863267001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of Id2 and Id3 mRNA in human lymphocytes.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 863267002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factors are involved in cellular growth and differentiation.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 863267003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Id (inhibitor of DNA binding and differentiation) HLH proteins, in a dominantly negative fashion, regulate transcriptional activities of basic HLH proteins.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 863267004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We examined by northern hybridization the expression of Id2 and Id3 mRNA in human leukemia/lymphoma lines and patient samples, as well as resting and activated normal human lymphocytes from peripheral blood (PBL).@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 863267005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Id2 mRNA was abundantly expressed in 5/12 T-cell and 3/4 B-cell lines, and Id3 mRNA was detected in 4/12 T-cell and 3/4 B-cell lines.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 863267006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, Id2, but not Id3, mRNA was strongly expressed in 4/5 T-cell lines infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) (ATL-1k, MT-2, S-LB1) and type II (Mo).@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 863267007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Another unexpected finding was that T-cell leukemias and T-cell lines often expressed either Id2 or Id3 mRNA.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 863267008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, resting PBL constitutively expressed prominent levels of Id2 mRNA, but not Id3 mRNA.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 863267009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upon PHA-stimulation, Id2 expression decreased and Id3 levels increased with biphasic kinetics.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 863267010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, our studies revealed three unexpected findings which require further analysis: (1) expression of Id2 mRNA is often associated with lymphocytic transformation by HTLV-I or -II; (2) T-cells usually express either Id2 or Id3 mRNA, but B-cells often express both simultaneously; (3) non-dividing, normal PBL express high levels of Id2 and no Id3 mRNA; and with the onset of cellular proliferation, levels of Id2 mRNA decrease while levels of Id3 mRNA increase, suggesting that regulation of expression of these closely related genes is disparate.@@@@1@101@@oe@19-12-2010 863441801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The RAR-RXR as well as the RXR-RXR pathway is involved in signaling growth inhibition of human CD34+ erythroid progenitor cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 863441802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous studies have shown that retinoic acid (RA), similar to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), can act as a bifunctional regulator of the growth of bone marrow progenitors, in that it can stimulate granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)- or interleukin-3 (IL-3)-induced GM colony formation, but potently inhibit G-CSF-induced growth.@@@@1@62@@oe@19-12-2010 863441803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study, using highly enriched human CD34+ as well as Lin- murine bone marrow progenitor cells, demonstrates a potent inhibitory effect of 9-cis-RA on burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) colony formation regardless of the cytokine stimulating growth.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 863441804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specifically, 9-cis-RA potently inhibited the growth of BFU-E response to erythropoietin (Epo) (100%), stem cell factor (SCF) + Epo (92%), IL-3 + Epo (97%), IL-4 + Epo (88%), and IL-9 + Epo (100%).@@@@1@58@@oe@19-12-2010 863441805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Erythroid colony growth was also inhibited when CD34+ progenitors were seeded at one cell per well, suggesting a direct action of RA.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 863441806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using synthetic ligands to retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) that selectively bind and activate RAR-RXR or RXR-RXR dimers, respectively, we dissected the involvement of the two retinoid response pathways in the regulation of normal myeloid and erythroid progenitor cell growth.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 863441807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transactivation studies showed that both the RAR (Ro 13-7410) and RXR (Ro 25-6603 and Ro 25-7386) ligands were highly selective at 100 nmol/L.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 863441808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At this concentration, Ro 13-7410 potently inhibited G-CSF-stimulated myeloid as well as SCF + Epo-induced erythroid colony growth.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 863441809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At the same concentration, Ro 25-6603 and Ro 25-7386 had little or no effect on G-CSF-induced colony formation, whereas they inhibited 75% and 53%, respectively, of SCF + Epo-stimulated BFU-E colony growth.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 863441810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the RAR-RXR response pathway can signal growth inhibition of normal bone marrow myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 863441811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, we demonstrate a unique involvement of the RXR-RXR pathway in mediating growth inhibition of erythroid but not myeloid progenitor cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 863443801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of A-myb, but not c-myb and B-myb, is restricted to Burkitt's lymphoma, sIg+ B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and a subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemias.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 863443802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The A-myb gene encodes a transcription factor that is related both functionally and structurally to the v-myb oncogene.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 863443803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Following our observations that A-myb is expressed in a restricted subset of normal mature human B lymphocytes, with the phenotype CD38+, CD39-, slgM-, we have now investigated the pattern of A-myb expression in neoplastic B cells representating the whole spectrum of B-cell differentiation and compared it to that of c-myb and B-myb.@@@@1@57@@oe@19-12-2010 863443804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a panel of 32 B-cell lines, A-myb was very strongly expressed in most Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cell lines, but weak or negative in 2 pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 4 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), 6 Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines, and 6 myeloma lines.@@@@1@58@@oe@19-12-2010 863443805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Protein expression paralleled that of the RNA.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 863443806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have also investigated A-myb expression in 49 fresh cases of B leukemias.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 863443807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Among 24 ALL, 6 were of the null and 11 of the common type and all these were negative for A-myb expression; on the other hand, all 7 B-ALL cases (slg+), as well as one fresh BL case with bone marrow infiltration, expressed A-myb.@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 863443808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A-myb was undetectable in 4 prolymphocytic leukemias (PLL) but was strongly expressed in 5/20 (25%) of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) samples.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 863443809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the latter A-myb did not correlate with phenotype or clinical stage.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 863443810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, we have studied the progression of one case of CLL into Richter's syndrome and have found that the Richter's cells expressed about 25-fold less A-myb RNA than the CLL cells from the same patient.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 863443811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The pattern of c-myb and B-myb was clearly distinct from that of A-myb.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 863443812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@C-myb and B-myb were expressed in all neoplastic groups, except in CLL cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 863443813@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, A-myb expression, unlike that of c-myb and B-myb, is restricted to a subset of B-cell neoplasias (in particular BL and slg+B-ALL) representative of a specific stage of B-cell differentiation.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 863443814@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This expression may in part reflect expression of A-myb by the normal germinal center B cells that are the normal counterpart of these transformed B cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 863443815@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data presented strongly support a role for this transcription factor in B-cell differentiation and perhaps in B-cell transformation in some neoplasias.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 863444001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of p13MTCP1 is restricted to mature T-cell proliferations with t(X;14) translocations.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 863444002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), a rare form of mature T-cell leukemias, and ataxia telangiectasia clonal proliferation, a related condition occurring in patients suffering from ataxia telangiectasia, have been associated to translocations involving the 14q32.1 or Xq28 regions, where are located the TCL1 and MTCP1 putative oncogenes, respectively.@@@@1@56@@oe@19-12-2010 863444003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The MTCP1 gene is involved in the t(X;14)(q28;q11) translocation associated with these T-cell proliferations.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 863444004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alternative splicing generates type A and B transcripts that potentially encode two entirely distinct proteins; type A transcripts code for a small mitochondrial protein, p8MTCP1, and type B transcripts, containing an additional open reading frame, may code for 107 amino-acid protein, p13MTCP1.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 863444005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The recently cloned TCL1 gene, also involved in translocations and inversions associated with T-cell proliferations, codes for a 14-kD protein that displays significant homology with p13MTCP1.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 863444006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have generated rabbit antisera against this putative p13MTCP1 protein and screened for expression of p13MTCP1 normal lymphoid tissues and 33 cases of immature and mature lymphoid T-cell proliferations using a sensitive Western blot assay.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 863444007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also investigated the MTCP1 locus configuration by Southern blot analysis.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 863444008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The p13MTCP1 protein was detected in the three T-cell proliferations with MTCP1 rearrangements because of t(X;14) translocations, but neither in normal resting and activated lymphocytes nor in the other T-cell leukemias.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 863444009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data support the hypothesis that p13MTCP1 and p14TCL1 form a new protein family that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of T-PLL and related conditions.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 863946101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphoid cell resistance to glucocorticoids in HIV infection.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 863946102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In humans infected with the HIV-1 virus there may be a disproportionate severity of signs and symptoms of illness compared to the fraction of CD4+ infected T-lymphoid cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 863946103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In part, this may be due to altered intercellular signalling systems and intracellular signal transduction.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 863946104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoids are well known for their effects on the vitality and function of lymphoid cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 863946105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Patients with HIV infections often show elevated circulating levels of cortisol, suggesting some misfunction in the regulatory systems that maintain the levels of this critical hormone.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 863946106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At the cellular level, it is known that both acute HIV infection and glucocorticoids can cause apoptotic cell death in thymic lymphocytes.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 863946107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, chronically HIV-infected cells appear to be resistant to glucocorticoid-evoked cell death.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 863946108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptor-ligand binding studies on patients' cells have shown reduced affinity between the receptor binding sites and test steroids.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 863946109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro, chronically HIV-infected cells of the lymphoid CEM line displayed resistance to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 863946110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These cells showed reduced numbers of binding sites with little alteration in apparent affinity between ligand and receptor.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 863946111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus it appears that there may often be malfunction of the normal glucocorticoid response in HIV-infected cells probably due to altered interactions between the glucocorticoid receptor and its hormone.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 863946112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such alterations may have clinical consequences, including the possibility of a relatively longer life span of infected CD4+ T-lymphocytes, as well as systemic effects of chronically elevated cortisol level.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 864180501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of interleukin-10 on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, and lipopolysaccharide.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 864180502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deactivation of mononuclear phagocytes is critical to limit the inflammatory response but can be detrimental in the face of progressive infection.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 864180503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We compared the effects of the deactivating cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida albicans.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 864180504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-10 effected dose-dependent inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) release in PBMC stimulated by LPS and C. neoformans, with significant inhibition seen with 0.1 U/ml and greater than 90% inhibition noted with 10 U/ml.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 864180505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, even at doses as high as 100 U/ml, IL-10 inhibited TNF-alpha release in response to C. albicans by only 50%.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 864180506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-10 profoundly inhibited release of IL-1beta from PBMC stimulated by all three stimuli.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 864180507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TNF-alpha mRNA and release was inhibited even if IL-10 was added up to 8 h after cryptococcal stimulation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 864180508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, inhibition of IL-1 beta mRNA was of lesser magnitude and occurred only when IL-10 was added within 2 h of cryptococcal stimulation.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 864180509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-10 inhibited translocation of NF-kappaB in response to LPS but not the fungal stimuli.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 864180510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All three stimuli induced IL-10 production in PBMC, although over 10-fold less IL-10 was released in response to C. neoformans compared with LPS and C. albicans.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 864180511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, while IL-10 has deactivating effects on PBMC responses to all three stimuli, disparate stimulus- and response-specific patterns of deactivation are seen.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 864180512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition by IL-10 of proinflammatory cytokine release appears to occur at the level of gene transcription for TNF-alpha and both transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally for IL-1beta.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 864226801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HLA-DQB1 codon 57 is critical for peptide binding and recognition.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 864226802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The association of specific HLA-DQ alleles with autoimmunity is correlated with discrete polymorphisms in the HLA-DQ sequence that are localized within sites suitable for peptide recognition.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 864226803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The polymorphism at residue 57 of the DQB1 polypeptide is of particular interest since it may play a major structural role in the formation of a salt bridge structure at one end of the peptide-binding cleft of the DQ molecules.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 864226804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This polymorphism at residue 57 is a recurrent feature of HLA-DQ evolution, occurring in multiple distinct allelic families, which implies a functional selection for maintaining variation at this position in the class II molecule.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 864226805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We directly tested the amino acid polymorphism at this site as a determinant for peptide binding and for antigen-specific T cell stimulation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 864226806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that a single Ala-->Asp amino acid 57 substitution in an HLA-DQ3.2 molecule regulated binding of an HSV-2 VP-16-derived peptide.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 864226807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A complementary single-residue substitution in the peptide abolished its binding to DQ3.2 and converted it to a peptide that can bind to DQ3.1 and DQ3.3 Asp-57-positive MHC molecules.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 864226808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These binding studies were paralleled by specific T cell recognition of the class II-peptide complex, in which the substituted peptide abolished T cell reactivity, which was directed to the DQ3.2-peptide complex, whereas the same T cell clone recognized the substituted peptide presented by DQ3.3, a class II restriction element differing from DQ3.2 only at residue 57.@@@@1@61@@oe@19-12-2010 864226809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This structural and functional complementarity for residue 57 and a specific peptide residue identifies this interaction as a key controlling determinant of restricted recognition in HLA-DQ-specific immune response.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 864268601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Epstein-Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen EBNA-5 accumulates in PML-containing bodies.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 864268602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EBNA-5 is one of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded nuclear proteins required for immortalization of human B lymphocytes.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 864268603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the nuclei of EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines EBNA-5 is preferentially targetted to distinct nuclear foci.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 864268604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previously we have shown (W.Q. Jiang, L.Szekely, V.Wendel-Hansen, N.Ringertz, G.Klein, and A. Rosen, Exp.Cell Res.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 864530301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of Retinoid X Receptor alpha is increased upon monocytic cell differentiation.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 864530302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1 alpha, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD) is a potent inducer of monocytic differentiation of both normal and leukemic cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 864530303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Its effects are mediated by its nuclear receptor (VDR).@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 864530304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Efficient gene activation requires the heterodimerization of VDR with Retinoid X Receptors (RXR).@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 864530305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study using specific antibodies, we analyzed the expression of the RXR alpha protein in blood mononuclear cells from acute myeloid patients (AML) (10 cases) and from myelomonocytic cell lines arrested at different stages of differentiation.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 864530306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We observed that the RXR alpha expression increased during myelomonocytic differentiation, since the highest levels were found in AML samples and in myelomonocytic cell lines having the highest amounts of monocytic precursors.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 864530307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also demonstrated that fresh leukemic cells, whatever their stage of differentiation, as well as myelomonocytic cell lines, respond to VD by an increase in RXR alpha levels.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 864530308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Combinations of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) and VD, in some cases, increased this effect.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 864530309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This response suggests the involvement of RXR alpha in monocytic differentiation upon VD treatment.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 864561601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Putative steroid binding domain of the human mineralocorticoid receptor, expressed in E. coli in the presence of heat shock proteins shows typical native receptor characteristics.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 864561602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Domain E, considered as the putative hormone binding domain (HBD) of the human mineralocorticoid receptor (hMR) was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with either maltose binding protein (MBP) or glutathione S-transferase (GST).@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 864561603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These bacterially-produced MR constructs had no steroid binding activity per se.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 864561604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In fact, heat shock protein association (hsp) is required for high affinity ligand-binding of the MR.