1, alpha 2 and gamma globin genes.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 771924811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that NS-Meg cells undergo terminal differentiation of both megakaryocytic and erythroid lineages.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 771924812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This cell line should be a very useful tool for the investigation of both megakaryocytic and erythroid maturation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 771993701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification and purification of human Stat proteins activated in response to interleukin-2.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 771993702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A key cytokine induced during the immune response is IL-2.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 771993703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Following T cell activation, the genes encoding IL-2 and the various chains of its receptor are transcriptionally induced.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 771993704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In turn, secreted IL-2 serves to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of T lymphocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 771993705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several recent studies have implicated Jak kinases in the signaling pathway induced by IL-2.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 771993706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Following this lead, we set out to identify transcription factors induced in response to IL-2.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 771993707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were observed to contain several IL-2-inducible DNA binding activities.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 771993708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar activities were also observed in a transformed human lymphocyte line, termed YT.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 771993709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have purified these activities and found that the principal IL-2-inducible component bears significant relatedness to a prolactin-induced transcription factor first identified in sheep mammary gland tissue.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 771993710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We hypothesize that activation of this protein, designated hStat5, helps govern the biological effects of IL-2 during the immune response.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 771993801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of shared receptor motifs and common Stat proteins in the generation of cytokine pleiotropy and redundancy by IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-13, and IL-15.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 771993802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To understand the molecular bases for cytokine redundancy and pleiotropy, we have compared the Stat proteins activated in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) by cytokines with shared and distinct actions.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 771993803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-2 (IL-2) rapidly activated Stat5 in fresh PBL, and Stat3 and Stat5 in preactivated PBL.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 771993804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-7 and IL-15 induced the same complexes as IL-2, a feature explained by the existence of similar tyrosine-phosphorylated motifs in the cytoplasmic domains of IL-2R beta and IL-7R that can serve as docking sites for Stat proteins.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 771993805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-13 Induced the same complexes as IL-4, a finding explained by our studies implicating IL-4R as a shared component of the receptors.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 771993806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies demonstrate that a single cytokine can activate different combinations of Stat proteins under different physiological conditions, and also indicate two mechanisms by which distinct cytokines can activate the same Stat protein.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 772174701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional roles of in vivo footprinted DNA motifs within an alpha-globin enhancer.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 772174702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Erythroid lineage and developmental stage specificities.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 772174703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional regulation of the human alpha-like globin genes, embryonic zeta 2 and adult alpha, during erythroid development is mediated by a distal enhancer, HS-40.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 772174704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous protein-DNA binding studies have shown that HS-40 consists of multiple nuclear factor binding motifs that are occupied in vivo in an erythroid lineage- and developmental stage-specific manner.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 772174705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have systematically analyzed the functional roles of these factor binding motifs of HS-40 by site-directed mutagenesis and transient expression assay in erythroid cell cultures.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 772174706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three of these HS-40 enhancer motifs, 5'NF-E2/AP1, GT II, and GATA-1(c), positively regulate the zeta 2-globin promoter activity in embryonic/fetal erythroid K562 cells and the adult alpha-globin promoter activity in adult erythroid MEL cells.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 772174707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the other hand, the 3'NF-E2/AP1 motif is able to exert both positive and negative regulatory effects on the zeta 2-globin promoter activity in K562 cells, and this dual function appears to be modulated through differential binding of the ubiquitous AP1 factors and the erythroid-enriched NF-E2 factor.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 772174708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation in the GATA-1(d) motif, which exhibits an adult erythroid-specific genomic footprint, decreases the HS-40 enhancer function in dimethyl sulfoxide-induced MEL cells but not in K562 cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 772174709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies have defined the regulatory roles of the different HS-40 motifs.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 772174710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The remarkable correlation between genomic footprinting data and the mutagenesis results also suggests that the erythroid lineage- and developmental stage-specific regulation of human alpha-like globin promoters is indeed modulated by stable binding of specific nuclear factors in vivo.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 772778701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of a major positive regulatory element located 5' to the human zeta-globin gene.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 772778702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The function of the zeta-globin promoter was studied using a series of zeta-globin promoter deletion constructs to drive luciferase expression in transiently transfected human erythroleukemia cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 772778703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The promoters were used without enhancers, or with enhancers derived from the beta-globin locus control region and the alpha-globin HS-40 enhancer.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 772778704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When transfected into K562 cells, which express zeta-globin, comparable amounts of activity were obtained from the -557 and -417 zeta-luciferase constructs and the alpha-luciferase constructs when no enhancers or the alpha-globin locus enhancers were used.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 772778705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When the constructs were transfected into OCIM1 cells, which do not express zeta-globin, the zeta-globin promoters were at best 20% as active as the alpha-globin promoters.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 772778706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When sequences from -417 to -207 5' to the zeta-globin mRNA cap site were deleted, up to 95% of the zeta-globin promoter activity was lost in K562 cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 772778707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reinsertion of these sequences into zeta-luciferase constructs missing the -417 to -207 region showed that the sequences lack classical enhancer activity.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 772778708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Point mutation of a GATA-1 site at -230 reduced promoter activity by 37%.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 772778709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Point mutation of a CCACC site at -240 had no effect.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 772778710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that the -230 GATA-1 site has a relatively low affinity for GATA-1.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 772778711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These experiments show the presence of a strong positive-acting element, located between -417 and -207 bp 5' to the zeta-globin mRNA cap site, is necessary for high-level promoter activity in K562 cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 772778712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This element requires GATA-1 and additional unknown factors for maximal activity.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 773036401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of the role of protein kinase C-alpha, -epsilon, and -zeta in T cell activation.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 773036402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cells express multiple isotypes of protein kinase C (PKC) and although it is well accepted that PKCs have an important role in T cell activation, little is known about the function of individual PKC isotypes.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 773036403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To address this issue, mutationally active PKC-alpha, -epsilon, or -zeta have been transfected into T cells and the consequences for T cell activation determined.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 773036404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@p21ras plays an essential role in T cell activation.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 773036405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Accordingly, the effects of the constitutively active PKCs were compared to the effects of mutationally activated p21ras.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 773036406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data indicate that PKC-epsilon and, to a lesser extent PKC-alpha but not -zeta, can regulate the transcription factors AP-1 and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT-1).@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 773036407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ability of PKC-epsilon to induce transactivation of NF-AT-1 and AP-1 was similar to the stimulatory effect of a constitutively activated p21ras.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 773036408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PKC-epsilon, but not PKC-alpha nor activated p21ras, was able to induce NF-KB activity.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 773036409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phorbol esters induce expression of CD69 whereas none of the activated PKC isotypes tested were able to have this effect.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 773036410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activated Src and p21ras were able to induce CD69 expression.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 773036411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate selective functions for different PKC isotypes in T cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 773036412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, the data comparing the effects of activated Ras and PKC mutants suggest that PKC-alpha, p21ras, and PKC-epsilon are not positioned linearly on a single signal transduction pathway.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 774255201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neutrophils and monocytes express high levels of PU.1 (Spi-1) but not Spi-B.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 774255202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PU.1 (the Spi-1 oncogene) and Spi-B are closely related members of the ets transcription factor family, sharing similar DNA binding specificities mediated by similar DNA binding domains.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 774255203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PU.1 and Spi-B have been previously described as being predominantly expressed coordinately in macrophages and B cells, but their expression in early hematopoietic stages and during the course of myeloid differentiation to monocytes and macrophages or to neutrophils has not been extensively investigated.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 774255204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we report that PU.1 mRNA is upregulated during myeloid differentiation of human purified CD34+ cells and murine multipotential FDCP-mix A4 cells, suggesting that PU.1 is upregulated as an early event during differentiation of multipotential progenitor cells.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 774255205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PU.1 expression is maintained at stable levels during differentiation of myeloid cell lines U937 and HL-60 to monocytic and neutrophilic cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 774255206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PU.1 is expressed at highest levels in mature human monocytes and human peripheral blood neutrophils.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 774255207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to PU.1, significant levels of Spi-B mRNA and protein are found only in some B-cell lines and spleen but are not found in myeloid cell lines, neutrophils, or macrophages.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 774255208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro translated Spi-B protein can bind to PU.1 binding sites in myeloid promoters and transactivate these promoters in nonmyeloid cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 774255209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, although PU.1 and Spi-B may bind to similar DNA control elements and have redundancy of transactivation function in vitro, the lack of significant levels of Spi-B in myeloid cells makes it unlikely that Spi-B plays a significant role in myeloid lineage development and gene expression.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 774255210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, PU.1 is expressed at high levels not only in monocytes and macrophages but also in neutrophils, indicating that PU.1 can activate gene expression in both major myeloid lineages.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 774323001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The use of glucocorticoids in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 774323002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Molecular, cellular, and clinical considerations.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 774323003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoids have been included in almost all treatment regimens for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia for decades.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 774323004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, optimal agents, doses, and/or schedules have yet to be defined despite extensive clinical application.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 774323005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@New data on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and molecular mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids have suggested alternative approaches in ALL.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 774323006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These suggest that prolonged, i.e. 28 day, glucocorticoid therapy may be unnecessary as exposure to glucocorticoid induces down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptors.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 774323007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dexamethasone may be superior to prednisone in conventional equi-effective doses.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 774323008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Blast sensitivity to glucocorticoids correlates closely with sensitivity to other, putatively non-cross-resisting agents and with outcome after multi-agent therapy, suggesting overlapping mechanisms of action, and focusing attention on the determinants of the threshold for apoptosis.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 774323009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increasing success in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia has led to increasing awareness of avascular necrosis of bone as a potentially disabling sequela of glucocorticoid therapy, especially in adolescent and young adult patients.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 774479901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Erythropoietin stimulates transcription of the TAL1/SCL gene and phosphorylation of its protein products.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 774479902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the TAL1 (or SCL) gene, originally identified through its involvement by a recurrent chromosomal translocation, is the most frequent molecular lesion recognized in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 774479903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein products of this gene contain the basic-helix-loop-helix motif characteristic of a large family of transcription factors that bind to the canonical DNA sequence CANNTG as protein heterodimers.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 774479904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TAL1 expression by erythroid cells in vivo and in chemical-induced erythroleukemia cell lines in vivo suggested the gene might regulate aspects of erythroid differentiation.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 774479905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since the terminal events of erythropoiesis are controlled by the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (Epo), we investigated whether the expression or activity of the TAL1 gene and its protein products were affected by Epo in splenic erythroblasts from mice infected with an anemia-inducing strain of Friend virus (FVA cells).@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 774479906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epo elicited a rapid, dose-related increase in TAL1 mRNA by increasing transcription of the gene and stabilizing one of its mRNAs.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 774479907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An Epo-inducible TAL1 DNA binding activity was identified in FVA cell nuclear extracts that subsequently decayed despite accumulating mRNA and protein.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 774479908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of DNA binding activity was associated temporally with Epo-induced phosphorylation of nuclear TAL1 protein.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 774479909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that Epo acts at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels on the TAL1 locus in Friend virus-induced erythroblasts and establish a link between Epo signaling mechanisms and a member of a family of transcription factors involved in the differentiation of diverse cell lineages.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 775708401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CAG repeat length variation in sperm from a patient with Kennedy's disease.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 775708402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a modified sperm typing protocol, the mutation frequency of the CAG repeat region at the androgen receptor locus has been measured using a rare semen sample from an individual with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA).@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 775708403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Among 258 X chromosome-containing sperm, 19% had a repeat number equal to the donor's somatic DNA (47 repeats), 66% were expansions and 15% were contractions.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 775708404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The average expansion was 2.7 repeats.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 775708405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@More than half of the expansions involved one or two repeats; the largest was 11 repeats.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 775708406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@68% of the contractions were also one or two repeats but six (16%) were very large (12-25 repeats).@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 775708407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One contraction generated an allele in an intermediate size range (33-39 repeats).@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 775708408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such alleles have not been observed among more than 900 normal and SBMA X-chromosomes that have been examined.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 775708409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Comparison of the SBMA sperm typing results with mutation frequency data on normal alleles supports the hypothesis that trinucleotide repeat expansions may have a different molecular origin than contractions.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 775882001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Isolation of differentially expressed sequence tags from steroid-responsive cells using mRNA differential display.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 775882002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional control of steroid-regulated gene networks by nuclear receptor proteins results in the coordinate expression of a limited number of target genes.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 775882003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although much is known about the structure and function of steroid receptors, relatively few cell-specific steroid-regulated genes have been isolated and characterized.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 775882004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this paper we describe results using mRNA differential display reverse transcriptase PCR (DDPCR) to identify and isolate short cDNA sequence tags from thymocyte and prostate cells under various hormone conditions.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 775882005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using this technique we have isolated several differentially expressed sequence tags (DESTs) from the mouse thymocyte cell line WEHI 7.2.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 775882006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two of these DESTs, GIG10 and GIG18, are rapidly induced by dexamethasone within 2 h of treatment.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 775882007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GIG10 is a novel sequence and GIG18 is the mouse homologue of a human expressed sequence tag isolated from activated B lymphocytes.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 775882008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also used DDPCR to isolate DESTs from androgen-modulated rat ventral prostate tissue, one of which we characterized and found to correspond to the 3' end of prostatic spermine binding protein mRNA, a known androgen-regulated gene.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 775882009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Modifications of the original DDPCR protocol, which we found can potentially decrease the frequency of isolating false-positive DESTs, are described and the merits of DDPCR, relative to other differential cDNA cloning strategies, are discussed.