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 864561605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After incubation of purified MBP- or GST-HBD with rabbit reticulocyte lysate, known to be rich in heat shock proteins, we obtained saturable binding of [3H]aldosterone.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 864561606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Kd value for aldosterone was 0.3 nM and the Bmax = 32 pmol/mg.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 864561607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hormone binding specificity was assessed by competition studies with various steroid ligands.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 864561608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sucrose gradient assays performed with [3H]aldosterone-MBP-HBD revealed complex sedimenting at 8.3S and 4.9S with [3H]progesterone-MBP-HBD.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 864561609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Western-blot analysis of the sedimentation peak showed the concomitant presence of MBP-HBD by a monoclonal anti-MBP antibody, and hsp90 by a monoclonal anti-hsp antibody.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 864561610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, following incubation with the anti-rabbit hsp90 monoclonal antibody the sedimenting gradient showed a 10.4S sedimenting complex.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 864561611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These analyses demonstrated that the [3H]aldosterone-MBP-HBD complex is at least associated with hsp90 in reticulocyte lysate and that the HBD of hMR is sufficient to bind hsp90.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 864561612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletions of a relatively short amino- (729-766) or carboxy- terminal (940-984) region of the HBD fragment eliminated all steroid-binding properties.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 864561613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Overall, these results indicate that the integrity of domain E is necessary and sufficient to bind steroid ligands, agonists or antagonists, with characteristics similar to the entire native MR.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 865711501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of alpha interferon but not gamma interferon signal transduction by phorbol esters is mediated by a tyrosine phosphatase.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 865711502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous studies have indicated that the expression of viral oncoproteins, cell transformation, or phorbol ester treatment of cells can inhibit alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta)-induced gene expression.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 865711503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanisms by which these promoters of cell growth exert their inhibitory effects vary, but in most instances they involve a disruption of the IFN-alpha/beta-induced transcription complex ISGF3 such that the DNA-binding component of this complex (the 48-kDa ISGF3gamma protein) does not bind to the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE).@@@@1@55@@oe@19-12-2010 865711504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report, we demonstrated that phorbol ester treatment of human peripheral blood monocytes dramatically inhibits activation of IFN-alpha/B-stimulated early response genes but by a mechanism which does not involve abrogation of the ISRE binding of ISGF3gamma.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 865711505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phorbol ester treatment of monocytes inhibited IFN alpha-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the transcription factors Stat1alpha, Stat2, and Stat3 and of the tyrosine kinase Tyk2 but had no effect on IFN-gamma activation of Stat1alpha.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 865711506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IFNalpha-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak1 and the alpha subunit of the IFN-alpha receptor were unaffected by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA).@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 865711507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, PMA caused the dephosphorylation of Tyk2 but not of Jak1, which was activated by IFN.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 865711508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pretreatment of cells with vanadate prevented the effects of PMA with regard to PMA-induced Tyk2 dephosphorylation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 865711509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations suggest that PMA exerts its inhibitory effects by activation of a tyrosine phosphatase which selectively regulates Tyk2 but not Jak1 activity.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 865714301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The myeloid-cell-specific c-fes promoter is regulated by Sp1, PU.1, and a novel transcription factor.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 865714302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein product of the c-fps/fes (c-fes) proto-oncogene has been implicated in the normal development of myeloid cells (macrophages and neutrophils).@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 865714303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@mRNA for c-fes has been detected exclusively in myeloid cells and vascular endothelial cells in adult mammals.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 865714304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although a 13-kilobase-pair (kb) human c-fes transgene exhibits high levels of expression in mice, the sequences that confer myeloid-cell-specific expression of the human c-fes gene have not been defined.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 865714305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient-transfection experiments demonstrated that plasmids containing 446 bp of c-fes 5'-flanking sequences linked to a luciferase reporter gene were active exclusively in myeloid cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 865714306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No other DNA element within the 13-kb human c-fes locus contained positive cis-acting elements, with the exception of a weakly active region within the 3'-flanking sequences.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 865714307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNase I footprinting assays revealed four distinct sites that bind myeloid nuclear proteins (-408 to -386, -293 to -254, -76 to -65, and -34 to +3).@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 865714308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the first two footprints resided in sequences that were largely dispensable for transient activity.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 865714309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Plasmids containing 151 bp of 5'-flanking sequences confer myeloid-cell-specific gene expression.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 865714310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift analyses demonstrated that the 151-bp region contains nuclear protein binding sites for Sp1, PU.1, and/or Elf-1, and a novel factor.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 865714311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This unidentified factor binds immediately 3' of the PU.1/Elf-1 sites and appears to be myeloid cell specific.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 865714312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation of the PU.1/Elf-1 site or the 3' site (FP4-3') within the context of the c-fes promoter resulted in substantially reduced activity in transient transfections.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 865714313@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, transient-cotransfection assay demonstrated that PU.1 (and not Elf-1) can transactivate the c-fes promoter in nonmyeloid cell lines.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 865714314@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that the human c-fes gene contains a strong myeloid-cell-specific promoter that is regulated by Sp1, PU.1, and a novel transcription factor.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 865715301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcriptional activation of RNA polymerase III-dependent genes by the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 tax protein.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 865715302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human T-cell leukemia virus-encoded tax protein is a potent activator of many viral and cellular genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 865715303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We find that both chromatin and cell extracts derived from human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-infected human T lymphocytes support higher levels of 5S rRNA and tRNA gene transcription than chromatin or extracts from uninfected T lymphocytes.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 865715304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The viral protein Tax was likely responsible for this higher level of class II gene transcription, as purified Tax was found to stimulate both genes when added to the uninfected cell extract or in reconstituted systems.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 865715305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both limiting-component transcription assays and DNA binding assays identified the class III gene transcription factor TFIIIB as the principle target of Tax activity.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 865715306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surprisingly, we find that Tax increases the effective concentration of active TFIIIB molecules.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 865715307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that Tax stimulates RNA polymerase III-dependent gene expression by accelerating the rate and/or extent of transcription initiation complex assembly.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 866338001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The c-Jun delta-domain inhibits neuroendocrine promoter activity in a DNA sequence- and pituitary-specific manner.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 866338002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcription and transformation activity of c-Jun is governed by a 27-amino acid regulatory motif, labeled the delta-domain, which is deleted in v-Jun.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 866338003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously shown that c-Jun is a potent inhibitor of the rat prolactin (rPRL) promoter activity induced by either oncogenic Ras or phorbol esters.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 866338004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we have characterized the structural and cell-specific requirements for this c-Jun inhibitory response, and we show that this c-Jun inhibitory response mapped to the rPRL footprint II repressor site, was pituitary-specific and required the c-Jun delta-domain.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 866338005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, alteration of any one of these features (e.g., cis-element, trans-factor, or cell-specific background) switched c-Jun to a transcriptional activator of the rPRL promoter.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 866338006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In HeLa nonpituitary cells, c-Jun alone activated the rPRL promoter via the most proximal GHF-1/Pit-1 binding site, footprint I, and synergized with GHF-1.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 866338007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, recombinant GHF-1 interacted directly with c-Jun but not c-Fos proteins.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 866338008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data provide important fundamental insights into the molecular mechanisms by which the c-Jun delta-domain functions as a modulatory switch and further imply that the functional role of c-Jun is dictated by cell-specific influences and the delta-domain motif.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 866681201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antisense inhibition of vitamin D receptor expression induces apoptosis in monoblastoid U937 cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 866681202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The active vitamin D3 metabolite 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) acts as an antiproliferative and differentiating agent for the monoblastoid cell line U937 and as an important immunologic mediator implicated particularly in the function of cells belonging to the monocyte/macrophage lineage.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 866681203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These effects are controlled by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a member of the steroid hormone receptor family.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 866681204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The objective of this study was to develop U937 transfectants expressing antisense VDR mRNA, and to use these to examine the role of 1,25(OH)2D3-VDR interaction in this lineage.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 866681205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 2-kb VDR cDNA insert (including the complete VDR coding region) was cloned in an antisense orientation into the EBV episomal vector pMEP4 under the control of an inducible promoter and transfected into U937.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 866681206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The resultant cell line, DH42, was hygromycin resistant, contained VDR cDNA, expressed fewer VDRs than controls, and showed a substantial decrease in antiproliferative response to 1,25(OH)2D3.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 866681207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, 1,25(OH)2D3 increased the number of cells expressing macrophage cell surface Ags, including CD14 and CD11b.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 866681208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A subpopulation of smaller cells did not express the differentiation markers after cadmium stimulation.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 866681209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell cycle analysis showed shifts in the distribution of cells from G1 to S phase, which were more pronounced after cadmium treatment.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 866681210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A considerable proportion of cells were outside the cycle and DNA fragmentation confirmed apoptosis.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 866681211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the functional outcome of the VDR antisense transfection suggests that in the myelomonocytic lineage, VDR expression may act as a protective mechanism against programmed cell death.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 866681601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Opposing effects of glucocorticoids on the rate of apoptosis in neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 866681602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eosinophils and neutrophils are closely related, terminally differentiated cells that in vitro undergo constitutive cell death by apoptosis.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 866681603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The onset of apoptosis in both cell types can be delayed by hemopoietins and inflammatory mediators.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 866681604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although there have been a number of reports demonstrating that glucocorticoids (in particular dexamethasone) antagonize the eosinophil life-prolonging effects of hemopoietins, direct effects of dexamethasone on eosinophil apoptosis have not been documented.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 866681605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study we examined the direct effects of glucocorticoids on eosinophil and neutrophil apoptosis in light of their common therapeutic use as anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic/hypereosinophilic agents.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 866681606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that treatment with dexamethasone induced eosinophil apoptosis.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 866681607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, dexamethasone was a potent inhibitor of neutrophil apoptosis.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 866681608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of dexamethasone on both cell types was mediated through the glucocorticoid receptor, i.e., it was abolished by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU38486.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 866681609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is the first description of an agent that promotes eosinophil apoptosis while inhibiting neutrophil apoptosis, and thus presents a novel approach to the study of control of apoptosis in these closely related cell types as well as increases our understanding of the clinical action of glucocorticoids in inflammation.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 867089701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Multiple p21ras effector pathways regulate nuclear factor of activated T cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 867089702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcription factor, Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT) is a major target for p21ras and calcium signalling pathways in the IL-2 gene and is induced by p21ras signals acting in synergy with calcium/calcineurin signals.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 867089703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One p21ras effector pathway involves the MAP kinase ERK-2, and we have examined its role in NFAT regulation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 867089704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of dominant negative MAPKK-1 prevents NFAT induction.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 867089705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutively active MAPKK-1 fully activates ERK-2 and the transcription factor Elk-1, but does not substitute for activated p21ras and synergize with calcium/calcineurin signals to induce NFAT.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 867089706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of dominant negative N17Rac also prevents TCR and p21ras activation of NFAT, but without interfering with the ERK-2 pathway.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 867089707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcriptional activity of the NFAT binding site is mediated by a complex comprising a member of the NFAT group and AP-1 family proteins.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 867089708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of AP-1 by p21ras also requires Rac-1 function.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 867089709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activated Rac-1 could mimic activated p21ras to induce AP-1 but not to induce NFAT.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 867089710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, the combination of activated MAPKK-1 and Rac-1 could not substitute for activated p21ras and synergize with calcium signals to induce NFAT.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 867089711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, p21ras regulation of NFAT in T cells requires the activity of multiple effector pathways including those regulated by MAPKK-1/ERK-2 and Rac-1.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 867558401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoids and interferon-alpha in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 867558402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) develop glucocorticoid resistance characterized by low receptor affinity (Kd) for glucocorticoids in mononuclear, cells and high values of ACTH and cortisol.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 867558403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As glucocorticoids regulate interferon-alpha (IFN alpha) production, we hypothesized that IFN alpha, a cytokine produced predominantly by monocytes in AIDS, should be increased in cortisol-resistant AIDS, attributing the lack of cortisol inhibition to IFN alpha production.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 867558404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, we examined glucocorticoid receptor characteristics on monocytes by [3H]dexamethasone binding and measured IFN alpha, cortisol, and ACTH in AIDS patients with (AIDS-GR) or without glucocorticoid resistance (AIDS-C) and controls (C).@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 867558405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monocytes of AIDS-GR patients had a receptor Kd of 10.5 +/- 4.2 nmol/L that was higher than that in the AIDS-C group (2.9 +/- 0.8 nmol/L) and normal subjects (2.0 +/- 0.8 nmol/L; P < 0.01).@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 867558406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IFN alpha levels were increased in the AIDS-GR group (17 +/- 6 vs. 4 +/- 1 U/mL in the AIDS-C group and 2 +/- 0.5 U/mL in the C group; P < 0.01).@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 867558407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Correlations were found between plasma IFN alpha and receptor Kd on monocytes of AIDS-GR (r = 0.77) and between IFN alpha and plasma cortisol in the same group (r = 0.74).@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 867558408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The poly(I)-poly(C)-induced IFN alpha production by monocytes was inhibited by glucocorticoids in the C and AIDS-C groups (approximately 80% inhibition in both groups); the effect was reversed by the receptor antagonist RU-38486.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 867558409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, glucocorticoids failed to inhibit IFNalpha production from AIDS-GR monocytes (approximately 20% inhibition).@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 867558410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, elevated IFN alpha levels in AIDS-GR may be due to the lack of inhibitory effect of cortisol on IFN alpha production due to cortisol resistance in monocytes.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 867607201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding and cooperative interactions between two B cell-specific transcriptional coactivators.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 867607202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The class II transactivator (CIITA) and B cell octamer-binding protein 1/octamer-binding factor 1/Oct coactivator from B cells (Bob1/OBF-1/OCA-B) represent two B cell-specific transcriptional coactivators.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 867607203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CIITA and Bob1 interact with proteins that bind to conserved upstream sequences in promoters of class II major histocompatibility genes and octamer-binding transcription factors Oct-1 and Oct-2, respectively.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 867607204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both CIITA and Bob1 increase the expression from the DRA promoter, which is a prototypic class II promoter.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 867607205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, in the presence of CIITA, interactions between class II promoters and Bob1 are independent of the octamer-binding site.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 867607206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using in vivo and in vitro binding assays, we confirm that Bob1 binds to CIITA.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 867607207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, CIITA not only activates the expression of class II genes but recruits another B cell-specific coactivator to increase transcriptional activity of class II promoters in B cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 867652101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 and latent membrane protein independently transactivate p53 through induction of NF-kappaB activity.