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 776081401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A Myc-associated zinc finger protein binding site is one of four important functional regions in the CD4 promoter.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 776081402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The CD4 promoter plays an important role in the developmental control of CD4 transcription.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 776081403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report, we show that the minimal CD4 promoter has four factor binding sites, each of which is required for full function.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 776081404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using biochemical and mutagenesis analyses, we determined that multiple nuclear factors bind to these independent sites.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 776081405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We determined that an initiator-like sequence present at the cap site and an Ets consensus sequence are required for full promoter function.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 776081406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also demonstrate that the Myc-associated zinc finger protein (MAZ) appears to be the predominant factor binding to one of these sites.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 776081407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This last site closely resembles the ME1a1 G3AG4AG3 motif previously shown to be a critical element in the P2 promoter of the c-myc gene.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 776081408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We therefore believe that the MAZ transcription factor is also likely to play an important role in the control of developmental expression of the CD4 gene.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 776894101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcription factor, Nm23H2, binds to and activates the translocated c-myc allele in Burkitt's lymphoma.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 776894102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have identified an in vivo footprint over the PuF site on the translocated c-myc allele in Burkitt's lymphoma cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 776894103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The PuF site on the silent normal c-myc allele was unoccupied.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 776894104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay with antibody, UV cross-linking followed by SDS-gel electrophoresis, and Western analysis that Nm23H2 in B cell nuclear extracts bound to the c-myc PuF site.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 776894105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection experiments with c-myc promoter constructs in both DHL-9 and Raji cells revealed that the PuF site functioned as a positive regulatory element in B cells with a drop in activity with mutation of this site.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 776894106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Access to this site is blocked in the normal silent c-myc allele; these data suggest that the Nm23H2 protein is involved in deregulation of the translocated c-myc allele in Burkitt's lymphoma cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 777008501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Infection with Theileria annulata induces expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and transcription factor AP-1 in bovine leucocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 777008502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Theileria annulata infects bovine leucocytes and results in their reversible transformation such that they become immortalised and metastatic.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 777008503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study describes parasite-induced changes in host cell gene expression which have a direct bearing on this transformation process.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 777008504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T. annulata-infected leucocytes produce a number of novel metalloproteinase activities.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 777008505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of these, previously called B1, is a 97-kDa protein which is secreted in large amounts and has been purified from protein-free, conditioned medium.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 777008506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An antiserum to this enzyme was used to isolate a cDNA clone.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 777008507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The predicted protein sequence of B1 is 81% identical to human matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), demonstrating that it is the bovine homologue of this enzyme.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 777008508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RNAase protection assays demonstrated that the MMP9 activity, unique to infected cells, is due to increased MMP9 mRNA levels.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 777008509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also assayed the levels of transcription factor AP-1 and demonstrated that it was constitutively present in increased amounts in Theileria-infected cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 777008510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition we assayed the level of mRNA encoding c-Fos, a common component of AP-1 and observed that it was indeed up-regulated in infected cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 777008511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since AP-1 is implicated in the control of the cell cycle, and MMP9 can confer metastatic properties, these results are of considerable significance with respect to the transformed phenotype induced by Theileria infection.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 777972601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reduced mitogenic stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a prognostic parameter for the course of breast cancer: a prospective longitudinal study.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 777972602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunosuppression has been often associated with the course of malignant diseases.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 777972603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study, the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in response to mitogenic stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was assessed prospectively in 90 patients with stage I-III breast cancer.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 777972604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas PHA-induced proliferation of PBMCs derived from patients with breast cancer preoperatively was significantly decreased when compared with data obtained in healthy control individuals (P < 0.001), the degree of the defect in PHA-induced proliferation of PBMCs depended upon the tumour burden as manifested by tumour size and axillary lymph node involvement (P < 0.003 in each case).@@@@1@64@@oe@19-12-2010 777972605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PHA-induced proliferation of PBMCs dropped significantly in patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil (CMF) after an observation period of 6 months (P < 0.01), but not in patients under adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen only.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 777972606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After an additional 6 months (i.e. 12 months after surgery), PHA-induced proliferation of PBMCs was similar in patients after adjuvant chemotherapy with CMF and in those receiving continued adjuvant tamoxifen treatment (P > 0.1), but in all patients still significantly decreased as compared with healthy controls (P < 0.001).@@@@1@58@@oe@19-12-2010 777972607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When data obtained preoperatively and after 12 months were compared, it was found that out of 23 patients whose PBMCs had experienced a drop in their PHA-induced proliferation, 14 (61%) had developed metastatic disease within the subsequent 24 months (i.e. 36 months after surgery).@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 777972608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, out of 59 patients whose PBMCs showed an increase in their PHA-induced proliferation within the first 12 months after surgery, only one (2%) presented with disease progression.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 777972609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We thus conclude that PHA-induced proliferation of PBMCs derived from patients with breast cancer depends upon the tumour load and is a good clinical predictor for the further course of the disease.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 779151201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Physiological concentration of estradiol inhibits polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis via a receptor mediated system.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 779151202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogen exhibits a variety of actions, including immuno-modulatory effects, in vivo and in vitro.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 779151203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism by which estrogen exerts its anti-inflammatory effect is not yet understood.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 779151204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated the possible mechanisms of estradiol acting via the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), which are important in the immune response.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 779151205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The agent, 17 beta-estradiol, but not 17 alpha-estradiol, significantly reduced PMNs chemotaxis to FMLP in a dose-dependent manner (control vs estrogen 10(-10)-(-6) M, P < 0.05).@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 779151206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Physiological concentrations of estradiol significantly reduced the chemotaxis of PMNs (10(-10) mol).@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 779151207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pre-incubation with clomiphene or tamoxifen which are estrogen receptor antagonists, eliminated the inhibitory effect of 17 beta-estradiol on the chemotaxis of PMNs, restoring it to the control level.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 779151208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations suggest that 17 beta-estradiol suppressed the chemotaxis of PMNs by a receptor-dependent mechanism.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 779151209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the level of estradiol in human plasma, which PMNs were drawn, showed a close, inverse correlation with the PMNs chemotaxis to FMLP (r = -0.821 p < 0.001).@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 779151210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogen may modify the activity of neutrophils during the normal menstrual cycle, not only during pregnancy, and influence inflammation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 780551801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[The changes in glucocorticoid receptors in peripheral leukocytes in asthmatic subjects]@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 780551802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) in peripheral leukocytes was determined by radioligand-binding assay in extrinsic and intrinsic asthmatics.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 780551803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Their corresponding plasma cortisol levels were assessed.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 780551804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results showed that the average number of GCR in asthmatics was significantly lower than that in healthy subjects (P < 0.01), and there was a linear correlation between the number of GCR and the course of asthma.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 780551805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Besides, there was also a linear correlation between the number of GCR and the age of the initial attack of asthma.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 780551806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No difference in plasma cortisol level was found between asthmatics and healthy subjects.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 780551807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest that there is no primary and general impairment of glucocorticoid metabolism in the asthmatics, but the number of GCR in the asthmatics is lower than that in healthy controls.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 780551808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The decrease of the number of GCR in asthmatics, we think, is related to heredity and repeated attacks of asthma.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 780907201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of the TCL1 gene involved in T-cell malignancies.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 780907202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The TCL1 locus on chromosome 14q32.1 is frequently involved in chromosomal translocations and inversions with one of the T-cell receptor loci in human T-cell leukemias and lymphomas.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 780907203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The chromosome 14 region translocated or rearranged involves approximately 350 kb of DNA at chromosome band 14q32.1.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 780907204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within this region we have identified a gene coding for a 1.3-kb transcript, expressed only in restricted subsets of cells within the lymphoid lineage and expressed at high levels in leukemic cells carrying a t(14;14)(q11;q32) chromosome translocation or a inv(14)(q11;q32) chromosome inversion.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 780907205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cognate cDNA sequence reveals an open reading frame of 342 nt encoding a protein of 14 kDa.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 780907206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The TCL1 gene sequence, which, to our knowledge, shows no sequence homology with other human genes, is preferentially expressed early in T- and B-lymphocyte differentiation.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 781123101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcription factor Sp1 is required for induction of the murine GM-CSF promoter in T cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 781123102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cis-acting region, GM-kappa B/GC-box (positions -95 and -73), within the murine GM-CSF gene promoter is required for maximal induction by stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate acetate (PMA) and calcium ionophore (A23187) in T cells.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 781123103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GM-kappa B defines a binding site for NF-kappa B, and GC-box defines a binding site for three (A1, A2, B) constitutive proteins.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 781123104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report here that three copies of the GC-box can functionally compensate for the GM-kappa B/GC-box region, suggesting that the GC-motif can function independently of the GM-kappa B motif.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 781123105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The major GC-box binding activity A1 was purified and identified as the transcription factor Sp1.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 781123106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that depletion of Sp1 (A1) from nuclear extracts specifically decreases in vitro transcription activity on GM-CSF templates.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 781123107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since the human GM-CSF promoter has a base difference within the GC-box, we speculate that this may explain why the human promoter is weak and that an upstream enhancer is required for the induction of the human GM-CSF gene.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 781129301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The C-terminus of the B cell activator Oct-2 functions as an activation domain in yeast.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 781129302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oct-1 and Oct-2 are human transcriptional activators that bind to the same DNA element but activate distinct sets of genes.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 781129303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We expressed these factors in S. cerevisiae and observed greater than 5-fold stimulation of a lacZ reporter gene only with Oct-2.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 781129304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfer of the Oct-2 C-terminal domain onto either Oct-1 (Oct1.2) or a nonactivating DNA-binding domain from GAL4 created activators capable of greater than 15 and 10-fold stimulation of activity, respectively.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 781129305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the C-terminus of Oct-2 is sufficient to confer activation potential to nonactive DNA-binding fragments in yeast.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 781663401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An AP1 binding site upstream of the kappa immunoglobulin intron enhancer binds inducible factors and contributes to expression.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 781663402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the kappa immunoglobulin light chain gene requires developmental- and tissue-specific regulation by trans-acting factors which interact with two distinct enhancer elements.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 781663403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A new protein-DNA interaction has been identified upstream of the intron enhancer, within the matrix-associated region of the J-C intron.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 781663404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The binding activity is greatly inducible in pre-B cells by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-1 but specific complexes are found at all stages of B cell development tested.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 781663405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The footprinted binding site is homologous to the consensus AP1 motif.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 781663406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein components of this complex are specifically competed by an AP1 consensus motif and were shown by supershift to include c-Jun and c-Fos, suggesting that this binding site is an AP1 motif and that the Jun and Fos families of transcription factors play a role in the regulation of the kappa light chain gene.@@@@1@57@@oe@19-12-2010 781663407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation of the AP1 motif in the context of the intron enhancer was shown to decrease enhancer-mediated activation of the promoter in both pre-B cells induced with LPS and constitutive expression in mature B cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 782179801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of the promoter region of chicken anemia virus (CAV) containing a novel enhancer-like element.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 782179802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The single promoter region in the cloned genome [Noteborn et al., J. Virol. 65 (1991) 3131-3139] of chicken anemia virus (CAV) in chicken T-cells was analysed via CAT assays.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 782179803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A unique region containing four or five near-perfect direct repeats (DR) of 21 bp with one 12-bp insert was proven to be the main transcription-activation element, with enhancer-like characteristics.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 782179804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PCR studies revealed that CAV isolates from across the world all contained this promoter sequence.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 782179805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility-shift assays (EMSA) showed that individual DR units, as well as the 12-bp insert, can bind to nuclear factors of chicken T-cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 782179806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Competition assays revealed that the DR units bound to factors other than the 12-bp insert.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 782179807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide containing an SP1-box (5'-GGGCGG) could compete with factors binding to the 12-bp insert.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 782179808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Purified human SP1 was shown to have very strong affinity for the 12-bp insert.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 782280901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of human thymocytes after infection by EBV.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 782280902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The discovery of EBV in certain T cell malignancies and the expression of the EBV receptor, CR2/CD21, on a population of immature thymocytes, T lymphoblastoid cell lines, and childhood acute T lymphoblastic leukemia cells suggested that EBV-receptor interactions on T cells may be of importance.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 782280903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have shown that, within the thymus, a population of large, immature cells expresses CD21.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 782280904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EBV altered the activation responses of immature thymocytes in vitro.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 782280905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Triggering through CD2 is mitogenic for mature, but not immature, T cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 782280906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, during infection by EBV, ligation of CD2 caused thymocytes to proliferate in the absence of exogenous cytokines.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 782280907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This function was a result of the interaction of EBV with its receptor, CD21, but was caused by infection rather than surface signaling, because neither specific mAb nor the P3HR-1 strain of virus mimicked the effect of B95-8.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 782280908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immature thymocytes were infected by EBV, as determined by the internalization of the viral genome and its transcriptional activity.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 782280909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with the activity of B95-8, EBNA-2 transcripts were identified within infected thymocyte populations.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 782280910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, components of the viral replicative pathway were expressed during infection of thymocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 782280911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These components included transcription of BZLF-1, an early gene that characterizes EBV-infected B cells after disruption of latency.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 782280912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A second transcript was identified as encoding the recently characterized RAZ, which also is associated with replicative infection.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 782280913@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The consequences of EBV infection of T cells at an early stage of differentiation may lead to failure of normal T cell repertoire development, autoimmunity, or malignancy.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 782667001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alternate immune system targets for TCDD: lymphocyte stem cells and extrathymic T-cell development.