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 867652102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B-cell immortalization by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is dependent on permanent control of the cellular processes which normally regulate cell division and apoptosis, functions possessed by p53 in a number of normal cell types.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 867652103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In studies initiated to evaluate relationships between EBV latent genes and p53, p53 levels were found to increase approximately 10-fold 4 to 5 days after EBV infection of purified resting human B cells; the induced p53 was transcriptionally active.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 867652104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Latent membrane protein 1 and, to a lesser extent, EBV nuclear antigen 2 mediated the increase in p53 levels via activation of the NF-kappaB transcription factor.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 868311001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sublethal levels of oxidative stress stimulate transcriptional activation of c-jun and suppress IL-2 promoter activation in Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 868311002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sublethal levels of oxidative stress are well known to alter T cell functional responses, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 868311003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The current study examined the effects of oxidative stress on transcriptional activities mediated by c-Fos/c-Jun AP-1 and the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT).@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 868311004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present results show that Jurkat T cells acutely exposed to micromolar concentrations of H2O2 exhibit substantial increases in AP-1 binding activity and the expression of c-jun but not c-fos mRNA.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 868311005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The preferential induction of c-jun by H2O2 did not represent redox stabilization of mRNA transcripts, and oxidative signals closely resembled PHA/PMA stimulation by effectively transactivating the full length c-jun promoter via the proximal jun1 tumor promoter-responsive element (TRE)-like promoter element.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 868311006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similarly, the complexes binding the consensus AP-1 TRE and jun TRE-like motifs in cells exposed to oxidative signals or PHA/PMA were indistinguishable, being composed of c-Fos, c-Jun, and JunD.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 868311007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, PHA/PMA but not oxidative signals induced the coordinate activation of reporter constructs containing the AP-1-TRE, NF-AT, and IL-2 promoter regions along with IL-2 mRNA expression.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 868311008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, sublethal levels of H2O2 actively suppressed the transcriptional activation of NF-AT and IL-2 reporters as well as the expression of IL-2 mRNA in cells stimulated with PHA/PMA.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 868311009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel shift analysis revealed that oxidative suppression of NF-AT represented inhibition in the early generation of NFAT complexes rather than the binding of preformed NF-AT complexes.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 868311010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that oxidative signals can positively and negatively regulate T cell transcriptional events and that changes in cellular redox can uncouple AP-1 regulation of c-jun from transcriptional up-regulation of IL-2 via NF-AT.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 868742901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV-1 tat induces the expression of a new hematopoietic cell-specific transcription factor and downregulates MIP-1 alpha gene expression in activated T-cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 868742902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MIP-1 alpha is a secreted chemokine which can inhibit hematopoietic stem cells and modulate inflammatory responses.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 868742903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is also an inhibitor of HIV replication in CD8+ T-cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 868742904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of MIP-1 alpha is induced during cellular activation of CD4+ T-cells and monocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 868742905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is also expressed in transformed B-cells.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 868742906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously identified a new transcription factor family (the MNP family) whose expression is crucial for the induction of MIP-1 alpha transcription during cellular activation and in transformed B cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 868742907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monocytes and transformed B-cells normally express MNP-1 strongly and MNP-2 weakly, while T-cells strongly express only MNP-2.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 868742908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, we reported that HIV-1 tat downregulates MIP-1 alpha expression in Jurkat T-cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 868742909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report we show induction of MNP-1 in Jurkat T-cells expressing HIV-1 tat.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 868742910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of neither HTLV-1 tax in Jurkat T-cells nor EBV in B-cells had any effect on MNP-1 or MNP-2 expression, showing that the effect is specific for HIV-1 tat.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 868742911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose that HIV-1 tat may inhibit MIP-1 alpha expression by inducing MNP-1 expression in T-cells, probably by either competing with MNP-2 for binding to the MIP-1 alpha promoter or by sequestering it into inactive forms.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 869113501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Ets protein Spi-B is expressed exclusively in B cells and T cells during development.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 869113502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Spi-B and PU.1 are hematopoietic-specific transcription factors that constitute a subfamily of the Ets family of DNA-binding proteins.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 869113503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show that contrary to previous reports, PU.1 and Spi-B have very different expression patterns.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 869113504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PU.1 is expressed at high levels in B cells, mast cells, megakaryocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and immature erythroid cells and at lower levels in mature erythrocytes.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 869113505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PU.1 is completely absent from peripheral T cells and most T cell lines based on sensitive RT-PCR assays.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 869113506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, Spi-B is expressed exclusively in lymphoid cells and can be detected in early fetal thymus and spleen.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 869113507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In situ hybridizations of adult murine tissues demonstrate Spi-B mRNA in the medulla of the thymus, the white pulp of the spleen, and the germinal centers of lymph nodes.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 869113508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Spi-B expression is very abundant in B cells and both Spi-B mRNA and protein are detected in some T cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 869113509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis suggest that Spi-B gene expression increases during B cell maturation and decreases during T cell maturation.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 869113510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel-retardation experiments show that Spi-B can bind to all putative PU.1 binding sites, but do not reveal any preferred Spi-B binding site.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 869113511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, both PU.1 and Spi-B function as transcriptional activators of the immunoglobulin light-chain enhancer E lambda 2.4 when coexpressed with Pip (PU.1-interaction partner) in NIH-3T3 cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 869113512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these data suggest that differences in patterns of expression between Spi-B and PU.1 distinguish the function of each protein during development of the immune system.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 869329601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signals leading to the activation of NF-kappa B transcription factor are stronger in neonatal than adult T lymphocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 869329602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The molecular background of the defects in the immune reactivity of human neonates has not been fully elucidated.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 869329603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As the NF-kappa B transcription factor has a central role in the control of transcription of several genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses, the authors have analysed the activation of NF-kappa B in human umbilical cord T lymphocytes.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 869329604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activity was tested by quantitating the nuclear proteins binding to an oligonucleotide containing the consensus kappa B binding sequence (electrophoretic mobility shift assay).@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 869329605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data obtained demonstrate that phorbol dibutyrate/calcium ionophore A23187 (PDBu/iono) combination induced a clearly higher nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B in neonatal than adult T cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 869329606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This higher NF-kappa B activity was restricted to the CD4+ T-cell subset.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 869329607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of the nuclear extracts with antibodies directed against the major components of NF-kappa B the p50 and RelA (p65) proteins, indicated that the composition of NF-kappa B was similar in neonatal and adult cells.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 869329608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that neonatal T cells are exposed to oxidative stress-inducing signals during delivery and/or are inherently more sensitive to NF-kappa B activating signals than adult T cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 869580001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of Grb2-binding proteins in human platelets activated by Fc gamma RIIA cross-linking.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 869580002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-Grb2 fusion proteins have been used to identify the potential role of Grb2-binding proteins in platelet activation by the platelet low-affinity IgG receptor, Fc gamma RIIA.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 869580003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two tyrosine phosphoproteins of 38 and 63 kD bind to the SH2 domain of Grb2 following Fc gamma RIIA stimulation of platelets.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 869580004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both are located in the particulate fraction following platelet activation and are also able to bind to a GST-construct containing the SH2 and SH3 domains of phospholipase C gamma 1.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 869580005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@p38 also forms a complex with the tyrosine kinase csk in stimulated cells and is a substrate for the kinase.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 869580006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The SH3 domains of Grb2 form a stable complex with SOS1 and two proteins of 75 kD and 120 kD, which undergo tyrosine phosphorylation in Fc gamma RIIA stimulated cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 869580007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 75-kD protein is recognized by antibodies to SLP-76, which has recently been isolated from T cells and sequenced.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 869580008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyrosine phosphorylation of p38 and p63 is also observed in platelets stimulated by the tyrosine kinase-linked receptor agonist collagen and by the G protein-coupled receptor agonist thrombin, although phosphorylation of SLP-76 is only observed in collagen-stimulated platelets.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 869580009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@p38 and p63 may provide a docking site for Grb2, thereby linking Grb2 SH3-binding proteins SOS1, SLP-76, and p120 to downstream signalling events.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 869583801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor preferentially activates the 94-kD STAT5A and an 80-kD STAT5A isoform in human peripheral blood monocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 869583802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induces immediate effects in monocytes by activation of the Janus kinase (JAK2) and STAT transcription factor (STAT5) pathway.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 869583803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent studies have identified homologues of STAT5, STAT5A, and STAT5B, as well as lower molecular weight variants of STAT5.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 869583804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To define the activation of the STAT5 homologues and lower molecular weight variant in human monocytes and monocytes differentiated into macrophages by culture in macrophage-CSF (M-CSF), we measured the GM-CSF induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5A, STAT5B, and any lower molecular weight STAT5 isoforms.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 869583805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Freshly isolated monocytes expressed 94-kD STAT5A, 92-kD STAT5B, and an 80-kD STAT5A molecule.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 869583806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas 94-kD STAT5A was clearly tyrosine phosphorylated and bound to the enhancer element, the gamma response region (GRR), of the Fc gamma RI gene, substantially less tyrosine phosphorylated STAT5B bound to the immobilized GRR element.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 869583807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Macrophages lost their ability to express the 80-kD STAT5A protein, but retained their ability to activate STAT5A.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 869583808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@STAT5A-STAT5A homodimers and STAT5A-STAT5B heterodimers formed in response to GM-CSF.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 869583809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, activation of STAT5A predominates compared to STAT5B when assayed by direct immunoprecipitation and by evaluation of bound STATs to immobilized GRR.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 869583810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Selective activation of STAT5 homologues in addition to generation of lower molecular isoforms may provide specificity and control to genes expressed in response to cytokines such as GM-CSF.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 869586301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LYSP100-associated nuclear domains (LANDs): description of a new class of subnuclear structures and their relationship to PML nuclear bodies.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 869586302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The PML gene is fused to the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR alpha) gene in t(15;17) acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), creating a PML-RAR alpha fusion oncoprotein.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 869586303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The PML gene product has been localized to subnuclear dot-like structures variously termed PODs, ND10s, Kr bodies, or PML nuclear bodies (PML NBs).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 869586304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study describes the cloning of a lymphoid-restricted gene, LYSP100, that is homologous to another protein that localizes to PML NBs, SP100.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 869586305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to SP100 homology regions, one LYSP100 cDNA isoform contains a bromodomain and a PHD/TTC domain, which are present in a variety of transcriptional regulatory proteins.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 869586306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By immunofluorescence, LYSP100 was localized to nuclear dots that were surprisingly largely nonoverlapping with PML NBs.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 869586307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, a minority of LYSP100 nuclear dots exactly colocalized with PML and SP100.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 869586308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We term the LYSP100 structures "LANDs," for LYSP100-associated nuclear domains.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 869586309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although LYSP100 is expressed only in lymphoid cells, LANDs could be visualized in HeLa cells by transfection of a LYSP100 cDNA.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 869586310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunoelectron microscopy revealed LANDs to be globular, electron-dense structures morphologically distinct from the annular structures characteristic of PML NBs.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 869586311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LANDs were most often found in the nucleoplasm, but were also found at the nuclear membrane and in the cytoplasm, suggesting that these structures may traffic between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 869586312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By double-immunogold labeling of PML and LYSP100, some LANDs were shown to contain both PML and LYSP100.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 869586313@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, PML is localized to a second subnuclear domain that is morphologically and biochemically distinct from PML NBs.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 870022801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reversal of apoptosis by the leukaemia-associated E2A-HLF chimaeric transcription factor.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 870022802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The E2A-HLF (for hepatic leukaemia factor) fusion gene, formed by action of the t(17;19) (q22;p13) chromosomal translocation, drives the leukaemic transformation of early B-cell precursors, but the mechanism of this activity remains unknown.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 870022803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that human leukaemia cells carrying the translocation t(17;19) rapidly died by apoptosis when programmed to express a dominant-negative suppressor of the fusion protein E2A-HLF, indicating that the chimaeric oncoprotein probably affects cell survival rather than cell growth.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 870022804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, when introduced into murine pro-B lymphocytes, the oncogenic E2A-HLF fusion protein reversed both interleukin-3-dependent and p53-mediated apoptosis.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 870022805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The close homology of the basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) DNA-binding and dimerization domain of HLF to that of the CES-2 cell-death specification protein of Caenorhabditis elegans suggests a model of leukaemogenesis in which E2A-HLF blocks an early step within an evolutionarily conserved cell-death pathway.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 870246601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Protein-tyrosine kinase activation is required for lipopolysaccharide induction of interleukin 1beta and NFkappaB activation, but not NFkappaB nuclear translocation.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 870246602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In human monocytes, interleukin 1beta protein production and steady state mRNA levels are increased in response to lipopolysaccharide, predominantly as a result of increased transcription of the interleukin 1beta gene.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 870246603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of interleukin 1beta and other cytokines, such as interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, has been shown to be dependent on the activation of the transcription factor, NFkappaB.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 870246604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since recent studies have shown that lipopolysaccharide-induced tyrosine kinase activation is not required for NFkappaB nuclear translocation, we sought to determine whether NFkappaB translocated in the absence of tyrosine kinase activity was active in stimulating transcription.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 870246605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have found that, in the human pro-monocytic cell line, THP-1, the lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of interleukin 1beta is dependent on tyrosine kinase activation.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 870246606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyrosine kinases are not required for lipopolysaccharide-mediated nuclear translocation of NFkappaB.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 870246607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in the absence of tyrosine kinase activity, the ability of NFkappaB to stimulate transcription is impaired.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 870246608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This inhibition of transcription is specific for NFkappaB; in the absence of tyrosine kinase activity, AP-1-dependent transcription is enhanced.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 870246609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that, while lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inflammatory mediators requires tyrosine kinase activity, tyrosine kinase activity is not obligatory for lipopolysaccharide signal transduction.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 870283801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elevated cyclic AMP inhibits NF-kappaB-mediated transcription in human monocytic cells and endothelial cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 870283802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NF-kappaB/Rel family of transcription factors regulates the inducible expression of many genes in activated human monocytes and endothelial cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 870283803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we examined the molecular mechanism by which agents that elevate intracellular cAMP inhibit the expression of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), tissue factor, endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 genes.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 870283804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both forskolin and dibutyryl cAMP, which elevate intracellular cAMP by independent mechanisms, inhibited TNFalpha and tissue factor expression at the level of transcription.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 870283805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression in transiently transfected human monocytic THP-1 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells was inhibited by elevated cAMP and by overexpression of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA).@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 870283806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elevated cAMP did not prevent nuclear translocation of p50/p65 and c-Rel/p65 heterodimers, decrease nuclear translocation of p65, or significantly modify TNFalpha-induced phosphorylation of p65.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 870283807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional studies demonstrated that transcriptional activation of a plasmid containing multimerized kappaB sites by p65 was inhibited by agents that elevate cAMP and by overexpression of the catalytic subunit of PKA.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 870283808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study indicates that activation of PKA reduces the induction of a distinct set of genes in monocytes and endothelial cells by inhibiting NF-kappaB-mediated transcription.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 870416501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retinoic acid activates interferon regulatory factor-1 gene expression in myeloid cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 870416502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is the drug of choice in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 870416503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ATRA induces both in vitro and in vivo differentiation of APL cells into mature granulocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 870416504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the molecular mechanisms involved in ATRA-dependent growth inhibition and cellular differentiation are not presently understood.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 870416505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NB4 cell line, which is derived from the bone marrow of a patient with APL during relapse, can be used as a model system to study the growth and differentiation of APL cells.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 870416506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRF-1 and IRF-2) and other IFN-inducible gene products regulate cell growth, we analyzed the effects of ATRA on the expression of these genes.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 870416507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that ATRA directly activates IRF-1 gene expression, followed by activation of IRF-2 and 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) gene expression with slower kinetics.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 870416508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to NB4 cells, ATRA also activated IRF-1 gene expression in HL-60, U937, and THP-1 cells, which all respond to ATRA by growth inhibition.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 870416509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A more than additive increase in IRF-1 gene expression was seen with ATRA and IFN-gamma in NB4 cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 870416510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ATRA did not activate nuclear factor kappa B or signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activation pathways, suggesting that an alternate mechanism is involved in IRF-1 gene activation.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 870416511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ATRA-induced expression of IRF-1, an activator of transcription and repressor of transformation, may be one of the molecular mechanisms of ATRA-induced growth inhibition, and the basis for the synergistic actions of ATRA and IFNs in myeloid leukemia cells.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 870927801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 posttranscriptional trans-activator Rex contains a nuclear export signal.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 870927802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Rex protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 is required for the nuclear export of unspliced viral mRNA and, therefore, for virus replication.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 870927803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this manuscript, we demonstrate that Rex shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and that its activation domain constitutes a nuclear export signal that specifies efficient transport to the cytoplasm.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 870927804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings are consistent with a model for Rex-mediated trans-activation in which Rex-viral mRNA complexes are targeted for nuclear export by the direct action of the activation domain.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 870963601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of IL-10 and IL-4 on LPS-induced transcription factors (AP-1, NF-IL6 and NF-kappa B) which are involved in IL-6 regulation.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 870963602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-10 (IL-10), like IL-4, is known to inhibit cytokine expression in activated human monocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 870963603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We showed that both IL-10 and IL-4 inhibit LPS-induced IL-6 mRNA and protein expression by inhibiting the transcription rate of the IL-6 gene.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 870963604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The strong inhibition of the IL-6 transcription rate prompted us to study the effect of IL-10 and IL-4 on the expression of transcription factors.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 870963605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We questioned whether or not IL-10 and IL-4 affected the expression of transcription factors that are known to be involved in the control of the IL-6 transcription rate, namely activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor IL-6 (NF-IL6), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB).@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 870963606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) we showed that IL-10 and IL-4 inhibited LPS-induced AP-1 binding activity.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 870963607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibiting effect of IL-4 was slightly more pronounced than that of IL-10.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 870963608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Downregulation of LPS-induced AP-1 was accompanied, and thus possibly explained, by a reduced expression at mRNA level of the two major components of the AP-1 complex, namely c-fos and c-jun as determined by Northern experiments.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 870963609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding activity of NF-IL6 was also strongly inhibited by IL-4 whereas IL-10 showed no effect.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 870963610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-IL6 mRNA levels were not affected by IL-10 or IL-4, suggesting that IL-4 affects binding activity of preexisting NF-IL6.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 870963611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither IL-10 nor IL-4 inhibited LPS-induced NF-kappa B binding activity.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 870963612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In agreement with this finding, Northern experiments where p65 and p105 mRNA levels were determined, demonstrated that expression of these components of the NF-kappa B transcription factor were not affected by IL-10 or IL-4.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 870963613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, neither IL-10 nor IL-4 showed any effect on I-kappa B mRNA expression as determined by Northern experiments.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 870963614@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, IL-10 and IL-4 similarly affect IL-6 expression.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 870963615@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, for IL-4 this was accompanied with a reduction of AP-1 and NF-IL6 binding activity whereas IL-10 only inhibited AP-1 binding activity.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 870963701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-7 signaling in human B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and murine BAF3 cells involves activation of STAT1 and STAT5 mediated via the interleukin-7 receptor alpha chain.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 870963702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-7 (IL-7) stimulates the proliferation of normal and leukemic B and T cell precursors and T lymphocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 870963703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the JAK/STAT pathway has been implicated in IL-7R signaling.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 870963704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated which STAT complexes are formed upon stimulation of B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) cells with IL-7.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 870963705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel retardation assays with STAT-binding oligonucleotides showed that IL-7 induces the formation of two major STAT complexes in BCP-ALL cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 870963706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Supershifts with anti-STAT antibodies identified these as STAT1 and STAT5 complexes.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 870963707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This pattern of STAT activation was seen in all BCP-ALL cases that respond to IL-7 in proliferation assays.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 870963708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-7 also induced STAT/DNA binding in BCP-ALL cases that failed to proliferate in response to IL-7, suggesting that the ability of IL-7R to activate the JAK/STAT pathway per se is not sufficient for proliferation induction.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 870963709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine the contribution of the cytoplasmic domain of the IL-7 receptor alpha chain (IL-7R alpha) to activation of STAT proteins, transfectants of the murine pro-B cell line BAF3 were made that express chimeric receptors consisting of the extracellular domain of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSF-R) and the transmembrane and intracellular domains of human IL-7R alpha.@@@@1@63@@oe@19-12-2010 870963710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the chimeric G-CSF-R/IL-7R alpha with G-CSF resulted in a full proliferative response and induced the phosphorylation of JAK1 but not JAK2.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 870963711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Major STAT complexes activated by G-CSF-R/IL-7R alpha contained STAT1 or STAT5, while some formation of STAT3-containing complexes was also seen.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 870963712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings establish that STAT1 and STAT5, and possibly STAT3, are activated upon stimulation of precursor B cells with IL-7.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 870963713@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data further indicate that the IL-7R alpha chains are directly involved in the activation of JAKs and STATs and have a major role in proliferative signaling in precursor B cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 872869401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@X inactivation analysis in a female with hypomelanosis of Ito associated with a balanced X;17 translocation: evidence for functional disomy of Xp.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 872869402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@X inactivation analysis was performed on normal and hypopigmented skin samples obtained from a female with hypomelanosis of Ito associated with a balanced whole arm X;17 translocation.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 872869403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Severe skewing of X inactivation resulting in inactivity of the intact X was found in blood and cultures of both types of skin, but analysis of DNA prepared directly from hypopigmented skin showed significant inactivation of the translocated X, inconsistent with the usual mechanism of phenotypic expression in X;autosome translocations.@@@@1@55@@oe@19-12-2010 872869404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, dual colour FISH analysis using centromere specific probes for chromosomes X and 17 showed that the breakpoints on both chromosomes lie within the alphoid arrays, making interruption of a locus on either chromosome unlikely.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 872869405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While partial variable monosomy of loci on chromosome 17p cannot be excluded as contributing to the phenotype in this patient, it is argued that the major likely factor is partial functional disomy of sequences on Xp in cell lineages that have failed to inactivate the intact X chromosome.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 873478701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of the T-cell antigen receptor-CD3 complex signaling pathway by the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate is mediated by inhibition of CD45: evidence for two interconnected Lck/Fyn- or zap-70-dependent signaling pathways.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 873478702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tyrosine phosphatase specific inhibitor pervanadate is a potent activator of T lymphocytes through induction of tyrosine phosphorylation and downstream events of the activation cascade.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 873478703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using CD45- or CD3-negative variants of the Jurkat leukemic T-cell line we show that the different biochemical events induced by pervanadate appeared to be dependent on the presence at the cell surface of either CD45 or CD3.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 873478704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD45-dependent events such as tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), activator protein-1 (AP-1), transcription factors, and stimulation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoter and of CD69 and CD25 surface expression paralleled activation of the tyrosine kinases lck and fyn.@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 873478705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, stimulation of calcium influx, a CD3-dependent event, paralleled zap-70 activation.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 873478706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data demonstrate that the T-cell antigen receptor-CD3 (TcR-CD3) complex is functionally linked to two different protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) modules with separate specific functions and that CD45 may be an important regulator of this coupling.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 874166401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[NGFI-B/nur77 family involved in T-cell apoptosis]@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 874166402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NGFI-B/nur77 is a member of the steroid receptor superfamily.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 874166403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NGFI-B/nur77 and its related genes constitute a family and the NGFI-B/nur77 family consists of three subtypes, named nur77 alpha, nur77 beta, nur77 gamma.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 874166404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We cloned human nur77 beta cDNA, called TINUR.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 874166405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although NGFI-B/nur77 is essential for TCR-mediated apoptosis in T-cell hybridomas, the reports on nur77 knock-out mice and nur77 dominant negative transgenic mice suggest that there is a functional redundancy among NGFI-B/nur77 family.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 874166406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NGFI-B/nur77 binds to the response element by monomer or heterodimer with retinoid X receptor (RXR).@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 874166407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Assuming that 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis-RA) inhibits TCR-mediated apoptosis, nur77 may cause apoptosis by monomer in the absence of 9-cis-RA and may inhibit apoptosis by heterodimer with RXR in the presence of 9-cis-RA.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 875193701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of human monocytic cells by Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins and synthetic lipopeptides proceeds via a pathway distinct from that of lipopolysaccharide but involves the transcriptional activator NF-kappa B.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 875193702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There is increasing evidence that lipoproteins of Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi are key inflammatory mediators during syphilis and Lyme disease.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 875193703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A principal objective of the present study was to identify more precisely similarities and divergences among lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and lipoprotein-lipopeptide-induced immune cell signaling events.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 875193704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Like LPS, purified native B. burgdorferi OspA and synthetic analogs of OspA, OspB, and two T. pallidum lipoproteins (Tpp47 and Tpp17) all induced NF-kappa B translocation in THP-1 human monocytoid cells.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 875193705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Acylation of OspA and the synthetic peptides was requisite for cell activation.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 875193706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Polymyxin B abrogated only the response to LPS.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 875193707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By using 70Z/3-derived pre-B-cell lines either lacking or expressing human CD14 (the LPS receptor), it was observed that expression of human CD14 imparted responsiveness to LPS but not to OspA or spirochetal lipopeptides (assessed by induction of NF-kappa B and expression of surface immunoglobulin M).@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 875193708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, the biological relevance of the observation that T. pallidum lipoproteins-lipopeptides induce both NF-kappa B and cytokine production in monocytes was supported by the ability of the synthetic analogs to promote human immunodeficiency virus replication in chronically infected U1 monocytoid cells; these observations also suggest a potential mechanism whereby a syphilitic chancre can serve as a cofactor for human immunodeficiency virus transmission.@@@@1@65@@oe@19-12-2010 875193709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The combined data lend additional support to the proposal that spirochetal lipoproteins and LPS initiate monocyte activation via different cell surface events but that the signaling pathways ultimately converge to produce qualitatively similar cellular responses.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 875556601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peptide vaccination can lead to enhanced tumor growth through specific T-cell tolerance induction.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 875556602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Vaccination with synthetic peptides representing cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes can lead to a protective CTL-mediated immunity against tumors or viruses.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 875556603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We now report that vaccination with a CTL epitope derived from the human adenovirus type 5 E1A-region (Ad5E1A234-243), which can serve as a target for tumor-eradicating CTL, enhances rather than inhibits the growth of Ad5E1A-expressing tumors.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 875556604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This adverse effect of peptide vaccination was rapidly evoked, required low doses of peptide (10 micrograms), and was achieved by a mode of peptide delivery that induces protective T-cell-mediated immunity in other models.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 875556605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ad5E1A-specific CTL activity could no longer be isolated from mice after injection of Ad5E1A-peptide, indicating that tolerization of Ad5E1A-specific CTL activity causes the enhanced tumor outgrowth.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 875556606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to peptide vaccination, immunization with adenovirus, expressing Ad5E1A, induced Ad5E1A-specific immunity and prevented the outgrowth of Ad5E1A-expressing tumors.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 875556607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results show that immunization with synthetic peptides can lead to the elimination of anti-tumor CTL responses.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 875556608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings are important for the design of safe peptide-based vaccines against tumors, allogeneic organ transplants, and T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 875662201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interaction of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 tax transactivator with transcription factor IIA.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 875662202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Tax protein of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a 40-kDa transcriptional activator which is critical for HTLV-1 gene regulation and virus-induced cellular transformation.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 875662203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tax is localized to the DNA through its interaction with the site-specific activators cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein, NF-kappaB, and serum response factor.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 875662204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has been suggested that the recruitment of Tax to the DNA positions Tax for interaction with the basal transcriptional machinery.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 875662205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the basis of several independent assays, we now report a physical and functional interaction between Tax and the transcription factor, TFIIA.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 875662206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@First, Tax was found to interact with the 35-kDa (alpha) subunit of TFIIA in the yeast two-hybrid interaction system.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 875662207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Importantly, two previously characterized mutants with point mutations in Tax, M32 (Y196A, K197S) and M41 (H287A, P288S), which were shown to be defective in Tax-activated transcription were unable to interact with TFIIA in this assay.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 875662208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Second, a glutathione-S-transferase (GST) affinity-binding assay showed that the interaction of holo-TFIIA with GST-Tax was 20-fold higher than that observed with either the GST-Tax M32 activation mutant or the GST control.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 875662209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Third, a coimmunoprecipitation assay showed that in HTLV-1-infected human T lymphocytes, Tax and TFIIA were associated.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 875662210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, TFIIA facilitates Tax transactivation in vitro and in vivo.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 875662211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro transcription studies showed reduced levels of Tax-activated transcription in cell extracts depleted of TFIIA.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 875662212@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, transfection of human T lymphocytes with TFIIA expression vectors enhanced Tax-activated transcription of an HTLV-1 long terminal repeat-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter construct.