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 782667002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We here summarize evidence that thymic atrophy induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) can be mediated, at least in part, by damage to extrathymic T-cell precursors in bone marrow and fetal liver.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 782667003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This atrophy induction does not involve apoptotic mechanisms in thymocytes affected by the bcl-2 proto-oncogene.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 782667004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCDD mediates atrophy induction through its specific receptor (the AhR) and not through effects on the estrogen receptor.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 782667005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both TCDD and estradiol induce extrathymic T-cell differentiation in the liver.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 782667006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These extrathymic T-cell populations include cells expressing elevated levels of V beta T-cell receptors that are normally deleted in thymic development.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 782859901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B-cell proliferation and induction of early G1-regulating proteins by Epstein-Barr virus mutants conditional for EBNA2.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 782859902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Infection of primary B-lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) leads to growth transformation of these B-cells in vitro.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 782859903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EBV nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2), one of the first genes expressed after EBV infection of B-cells, is a transcriptional activator of viral and cellular genes and is essential for the transforming potential of the virus.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 782859904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We generated conditional EBV mutants by expressing EBNA2 as chimeric fusion protein with the hormone binding domain of the estrogen receptor on the genetic background of the virus.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 782859905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Growth transformation of primary normal B-cells by mutant virus resulted in estrogen-dependent lymphoblastoid cell lines expressing the chimeric EBNA2 protein.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 782859906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the absence of estrogen about half of the cells enter a quiescent non-proliferative state whereas the others die by apoptosis.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 782859907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EBNA2 is thus required not only for initiation but also for maintenance of transformation.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 782859908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Growth arrest occurred at G1 and G2 stages of the cell cycle, indicating that functional EBNA2 is required at different restriction points of the cell cycle.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 782859909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Growth arrest is reversible for G1/G0 cells as indicated by the sequential accumulation and modification of cell cycle regulating proteins.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 782859910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EBV induces the same cell cycle regulating proteins as polyclonal stimuli in primary B-cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 782859911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that EBV is using a common pathway for B-cell activation bypassing the requirement for antigen, T-cell signals and growth factors.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 783337001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Evaluation of the respiratory epithelium of normals and individuals with cystic fibrosis for the presence of adenovirus E1a sequences relevant to the use of E1a- adenovirus vectors for gene therapy for the respiratory manifestations of cystic fibrosis.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 783337002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lung disease associated with disorders such as cystic fibrosis (CF) may be amenable to somatic gene therapy in which there is delivery of the normal gene directly to the respiratory epithelium using E1a- adenovirus (Ad) type 2- or 5-based vectors.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 783337003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For safety reasons, the Ad vectors are rendered replication deficient by deletion of the E1a region.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 783337004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because there is the theoretical possibility of an E1a- replication-deficient vector replicating as a result of recombination or complementation with Ad 2/5 E1a sequences present in the target cell, this study is directed toward evaluating respiratory epithelium of normals and individuals with CF for the presence of E1a sequences.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 783337005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using Ad 2/5 E1a-specific primers and the polymerase chain reaction to evaluate DNA recovered from freshly isolated nasal and bronchial epithelium recovered by brushing, E1a sequences were detected in respiratory epithelium of 19 of 91 normals (21%).@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 783337006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the E1a-positive samples, the average of E1a copy number was 55 +/- 18/10(3) recovered cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 783337007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In CF individuals, 7 of 52 (13%) had detectable E1a sequences in the respiratory epithelium, with E1a copy number in the positive samples of 80 +/- 21/10(3) recovered cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 783337008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrate that there are detectable Ad 2/5 E1a sequences in the respiratory epithelium of a small percentage of normals and individuals with CF.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 783337009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because of the theoretical potential of such sequences supporting replication of E1a- Ad vectors, human gene therapy protocols for CF utilizing such vectors should consider evaluating study individuals for the presence of Ad 2/5 E1a sequences in the respiratory epithelium.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 784954301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 784954302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A decreased number of calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3) receptors has been observed in parathyroid glands of uremic animals.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 784954303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In humans, studies carried out in surgically removed parathyroid glands have shown that calcitriol binding is higher in primary than in secondary hyperparathyroidism.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 784954304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since specific receptors for calcitriol have been described in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), we have investigated the specific uptake of 3H-labelled 1,25(OH)2D3 in PBMC of 12 women with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP), 8 women with hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure (SH), 9 women with renal transplant (RT), and 23 healthy women.@@@@1@65@@oe@19-12-2010 784954305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The median dissociation constant (Kd) was similar in all three groups of patients and in healthy women (mean +/- S.D. (range): PHP, 1.2 +/- 1.0 (0.2-4) x 10(-10) M; SH, 0.6 +/- 0.4 (0.2-1.2) x 10(-10) M; RT, 1.1 +/- 0.5 (0.4-1.9) x 10(-10) M; controls, 1.0 +/- 0.6 (0.3-2.6) x 10(-10) M).@@@@1@76@@oe@19-12-2010 784954306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the maximal binding capacity (Nmax) was significantly enhanced in PHP (3.9 +/- 1.9 (1.3-7.6) fmol/10(7) cells vs. 2.3 +/- 0.9 (1.1-4.4) fmol/10(7) cells in controls; P = 0.0006) and decreased in SH (0.8 +/- 0.5 (0.2-1.6) fmol/10(7) cells vs. 2.3 +/- 0.9 (1.1-4.4) fmol/10(7) cells in controls; P = 0.0001), whereas no changes were seen in RT (2.3 +/- 0.7 (1.2-3.3) fmol/10(7) cells vs. 2.3 +/- 0.9 (1.1-4.4) fmol/10(7) cells in controls).@@@@1@98@@oe@19-12-2010 784954307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In three patients with PHP who were subjected to parathyroidectomy, the calcitriol number came down to normal.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 784954308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Changes of calcitriol receptors in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism could magnify the consequences of disturbances in serum concentration of calcitriol itself and might play an important role in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism in uremia.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 784962801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of the antisense myb expression on hemin- and erythropoietin- induced erythroid differentiation of K562 cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 784962802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to elucidate the role of c-myb gene in erythroid differentiation of K562 cell induced by hemin (Hm) and erythropoietin (Epo), we constructed recombinant plasmid that could produce antisense myb RNA after induction with dexamethasone.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 784962803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During treatment with Hm, K562 cells constitutively expressed c-myb mRNA, and 50% of them began to synthesize hemoglobin (Hb).@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 784962804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of antisense myb RNA reduced the amount of c-myb mRNA, and the percentage of Hb-synthesizing cells was decreased to 20%.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 784962805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the presence of Epo, c-myb mRNA declined and 20% of K562 cells synthesized Hb regardless of antisense myb RNA expression.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 784962806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is suggested that constitutive expression of c-myb mRNA is necessary for Hm-induced differentiation, and that a decrease in the amount of c-myb mRNA induced by antisense myb RNA expression suppresses Hm-induced differentiation.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 784962807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The amount of c-myb mRNA in K562 cells was reduced during the differentiation induced by Epo.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 784962808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of GATA-1 mRNA was almost constant during Hm-induced differentiation, but increased during Epo treatment.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 784962809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is supposed that the mechanism of Hm-induced differentiation is distinguished from that of Epo-induced differentiation in K562 cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 785203201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alteration of structural order of human erythrocyte ghost membrane by glucocorticoids and the influence of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU 486.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 785203202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High-dose pulse glucocorticoid therapy has been used successfully in the clinic in severe pathological conditions for about 20 years.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 785203203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mode of glucocorticoid action after administration of such megadoses is inexplicable up to now.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 785203204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is supposed that some effects may be due to membrane alterations.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 785203205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present in-vitro experiments the effect of dexamethasone, of further glucocorticoids, and of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU 486, on structural order of human erythrocyte ghost membranes was investigated by determining the steady-state fluorescence anisotropy of diphenylhexatriene (DPH).@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 785203206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dexamethasone was found to induce a significant decrease in membrane structural order at concentrations of about 10(-6) M in a concentration-dependent manner.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 785203207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found a correlation between the uptake of dexamethasone by the ghost membranes and the decrease in the structural order.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 785203208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The other glucocorticoids tested, methylprednisolone and corticosterone, were also effective at concentrations of 10(-5) M or greater.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 785203209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We observed no change in membrane structural order with RU 486 up to a concentration of 10(-4) M.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 785203210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, simultaneous incubation of RU 486 with dexamethasone caused a distinct interference of RU 486 with dexamethasone.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 785203211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the glucocorticoid-induced membrane perturbation, the possibility to inhibit it by RU 486, and the inactivity of the structurally related progesterone, refer to relatively specific binding sites for the glucocorticoids in the membrane of erythrocyte ghosts.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 785826101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Detection of the chromosome 16 CBF beta-MYH11 fusion transcript in myelomonocytic leukemias.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 785826102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Karyotypic detection of chromosomal 16 abnormalities classically associated with AML M4Eo can be difficult.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 785826103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of the two genes involved in the inv(16)(p13q22), CBF beta and MYH11, has allowed the detection of fusion transcripts by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 785826104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have analyzed CBF beta-MYH11 fusion transcripts by RT-PCR in myelomonocytic leukemias, with or without eosinophilia, to determine whether their presence correlates with morphology.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 785826105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fifty-three cases (11 AML M4Eo; 1 AML M4 with atypical abnormal eosinophils (AML M4 "Eo"); 29 AML M4; 8 AML M5; 3 CMML; and 1 AML M2 with eosinophilia) were analyzed.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 785826106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All 11 typical AML M4Eo were CBF beta-MYH11 positive.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 785826107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The single case of AML M4 with distinctive eosinophil abnormalities was negative by karyotype, RT-PCR and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 785826108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three of 29 (10%) AML M4 without abnormal eosinophils were CBF beta-MYH11 positive, 1 of which did not show any apparent chromosome 16 abnormalities by classical metaphase analysis (2 not tested).@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 785826109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both cases tested also showed MYH11 genomic rearrangement.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 785826110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@None of the other leukemias were RT-PCR positive.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 785826111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Follow-up of three patient showed residual positivity in apparent complete remission.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 785826112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data show that CBF beta-MYH11 fusion transcripts occur not only in the vast majority of typical AML M4Eo, but also in approximately 10% of AML M4 without eosinophilic abnormalities, a much higher incidence than the sporadic reports of chromosome 16 abnormalities in AML M4 would suggest.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 785826113@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together with the detection of CBF beta-MYH11 transcripts in the absence of apparent chromosome 16 abnormalities by classical banding techniques, these data show that additional screening by either RT-PCR or FISH should be performed in all AML M4, regardless of morphologic features, to allow accurate evaluation of the prognostic importance of this fusion transcript.@@@@1@59@@oe@19-12-2010 787387601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deleted chromosome 20 from a patient with Alagille syndrome isolated in a cell hybrid through leucine transport selection: study of three candidate genes.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 787387602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alagille syndrome (AGS) is a well-defined genetic entity assigned to the short arm of Chromosome (Chr) 20 by a series of observations of AGS patients associated with microdeletions in this region.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 787387603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By fusing lymphoblastoid cells of an AGS patient that exhibited a microdeletion in the short arm of Chr 20 encompassing bands p11.23 to p12.3 with rodent thermosensitive mutant cells (CHOtsH1-1) deficient in-leucyl-tRNA synthetase, we isolated a somatic cell hybrid segregating the deleted human Chr 20.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 787387604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This hybrid clone, designated NR2, was characterized by several methods, including PCR, with eight pairs of oligonucleotides mapped to Chr 20: D20S5, D20S41, D20S42, D20S56, D20S57, D20S58, adenosine deaminase (ADA), and Prion protein (PRIP); Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analyses with four genomic anonymous probes (D20S5, cD3H12, D20S17, D20S18); and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with total human DNA and D20Z1, a sequence specific to the human Chr 20 centromere, as probes.@@@@1@102@@oe@19-12-2010 787387605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NR2 hybrid allowed us to exclude three candidate genes for AGS: hepatic nuclear factor 3 beta (HNF3 beta), paired box 1 (PAX1), and cystatin C (CST3) as shown by their localization outside of the deletion.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 787387606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NR2 hybrid is a powerful tool for the mapping of new probes of this region, as well as for obtaining new informative probes specific for the deletion by subtractive cloning of the region.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 787387607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such markers will be useful for linkage analysis and screening of cDNA libraries.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 788072301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A germline TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphism in the progesterone receptor gene in ovarian carcinoma [see comments]@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 788072302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clinical outcome in ovarian carcinoma is predicted by progesterone receptor status, indicating an endocrine aspect to this disease.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 788072303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peripheral leucocyte genomic DNAs were obtained from 41 patients with primary ovarian carcinoma and 83 controls from Ireland, as well as from 26 primary ovarian carcinoma patients and 101 controls in Germany.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 788072304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Southern analysis using a human progesterone receptor (hPR) cDNA probe identified a germline TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) defined by two alleles: T1, represented by a 2.7 kb fragment; and T2, represented by a 1.9 kb fragment and characterised by an additional TaqI restriction site with respect to T1.@@@@1@59@@oe@19-12-2010 788072305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An over-representation of T2 in ovarian cancer patients compared with controls in the pooled Irish/German population (P < 0.025) was observed.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 788072306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A difference (P < 0.02) in the distribution of the RFLP genotypes between Irish and German control populations was also observed.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 788072307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The allele distributions could not be shown to differ significantly from Hardy-Weinberg distribution in any subgroup.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 788072308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using hPR cDNA region-specific probes, the extra TaqI restriction site was mapped to intron G of the hPR gene.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 788396501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Missense mutation in exon 7 of the common gamma chain gene causes a moderate form of X-linked combined immunodeficiency.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 788396502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clinical and immunologic features of a recently recognized X-linked combined immunodeficiency disease (XCID) suggested that XCID and X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) might arise from different genetic defects.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 788396503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The recent discovery of mutations in the common gamma chain (gamma c) gene, a constituent of several cytokine receptors, in XSCID provided an opportunity to test directly whether a previously unrecognized mutation in this same gene was responsible for XCID.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 788396504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The status of X chromosome inactivation in blood leukocytes from obligate carriers of XCID was determined from the polymorphic, short tandem repeats (CAG), in the androgen receptor gene, which also contains a methylation-sensitive HpaII site.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 788396505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As in XSCID, X-chromosome inactivation in obligate carriers of XCID was nonrandom in T and B lymphocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 788396506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, X chromosome inactivation in PMNs was variable.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 788396507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Findings from this analysis prompted sequencing of the gamma c gene in this pedigree.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 788396508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A missense mutation in the region coding for the cytoplasmic portion of the gamma c gene was found in three affected males but not in a normal brother.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 788396509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, this point mutation in the gamma c gene leads to a less severe degree of deficiency in cellular and humoral immunity than that seen in XSCID.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 788503901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of HL60 cells with various combinations of retinoids and 1 alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 results in differentiation towards neutrophils or monocytes or a failure to differentiate and apoptosis.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 788503902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is well documented that treatment of serum-grown HL60 cells with 10(-7) M all-trans retinoic acid (all-trans RA) induces neutrophil differentiation, whereas treatment with 10(-7) M 1 alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3(D3) induces differentiation towards monocytes.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 788503903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In recent investigations, using serum-free grown HL60 cells, we observed that all-trans RA, at 10(-7) M, did not induce neutrophil differentiation and that all-trans RA, at 10(-8) M, reduced the D3 concentration required for monocyte differentiation to 5 x 10(-9) M.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 788503904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, co-operative interactions between all-trans and 9-cis RA and D3 which promote neutrophil and monocyte differentiation of HL60 cells have been analysed in detail.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 788503905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of serum-free grown HL60 cells with 5 x 10(-7) M all-trans RA or 9-cis RA resulted in sub-optimal neutrophil differentiation (up to 25% mature cells).@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 788503906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As shown for all-trans RA, 9-cis RA cooperated with D3 to promote monocyte differentiation.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 788503907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Culture of HL60 cells in 5 x 10(-7) M 9-cis RA together with a wide range of concentrations of D3 resulted in promotion of neutrophil differentiation at 10(-15)-10(-12) D3, a failure to differentiate and apoptosis at 10(-11)-10(-10) M D3, followed by co-operativity between 9-cis RA and 5 x 10(-9) M D3 in inducing monocyte differentiation in the absence of neutrophil differentiation.@@@@1@64@@oe@19-12-2010 788503908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar results were obtained when HL60 cells were treated with 5 x 10(-7) all-trans RA together with a wide range of concentrations of D3.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 788503909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cross titration analyses of the effects of 9-cis RA and D3 on HL60 cell differentiation were undertaken to determine the boundaries of the concentrations of each agent, alone and in combination, that give rise to optimal neutrophil and monocyte differentiation of HL60 cells.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 788503910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The observed cooperativities between either 9-cis RA or all-trans RA and D3 have important implications for the use of combinations of these agents in differentiation therapy.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 788730101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning and characterization of NF-ATc and NF-ATp: the cytoplasmic components of NF-AT.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 788730102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Present evidence indicates a pathway of signal transmission in T cells that is outlined in figure 1.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 788730103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The elevation in intracellular calcium that is induced by interactions at the antigen receptor leads to the activation of the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 788730104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This in turn leads to the nuclear association of the cytosolic component of NF-ATc.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 788730105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation of calcineurin and the nuclear import of NF-ATc can both be blocked by cyclosporin A or FK506 in complex with their respective immunophilins.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 788730106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Once in the nucleus, NF-ATc interacts with NF-ATn to form an active transcriptional complex.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 788730107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-ATn is a ubiquitous protein, can be synthesized in response to PMA, and has many similarities to AP-1.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 788730108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism by which NF-ATc enters the nucleus is unknown, and although it appears to require calcineurin, NF-ATc has not yet been shown to be an in vivo substrate of calcineurin.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 788730109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alternative mechanisms include the possibility that NF-ATc operates on some cytoplasmic anchor or that other proteins that are controlled by calcineurin carry out the nuclear import of NF-ATc.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 788730110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although NF-ATp copurifies with NF-ATc, there is as yet no understanding of how NF-ATp is functioning in vivo.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 788730111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Now that these proteins are purified and cloned, the major goals will be to understand their role and the roles of other family members in thymic development.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 788866601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-5 signaling in human eosinophils involves JAK2 tyrosine kinase and Stat1 alpha.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 788866602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signaling by a wide variety of cytokines, including interferons, interleukins, and growth factors, involves activation of JAK kinases and Stat (Signal transducers and activators of transcription) proteins.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 788866603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At present, not much is known about the molecular mechanisms by which interleukin-5 (IL-5) exerts its diverse biologic effects.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 788866604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human eosinophils are one of the most important target cells for IL-5 and were used here to study IL-5 signaling in a primary human cell.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 788866605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-5 induced rapid and transient tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 788866606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, IL-5 induced at least two DNA-binding complexes, using nuclear extracts from normal human eosinophils and the IL-6/interferon-gamma response element of the ICAM-1 promoter (ICAM-1 pIRE) in an electromobility shift assay.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 788866607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From supershift experiments it was concluded that one DNA-binding complex contained Stat1 alpha, probably as a homodimer.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 788866608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both DNA-binding complexes were inhibited by a phosphotyrosine antibody (4G10), suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation is required for complex formation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 788866609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induced, similar to IL-5, two DNA-binding complexes in human eosinophils, including Stat1 alpha.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 788866610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data show for the first time that molecular mechanisms of IL-5 signaling in human eosinophils involve members of the JAK kinase family as well as members of the Stat family.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 789081401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation and specificity of MNDA expression in monocytes, macrophages, and leukemia/B lymphoma cell lines.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 789081402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of the human myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) was observed specifically in cells of the granulocyte-macrophage lineage in our earlier reports.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 789081403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The specificity of MNDA expression for cells in the granulocyte-macrophage lineage was reexamined in cell lines established from patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 789081404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell lines that expressed MNDA exhibited myeloid cell features and granulocyte or monocyte differentiation could be induced in vitro, while cell lines exhibiting properties of very early stage cells or multipotential cells did not express MNDA.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 789081405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells originating from cases of Burkitt's lymphoma were negative.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 789081406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, three lymphoblastoid cell lines (immortalized in vitro with Epstein-Barr virus) were weakly positive and MNDA was up-regulated by interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) treatment.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 789081407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As we reported previously, MNDA mRNA level in adherent monocytes is elevated by IFN-alpha; in this study, we further assessed MNDA expression in in vitro monocyte-derived macrophages.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 789081408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three additional agents (endotoxin, phytohemagglutinin, and phorbol ester) and other conditions that affect function, cytokine production, differentiation, and/or growth of monocytes were examined for their ability to alter MNDA expression.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 789081409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results varied with the agent, cell type, and stage of differentiation.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 789081410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Changes in MNDA expression occurred slowly (hours to days), suggesting that MNDA could mediate changes realized over a long period.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 789081411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results also reveal a discordance in certain MNDA positive cells between steady-state levels or changes in levels of protein and mRNA indicating that the regulation of MNDA expression occurs at more than one point.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 789081412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Changes in MNDA expression are consistent with a role in opposing macrophage differentiation and activation of monocytes/macrophages.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 789434001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Changes in triiodothyronine (T3) mononuclear leukocyte receptor kinetics after T3 administration and multiple cold-air exposures.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 789434002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Repeated cold-air exposures increase human triiodothyronine (T3) plasma clearance rates.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 789434003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To study the response of the nuclear T3 receptor (NT3R) in this condition, binding characteristics were analyzed in human mononuclear leukocytes (MNL).@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 789434004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, we supplemented one group of individuals with a daily oral replacement dose of T3 to isolate the influence of serum thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin (TSH) levels on receptor kinetics.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 789434005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The subjects were exposed to cold air (4 degrees C) twice/d, 30 min/exposure, for a total of 80 exposures.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 789434006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The T3-subjects received placebo [n = 8] and the T3+ subjects received T3 (30 micrograms/d) [n = 8] in a double-blind fashion.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 789434007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mononuclear leukocytes were isolated from peripheral blood before the cold exposure and drug regimen began, and then after every 20 exposures.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 789434008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The dissociation constant (Kd) and maximum binding capacity (MBC) of the NT3R values were log transformed to minimize between-subject variability.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 789434009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the T3+ group, serum total thyroxine (TT4), free T4 (FT4), and TSH were approx 50% lower than both basal and T3-values.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 789434010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The log10Kd increased 0.304 +/- 0.139 (p < 0.04) and the log10MBC increased 0.49 +/- 0.10 (p < 0.001) in the T3+ subjects compared to baseline.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 789434011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This change in MBC represents a 311% increase in the MBC over baseline and a fivefold increase over placebo-treated subjects.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 789434012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The T3- group showed no change in MBC over the study.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 789434013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results describe for the first time the rapid modulation of the NT3R in response to the combined influence of cold exposure and reduced circulating T4 and TSH.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 789723001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differences in binding of glucocorticoid receptor to DNA in steroid-resistant asthma.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 789723002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although glucocorticosteroids are a very effective treatment for asthma and other chronic inflammatory diseases, a small proportion of patients are resistant to their therapeutic effects.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 789723003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The molecular mechanism for this steroid resistance is unclear.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 789723004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Steroid resistance cannot be explained by pharmacokinetic mechanisms, by a defect in the binding of steroids to glucocorticoid receptors, nor by defective nuclear translocation of this receptor, thereby suggesting that the molecular abnormality lies distal to nuclear translocation.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 789723005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We examined the ability of nuclear translocated glucocorticoid receptors to bind to their DNA binding sites (GRE) using electrophoretic mobility shift assays in PBMC from patients with steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant asthma.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 789723006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The binding of the glucocorticoid receptor to DNA in these patients was also studied using Scatchard analysis.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 789723007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dexamethasone induced a significant rapid and sustained twofold increase in GRE binding in PBMCs from steroid-sensitive asthmatic patients and nonasthmatic individuals, but this was markedly reduced in steroid-resistant asthmatic patients.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 789723008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Scatchard analysis of glucocorticoid receptor-GRE binding showed no change in binding affinity but did show a reduced number of receptors available for DNA binding in the steroid-resistant patients.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 789723009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that the ability of the glucocorticoid receptor to bind to GRE is impaired in steroid-resistant patients because of a reduced number of receptors available for binding to DNA.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 790390701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased natural killer cell activity correlates with low or negative expression of the HER-2/neu oncogene in patients with breast cancer.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 790390702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND.@@@@1@2@@oe@19-12-2010 790390703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased expression of the HER-2/neu oncogene in breast cancer correlates with decreased estrogen receptor concentration and seems to be an important prognostic factor.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 790390704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The authors investigated whether there is a correlation between HER-2/neu expression and immunologic parameters representing tumor defense in patients with breast cancer.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 790390705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHOD.@@@@1@2@@oe@19-12-2010 790390706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A Western blot analysis was used to investigate HER-2/neu expression, whereas a chromium-release assay using the K562 cell line as target was used to measure natural killer (NK) cell activity.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 790390707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS.@@@@1@2@@oe@19-12-2010 790390708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In patients with breast cancer, NK cell activity was significantly higher compared with patients with benign tumors (P = 0.006) or healthy control subjects (P = 0.002).@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 790390709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, 23.3% of patients with breast cancer showed an overexpression of HER-2/neu protein.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 790390710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within this group of patients, NK cell activity was significantly lower (45.6 +/- 16.1%) compared with the group with no HER-2/neu overexpression (57.3 +/- 11.0%).@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 790390711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NK cell activity did not increase in patients with HER-2/neu overexpression.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 790390712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, there was a statistically significant correlation of cytolytic effector cell function with HER-2/neu expression of the tumor (P = 0.003), and HER-2/neu overexpression correlated with a negative estrogen receptor status (P = 0.005).@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 790390713@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSION.@@@@1@2@@oe@19-12-2010 790390714@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data add further evidence to previous observations from the authors' laboratory that certain tumor characteristics may be associated with reactions of the host with breast cancer.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 791108801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human interleukin-13 activates the interleukin-4-dependent transcription factor NF-IL4 sharing a DNA binding motif with an interferon-gamma-induced nuclear binding factor.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 791108802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of interleukin-13 (IL-13) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) on cellular functions were shown to be quite similar.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 791108803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We provide evidence that in monocytes as well as in T lymphocytes both IL-4 and IL-13 activate the same recently identified transcription factor NF-IL4 which binds to the specific responsive element IL-4RE.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 791108804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, we show that a nuclear factor activated by interferon-gamma also interacts with the IL-4RE.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 791108805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It differs from NF-IL4 in the electrophoretic mobility of the complex with DNA, in its DNA-binding specificity and in the proteins interacting with the DNA sequence.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 791108806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sensitivity against various enzyme inhibitors suggests that components of the signal transduction pathway are shared by all three cytokines.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 791419401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel human homeobox gene distantly related to proboscipedia is expressed in lymphoid and pancreatic tissues.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 791419402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel human homeobox gene, HB9, was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from in vitro stimulated human tonsil B lymphocytes and from a human genomic library.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 791419403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The HB9 gene is composed of 3 exons spread over 6 kilobases of DNA.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 791419404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An open reading frame of 1206 nucleotides is in frame with a diverged homeodomain.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 791419405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The predicted HB9 protein has a molecular mass of 41 kilodaltons and is enriched for alanine, glycine, and leucine.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 791419406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The HB9 homeodomain is most similar to that of the Drosophila melanogaster homeobox gene proboscipedia.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 791419407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot analysis of poly(A) RNA purified from the human B cell line RPMI 8226 and from activated T cells revealed a major mRNA transcript of 2.2 kilobases.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 791419408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar analysis of poly(A) RNA from a variety of adult tissues demonstrated HB9 transcripts in pancreas, small intestine, and colon.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 791419409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to examine HB9 RNA transcripts in hematopoietic cell lines.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 791419410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HB9 RNA transcripts were most prevalent in several human B cell lines and K562 cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 791419411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, transcripts were detected in RNA prepared from tonsil B cells and in situ hybridization studies localized them in the germinal center region of adult tonsil.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 791419412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest the involvement of HB9 in regulating gene transcription in lymphoid and pancreatic tissues.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 791473101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replicative gene expression in tumour cells of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in relation to CD4 cell number and antibody titres to EBV.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 791473102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE: To determine whether activation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replication in tumour cells of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (ARNHL) is correlated with CD4+ cell counts and influences antibody response to EBV [anti-Z Epstein-Barr replicative activator (ZEBRA), anti-early antigen (EA), anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA)].@@@@1@59@@oe@19-12-2010 791473103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DESIGN: Retrospective study based on immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to detect EBV replicative gene products in tissue samples from patients affected by ARNHL and correlation with CD4+ cell counts and results of EBV serology (including anti-ZEBRA activity) in sera from the same patients.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 791473104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS: Seventeen out of 22 cases of ARNHL were selected for the presence of EBV [Epstein-Barr early region (EBER) RNA-positive].@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 791473105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunohistochemistry was performed with anti-ZEBRA, anti-EA-restricted, anti-VCA antibodies and in situ hybridization with BHLF1/NotI oligoprobes on tumour samples.