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 875662213@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our study suggests that the interaction of Tax with the transcription factor TFIIA may play a role in Tax-mediated transcriptional activation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 875760301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CTL recognition of an altered peptide associated with asparagine bond rearrangement.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 875760302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Implications for immunity and vaccine design.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 875760303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The extent to which peptides containing chemically and post-translationally modified amino acid side chains are recognized by primed CTL has not been clearly defined.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 875760304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report on the CTL recognition of a MHC class I-restricted peptide containing a cyclized asparagine (succinimide) residue.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 875760305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This modification of the asparagine side chain is a common intermediate structure during deamidation, isomerization, and bond rearrangements of amide-containing amino acids and also occurs as a side reaction in peptide synthesis.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 875760306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The CTL specifically recognized the succinimide-containing peptide showing only weak cross-reactivity at high concentrations of the parent peptide containing unmodified asparagine.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 875760307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similarly, CTL raised against the parent peptide did not recognize the succinimide derivative of this peptide.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 875760308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Naturally processed forms of these structures are likely to occur given the importance and frequency of deamidation both in vitro and in vivo.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 875760309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, since succinimide intermediates of deamidated peptides can occasionally be very stable, these peptides have the potential to act as altered self-Ags with significant implications for autoimmunity.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 875760310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, unwanted and potentially hazardous specificities may be elicited when using synthetic peptides in subunit vaccines in which succinimide residues may form spontaneously during storage or chemical synthesis.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 875973301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of T lymphocyte activation by cAMP is associated with down-regulation of two parallel mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, the extracellular signal-related kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 875973302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of T cell proliferation requires signals from the TCR and a co-receptor molecule, such as CD28, that activate parallel and partially cross-reactive signaling pathways.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 875973303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These pathways are disrupted by agonists that utilize adenylate cyclase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA).@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 875973304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that the adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin, inhibits anti-CD3-induced shift in Lck electrophoretic mobility, suggesting an intervention at the TCR-coupled phosphoinositide turnover that precedes the activation of PKC.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 875973305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The shift of Lck following direct PKC activation by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate, which bypasses early receptor-triggered biochemical events, is insensitive to forskolin.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 875973306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nevertheless, forskolin also inhibits PKC downstream events, such as c-jun expression, which is critical for the activation process of T cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 875973307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To further analyze potential cross points between positively and negatively regulating signaling pathways in T cells, we tested the effects of activators of the adenylate cyclase or PKA on two parallel mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 875973308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a PKC-specific inhibitor, GF109203X, or PKC-depleted T cells, we found that a large part of the anti-CD3-induced ERK activation is PKC dependent.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 875973309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both PKC- dependent and -independent activation of ERK were sensitive to inhibition by forskolin or a cell-permeable cAMP analogue, dbcAMP.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 875973310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the effect of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate and ionomycin, which synergized to fully activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase, was also sensitive to inhibition by forskolin.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 875973311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results suggest that PKA inhibits T cell activation by interfering with multiple events along the two signaling pathways operating downstream of the TCR and the CD28 co-receptor molecules.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 876030901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Abnormalities of p16, p15 and CDK4 genes in recurrent malignant astrocytomas.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 876030902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Abnormalities in the p16, p15 and CDK4 genes that regulate transition through the G1 phase of the cell cycle have been implicated in the malignant progression of astrocytomas.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 876030903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results of the present study demonstrate that dysfunction of these genes also occurs during recurrence of glial tumors that were highly malignant at first presentation.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 876030904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of 10 matched pairs of high grade malignant astrocytomas and their subsequent recurrences identified three distinct groups.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 876030905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The primary and recurrent tumors in Group A did not show structural alterations in the p16, p15 or CDK4 genes, whereas homozygous codeletion of p16 and p15 was observed in both primary and recurrent tumors in Group B.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 876030906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The primary tumors in Group C had a normal profile of p16, p15 and CDK4 at presentation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 876030907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upon recurrence, however, the tumors sustained either deletion of p16 alone or codeletion of both p16 and p15 or amplification of CDK4.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 876030908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of the molecular differences between primary anaplastic astrocytomas/glioblastomas and their subsequent recurrences, which are clinically indistinguishable, may provide better therapeutic options for treatment.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 876402701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of myeloid cells disrupts the autoregulatory control of the NF-kappaB/Rel pathway via enhanced IkappaBalpha degradation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 876402702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Productive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection causes sustained NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity in chronically infected monocytic cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 876402703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A direct temporal correlation exists between HIV infection and the appearance of NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity in myelomonoblastic PLB-985 cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 876402704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To examine the molecular basis of constitutive NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity in HIV1 -infected cells, we analyzed the phosphorylation and turnover of IkappaBalpha protein, the activity of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and the intracellular levels of NF-kappaB subunits in the PLB-985 and U937 myeloid cell models.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 876402705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV-1 infection resulted in constitutive, low-level expression of type 1 interferon (IFN) at the mRNA level.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 876402706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive PKR activity was also detected in HIV-1-infected cells as a result of low-level IFN production, since the addition of anti-IFN-alpha/beta antibody to the cells decreased PKR expression.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 876402707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the analysis of IkappaBalpha turnover demonstrated an increased degradation of IkappaBalpha in HIV-1-infected cells that may account for the constitutive DNA binding activity.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 876402708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A dramatic increase in the intracellular levels of NF-kappaB subunits c-Rel and NF-kappaB2 p100 and a moderate increase in NF-kappaB2 p52 and RelA(p65) were detected in HIV-1-infected cells, whereas NF-kappaB1 p105/p50 levels were not altered relative to the levels in uninfected cells.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 876402709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We suggest that HIV-1 infection of myeloid cells induces IFN production and PKR activity, which in turn contribute to enhanced IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and subsequent degradation.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 876402710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB subunits may ultimately increase the intracellular pool of NF-kappaB/IkappaBalpha by an autoregulatory mechanism.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 876402711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhanced turnover of IkappaBalpha and the accumulation of NF-kappaB/Rel proteins may contribute to the chronically activated state of HIV-1-infected cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 876965001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sequence-specific DNA binding of the B-cell-specific coactivator OCA-B.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 876965002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B-cell-specific transcription of immunoglobulin genes is mediated by the interaction of a POU domain containing transcription factor Oct-1 or Oct-2, with the B-cell-specific coactivator OCA-B (Bob-1, OBF-1) and a prototype octamer element.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 876965003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We find that OCA-B binds DNA directly in the major groove between the two subdomains of the POU domain, requiring both an A at the fifth position of the octamer element and contact with the POU domain.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 876965004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An amino-terminal fragment of OCA-B binds the octamer site in the absence of a POU domain with the same sequence specificity.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 876965005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Coactivator OCA-B may undergo a POU-dependent conformational change that exposes its amino terminus, allowing it to recognize specific DNA sequences in the major groove within the binding site for Oct-1 or Oct-2.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 876965006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The recognition of both the POU domain and the octamer sequence by OCA-B provides a mechanism for differential regulation of octamer sites containing genes by the ubiquitous factor Oct-1.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 878015901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Absence of T-cell- and B-cell-specific transcription factors TCF-1, GATA-3, and BSAP in Hodgkin's Reed-Sternberg cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 878015902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Based on the presence of T cell receptor-beta (TcR-beta) gene rearrangements in L428 and HDLM-1 cells, the expression of CD2 in HDLM-1 cells, and the presence of immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) gene rearrangement in KM-H2 cells, some researchers have concluded that these long-term cell lines derived from patients with Hodgkin's disease are lymphoid in nature.@@@@1@63@@oe@19-12-2010 878015903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The information obtained from these cell lines has also been used in arguments for a lymphoid origin of H-RS cells in tissue despite the frequent absence of lymphoid markers and Ig/TcR gene rearrangements in these cells.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 878015904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We questioned whether one can use the limited expression of lymphoid markers or the limited gene rearrangement to conclude that H-RS cells have a lymphoid origin, because these markers may be aberrant in tumor cells.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 878015905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we examined the expression of two T-cell-specific transcription factors (TCF-1 and GATA-3) and one B-cell-specific transcription factor (BSAP) in cultured H-RS cells by using a gel mobility shift assay.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 878015906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The sensitivity and specificity of this assay for determination of cell lineage have been established in a large number of cultured human and murine cell lines.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 878015907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All three types of H-RS cell lines were consistently negative for BSAP, TCF-1, and GATA-3.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 878015908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The absence of GATA-3 was confirmed in H-RS cells in tissues by an in situ hybridization technique.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 878015909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Virtually all B-cell lines, with the exception of some myeloma cell lines, are positive for BSAP, which is the transcription factor for promoters for several B-cell markers, including VpreB1, lambda 5, CD19, and CD20.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 878015910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All T-cell lines tested were positive for TCF-1 and GATA-3, which are the transcription factors for promoters for several T-cell-restricted markers, including CD2, CD3, TcR, and lck.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 878015911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The absence of BSAP, TCF-1, and GATA-3 clearly indicates an underlying difference between H-RS cells and lymphoid cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 878074701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Translocation (3;14)(q27;q11): a new variant translocation in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of B-cell type with BCL6 rearrangement.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 878074702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report a 65-year-old woman with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) carrying a t(3;14)(q27;q11) and BCL6 rearrangement in the affected cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 878074703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@She had generalized lymphadenopathy and the bone marrow was infiltrated by lymphoma cells at presentation.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 878074704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Histological diagnosis was "malignant lymphoma, diffuse, large cell" type according to an International Working Formulation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 878074705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chromosome analysis revealed a t(3;14)(q27;q11), which is a new variant translocation of t(3;14) (q27;q32).@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 878074706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Southern blot analysis showed rearrangement of BCL6, JH, and TCR beta but not of TCR delta.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 878074707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cosmid probe of BCL6 hybridized to 14q11 and 3q27 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 878074708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although the band 14q11 is a locus of T-cell receptor alpha- and delta-chains (TCR alpha/delta), lymphoma cells expressed B-cell, IgGk phenotype.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 878074709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The findings suggest that a novel proto-oncogene in the vicinity of TCR alpha/delta is involved in this translocation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 878632401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differential regulation of IL-6 gene transcription and expression by IL-4 and IL-10 in human monocytic cell lines.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 878632402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 and IL-10 inhibit the cytokine production and mRNA expression by monocytes/macrophages.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 878632403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate the molecular mechanism of the inhibitory effect on transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation of IL-6 gene expression by IL-4 and IL-10, we studied IL-6 production, expression level of IL-6 mRNA, IL-6 promoter activity, transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB and NF-IL-6, and IL-6 mRNA stability in human monocytic cell lines, THP-1 and U937, stimulated by PMA and LPS in the absence or the presence of IL-4 or IL-10.@@@@1@75@@oe@19-12-2010 878632404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both IL-4 and IL-10 were seen to inhibit IL-6 production and the expression of IL-6 mRNA in both monocytic cell lines studied.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 878632405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays, utilizing the transient transfection of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter plasmid containing the IL-6 gene promoter, IL-4, but not IL-10, suppressed the transcriptional activity of the IL-6 gene promoter stimulated by PMA and LPS.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 878632406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that IL-4, but not IL-10, inhibited nuclear NF-kappaB activity, and that IL-4 and IL-10 did not affect NF-IL-6 activity.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 878632407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the other hand, IL-10 enhanced the degradation of IL-6 mRNA in a mRNA stability assay.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 878632408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that IL-4 may inhibit the transcription of the IL-6 gene by affecting NF-kappaB binding activity, while IL-10 may inhibit the IL-6 mRNA levels post-transcriptionally, without suppressing promoter activity.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 878632409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, we conclude that IL-4 and IL-10 inhibit IL-6 production by different mechanisms in human monocytic cell lines.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 878795301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Quantitation of beta 1 triiodothyronine receptor mRNA in human tissues by competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 878795302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thyroid hormones act by binding to nuclear receptor proteins, the thyroid hormone receptors (TR) alpha and beta.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 878795303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Data from cell culture and animal studies indicate that TR expression may be regulated to modulate target organ responsiveness to thyroid hormone.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 878795304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate whether such adaptive changes in TR expression occur in humans, we determined the mRNA levels of the hTR beta 1 in various thyroid states.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 878795305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Patients with overt hypo- or hyperthyroidism were enrolled in the study.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 878795306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Total RNA was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and hTR beta 1 mRNA levels determined by quantitative competitive reverse transcription PCR.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 878795307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For comparison, hTR beta 1 mRNA levels were determined in lymphocytes and normal thyroid tissue of euthyroid patients.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 878795308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human TR beta 1 mRNA levels in lymphocytes were 1.8 +/- 0.4, 1.9 +/- 0.5, 1.1 +/- 0.4 10(-18) mol/microgram RNA in hypo-, eu- and hyperthyroid patients, respectively, corresponding to an estimated 0.5 -2 molecules per cell.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 878795309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although the mean hTR beta 1 mRNA levels were 40% lower in hyperthyroid than in euthyroid subjects, this difference did not reach statistical significance.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 878795310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar levels of hTR beta 1 mRNA levels were detected in thyroid gland from euthyroid patients.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 878795311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In summary, we developed an assay for the quantitative determination of hTR beta 1 mRNA levels in small human tissue samples, containing as little as 50 ng of total RNA.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 878795312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Absolute hTR beta 1 mRNA levels are very low with an estimated one molecule of mRNA being present in a mononuclear blood cell or thyrocyte.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 878795313@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No up-regulation of hTR beta 1 was seen in hypothyroid relative to euthyroid patients.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 878795314@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, there is a non-significant trend towards a down-regulation of hTR beta 1 mRNA levels in hyperthyroid patients.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 879036701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cross talk between cell death and cell cycle progression: BCL-2 regulates NFAT-mediated activation.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 879036702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BCL-2-deficient T cells demonstrate accelerated cell cycle progression and increased apoptosis following activation.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 879036703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increasing the levels of BCL-2 retarded the G0-->S transition, sustained the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1, and repressed postactivation death.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 879036704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proximal signal transduction events and immediate early gene transcription were unaffected.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 879036705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the transcription and synthesis of interleukin 2 and other delayed early cytokines were markedly attenuated by BCL-2.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 879036706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, a cysteine protease inhibitor that also blocks apoptosis had no substantial affect upon cytokine production.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 879036707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@InterleUkin 2 expression requires several transcription factors of which nuclear translocation of NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) and NFAT-mediated transactivation were impaired by BCL-2.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 879036708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, select genetic aberrations in the apoptotic pathway reveal a cell autonomous coregulation of activation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 879488801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Calcineurin mutants render T lymphocytes resistant to cyclosporin A.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 879488802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immunosuppressants cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 have been widely used to prevent and treat graft rejection after human organ and tissue transplantations.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 879488803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CsA and FK506 associate with intracellular binding proteins (i.e., CsA with cyclophilin A and FK506 with FKBP12) to form protein/drug complexes that suppress the immune system by preventing activation of T cells in response to antigen presentation.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 879488804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The common target of CsA and FK506 is calcineurin, a Ca2+/calmodulin-regulated, serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatase that regulates the nuclear import of a transcription factor, NF-AT, required for expression of T cell activation genes.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 879488805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In previous studies, we identified calcineurin mutations that block binding by the cyclophilin A/CsA or FKBP12/FK506 complexes and thereby render yeast cells resistant to the antifungal effects of CsA or FK506.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 879488806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report, we demonstrate that the corresponding mutations in murine calcineurin render the T cell receptor signal transduction cascade CsA resistant in human Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 879488807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our findings support the recently determined calcineurin X-ray crystal structure, provide evidence that calcineurin is the only CsA-sensitive component limiting signaling from the T cell receptor to the nucleus, and suggest a means to render cells and tissues resistant to the toxic side effects of CsA and FK506.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 880116301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retinoid differentiation therapy in promyelocytic leukemia.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 880116302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a specific type of acute myeloid leukemia characterized by the morphology of the blast cells, a specific t(15;17) translocation, and risks of definite coagulopathy.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 880116303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently this leukemia was further characterized by an exquisite sensitivity to all-trans retinoic acid's differentiation effect and the production of a fusion gene altering the gene of RARalpha and a novel gene PML.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 880116304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo differentiation therapy with retinoids in APL patients follows strict guidelines related both to the APL cell and the biodisposal of all-trans retinoic acid.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 880442201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL4 and IL13 receptors share the gamma c chain and activate STAT6, STAT3 and STAT5 proteins in normal human B cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 880442202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL13 induces the same biological effects as IL4 in normal human B cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 880442203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that as in the IL4R complex, both IL4R alpha and IL2R gamma c are components of the IL13R and that both cytokines induced STAT6, STAT3 and STAT5 activation in B cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 880442204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In spite of this similar downstream signalling, IL4 and IL13 used a different set of Janus kinases: IL13 is unable to activate JAK1 and JAK3.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 880947201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mechanisms that contribute to the development of lymphoid malignancies: roles for genetic alterations and cytokine production.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 880947202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent studies have defined genetic alterations commonly associated with transformed lymphocytes.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 880947203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This review suggests roles for these alterations in the development of lymphoid neoplasms.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 880947204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Damage to the genes encoding proteins that function in intracellular signaling, transcription, or regulation of the cell cycle has been identified and linked at varying degrees to the progression of certain lymphoid malignancies.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 880947205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An understanding of the mechanistic consequences following such genetic alterations is essential to an understanding of the development of these lymphoid neoplasms.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 880947206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, it is also becoming clear that the dysregulated expression of proteins that are not genetically altered can also contribute to the progression of lymphoid malignancies.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 880947207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One such example is the excessive expression of "normal" lymphokines of cytokines which accompanies many lymphoproliferative diseases.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 880947208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The dysregulated expression of cytokines during malignancy can result in the augmentation of growth of transformed lymphocytes, as well as an alteration of the anti-tumor immune response.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 880947209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The latter mechanism is especially important because evasion of the impending immune response is a prerequisite for the progression of lymphoproliferative diseases.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 880947210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, this review supports the notion that the development of lymphoid malignancies is multifactorial, involving genetic alterations as well as dysregulated cytokine expression.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 881061901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyloxapol inhibits NF-kappa B and cytokine release, scavenges HOCI, and reduces viscosity of cystic fibrosis sputum.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 881061902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients develop progressive cytokine-mediated inflammatory lung disease, with abundant production of thick, tenacious, protease- and oxidant-rich purulent airway secretions that are difficult to clear even with physiotherapy.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 881061903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the search for a potential treatment, we have tested tyloxapol, an alkylaryl polyether alcohol polymer detergent previously used as a mucolytic agent in adult chronic bronchitis.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 881061904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyloxapol inhibits activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NK-kappa B), reduces resting secretion of the cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) in cultured human monocytes, and inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and the eiconsanoids thromboxane A2 and leukotriene B4 (LTB4).@@@@1@72@@oe@19-12-2010 881061905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously shown that tyloxapol is a potent antioxidant for hydroxyl radicals ( OH).@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 881061906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyloxapol (0.05 to 0.1% wt/vol) effectively scavenges the oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl; 1 to 7.5 mM) in vitro, and protects from HOCl-mediated lung injury in rats.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 881061907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyloxapol also reduces the viscosity of CF sputum (from 463 +/- 133 to 128 +/- 52 centipoise).@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 881061908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that tyloxapol is potentially useful as a new antiinflammatory therapy for CF lung disease, and could possibly promote clearance of secretions in the CF airway.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 881423801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Abnormality of Oct-1 DNA binding in T cells from Sjogren's syndrome patients.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 881423802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease characterized by T cell hypoactivity.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 881423803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To understand the diminished T cell response to activation signals, we measured nucleoprotein DNA-binding activities regulating gene expression during T cell activation using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 881423804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 9/19 SS patients were found to be defective in their ability to bind an october sequence (Oct-1).@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 881423805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This Oct-1-binding phenotype remained stable in culture for up to 3 days prior to activation.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 881423806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This abnormality was not seen in resting T cells nor T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or SS accompanied by RA.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 881423807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The SS Oct-1 DNA-binding abnormality correlated significantly with an inability of cells to exit the Gzero/G1 cell cycle phase when stimulated in vitro.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 881423808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Importantly, nucleoprotein extracts showing decreased DNA-binding activity had normal amounts of Oct-1 proteins as determined by immunoprecipitation, implying a functional defect in the Oct-1 protein.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 881423809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, defective DNA binding was corrected by treatment with acid phosphatase.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 881425601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Severe combined immunodeficiency due to defective binding of the nuclear factor of activated T cells in T lymphocytes of two male siblings.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 881425602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and alloreactive T cell lines of two male infants born to consanguinous parents and presenting with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) showed a pronounced deficiency in T cell activation.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 881425603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although phenotypically normal, the proliferative response of the childrens' T cells was strongly reduced but could be improved by the addition of interleukin-2 (IL-2).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 881425604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore both childrens' T cells were unable to produce the cytokines IL-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-4 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha).@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 881425605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This multiple cytokine production deficiency could not be restored by IL-2 or co-stimulatory signals provided by antigen-presenting cells (APC).@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 881425606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, mRNA for IL-2 and IFN-gamma could not be detected.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 881425607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, expression of the activation-dependent cell surface markers CD25 and CD69 was within normal limits.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 881425608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine whether the functional defect of the patients' T cells was due to the absence or abnormal binding of transcription factors involved in cytokine gene expression, electrophoretic mobility shift assays were used to examine the DNA binding of AP-1, Oct, CREB, SP1, NF-kappa B and the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) to their respective response elements in the promoter of the IL-2 gene.@@@@1@75@@oe@19-12-2010 881425609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas AP-1, NF-kappa B, Oct, CREB and SP1 displayed normal binding activities in nuclear extracts, the binding of NF-AT to its IL-2 promoter response element was barely detectable both before and after T cell stimulation.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 881425610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results strongly suggest that this NF-AT/DNA binding defect is responsible for the multiple cytokine deficiency and the SCID phenotype observed in the two infant brothers.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 882294201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-6 promotes multiple myeloma cell growth via phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 882294202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-6 (IL-6) mediates autocrine and paracrine growth of multiple myeloma (MM) cells and inhibits tumor cell apoptosis.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 882294203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Abnormalities of retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and mutations of RB gene have been reported in up to 70% of MM patients and 80% of MM-derived cell lines.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 882294204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because dephosphorylated (activated) pRB blocks transition from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle whereas phosphorylated (inactivated) pRB releases this growth arrest, we characterized the role of pRB in IL-6-mediated MM cell growth.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 882294205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both phosphorylated and dephosphorylated pRB were expressed in all serum-starved MM patient cells and MM-derived cell lines, but pRB was predominantly in its phosphorylated form.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 882294206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In MM cells that proliferated in response to IL-6, exogenous IL-6 downregulated dephosphorylated pRB and decreased dephosphorylated pRB-E2F complexes.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 882294207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Importantly, culture of MM cells with RB antisense, but not RB sense, oligonucleotide (ODN) triggered IL-6 secretion and proliferation in MM cells; however, proliferation was only partially inhibited by neutralizing anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody (MoAb).@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 882294208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to MM cells, normal splenic B cells express dephosphorylated pRB.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 882294209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although CD40 ligand (CD40L) triggers a shift from dephosphorylated to phosphorylated pRB and proliferation of B cells, the addition of exogenous IL-6 to CD40L-treated B cells does not alter either pRB or proliferation, as observed in MM cells.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 882294210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that phosphorylated pRB is constitutively expressed in MM cells and that IL-6 further shifts pRB from its dephosphorylated to its phosphorylated form, thereby promoting MM cell growth via two mechanisms; by decreasing the amount of E2F bound by dephosphorylated pRB due to reduced dephosphorylated pRB, thereby releasing growth arrest; and by upregulating IL-6 secretion by MM cells and related IL-6-mediated autocrine tumor cell growth.@@@@1@72@@oe@19-12-2010 882428701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@JNK (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase) is a target for antioxidants in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 882428702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AP-1 has been shown to behave as a redox-sensitive transcription factor that can be activated by both oxidant and antioxidant stimuli.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 882428703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the mechanisms involved in the activation of AP-1 by antioxidants are largely unknown.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 882428704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study we show that the structurally unrelated antioxidant agents pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), butylated hydroxyanisole, and Nacetylcysteine activated JNK (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase) in Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 882428705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This activation differed substantially from that mediated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and Ca2+ ionophore or produced by costimulation with antibodies against the T cell receptor-CD3 complex and to CD28.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 882428706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation of JNK by classical T cell stimuli was transient, whereas that mediated by PDTC and butylated hydroxyanisole (but not N-acetylcysteine) was sustained.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 882428707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The kinetics of JNK activation correlated with the expression of c-jun which was transient after stimulation with PMA plus ionophore and prolonged in response to PDTC, which also transiently induced c-fos.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 882428708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, JNK activation by PMA plus ionophore was sensitive to inhibitors of signaling pathways involving Ca2+, protein kinase C, and tyrosine phosphorylation, which failed to inhibit the activation mediated by PDTC.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 882428709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection of trans-dominant negative expression vectors of ras and raf, together with AP-1-dependent reporter constructs, as well as Western blot analysis using anti-ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) antibodies, indicated that the Ras/Raf/ERK pathway did not appear to mediate the effect of the antioxidant.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 882428710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the combined treatment with PDTC and PMA, two agents that synergize on AP-1 activation, resulted in the persistent phosphorylation of ERK-2.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 882428711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, our results identify JNK as a target of antioxidant agents which can be regulated differentially under oxidant and antioxidant conditions.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 883083201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytomegalovirus modulates interleukin-6 gene expression.@@@@1@6@@oe@19-12-2010 883083202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Complications after lung transplantation include the development of rejection and an increased incidence of infection, particularly with cytomegalovirus (CMV).@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 883083203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several recent studies have suggested that interleukin (IL)-6 may be used to detect both infection and rejection after lung transplantation.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 883083204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, IL-6 may play a role in the development of bronchiolitis obliterans after transplantation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 883083205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because CMV is also associated with the development of bronchiolitis obliterans after transplantation, we determined whether CMV induces IL-6 gene expression.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 883083206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrated that CMV infection increased both IL-6 protein and mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 883083207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also demonstrated that the CMV immediate early 1 gene product increased expression of the IL-6 promoter.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 883083208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This effect of the CMV immediate early 1 gene product was dependent upon the presence of specific transcription factor binding sites in the IL-6 promoter.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 883083209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies demonstrate that CMV may be an important cofactor in the development of rejection and infection after transplantation through its effects on IL-6.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 883446401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Suppression of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by CD8+ T cells is dependent on the NFAT-1 element.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 883446402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD8+ T lymphocytes of HIV-1 infected individuals produce a soluble factor that efficiently suppresses HIV-1 replication at the transcriptional level.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 883446403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here that the response of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) to mitogenic or Tat-mediated activation is sensitive to the suppressive action of a Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS)-transformed CD8+ T cell clone from an HIV-infected individual and supernatants from CD8+ T cells of HIV-1-infected asymptomatic subjects (CD4+ > 350/microliters).@@@@1@58@@oe@19-12-2010 883446404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutagenesis of NF kappa B or Sp-1 elements within the LTR resulted in no change in the ability of CD8+ T cell supernatants to inhibit Tat- or mitogen-mediated LTR transcription.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 883446405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the response to HIV-1 Tat by a LTR in which the interleukin (IL)-2 homology NFAT-1 region was mutated resulted in almost complete elimination of suppression by CD8+ T cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 883446406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This was not observed when the NFAT-1 mutant LTR was activated by mitogen.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 883446407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously shown that gene expression directed by the HIV-1 NF kappa B elements is inhibited by CD8+ cell-derived supernatants (Copeland et al., AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 1995;11:1321-1326).@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 883446408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these observations suggest that mitogenic activation, mediated primarily through the NF kappa B enhancer, is susceptible to CD8-mediated inhibition, however, inhibition of Tat-mediated activation may rely upon a different pathway that is NFAT-1 dependent.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 883986401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interstitial deletion constitutes the major mechanism for loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 20q in polycythemia vera.