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 791473106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Results were statistically correlated with those of CD4+ cell counts (17 out of 17) and with anti-EBV antibody titres (13 out of 17) assessed using standard immunofluorescence method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedure using recombinant ZEBRA protein and synthetic peptides as antigens.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 791473107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: BZLF1 (ZEBRA) or early gene products (EA-R and EA-D/BHLF1/NotI) were detected in a small proportion (< 0.01-5%) of tumour cells in eight of these 17 cases by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 791473108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Demonstration of replicative gene expression did not correlate with either low CD4+ cell counts (P > 0.05) or anti-EBV antibody titres (P > 0.05).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 791473109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anti-ZEBRA activity was not significantly increased in patients affected with ARNHL, the cells of which expressed replicative gene products (P > 0.05).@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 791473110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSION: The degree of immunodeficiency does not clearly enhance replicative gene expression in tumour cells of ARNHL.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 791473111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EBV serology, including anti-ZEBRA activity, is not a reliable tool for predicting the occurrence of such proliferations.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 791474501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Solution structure of a POU-specific homeodomain: 3D-NMR studies of human B-cell transcription factor Oct-2.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 791474502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The POU DNA-binding motif defines a conserved family of eukaryotic transcription factors involved in regulation of gene expression.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 791474503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This bipartite motif consists of an N-terminal POU-specific domain (POUs), a flexible linker, and a C-terminal POU-specific homeodomain (POUHD).@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 791474504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we describe the solution structure of a POU-specific homeodomain.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 791474505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An NMR model is obtained from Oct-2, a human B-cell specific transcription factor which participates in the regulation of immunoglobulin genes.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 791474506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A fragment of Oct-2 containing POUHD and an adjoining linker was expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized by three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (3D-NMR) spectroscopy.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 791474507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Complete 1H and 15N resonance assignment of the POUHD moiety is presented.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 791474508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The POUHD solution structure, as calculated by distance geometry and simulated annealing (DG/SA), is similar to that of canonical homeodomains.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 791474509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A salient difference between solution and crystal structures is observed in the C-terminal segment of alpha-helix 3 (the HTH recognition helix), which is not well ordered in solution.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 791474510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because this segment presumably folds upon specific DNA binding, its flexibility in solution may reduce the intrinsic DNA affinity of POUHD in the absence of POUs.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 791808601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Marked basophilia in acute promyelocytic leukaemia treated with all-trans retinoic acid: molecular analysis of the cell origin of the basophils.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 791808602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report a patient with acute promyelocytic leukaemia who developed marked basophilia during all-trans retinoic acid treatment.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 791808603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We studied genomic DNA and RNA extracted from the patient's peripheral leucocytes in order to determine the origin of the basophils.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 791808604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The RAR alpha rearranged band in the Southern blot analysis and a chimaeric product of PML-RAR alpha by polymerase chain reaction were strongly visible before ATRA treatment, but at the time of maximal basophilia both of them were markedly diminished.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 791808605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest that the basophils which appeared during the ATRA treatment are reactive in nature rather than a leukaemic clone.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 792017901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Novel membrane receptors for aldosterone in human lymphocytes: a 50 kDa protein on SDS-PAGE.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 792017902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fast in vitro effects of aldosterone on the Na+/H(+)-exchanger, inositoltrisphosphate generation and corresponding specific binding to plasma membranes at Kd-values of approximately 0.1 nM have been found in human mononuclear leukocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 792017903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The novel aldosterone membrane receptor was analyzed on SDS-PAGE after labeling of microsomal membranes from human mononuclear leukocytes with a [125I]-aldosterone-derivative by use of BASED as a photoactivatable crosslinker.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 792017904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of 1 nM [125I]-aldosterone was found at a molecular weight of approximately 50 kDa which was absent with 1 microM cold aldosterone, but not cortisol in the binding media.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 792017905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This aldosterone-selectivity is typical and discriminatory for the new aldosterone membrane receptor.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 792017906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Solubilization of the receptor protein from membranes by high salt concentrations (1 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA) was not achieved.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 792017907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It, thus, appears as an integral membrane protein.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 792017908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dithiothreitol, a sulfhydryl agent, does not reduce specific aldosterone binding indicating the absence of SH-groups in the binding domain or sensitive structures of the receptors.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 792017909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results are the first to characterize the novel membrane receptor for aldosterone with regard to molecular weight and basic properties.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 792017910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings and other related results are reviewed here.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 792556901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo modification of major histocompatibility complex class II DRA promoter occupancy mediated by the AIR-1 trans-activator.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 792556902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RJ 2.2.5 is a human B cell mutant derived from the Burkitt lymphoma Raji cell which is defective in the AIR-1 locus function.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 792556903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This locus encodes a transcriptional trans-activator required for the constitutive expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 792556904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show, by in vivo DNase I footprinting, that the AIR-1 locus defect correlates with changes in the DRA promoter occupancy.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 792556905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, reexpression of human MHC class II genes in RJ 2.2.5 x mouse spleen cell hybrids is associated with partial reversion of DRA promoter occupancy to the Raji pattern.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 792556906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DRA promoter occupancy in other class II-negative B cell lines, derived from patients with bare lymphocyte syndrome, is drastically different from the one observed in RJ 2.2.5 and Raji cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 792556907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, the use of the DNase I as an in vivo footprinting agent reveals that the patients' cell lines do not display a completely "bare promoter" as previously reported using dimethyl sulfate as the footprinting agent.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 792556908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the use of DNase I allowed us, for the first time, to correlate the AIR-1 locus defect with class II promoter occupancy alterations and distinguish these alterations from the ones observed in phenotypically similar but genetically distinct MHC class II-negative cells.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 792626001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mechanism of antiandrogen action: conformational changes of the receptor.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 792626002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Androgen receptor mRNA was translated in vitro, and androgen- and antiandrogen-bound receptor complexes were studied using limited proteolytic digestion by trypsin.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 792626003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Partial proteolysis of androgen-bound receptor protein resulted in a 29-kDa proteolysis-resisting fragment, whereas antiandrogen binding stabilised a 35-kDa fragment.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 792626004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both fragments contain the entire ligand binding domain, and the 35-kDa fragment extended into the hinge region of the receptor.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 792626005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several antiandrogens show agonistic properties for a mutated androgen receptor (LNCaP cell variant); trypsin digestion of antiandrogen-bound mutated receptor also resulted in a 29-kDa fragment.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 792626006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results point to an important difference between antiandrogens and antagonists of other steroid hormone receptors.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 792626007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antiandrogens result in protection of both the hinge region and C-terminus of the androgen receptor agonist proteolytic attack, whereas other studies showed that antiestrogens and antiprogestagens expose the C-terminal end of the ligand binding domain of their respective receptors to protease.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 792626008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differences in conformation of the hinge region distinguish androgen-bound from antiandrogen-bound receptor complexes, which represents an important feature of antiandrogen action.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 792934201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of cellular transcription factor E2F in the regulation of cdc2 mRNA expression and cell cycle control of human hematopoietic cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 792934202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@cdc2 mRNA transcripts were detected in immature bone marrow cells and became undetectable along with differentiation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 792934203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peripheral blood resting cells did not express cdc2 mRNA, but it was induced in T-lymphocytes when the cells reentered the cell cycle in response to specific mitogens.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 792934204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, cdc2 mRNA could not be induced in granulocytes and monocytes even after the culture with the appropriate stimulants.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 792934205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to investigate the mechanism of the regulation of cdc2 mRNA expression in hematopoietic cells, we isolated the 5'-flanking sequence of the cdc2 gene and found the putative E2F binding site at the position of nucleotides -124 to -117.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 792934206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The binding of E2F at this region was detected by a gel-retardation assay and DNaseI footprinting in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated T-lymphocytes, which was coincident with the expression of cdc2 mRNA.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 792934207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E2F binding was not observed in both granulocytes and monocytes.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 792934208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay revealed that the region containing E2F binding site had a strong promoter activity, and introduction of the mutation at the E2F binding site resulted in a significant loss of the activity.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 792934209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E2F-1 and DP-1 mRNAs were not detectable in granulocytes, monocytes and resting T-lymphocytes but were induced after the mitogenic stimulation of T-lymphocytes.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 792934210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of E2F activity preceded the appearance of cdc2 mRNA, which is consistent with the role of E2F in the regulation of cdc2 mRNA expression.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 792934211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that cdc2 mRNA expression is related to the cell cycling of normal human hematopoietic cells and that E2F plays some roles in the regulation of its expression.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 792982001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@C/EBP beta regulation of the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 792982002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activated macrophages contribute to chronic inflammation by the secretion of cytokines and proteinases.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 792982003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) is particularly important in this process because of its ability to regulate other inflammatory mediators in an autocrine and paracrine fashion.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 792982004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism(s) responsible for the cell type-specific regulation of TNF alpha is not known.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 792982005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We present data to show that the expression of TNF alpha is regulated by the transcription factor C/EBP beta (NF-IL6).@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 792982006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@C/EBP beta activated the TNF alpha gene promoter in cotransfection assays and bound to it at a site which failed to bind the closely related protein C/EBP alpha.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 792982007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, a dominant-negative version of C/EBP beta blocked TNF alpha promoter activation in myeloid cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 792982008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results implicate C/EBP beta as an important regulator of TNF alpha by myelomonocytic cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 793057001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Simultaneous activation of Ig and Oct-2 synthesis and reduction of surface MHC class II expression by IL-6.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 793057002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Terminal differentiation of B cells to plasma cells in vivo is characterized by secretion of Ig and extinction of MHC class II expression on the cell surface.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 793057003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that IL-6 signaling leads to marked increases in the synthesis and secretion of Ig in clonal human B cell lines and newly isolated polyclonal B lymphocytes in vitro.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 793057004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IL-6-induced cells resemble plasma cells in ultrastructure and in reduced expression of surface MHC class II.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 793057005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhanced Ig synthesis is a result of coordinated transcriptional activation of Ig genes without promoter or isotype specificity, and differential accumulation of the mRNA encoding the secreted form of Ig heavy chain.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 793057006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is saturable and subject to negative control when IL-6 stimulation is prolonged.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 793057007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Coordinate with temporal changes in Ig synthesis, the DNA-binding activity and the synthesis of the B cell-enriched transcription factor Oct-2 are regulated.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 793057008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, differentiation of B cells with IL-6 in vitro recapitulates the hallmarks of terminal B differentiation in vivo; Oct-2 may have a role in this process.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 793107901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Positive and negative regulation of the composite octamer motif of the interleukin 2 enhancer by AP-1, Oct-2, and retinoic acid receptor.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 793107902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The differentiating agent retinoic acid (RA) has been previously reported to interfere with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)/Ca(2+)-induced signals for the regulation of the -96 to -66-bp octamer motif found in the enhancer for the interleukin (IL)-2 gene, which encodes a major T lymphocyte growth factor.@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 793107903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IL-2 octamer motif is a composite cis-element which binds Oct-1 and Oct-2 as well as a TPA/Ca(2+)-inducible nuclear factor, previously termed octamer-associated protein (OAP40).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 793107904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here that Oct-2, despite the presence of an active transcriptional activation domain, requires TPA/Ca(2+)-induced signals to strongly transactivate the IL-2 octamer motif in Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 793107905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This Oct-2-dependent transactivation is inhibited by RA.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 793107906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of an intact COOH-terminal domain of Oct-2 contributes to both TPA/Ca(2+)-induced transactivation and the RA-mediated repression.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 793107907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also show that both Fos and Jun components of the AP-1 factors participate in the OAP40 complex.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 793107908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, transfected c-jun, jun-B, jun-D, c-fos, or Fos-B expression vectors partially substitute for TPA and Ca2+ and cooperate with Oct-2 for the transactivation of the combined OAP/octamer cis-element.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 793107909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutations of the genuine octamer-binding site abrogate both the binding of Oct-1 and Oct-2 and the TPA/Ca(2+)-induced transactivation of the OAP/octamer motif.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 793107910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OAP confers to Oct-2 responsivity to both TPA/Ca2+ and RA, since specific mutations of the AP-1/OAP-binding site significantly reduce the transactivation by Oct-2 in response to TPA and Ca2+ and abolish the inhibition by RA.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 793107911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, retinoic acid receptor (RAR) alpha is able to inhibit in vitro the formation of the complex between the nuclear AP-1/OAP and its specific binding site, resulting in the interference with Oct-2-dependent cis-regulatory function of this AP-1 element.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 793107912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, we propose that the TPA/calcium-activated AP-1/OAP element is the main target of positive or negative regulatory signals influencing the IL-2 octamer motif, through synergism with Oct-2 and antagonism by RAR.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 793752401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of rat splenocyte proliferation with methylprednisolone: in vivo effect of liposomal formulation.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 793752402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of a liposomal formulation of methylprednisolone (MPL) on the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation in spleen cells was investigated following IV dosing in rats.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 793752403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Liposomes do not alter the suppressive action of MPL when placed in lymphocyte culture.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 793752404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rat splenocytes were found to have greater sensitivity to MPL (EC50 = 7.9 nM) than do human peripheral blood lymphocytes (EC50 = 28 nM).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 793752405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo studies in rats utilized 2 mg/kg IV bolus doses of liposomal MPL compared to drug in solution.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 793752406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Animals were sacrificed at various times post-dosing until 120 h, spleen was excised and, after incubation of lymphocytes with PHA, splenocyte blastogenic responses were assessed by measuring cellular incorporation of 3H-thymidine.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 793752407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The suppressive effect of liposomal MPL in comparison with free drug was significantly prolonged (> 120 h vs < 18 h).@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 793752408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition effects versus time were described by a pharmacodynamic model using MPL concentrations in plasma as an input function.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 793752409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A nonlinear relationship was found between suppression of splenocyte proliferation and the concentration of bound glucocorticoid receptors in spleen.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 793752410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Only partial receptor occupancy accompanied complete lymphocyte suppression.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 793752411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The suppression of endogenous corticosterone in plasma for both treatments was similar with values from L-MPL rats returning to baseline after 24 h.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 793752412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrate enhanced efficacy of local immunosuppression by targeting spleen with liposomal MPL.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 797521801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus SM protein.