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 883986402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An acquired deletion of the long arm of chromosome 20 is a recurrent abnormality in myeloproliferative disorders, particularly polycythemia vera and myelodysplastic syndromes.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 883986403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The association of 20q deletions with myeloid "stem cell" disorders suggests that the deletions mark the site of one or more genes, loss or inactivation of which plays a role in the regulation of normal hematopoietic progenitors.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 883986404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently performed a detailed molecular analysis of 20q deletions in peripheral blood (PB) granulocytes and defined a commonly deleted region of 16 to 21 centimorgan (cM).@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 883986405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To further reduce the size of the common deleted region we have searched for small deletions or mitotic recombination events, neither of which would be detected by conventional cytogenetics.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 883986406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have studied 48 patients with polycythemia vera and four patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 883986407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In each case, cytogenetic analysis had either failed or had shown no abnormalities of chromosome 20.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 883986408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Seventeen microsatellite markers that span the common deleted region were used to search for loss of heterozygosity in granulocyte DNA.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 883986409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No instance of microsatellite instability was observed in a total of 880 comparisons of granulocyte and T-cell DNA.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 883986410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Granulocyte DNA from four patients exhibited allele loss on 20q.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 883986411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In each case the allele loss was caused by an interstitial deletion because heterozygosity at distal markers was retained and because quantitative Southern blotting demonstrated hemizygosity.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 883986412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Loss of heterozygosity in PB granulocytes would be masked by the presence of significant numbers of normal granulocytes not derived from the malignant clone.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 883986413@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, the human androgen receptor assay (HUMARA) was used to determine granulocyte clonality.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 883986414@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In 21 of 27 informative female patients the majority of the granulocytes were clonally derived.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 883986415@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In 5 patients the granulocytes appeared polyclonal and in 1 patient unilateral X inactivation was observed in both granulocytes and T cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 883986416@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results show that, in the vast majority of patients presented here, the failure to detect loss of heterozygosity cannot be attributed to the presence of normal polyclonal granulocytes.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 883986417@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results therefore show that allele loss on chromosome 20q in polycythemia vera does not commonly involve mitotic recombination or chromosome loss and that microsatellite instability is a rare event in this disorder.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 884252501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA-binding phosphoproteins induced after T cell activation: effects of cyclosporin A.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 884252502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To define novel proteins involved in the early transcriptional response during the activation of human T lymphocytes, we used a high-resolution, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis system to identify nuclear, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) binding proteins exhibiting rapid changes in phosphorylation following cell stimulation.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 884252503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We identified 18 nuclear proteins whose phosphorylation level changed more than 5-fold upon activation.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 884252504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Of these, 11 were found to possess DNA-binding properties.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 884252505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 11 phosphoproteins with DNA-binding activity, along with 4 others, were analyzed further.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 884252506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed several sets of proteins with different phosphorylated residues Kinetic analysis of the phosphorylation of the selected proteins was performed and revealed a complex group of transient and sustained responses to cell activation.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 884252507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, the activation-induced changes in one set of phosphoproteins were dramatically inhibited by cyclosporin A.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 884252508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We suggest that these phosphoproteins may be directly involved in regulating the transcriptional response to cellular activation by external stimuli.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 884517201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A model of latent adenovirus 5 infection in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 884517202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A model of adenovirus 5 (Ad5) infection was developed in guinea pigs to begin to study its role in the pathogenesis of peripheral lung inflammation.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 884517203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Forty animals were inoculated intranasally with 10(7.0) pfu of Ad5/animal, and 15 animals inoculated with sterile culture media served as controls.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 884517204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Viral titres were 10(4.4), 10(6.1), 10(5.2), and 10(2.9) pfu/animal, on days 1, 3, 4, and 7 after infection, respectively.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 884517205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In situ hybridization to viral DNA and immunocytochemistry for Ad5 E1A protein localized the virus to airway and alveolar epithelial cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 884517206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Histologic examination showed an extensive inflammatory cell infiltration around the airways, with epithelial necrosis and an alveolar exudate that caused localized alveolar collapse in the infected areas.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 884517207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunocytochemistry identified the cells in the infiltrate as cytotoxic T cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 884517208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although all animals 20 and 47 days after infection had seroconverted to Ad5, virus was not detected in these groups either by viral plaque assay or in situ hybridization.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 884517209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ad5 E1A DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction in five of six animals 20 days after infection and in five of five animals 47 days after infection.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 884517210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In these same animals, E1A protein was detected 20 days after infection in two and 47 days after infection in one while persistent bronchiolitis was observed in four and three animals 20 and 47 days after infection, respectively.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 884517211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrate that the guinea pig provides a useful model to study the role of Ad5 infection in chronic airway inflammation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 885389601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Suppression of c-jun by antisense oligonucleotides inhibits cell adhesion but not respiratory burst during phorbol ester-induced differentiation of U937 human monoblastic cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 885389602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We studied the role of the immediate early gene c-jun in cell proliferation and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced differentiation in U937 human monoblastic cells, using c-jun-specific antisense (AS) phosphorothioate oligonucleotides.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 885389603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In selecting the most specific and potent oligonucleotide sequence, we performed extensive analyses for the binding specificity between all candidates of c-jun AS oligonucleotides and the whole sequences in GenBank database, using a computer program.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 885389604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Among the 20 selected oligonucleotides, two potent 15-mer AS oligonucleotides (C-JUN AS oligonucleotides) exhibited significant inhibition of cell growth in a dose-dependent manner between 2 and 10 microM.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 885389605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analysis demonstrated that 10 microM of C-JUN AS oligonucleotides reduced c-jun expression at both the mRNA and protein levels.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 885389606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@More importantly, C-JUN AS oligonucleotides showed distinct effects on two markers of PMA-induced differentiation; the C-JUN AS oligonucleotides inhibited cell adhesion, whereas they did not affect another marker of differentiation, respiratory burst (measured by nitro blue tetrazolium reduction assay).@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 885389607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest a critical role of c-jun in both cell proliferation and PMA-induced cell adhesion but not in PMA-induced respiratory burst in U937 cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 886316201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Uneven X inactivation in a female monozygotic twin pair with Fabry disease and discordant expression of a novel mutation in the alpha-galactosidase A gene.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 886316202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We describe two female monozygotic (MZ) twins heterozygous for Fabry disease, an X linked disorder resulting from the deficient activity of alpha-galactosidase A.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 886316203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While one of the twins was clinically affected, the other was asymptomatic.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 886316204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enzymatic assay of alpha-galactosidase in blood leucocytes, skin fibroblasts, Epstein-Barr virus transformed lymphoid cell lines, and hair follicles of the twins and their parents confirmed the heterozygous status of the twins and indicated that Fabry disease had occurred as a result of a de novo mutation.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 886316205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The son of the unaffected twin sister was shown to be hemizygous.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 886316206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Molecular analysis of the alpha-galactosidase A gene permitted the identification of an as yet undescribed point mutation at position 10182 of exon 5 which causes an Asp to Asn substitution at codon 231.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 886316207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis again showed the heterozygous status of the twins and a normal pattern in their parents.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 886316208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The basis for the discordant expression of this d novo mutation in the twins was investigated by studying their X inactivation status.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 886316209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of the inactive X specific methylation at the androgen receptor gene showed unbalanced inactivation in the twins' fibroblasts and in opposite directions.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 886316210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While the maternally derived X chromosome was preferentially active in the asymptomatic twin, the paternal X chromosome was active in the other, affected twin and was found in her hemizygotic nephew.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 886316211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that the paternal X chromosome carries the de novo alpha-galactosidase A mutation and that uneven X inactivation is the underlying mechanism for disease expression in this novel female MZ twin pair.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 886316212@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is the first documented case of female twins discordant for Fabry disease.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 886412701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signaling by IL-2 and related cytokines: JAKs, STATs, and relationship to immunodeficiency.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 886412702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytokines that bind to the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor common gamma chain (gamma c), including IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15, are important for the growth and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, macrophages, and monoctyes.@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 886412703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These cytokines have overlapping biological effects that in part result from the use of the shared receptor subunit gamma c.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 886412704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently it has become clear that these cytokines activate a number of important intracellular signaling molecules, including the Janus kinases JAK1 and JAK3 and members of the transcription factor family of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs).@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 886412705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The discovery of these signaling pathways has led to important new insights into their role in lymphocyte maturation, as it has emerged that mutations in the genes encoding both gamma c and JAK3 result in similar forms of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 886412706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this review we examine the structure and function of cytokine receptors and the signaling pathways involved in their regulation of gene expression.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 886412707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we discuss recent advances that have led to a better understanding of how cytokines elicit intracellular responses, as well as their role in normal lymphoid development.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 886806901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning and characterization of the murine B-cell specific transcriptional coactivator Bob1.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 886806902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From a murine B-cell cDNA-library we have cloned a cDNA encoding the murine B-cell specific coactivator mBob1.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 886806903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein is the murine homologue to the recently described human coactivator Bob1 (hBob1), also referred to as OBF-1 or OCA-B.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 886806904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have also characterized the genomic mBob1 clone.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 886806905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of its intron-exon structure has allowed identification of a C-terminal splice variant.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 886806906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@mBob1 is B-cell restricted, and is found in all B-cell lines representing different stages of B-cell differentiation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 886806907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@mBob1 interacts with the octamer transcription factors Oct-1 and Oct-2 and stimulates transcription mediated by these factors.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 887105601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eosinophil priming by cytokines: from cellular signal to in vivo modulation.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 887105602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eosinophils play an important role in the effector phase of allergic inflammation.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 887105603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This review will focus on the conversion of the unprimed eosinophil phenotype in the peripheral blood of normal individuals to the primed phenotype found in the peripheral blood and tissues of allergic patients, a phenomenon called priming.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 887105604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent data on the signals initiated after cytokine receptor activation on eosinophils will be reviewed.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 887106101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Molecular mechanisms of steroid action: a novel type of cross-talk between glucocorticoids and NF-kappa B transcription factors.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 887106102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Despite the widespread use of glucocorticoids in the treatment of diseases characterized by inflammation, the molecular mechanism(s) by which these hormones exert this beneficial effect in patients with asthma remains to be elucidated.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 887106103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, we have studied the transcriptional regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) as adhesion molecules are likely to play a causal role in inflammation in promoting cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 887106104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We observed that in a monocytic (U937) and a bronchial epithelial (H292) cell-line dexamethasone strongly suppressed basal and induced ICAM-1 expression.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 887106105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Subsequent analysis of the human ICAM-1 promoter has revealed that both 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) upregulate ICAM-1 expression through the presence of a nuclear factor (NF-kappa B) target sequence (TGGAAATTCC).@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 887106106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No glucocorticoid recognition sequences are present in this promoter region and dexamethasone is still able to repress transcription when the multimerized NF-kappa B sequence is transactivated by TNF-alpha upon transfection in 293 cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 887106107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose that direct interaction between the glucocorticoid receptor and nuclear factor-kappa B factors is at least a partial explanation for the effects of this hormone in inflammatory diseases.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 887160801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The suppression of T cell function and NF(kappa)B expression by serine protease inhibitors is blocked by N-acetylcysteine.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 887160802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Direct evidence that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) enhances the immune response of peripheral blood T cells at the level of NF(kappa)B is presented.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 887160803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, NAC blocks the suppression of T cell mitogenesis and cytokine production by protease inhibitors such as N-tosylphenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK).@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 887160804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The proliferative responses of purified CD4+ or CD8+ T cells are suppressed more strongly by TPCK when anti-CD28 rather than the phorbol ester PMA is used as the mitogenic coactivator.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 887160805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytokine (IL-2, IL-6, INF-gamma) production is inhibited 95-100% by concentrations of TPCK that totally suppress the mitogenesis of CD4+ or CD8+ cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 887160806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we find that TPCK virtually abolishes (to less than 1%) the levels of NF(kappa)B (but not Oct-1) found in nuclear and whole cell extracts of activated T cells.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 887160807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Strikingly, the immunosuppressive effects of TPCK are blocked when T cells are pretreated for 15 min with 5 mM NAC.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 887160808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NAC not only blocks the effect of TPCK but enhances mitogenesis and cytokine production (>2.5-fold in some cases) upon activation of unsuppressed T cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 887160809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data support the notion that NF(kappa)B and I(kappa)B proteases play obligate roles in T cell activation and mitogenesis, roles that are enhanced significantly by NAC.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 887187701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of human lymphocyte proliferation and CD40 antigen expression by phosphorothioate oligonucleotides complementary to hepatitis B virus genome.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 887187702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have studied the proliferation and CD40 antigen expression of lymphocytes, and the cytotoxicity to monocytes, of antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the SP II promoter of HBV mRNA (sequence I) and the X gene (sequence II) in patients with chronic hepatitis B.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 887187703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The oligo sequence I stimulated proliferation of both T and, to a lesser extent, B cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 887187704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The percentage of cells expressing CD40 in T and B cell co-cultures increased from 4.2% to 13.8% after oligo stimulation in patients, while it increased form 4.7% to 48.6% in healthy controls.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 887187705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The sense sequence (sequence III) of the X gene also enhanced the expression of CD40 antigen in patients with hepatitis B.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 887187706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The proportion of CD40 cells (26%) in a resting B-cell preparation from hepatitis B patients decreased to zero after a 5-day culture with sequence I, but IgG levels in the culture supernatant increased.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 887187707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cytotoxic properties of monocytes were not influenced by the oligos.