@@@@1@5@@oe@19-12-2010 797521802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein products of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BMLF1 open reading frame have been characterized in the early productive cycle in B95-8 and Akata cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 797521803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The SM protein derived from the spliced RNA joining BSLF2 to BMLF1 is much the most abundant protein.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 797521804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SM is a phosphoprotein in EBV-infected cells and can be phosphorylated in vitro with casein kinase II (CKII).@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 797521805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Computer analysis of the SM protein sequence showed a C terminal section of SM to be related to genome positional homologues of four other herpesviruses and revealed consensus CKII sites near the N termini of the EBV SM protein, the herpes simplex virus (HSV) ICP27 protein and the herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) open reading frame 57 protein.@@@@1@62@@oe@19-12-2010 797521806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Site-directed mutagenesis of the consensus CKII site in EBV SM greatly reduced the in vitro phosphorylation of SM by CKII.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 797521807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism of transactivation by BMLF1 proteins has been controversial but SM was shown to transactivate gene expression from a CAT reporter construct by increasing the amount of cytoplasmic CAT mRNA.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 797521808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutagenesis of the CKII site in SM made no difference to the transactivation in this transient transfection assay.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 798144401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Prevalence of aneuploidy, overexpressed ER, and overexpressed EGFR in random breast aspirates of women at high and low risk for breast cancer.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 798144402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Breast tissue biomarkers which accurately predict breast cancer development within a 10 year period in high risk women are needed but currently not available.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 798144403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We initiated this study to determine 1) the prevalence of one or more breast tissue abnormalities in a group of women at high risk for breast cancer, and 2) if the prevalence of biomarker abnormalities is greater in high risk than in low risk women.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 798144404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eligible high risk women were those with a first degree relative with breast cancer, prior breast cancer, or precancerous mastopathy.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 798144405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Low risk women were those without these or other major identifiable risk factors.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 798144406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ductal cells were obtained via random fine needle aspirations and cytologically classified.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 798144407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Biomarkers included DNA ploidy, estrogen receptor (ER), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 798144408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The prevalence of DNA aneuploidy was 30%, overexpression of ER 10%, and overexpression of EGFR 35%, in the 206 high risk women whose median 10 year Gail risk (projected probability) of developing breast cancer was 4.5%.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 798144409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The prevalence of aneuploidy and overexpressed EGFR was significantly higher in the high risk women than in the 25 low risk controls (p < 0.002), whose median 10 year Gail risk was 0.7%.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 798144410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The difference in the prevalence of ER overexpression between high and low risk groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.095).@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 798144411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This may be due to the low prevalence of overexpressed ER and the small number of controls.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 798144412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A significant difference was noted in the prevalence of one or more abnormal biomarkers between the high risk and low risk women (p < 0.001).@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 798144413@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A large prospective trial is needed to determine if one or more of these biomarkers, is predictive of breast cancer development.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 798295901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of NFATp in cyclosporin A-sensitive tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene transcription.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 798295902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) gene is an immediate early gene in activated T cells, in that it is rapidly induced without a requirement for protein synthesis.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 798295903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Maximal induction of TNF alpha mRNA can be induced by treatment of T cells with calcium ionophores alone, via a calcineurin-dependent process that is blocked by cyclosporin A.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 798295904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously identified a promoter element, kappa 3, that is required for calcium-stimulated, cyclosporin A-sensitive induction of the TNF alpha gene in activated T cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 798295905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we demonstrate that the kappa 3 binding factor contains NFATp, a cyclosporin-sensitive DNA-binding protein required for interleukin-2 gene transcription.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 798295906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NFATp binds to two sites within the kappa 3 element, and occupancy of both sites is required for TNF alpha gene induction.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 798295907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, although the kappa 3 element has little sequence similarity to other NFATp-binding sites, it appears to function as a cyclosporin-sensitive promoter element in T cells by virtue of its ability to bind NFATp.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 798295908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The involvement of NFATp in transcriptional activation of both the interleukin-2 and TNF alpha genes suggests that this factor plays an important role in the coordinate induction of multiple cytokine genes, starting at the earliest stages of T cell activation.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 798371701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus nuclear protein 2 transactivation of the latent membrane protein 1 promoter is mediated by J kappa and PU.1.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 798371702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) oncogene is regulated by the EBV nuclear protein 2 (EBNA-2) transactivator.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 798371703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EBNA-2 is known to interact with the cellular DNA-binding protein J kappa and is recruited to promoters containing the GTGGGAA J kappa recognition sequence.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 798371704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The minimal EBNA-2-responsive LMP-1 promoter includes one J kappa-binding site, and we now show that mutation of that site, such that J kappa cannot bind, reduces EBNA-2 responsiveness by 60%.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 798371705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To identify other factors which interact with the LMP-1 EBNA-2 response element (E2RE), a -236/-145 minimal E2RE was used as a probe in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 798371706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The previously characterized factors J kappa, PU.1, and AML1 bind to the LMP-1 E2RE, along with six other unidentified factors (LBF2 to LBF7).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 798371707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding sites were mapped for each factor.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 798371708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LBF4 is B- and T-cell specific and recognizes the PU.1 GGAA core sequence as shown by methylation interference.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 798371709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LBF4 has a molecular mass of 105 kDa and is probably unrelated to PU.1.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 798371710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LBF2 was found only in epithelial cell lines, whereas LBF3, LBF5, LBF6, and LBF7 were not cell type specific.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 798371711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutations of the AML1- or LBF4-binding sites had no effect on EBNA-2 transactivation, whereas mutation of the PU.1-binding site completely eliminated EBNA-2 responses.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 798371712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A gst-EBNA-2 fusion protein specifically depleted PU.1 from nuclear extracts and bound in vitro translated PU.1, providing biochemical evidence for a direct EBNA-2-PU.1 interaction.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 798371713@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, EBNA-2 transactivation of the LMP-1 promoter is dependent on interaction with at least two distinct sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins, J kappa and PU.1.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 798371714@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LBF3, LBF5, LBF6, or LBF7 may also be involved, since their binding sites also contribute to EBNA-2 responsiveness.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 798952001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No evidence for the expression of the progesterone receptor on peripheral blood lymphocytes during pregnancy [see comments]@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 798952002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of the progesterone receptor in human peripheral blood lymphocytes was analysed, using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Abbott PgR-EIA monoclonal), in order to evaluate its prognostic character in the context of spontaneous abortion.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 798952003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytosols were prepared from lymphocytes of 24 healthy pregnant women (11 first, 10 second and three third trimester), seven healthy non-pregnant women, nine women with recurrent spontaneous abortion, and six healthy men.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 798952004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, a human breast carcinoma cell line (ZR-75-1), which expresses the progesterone receptor, was analysed throughout.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 798952005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ZR-75-1 cell line showed an expression of 642 fmol/mg whereas lymphocytes of pregnant women showed an expression < or = 4 fmol/mg.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 798952006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocytes of non-pregnant women, women with threatened pre-term delivery, and men showed equivalent levels: 3 +/- 1, 3 +/- 2 and 5 +/- 4 fmol/mg respectively.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 798952007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results show that there is no evidence of specific expression of the progesterone receptor in pregnancy and exclude any prognostic character in spontaneous abortion.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 798952008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A role for the progesterone receptor in the mechanism of the known effect of progesterone on peripheral blood lymphocytes is also excluded.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 799605801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Influence of age on the production of Fos and Jun by influenza virus-exposed T cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 799605802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study investigated age-related T cell responses after in vitro exposure to influenza A virus.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 799605803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mononuclear leukocytes from young or elderly persons were sham-exposed or exposed to influenza virus for 1, 24, and 72 h.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 799605804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometric analysis were then used to detect T cells producing the transcriptional regulating proteins Fos and Jun.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 799605805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fewer virus-exposed cells from elderly donors stained for Fos and Jun at each data point compared with cells from young donors.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 799605806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Flow cytometric analysis also showed that at 72 h of virus exposure fewer T cells from the elderly produced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), suggesting a link between the magnitude of the Fos and Jun and IFN-gamma responses.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 799605807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, failure of virus-exposed T cells to produce Fos and Jun could contribute to the increase in illness due to influenza virus in the elderly.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 800917101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of Oct2-isoform expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated B lymphocytes.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 800917102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oct2-isoform expression in splenic B cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide plus phorbol-di-butyrate was analysed by cDNA cloning.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 800917103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The frequency of Oct2-positive clones was 1/15,000 in both libraries.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 800917104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two new isoforms were found that generate novel amino- or carboxy-terminal sequences.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 800917105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An isoform lacking exon 11 destroyed the carboxy-terminal leucin-zipper region and introduced a frame shift creating a novel, proline-rich carboxy terminus.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 800917106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A new exon containing a highly basic region (4c) was characterized, between exons 4 and 5.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 800917107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This exon was inserted between glutamine-rich regions 2 and 3, carboxy terminal of a tentative leucine-zipper structure.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 800917108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, a new combination isoform containing Oct2a's amino terminal insert (exon 7a) and Oct2b's carboxy terminal insert (exon 13) was found that created a novel large isoform, Oct2ab.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 800917109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@More frequent use of the classical Oct2a and Oct2b isoforms was observed in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated B cells, while a preference for the Oct2ab and Oct2ba isoforms was observed in lipopolysaccharide plus phorbol-di-butyrate-treated cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 801211001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gene for a tissue-specific transcriptional activator (EBF or Olf-1), expressed in early B lymphocytes, adipocytes, and olfactory neurons, is located on human chromosome 5, band q34, and proximal mouse chromosome 11.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 801211002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Murine B lymphocytes, adipocytes, and olfactory neurons contain a DNA-binding protein that participates in the regulation of genes encoding tissue-specific components of signal transduction.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 801211003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Purification and cloning of this protein, termed early B-cell factor (EBF), from murine B lymphocytes and independent cloning of a protein, termed Olf-1, from olfactory neuronal cells revealed virtual complete amino acid sequence identity between these proteins.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 801211004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a first step towards identifying a human genetic disorder or mouse mutation for which EBF could be a candidate gene, we have chromosomally mapped the corresponding locus in both species.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 801211005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By Southern hybridization analyses of somatic cell hybrid panels with murine cDNA probe, fluorescence chromosomal in situ hybridization (FISH) of human genomic clones, and analysis of recombinant inbred mouse strains, we have found single sites for EBF homologous sequences on human Chromosome (Chr) 5, band q34, and on proximal mouse Chr 11, in an evolutionarily conserved region.@@@@1@68@@oe@19-12-2010 801955501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Description and functional implications of a novel mutation in the sex-determining gene SRY.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 801955502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The sex-determining gene SRY was screened for molecular alteration in an XY sex-reversed female by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 801955503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An A-to-G transition was detected which leads to an exchange of a tyrosine by a cysteine in the SRY protein.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 801955504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The affected tyrosine residue located at the C terminus of the DNA binding protein is evolutionarily strongly conserved among the members of the HMG box containing proteins.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 801955505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using gel shift assay and peptide synthesis such a mutation is shown to abolish the SRY protein DNA binding ability.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 801955506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The involvement of this particular amino acid in the binding specificity is also discussed.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 804350901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Corticosteroid receptors in lymphocytes: a possible marker of brain involution?@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 804350902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A similarity has recently been found between the regulation of corticosteroid receptors in brain and in lymphoid tissue.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 804350903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have studied the regulation of corticosteroid receptors in human mononuclear leukocytes as a possible marker of brain involution.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 804350904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Type I corticosteroid receptors are down regulated by excess of mineralocorticoids (primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism, pseudohyperaldosteronism) and of glucocorticoids (Cushing's syndrome).@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 804350905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Type II corticosteroid receptors are not reduced by excess of endogenous corticosteroids (Cushing's syndrome).@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 804350906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In normal adults there is a direct significant correlation between plasma cortisol and Type I and between plasma cortisol and Type II receptors in mononuclear leukocytes, while in Cushing's syndrome the correlation is inverse between plasma cortisol at 8 a.m. and Type II receptors.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 804350907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an aged population the mean numbers of Type I and of Type II receptors are lower and plasma cortisol is higher than in adult controls, but the increase of plasma cortisol is not followed by a clinical picture of hypercorticism.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 804350908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Corticosteroid Type I and Type II receptors are inversely correlated with age.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 804350909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After dexamethasone suppression (1 mg at 11 p.m.) Type I receptors always decrease in controls while the response of Type II is not homogeneous.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 804350910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an aged group of patients, both receptors are reduced by dexamethasone.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 804350911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that the decrease with age of corticosteroid receptors is possibly related to a physiological involution of corticosteroid receptors and that this reduction does increase plasma cortisol concentration, without affecting the glucocorticoid effector mechanism.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 805105101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mitogen activation of human peripheral T lymphocytes induces the formation of new cyclic AMP response element-binding protein nuclear complexes.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 805105102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A large body of evidence indicates that experimental agents which raise cellular cAMP levels inhibit T cell growth and division.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 805105103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, many studies have reported that mitogen activation of T cells increases cAMP levels, implying a positive physiological role for cAMP in the activation process.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 805105104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study we demonstrate that mitogen activation of human peripheral T lymphocytes induces nuclear factors that form complexes with cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB).@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 805105105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Four complexes are identified by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, two of which are induced by mitogen activation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 805105106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All four complexes contain CREB and are bound to the cAMP response element (CRE) core sequence (TGACGTCA), as indicated by antibody and oligonucleotide competition experiments.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 805105107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of the four complexes to CRE is prevented by dephosphorylation of nuclear extracts and is restored by rephosphorylation with cAMP-dependent protein kinase or endogenous kinases.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 805105108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar complexes are detected in nuclear extracts of Jurkat cells.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 805105109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mitogen induction of the electrophoretic mobility shift assay complexes is not accounted for by protein phosphorylation or by induction of CREB.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 805105110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rather, the data indicate that mitogen increases the levels of a nuclear factor(s) that dimerizes with CREB.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 805105111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of new CREB complexes implies a physiological role for cAMP in mitogen activation of T lymphocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 805395001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of glucocorticoids in rheumatoid arthritis.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 805395002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Diminished glucocorticoid receptors do not result in glucocorticoid resistance.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 805395003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE.@@@@1@2@@oe@19-12-2010 805395004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have diminished receptor density; thus, patients with RA should show partial resistance to glucocorticoids.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 805395005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated the glucocorticoid sensitivity of lymphocytes in RA patients compared with healthy subjects.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 805395006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS.@@@@1@2@@oe@19-12-2010 805395007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We determined the effects of glucocorticoids on lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine release.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 805395008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS.@@@@1@2@@oe@19-12-2010 805395009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proliferation and cytokine release were inhibited in RA patients to the same extent as in healthy controls.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 805395010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSION.@@@@1@2@@oe@19-12-2010 805395011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Diminished receptor density in RA patients does not result in glucocorticoid resistance.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 806053101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tat-binding protein 7 is a subunit of the 26S protease.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 806053102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Subunit 6 (S6), an integral component of the 26S protease from human erythrocytes, has been studied by SDS-PAGE, peptide mapping and sequence analysis.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 806053103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@S6 was cleaved with CNBr and three internal peptides were sequenced.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 806053104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A comparison with known proteins in Genbank revealed that all three S6 peptides match the predicted sequence of TBP7, Tat-binding protein 7.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 806053105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Based on peptide matches covering more than 10% of the TBP7 sequence, and the fact that the migration of S6 on SDS-PAGE is consistent with the estimated molecular mass for TBP7, we conclude that subunit 6 of the 26S protease is TBP7.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 806325501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Leiomyosarcoma of the vulva: report of a case.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 806325502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 52-year-old female presented with a progressively enlarging vulvar mass.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 806325503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pathological evaluation revealed a high-grade vulvar leiomyosarcoma.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 806325504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies were performed to support the diagnosis.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 806325505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an effort to better understand the biology of this tumor additional immunohistochemical studies for the protein product of p53 tumor suppressor gene and estrogen receptor expression by tumor cells, as well as the type of immune cells infiltrating the tumor were performed.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 806325506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor cells showed an overexpression of p53 protein and were estrogen receptor-positive.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 806325507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Macrophages and T and B lymphocytes infiltrated the tumor in moderate numbers with occasional lymphoid aggregate formation.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 806325508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study is the first attempt to better understand the biology of these tumors.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 806534801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Displacement of an E-box-binding repressor by basic helix-loop-helix proteins: implications for B-cell specificity of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 806534802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activity of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) enhancer is restricted to B cells, although it binds both B-cell-restricted and ubiquitous transcription factors.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 806534803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the enhancer in non-B cells upon overexpression of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein E2A appears to be mediated not only by the binding of E2A to its cognate E box but also by the resulting displacement of a repressor from that same site.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 806534804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have identified a "two-handed" zinc finger protein, denoted ZEB, the DNA-binding specificity of which mimics that of the cellular repressor.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 806534805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By employing a derivative E box that binds ZEB but not E2A, we have shown that the repressor is active in B cells and the IgH enhancer is silenced in the absence of binding competition by bHLH proteins.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 806534806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hence, we propose that a necessary prerequisite of enhancer activity is the B-cell-specific displacement of a ZEB-like repressor by bHLH proteins.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 807766001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of phospholipase D in the activation of transcription factor AP-1 in human T lymphoid Jurkat cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 807766002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of the AP-1 transcription factor has been ascribed to the early events leading to T lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 807766003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined the possibility that stimulation of phospholipase D (PLD) may regulate activation of transcription factor AP-1 in human T cells by transfecting human T lymphocyte Jurkat cells with a plasmid containing an AP-1 enhancer element and a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 807766004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have detected activatable PLD in Jurkat cells, and we have found that addition of phosphatidic acid (PA), the physiologic product of PLD action on phospholipids, is rapidly incorporated into Jurkat cells and leads to activation of transcription factor AP-1.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 807766005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of Jurkat cells with anti-CD3 mAb activated both PLD and transcription factor AP-1.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 807766006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Wortmannin, an inhibitor of receptor-coupled PLD activation, blocked the anti-CD3-induced increases in both PLD activity and AP-1 enhancer activity.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 807766007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found a good correlation in the transfected cells between PLD activation and induction of AP-1 enhancer activity under different experimental conditions.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 807766008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, ethanol, an inhibitor of the PLD pathway, blocked the anti-CD3-stimulated AP-1 enhancer activity.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 807766009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, this anti-CD3-mediated response was not inhibited by neomycin, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide hydrolysis.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 807766010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The increases in AP-1 enhancer activity induced by PA or anti-CD3 mAb were efficiently abrogated by the presence of propranolol, an inhibitor of PA phosphohydrolase and protein kinase C (PKC).@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 807766011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the PA- and the anti-CD3-induced increases in AP-1 enhancer activity were blocked by the presence of PKC inhibitors or by PKC down-regulation.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 807766012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate that PLD stimulation can activate the transcription factor AP-1 in T lymphocytes, and suggest that the induction of AP-1 enhancer factor activity by PA is mediated via PKC stimulation, either through a direct activating effect of PA or through PA-derived diacylglycerol formation.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 807766013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data also provide evidence for a role of PLD-derived lipids in the induction of AP-1 enhancer activity resulting from stimulation of the TCR/CD3 complex, suggesting that increased PLD activity can play an important role in T lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 808515501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An interleukin-4-induced transcription factor: IL-4 Stat.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 808515502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is an immunomodulatory cytokine secreted by activated T lymphocytes, basophils, and mast cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 808515503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It plays an important role in modulating the balance of T helper (Th) cell subsets, favoring expansion of the Th2 lineage relative to Th1.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 808515504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Imbalance of these T lymphocyte subsets has been implicated in immunological diseases including allergy, inflammation, and autoimmune disease.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 808515505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 may mediate its biological effects, at least in part, by activating a tyrosine-phosphorylated DNA binding protein.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 808515506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This protein has now been purified and its encoding gene cloned.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 808515507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Examination of the primary amino acid sequence of this protein indicates that it is a member of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) family of DNA binding proteins, hereby designated IL-4 Stat.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 808515508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Study of the inhibitory activities of phosphotyrosine-containing peptides derived from the intracellular domain of the IL-4 receptor provided evidence for direct coupling of receptor and transcription factor during the IL-4 Stat activation cycle.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 808515509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such observations indicate that IL-4 Stat has the same functional domain for both receptor coupling and dimerization.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 808886001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mechanisms involved in the inhibition of growth of a human B lymphoma cell line, B104, by anti-MHC class II antibodies.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 808886002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanisms involved in the inhibition of growth of a human B lymphoma cell line, B104, by anti-MHC class II antibodies (Ab) were compared with those in anti-IgM Ab-induced B104 growth inhibition.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 808886003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two anti-MHC class II Ab, L227 and 2.06, inhibited the growth of B104 cells, although 2.06, but not L227, needed to be further cross-linked with a goat anti-mouse IgG Ab (GAM) to show the effect.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 808886004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@L227 induced an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) from the intracellular pool and little or no protein tyrosine phosphorylation, phosphatidyl inositol turnover, or expression of Egr-1 mRNA, whereas 2.06 plus GAM induced an increase in [Ca2+]i from both the intracellular and, in particular, the extracellular pools.@@@@1@56@@oe@19-12-2010 808886005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibition of B104 cell growth induced by anti-MHC class II Ab was Ca(2+)-independent and not inhibited by actinomycin D or cyclosporin A, and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M interphase was not observed.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 808886006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These features are very different from those observed in B104 cell death induced by anti-IgM Ab.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 808886007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither DNA fragmentation nor the morphology of apoptosis was observed.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 808886008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings demonstrate that cross-linking of MHC class II molecules transduced the negative signals through intracellular mechanisms different from those present in the cross-linking of surface IgM.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 809516701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human CD4 lymphocytes specifically recognize a peptide representing the fusion region of the hybrid protein pml/RAR alpha present in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 809516702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fusion proteins present in leukemic cells frequently contain a new amino acid at the fusion point.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 809516703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We tested whether a peptide (BCR1/25) encompassing the fusion region of the hybrid molecule pml/RAR alpha, which is selectively expressed by acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells, can be recognized by human T lymphocytes in vitro.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 809516704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD4+ lymphocytes, at both polyclonal and clonal level, recognized peptide BCR1/25 in an HLA-DR--restricted fashion on presentation by autologous antigen-presenting cell (APC) or by APC expressing the HLA-DR11 restricting molecule.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 809516705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Control peptides corresponding to the normal pml and RAR alpha proteins were not recognized.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 809516706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One clone (DEG5) also exerted a high and specific cytotoxicity against autologous cells pulsed with BCR1/25.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 809516707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The autologous DE LCL containing a transduced pml/RAR alpha fusion gene and expressing a bcr1 type of the pml/RAR alpha hybrid protein induced the proliferation of DE anti-BCR1/25 T cell clones.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 809516708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is concluded that the bcr1 type-pml/RAR alpha fusion protein of APL contains an antigenic site, absent from the normal parent molecules and recognized by human CD4+ lymphocytes.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 809651901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Sp1 transcription factor binds the CD11b promoter specifically in myeloid cells in vivo and is essential for myeloid-specific promoter activity.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 809651902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The myeloid integrin CD11b is expressed selectively on the surface of mature macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 809651903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lineage-specific expression is controlled at the level of mRNA transcription.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 809651904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent isolation of the CD11b promoter shows that 92 base pairs (bp) of 5'-flanking DNA are sufficient to direct myeloid-specific expression of a reporter gene.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 809651905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To characterize regulatory sequences important for promoter activity, we performed linker scanning analysis of the 92-bp CD11b promoter and demonstrate that a sequence at bp -60 is essential for CD11b promoter activity.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 809651906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that this sequence binds the transcription factor Sp1 in vitro and in vivo.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 809651907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo the Sp1 site is bound only in myeloid (U937) cells, not in cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 809651908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the macrophage transcription factor PU.1 binds the CD11b promoter in vitro and in vivo close to the Sp1 site.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 809651909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose a model in which binding of a myeloid-specific factor (PU.1) allows a general factor (Sp1) to bind in a tissue-specific fashion thereby contributing to the myeloid-specific expression of CD11b.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 812123701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Direct exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) increases infectivity of human erythrocytes to a malarial parasite.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 812123702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Direct exposure to 10 nM 2,3,7,8-TCDD caused a 75% increase and a 2-fold increase in the infectivity of isolated human erythrocytes to P. falciparum after 48 hours when the parasites were in an unsynchronized or synchronized state of growth, respectively.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 812123703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of human erythrocytes with 10 microM sodium orthovanadate (NaOV), an inhibitor of plasma membrane Ca-ATPase and phosphotyrosine phosphatase, decreased parasitemia by 30%.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 812123704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Co-treatment of RBCs with TCDD and NaOV completely blocked the TCDD-induced increase in parasitemia.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 812123705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because erythrocytes are anucleated, these results are discussed as evidence for biochemical changes by TCDD without requiring the activation of gene products.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 812385501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Isolation and characterization of gelatinase granules from human neutrophils.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 812385502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We recently confirmed the existence of gelatinase granules as a subpopulation of peroxidase-negative granules by double-labeling immunogold electron microscopy on intact cells and by subcellular fractionation.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 812385503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further characterization of gelatinase granules has been hampered by poor separation of specific and gelatinase granules on both two-layer Percoll gradients and sucrose gradients.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 812385504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have developed a three-layer Percoll density gradient that allows separation of the different granules and vesicles from human neutrophils; in particular, it allows separation of specific and gelatinase granules.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 812385505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This allows us to characterize these two granule populations with regard to their content of membrane proteins, which become incorporated into the plasma membrane during exocytosis.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 812385506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that gelatinase granules, defined as peroxidase-negative granules containing gelatinase but lacking lactoferrin, contain 50% of total cell gelatinase, with the remaining residing in specific granules.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 812385507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we found that 20% to 25% of both the adhesion protein Mac-1 and the NADPH-oxidase component cytochrome b558 is localized in gelatinase granules.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 812385508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although no qualitative difference was observed between specific granules and gelatinase granules with respect to cytochrome b558 and Mac-1, stimulation of the neutrophil with FMLP resulted in a selective mobilization of the least dense peroxidase-negative granules, ie, gelatinase granules, which, in concert with secretory vesicles, furnish the plasma membrane with Mac-1 and cytochrome b558.@@@@1@61@@oe@19-12-2010 812385509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This shows that gelatinase granules are functionally important relative to specific granules in mediating early inflammatory responses.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 812634801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stress response of senescent T lymphocytes: reduced hsp70 is independent of the proliferative block.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 812634802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Senescent human T lymphocyte cultures are unable to undergo proliferation, but show no difference from early passage cells in cytotoxic function or surface antigenic profile.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 812634803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A second feature of senescent T cells is the dramatic reduction in hsp70 production in response to heat shock.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 812634804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This decline is associated with a decrease in binding of nuclear extracts to the consensus heat shock element.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 812634805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, the progressive decline in the heat shock response of cultured T cells correlates with the percent proliferative life span completed rather than with the actual proliferative activity at the time of heat shock.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 812634806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This suggests that for senescent T cells the reduced ability to respond to heat shock by producing hsp70, although possibly lying at the level of transcriptional control, may nevertheless be unrelated to the reduced DNA synthesis or the diminished proliferative activity also manifested by these cells.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 814231801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Androgen binding sites in peripheral human mononuclear leukocytes of healthy males and females.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 814231802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Androgen binding sites have been identified in circulating human mononuclear leukocytes of healthy donors of both sexes.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 814231803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells were separated from blood samples on a Ficoll gradient and incubated with different concentrations of [3H]testosterone in the presence or absence of a 400-fold excess of unlabelled testosterone.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 814231804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding data were derived from Scatchard analysis.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 814231805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The binding sites fulfil the required criteria for specific steroid binding sites however differ somewhat from the classic androgen receptors from genital skin fibroblast: in fertile adult males (n = 20) the binding sites showed (1) a high affinity for testosterone (1.32 +/- 0.49 nM; mean +/- SD), (2) a saturable capacity (184 +/- 52 binding sites per cell; mean +/- SD), and (3) a characteristic competitive binding profile for other steroid hormones (relative binding affinities: testosterone = dihydrotestosterone > 17 beta-estradiol > progesterone, whereas aldosterone, 17-hydroxy-progesterone and cortisol did not compete appreciably).@@@@1@116@@oe@19-12-2010 814231806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore the number of binding sites determined using [3H]dihydrotestosterone, [3H]RU-1881, or [3H]testosterone were comparable.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 814231807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This raises the possibility that androgen receptors in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes differ from those in genital skin fibroblasts.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 814231808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was no apparent correlation between serum testosterone concentrations and androgen binding sites.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 814231809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In fertile women remarkable changes in androgen binding sites were seen in the course of the menstrual cycle, with a significant increase in the immediate preovulatory period.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 814231810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of androgen receptors in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes provides for the first time the experimental basis for an hypothesis of direct, receptor-mediated effects of androgens on mature immunocompetent cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 814231811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immunological implications of these results are discussed.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 814309501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Comparative mapping of SRY in the great apes.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 814309502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytogenetic studies of the primate Y chromosomes have suggested that extensive rearrangements have occurred during evolution of the great apes.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 814309503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have used in situ hybridization to define these rearrangements at the molecular level.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 814309504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@pHU-14, a probe including sequences from the sex determining gene SRY, hybridizes close to the early replicating pseudoautosomal segment in a telomeric or subtelomeric position of the Y chromosomes of all great apes.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 814309505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The low copy repeat detected by the probe Fr35-II is obviously included in Y chromosomal rearrangements during hominid evolution.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 814309506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results, combined with previous studies, suggest that the Y chromosome in great apes has a conserved region including the pseudoautosomal region and the testis-determining region.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 814309507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The rest of the Y chromosome has undergone several rearrangements in the different great apes.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 814412901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Detection of minimal residual disease in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia by RT-PCR: necessity of chemotherapy following ATRA therapy.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 814412902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The PML/RAR alpha fusion gene resulting from the t (15;17) translocation is a specific marker for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 814412903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We examined bone marrow cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect residual PML/RAR alpha mRNA-containing cells following treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and cytotoxic chemotherapy in a patient with APL.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 814412904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This RT-PCR assay can detect one leukemic cell in 10(2) normal cells in vitro.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 814412905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that PML/RAR alpha mRNA was still detectable despite clinical remission following ATRA treatment, but undetectable following consolidation with chemotherapy.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 814412906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data show that this technique is useful for the identification of minimal residual disease in patients with APL and that cytotoxic chemotherapy following ATRA therapy is required for the elimination of APL cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 815178101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosomal entry site RNA-protein interactions.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 815178102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Translational initiation of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) mRNA occurs by ribosomal entry into the 5' nontranslated region of the EMCV mRNA, rather than by ribosomal scanning.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 815178103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Internal ribosomal binding requires a cis-acting element termed the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES).@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 815178104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IRES elements have been proposed to be involved in the translation of picornavirus mRNAs and some cellular mRNAs.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 815178105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Internal ribosome binding likely requires the interaction of trans-acting factors that recognize both the mRNA and the ribosomal complex.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 815178106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Five cellular proteins (p52, p57, p70, p72, and p100) cross-link the EMCV IRES or fragments of the IRES.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 815178107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For one of these proteins, p57, binding to the IRES correlates with translation.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 815178108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, p57 was identified to be very similar, if not identical, to polypyrimidine tract-binding protein.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 815178109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the basis of cross-linking results with 21 different EMCV IRES fragments and cytoplasmic HeLa extract or rabbit reticulocyte lysate as the source of polypeptides, consensus binding sites for p52, p57, p70, and p100 are proposed.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 815178110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is suggested that each of these proteins recognizes primarily a structural feature of the RNA rather than a specific sequence.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 815766301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of the human gene encoding LBR, an integral protein of the nuclear envelope inner membrane.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 815766302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have characterized the human gene encoding LBR, an integral protein of the nuclear envelope inner membrane.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 815766303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Restriction mapping shows that the transcription unit spans approximately 35 kilobases.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 815766304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A transcription start site is located approximately 4 kilobases 5' to the translation initiation codon, and an RNA splice of 3863 bases occurs in the 5'-untranslated region to generate mature HeLa cell mRNA.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 815766305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@5' to the identified transcription start site are two CCAAT sequences and potential recognition sites for several transcription factors including Sp1, AP-1, AP-2, and NF-kB.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 815766306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There are 13 protein coding exons in the LBR gene.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 815766307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LBR's nucleoplasmic domain is encoded by exons 1-4, and its hydrophobic domain, with eight putative transmembrane segments, is encoded by exons 5-13.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 815766308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The hydrophobic domain is homologous to three yeast polypeptides, suggesting that this higher eukaryotic gene could have evolved from recombination between a gene that encoded a soluble nuclear protein and a membrane protein gene similar to those in yeast.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 815766309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results are the first to demonstrate the structural organization of a vertebrate gene encoding an integral membrane protein of the nuclear envelope that may be a member of a family of polypeptides conserved in evolution.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 815795801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of a novel serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates c-Fos upon stimulation of T and B lymphocytes via antigen and cytokine receptors.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 815795802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ligation of Ag receptors in T and B lymphocytes initiates signal transduction cascades which alter the expression of genes that regulate cellular proliferation and differentiation.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 815795803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transmission of signals from the membrane to the nucleus is mediated principally through the action of protein tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 815795804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have identified and characterized a novel serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylated the proto-oncogene product, c-Fos, and is termed Fos kinase.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 815795805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fos kinase was rapidly activated after ligation of the CD3 and CD2 receptors in Jurkat and normal human T lymphocytes and in response to IL-6 and anti-IgM in the human B cell lines AF10 and Ramos, respectively.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 815795806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The phorbol ester, PMA, was also a potent inducer of Fos kinase activity in all of the above populations, suggesting that PKC plays a role in the regulation of this enzyme.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 815795807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fos kinase phosphorylates c-Fos at a site near the C-terminus, as well as a peptide derived from this region (residues 359-370, RKGSSSNEPSSD), and Fos peptide competitively inhibited c-Fos phosphorylation.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 815795808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fos kinase was shown to be distinct from other identified serine/threonine kinases, including protein kinase A, protein kinase C, casein kinase II, MAP kinases, p70S6K and p90RSK.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 815795809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fos kinase was purified by anion exchange chromatography and exhibited an apparent M(r) = 65,000 and isoelectric point = 6.1.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 815795810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fos kinase may play a role in transcriptional regulation through its capacity to phosphorylate c-Fos at a site required for expression of the transcriptional transrepressive activity of this molecule.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 815795811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, its rapid activation suggests it may have a wider role within signal transduction cascades in lymphocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 817589401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferon alpha selectively affects expression of the human myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen in late stage cells in the monocytic but not the granulocytic lineage.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 817589402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) is expressed constitutively in cells of the myeloid lineage, appearing in myeloblast cells in some cases of acute myeloid leukemia and consistently being detected in promyelocyte stage cells as well as in all later stage cells including peripheral blood monocytes and granulocytes.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 817589403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human myeloid leukemia cell lines, HL-60, U937, and THP-1, express similar levels of immunochemically detectable MNDA.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 817589404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although, the level of MNDA mRNA in primary monocytes is very low it was up-regulated at 6 h following the addition of interferon alpha.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 817589405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of interferon alpha on the MNDA mRNA is also observed in the cell lines HL-60, U937, and THP-1.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 817589406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The MNDA mRNA level in primary granulocytes was unaffected by addition of interferon alpha and other agents including interferon gamma, endotoxin, poly (I).poly (C), and FMLP.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 817589407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The MNDA mRNA level in the myeloid cell lines was also unaffected by the latter four agents.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 817589408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of differentiation in the myeloid cell lines with phorbol ester induces monocyte differentiation which was accompanied by a decrease in MNDA mRNA level.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 817589409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This reduced level of mRNA could then be elevated with subsequent interferon alpha treatment.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 817589410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of phorbol ester on MNDA mRNA appeared to be associated with induced differentiation since inhibiting cell proliferation did not alter the level of MNDA mRNA and cell cycle variation in MNDA mRNA levels were not observed.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 817589411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ability of interferon alpha to up-regulate MNDA mRNA in phorbol ester treated myeloid cell lines is consistent with the observations made in primary monocytes.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 817589412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 818292201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of proto-oncogene and cytokine expression in human peripheral blood monocytes and the monocytic cell line THP-1 after stimulation with mycoplasma-derived material MDHM.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 818292202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mycoplasma fermentans-derived high-molecular-weight material (MDHM) was originally described to induce differentiation of murine thymocytes to cytolytic effector T-cells by stimulating IL-6 release from adherent cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 818292203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study shows that human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMo) also respond to MDHM with increases in IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF alpha expression, both at the mRNA and protein level.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 818292204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induced expression of IL-1 beta and TNF alpha mRNA in the monocytic THP-1 cell line increased as quickly as in primary cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 818292205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to PBMo, THP-1 and 14 other monocytic/myeloid leukemia-derived cell lines did not secrete measurable amounts of the cytokines upon treatment with MDHM.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 818292206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-1 beta and IL-6 genes contain AP-1 binding sites as regulatory elements, the AP-1 protein being composed of c-jun and c-fos gene products.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 818292207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In THP-1 cells c-jun mRNA expression increased after incubation with MDHM while positive c-fos expression remained unaffected.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 818292208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although these data suggest AP-1 regulated cytokine mRNA expression, results from PBMo are not in accordance with this notion.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 818292209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the primary cells MDHM-induced elevation of cytokine mRNA levels was preceded by a downregulation of c-fos expression while positive c-jun expression was not modulated.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 818292210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-myc mRNA expression, constitutively high in THP-1 cells, was induced in MDHM-stimulated PBMo.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 818292211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, MDHM-stimulated induction of cytokine mRNA expression was accompanied by different proto-oncogene responses in PBMo and THP-1 cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 818292212@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These differences may represent different regulatory pathways of the two cell systems.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 818292213@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alternatively, these data support the notion that neither AP-1 nor the c-myc protein are involved in the MDHM-induced increase in IL-1 beta, IL-6 or TNF alpha mRNA levels.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 818292214@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the present results demonstrate clearly that mycoplasma products can have a profound impact on the activation status of eukaryotic cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 818293801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All-trans retinoic acid and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 co-operate to promote differentiation of the human promyeloid leukemia cell line HL60 to monocytes.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 818293802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A basis for differentiation therapy of leukemias is provided by knowledge of agents which induce specific lineage maturation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 818293803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All-trans retinoic acid (RA) induces differentiation of HL60 cells to neutrophils and is used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 818293804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We observed that RA did not induced neutrophil differentiation in serum-free grown HL60 cells whereas 50 nM 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (D3) induced maximal monocyte differentiation.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 818293805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increasing RA concentrations reduced the D3 concentration required for monocyte differentiation.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 818293806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells treated with 5 nM D3 showed little response, but differentiated maximally with 5 nM D3 and 10 nM RA.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 818293807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The D3 analogs MC903, EB1089 and KH1060 were more potent inducers of monocyte differentiation.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 818293808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The extent to which analog activity was increased after cotreatment with RA was inversely related to potency.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 818293809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Twenty-four hour treatment with 10 nM RA primed cells for response to 5 nM D3; the reverse sequence being ineffective.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 818293810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Priming with 10 nM RA, or subsequent treatment with D3 (5 nM), did not alter expression of mRNAs encoding receptors for D3 (VDR), RA (RAR alpha) or 9-CIS RA (RXR alpha, beta, gamma).@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 818293811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@That RA promotes both neutrophil and monocyte differentiation has implications for the use of RA and D3 in treatment of leukemias and provides insight into mechanisms whereby RAR, VDR and RXR facilitate monocyte differentiation.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 819154701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Novel aldosterone receptors: specificity-conferring mechanism at the level of the cell membrane.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 819154702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional studies in extra-renal, nonepithelial cells such as smooth muscle cells and more recently circulating human lymphocytes have provided increasing evidence that aldosterone produces not only classical genomic effects, but also rapid non-genomic effects on transmembrane electrolyte movements.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 819154703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These involve activation of the sodium/proton-exchanger of the cell membrane at very low, physiological concentrations of aldosterone with an acute onset within 1-2 minutes.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 819154704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A second messenger cascade involved is the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate/calcium pathway which responds over the same rapid time course.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 819154705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such changes clearly cannot be explained by genomic mechanisms, which are responsible for later effects than the membrane-related rapid responses.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 819154706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to its rapid time course the unique characteristics of this new pathway for steroid action include a 10000-fold selectivity for aldosterone over cortisol and the ineffectiveness of spironolactones, classical mineralocorticoid antagonists, as antagonists of the response.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 819154707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Subsequently binding sites have been demonstrated in the plasma membrane of human lymphocytes which show pharmacological (aldosterone specificity) and kinetic (high turnover) properties identical with those of the rapid aldosterone effects in the same cells.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 819154708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SDS-PAGE analysis of the receptor protein has shown a molecular weight of approximately 50 kD.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 819154709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present paper reviews the data supporting a new, two-step model for non-genomic and genomic aldosterone effects.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 819154710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It also suggests a novel specificity-conferring mechanism for mineralocorticoid action at the membrane level.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010