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 887187708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings indicate that antisense oligos against hepatitis B virus (HBV) have mitogenic effects on the proliferation of human lymphocytes in a non-specific manner and may activate T cells to express CD40 antigen.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 887418401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dual action of retinoic acid on human embryonic/fetal hematopoiesis: blockade of primitive progenitor proliferation and shift from multipotent/erythroid/monocytic to granulocytic differentiation program.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 887418402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In preliminary studies, we have analyzed the hematopoietic growth factor (HGF) requirement of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) purified from embryonic-fetal liver (FL) and grown in fetal calf serum-supplemented (FCS+) clonogenic culture.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 887418403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The key role of erythropoietin (Epo) for colony formation by early erythroid progenitors (burst-forming units-erythroid [BFU-E]) has been confirmed.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 887418404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, in the absence of exogenous HGFs, FL monocytic progenitors (colony-forming unit monocyte [CFU-M]) generate large colonies exclusively composed of monocytes-macrophages; these colonies are absent in FCS- clonogenic culture.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 887418405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On this basis, we have investigated the role of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and its isomer 9-cis RA in FL hematopoiesis.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 887418406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both compounds modulate the growth of purified FL HPCs, which show a dose-dependent shift from mixed/erythroid/monocytic to granulocytic colony formation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 887418407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies on unicellular and paired daughter cell culture unequivocally indicate that the shift is mediated by modulation of the HPC differentiation program to the granulopoietic pathway (rather than RA-induced down-modulation of multipotent /erythroid/monocytic HPC growth coupled with recruitment of granulocytic HPCs).@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 887418408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ATRA and 9-cis RA also exert their effect on the proliferation of primitive HPCs (high-proliferative potential colony-forming cells [HPP-CFCs]) and putative hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs; assayed in Dexter-type long-term culture).@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 887418409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High concentrations of either compound (1) drastically reduced the number of primary HPP-CFC colonies and totally abolished their recloning capacity and (2) inhibited HSC proliferation.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 887418410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is crucial that these results mirror recent observations indicating that murine adult HPCs transduced with dominant negative ATRA receptor (RAR) gene are immortalized and show a selective blockade of granulocytic differentiation.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 887418411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Altogether, these results suggest that ATRA/9-cis RA may play a key role in FL hematopoiesis via a dual effect hypothetically mediated by interaction with the RAR/RXR heterodimer, ie, inhibition of HSC/ primitive HPC proliferation and induction of CFU-GEMM/ BFU-E/CFU-M shift from the multipotent/erythroid/monocytic to the granulocytic-neutrophilic differentiation program.@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 887594201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signal transduction by DR3, a death domain-containing receptor related to TNFR-1 and CD95.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 887594202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR-1) and CD95 (also called Fas or APO-1) are cytokine receptors that engage the apoptosis pathway through a region of intracellular homology, designated the "death domain."@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 887594203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Another death domain-containing member of the TNFR family, death receptor 3 (DR3), was identified and was shown to induce both apoptosis and activation of nuclear factor kappaB.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 887594204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of DR3 appears to be restricted to tissues enriched in lymphocytes.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 887594205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DR3 signal transduction is mediated by a complex of intracellular signaling molecules including TRADD, TRAF2, FADD, and FLICE.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 887594206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, DR3 likely plays a role in regulating lymphocyte homeostasis.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 887772501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of interferon-gamma gene expression.@@@@1@6@@oe@19-12-2010 887772502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferon-gamma ( IFN-gamma ), also known as type II interferon, is an important immunoregulatory gene that has multiple effects on the development, maturation, and function of the immune system.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 887772503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IFN-gamma mRNA and protein are expressed predominantly by T cells and large granular lymphocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 887772504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IFN-gamma mRNA is induced/inhibited in these cell types by a wide variety of extracellular signals, thus implicating a number of diverse, yet convergent signal transduction pathways in its transcriptional control.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 887772505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this review, I describe how DNA methylation and specific DNA binding proteins may regulate transcription of the IFN-gamma gene in response to extracellular signals.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 887852401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inorganic lead activates NF-kappa B in primary human CD4+ T lymphocytes.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 887852402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inorganic lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that produces a variety of effects on humoral and cell mediated immune responses.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 887852403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The underlying molecular mechanism for Pb's complex effects on the immune system remain obscure.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 887852404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Many of Pb's effects on the immune system could be explained through activation of the transcription factor, NF-kappa B.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 887852405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappa B is critical for T lymphocyte function and is a strong inducer of HIV-LTR activation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 887852406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that Pb at physiologically relevant concentrations activates NF-kappa B in primary human CD4+ T lymphocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 887852407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pb-induced activation of NF-kappa B is blocked by antibodies for p65 and p50 subunits but not cRel, indicating that the p65:p50 heterodimer (NF-kappa B) is involved.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 887852408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional activation of gene expression by Pb was confirmed using primary CD4+ T cells transfected with an NF-kappa B dependent reporter gene construct.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 887852409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pb did not activate NF-kappa B in 4 different T cell lines, suggesting that lymphoid cell lines may not be reliable surrogates for the study of transcriptional activation in human T cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 887852410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that NF-kappa B may be an important molecular mediator of Pb-induced immunotoxicity.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 889019601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD14-mediated signal pathway of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide in human gingival fibroblasts.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 889019602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces expression of inflammatory cytokines in monocytes/macrophages via CD14, one of the LPS receptors, which is expressed predominantly in these cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 889019603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has been demonstrated that Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS (P-LPS) also is able to induce inflammatory cytokines in human gingival fibroblasts.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 889019604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, it is important to determine whether CD14 is expressed in gingival fibroblasts and to define the P-LPS-mediated signal-transducing mechanism in the cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 889019605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we observed unexpectedly by immunohistochemical, Western blotting (immunoblotting), and Northern (RNA) blotting assays that CD14 is expressed at high density in human gingival fibroblasts.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 889019606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@P-LPS-induced expression of the monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) gene in the cells was inhibited markedly by treatment with anti-human CD14 antibody and was completely inhibited by herbimycin A, a potent inhibitor of tyrosine kinase.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 889019607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibitor also dramatically inhibited monocyte chemotactic activity of and MCP-1 production by the cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 889019608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, P-LPS-induced expression of the MCP-1 gene in the cells also was blocked by inhibitors of two transcription factors, i.e., curcumin, an inhibitor of AP-1, and pyrolidine dithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 889019609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both inhibitors inhibited monocyte chemotactic activity in the culture supernatant of P-LPS-treated cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 889019610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel shift mobility assay showed stimulation of the AP-1 and NF-kappaB contents in P-LPS-treated cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 889019611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study is the first to demonstrate the expression of CD14 in human gingival fibroblasts and to show that the signal-transducing pathway of P-LPS in the cells is mediated by CD14.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 889204201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Detection of intracellular signal transduction molecules in PBMC from rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 889204202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the manifestations of human HIV-1 and nonhuman primate SIV infection that lead to disease is reasoned to be secondary to generalized T-cell dysfunction.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 889204203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The molecular mechanisms associated with the T-cell dysfunction remain to be elucidated.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 889204204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To address this issue, we sought to utilize the nonhuman primate model to study intracellular signaling events in cells from disease-susceptible rhesus macaques and disease-resistant sooty mangabeys.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 889204205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because relatively little is known about these events in nonhuman primates, our laboratory defined optimal conditions, reagents, and assays for the study of signal transduction events in cells from nonhuman primates.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 889204206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein phosphorylation patterns in the two monkeys exhibited quantitative, qualitative, and kinetic differences.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 889204207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antibodies to Stat6 detected a unique band in macaque cell lysates.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 889204208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This band is markedly decreased human cell lysates and never seen in mangabey cell lysates.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 889204209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Detection of various other intracellular signaling proteins is also described.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 889260401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyrosines 113, 128, and 145 of SLP-76 are required for optimal augmentation of NFAT promoter activity.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 889260402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SLP-76 (SH2 domain leukocyte protein of 76 kDa) is a recently identified substrate of the TCR-stimulated protein tyrosine kinases that functions in the signal transduction cascade linking the TCR with IL-2 gene expression.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 889260403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report, we demonstrate that engagement of the TCR results in tyrosine phosphorylation of SLP-76 in its amino-terminal acidic region.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 889260404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two tyrosines (Y113 and Y128) fall within an identical five amino-acid motif and are shown to be phosphorylated upon TCR ligation.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 889260405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although mutation of either Y113 and Y128 has a minimal effect on SLP-76 function, mutation of both residues decreases significantly the ability of SLP-76 to promote T cell activation.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 889260406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A third tyrosine within the amino-terminal region (Y145) appears to be the most important for optimal SLP-76 function, as altering it alone to phenylalanine has a potent impact on SLP-76 augmentation of NFAT promoter activity.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 889260501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The catalytic domain of pp56(lck), but not its regulatory domain, is sufficient for inducing IL-2 production.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 889260502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The lymphoid src kinase pp56(lck) has been shown to be essential for the induction of different T lymphocyte responses, including CD4-mediated enhancement of Ag-induced T cell activation, early T cell differentiation, induction of IL-2 production, and cytotoxicity.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 889260503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is assumed that pp56(lck) acts on these processes by phosphorylating substrates.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 889260504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, it has been recently reported that the NH2 regulatory domain is sufficient to mediate CD4 accessory function.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 889260505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report we address the contribution of the regulatory and catalytic domains of pp56(lck) to another function of this enzyme independent of CD4: TCR-induced IL-2 production.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 889260506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two pp56(lck) mutants lacking either the entire catalytic domain or the entire NH2 regulatory domain were generated, and their abilities to trigger transactivation of the TCR-regulated nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) region of the IL-2 promoter were compared.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 889260507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Only the catalytic, but not the NH2 regulatory, domain of pp56(lck) was able to induce NF-AT region transactivation on its own and to cooperate with other intracellular signals to trigger this response.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 889260508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, the catalytic domain of pp56(lck) was able to induce IL-2 cytokine production to an extent similar to that of wild-type pp56(lck).@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 889260509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that different domains of the pp56(lck) molecule contribute to regulate distinct biologic functions.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 889260510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In fact, while the NH2 regulatory domain is sufficient to mediate CD4 accessory function, we show here that the catalytic domain of pp56(lck) is sufficient for induction of IL-2 production, mimicking TCR ligation.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 889261001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Isolation and characterization of murine fra-1: induction mediated by CD40 and surface Ig is protein kinase C dependent.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 889261002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The murine fra-1 gene, encoding Fos-related Ag 1, was isolated from a splenic cDNA library and sequenced.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 889261003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Murine fra-1 was highly homologous to rat and human fra-1.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 889261004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oligonucleotide primers based on the murine sequence were used to construct a quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay for gene expression.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 889261005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B lymphocyte stimulation via both CD40 and surface Ig (sIg) receptors substantially induced fra-1 expression, and for both receptors, induction was protein kinase C (PKC) dependent.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 889261006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This contrasts with induction of c-fos by both CD40 and sIg, which is PKC independent and indicates that CD40 is capable of signaling through PKC or a closely related kinase.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 889261007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of fra-1 following engagement of CD40 did not require protein synthesis, suggesting that the PKC-dependent linkage between CD40 and fra-1 is direct.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 889261008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD40-mediated fra-1 induction did require tyrosine kinase activity.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 889261009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrate that CD40, like sIg, may employ PKC in producing select outcomes, that individual B cell receptors may signal downstream events via both PKC-dependent and PKC-independent pathways, and that multiple signal transduction pathways may be used to activate the expression of closely related genes.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 889290301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Comparative analysis identifies conserved tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 binding sites in the human and simian Epstein-Barr virus oncogene LMP1.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 889290302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nonhuman primates are naturally infected with a B-lymphotropic herpesvirus closely related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 889290303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These simian EBV share considerable genetic, biologic, and epidemiologic features with human EBV, including virus-induced tumorigenesis.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 889290304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, latent, transformation-associated viral genes demonstrate marked sequence divergence among species despite the conserved functions.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 889290305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have cloned the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) homologs from the simian EBV naturally infecting baboons (cercopithicine herpesvirus 12, herpesvirus papio) and rhesus monkeys (cercopithicine herpesvirus 15) for a comparative study with the human EBV oncogene.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 889290306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transmembrane domains are well conserved, but there is striking sequence divergence of the carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic domain essential for B-cell immortalization and interaction with the tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling pathway.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 889290307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nevertheless, the simian EBV LMP1s retain most functions in common with EBV LMP1, including the ability to induce NF-(kappa)B activity in human cells, to bind the tumor necrosis factor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) in vitro, and to induce expression of tumor necrosis factor-responsive genes, such as ICAM1, in human B lymphocytes.@@@@1@59@@oe@19-12-2010 889290308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Multiple TRAF3 binding sites containing a PXQXT/S core sequence can be identified in the simian EBV LMP1s by an in vitro binding assay.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 889290309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A PXQXT/S-containing sequence is also present in the cytoplasmic domain of the Hodgkin's disease marker, CD30, and binds TRAF3 in vitro.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 889290310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The last 13 amino acids containing a PXQXT/S sequence are highly conserved in human and simian EBV LMP1 but do not bind TRAF3, suggesting a distinct role for this conserved region of LMP1.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 889290311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The conserved TRAF3 binding sites in LMP1 and the CD30 Hodgkin's disease marker provides further evidence that a TRAF3-mediated signal transduction pathway may be important in malignant transformation.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 889301101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rapid shuttling of NF-AT in discrimination of Ca2+ signals and immunosuppression.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 889301102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells need to distinguish between transient Ca2+ signals that induce events such as muscle contraction, secretion, adhesion and synaptic transmission, and sustained Ca2+ signals that are involved in cell proliferation and differentiation.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 889301103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The latter class of events is blocked in lymphocytes by the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A and FK506, which inhibit calcineurin, a Ca2+-activated serine/threonine phosphatase necessary for the nuclear import of NF-AT transcription factors.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 889301104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that sustained high concentrations of Ca2+, but not transient pulses, are required to maintain NF-AT transcription factors in the nucleus, where they participate in Ca2+-dependent induction of genes required for lymphocyte activation and proliferation.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 889301105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, overexpression and constitutive nuclear localization of NF-AT, but not Jun, Fos, NF-kappaB, Oct or Ets family members, renders the interleukin-2 enhancer in Jurkat T lymphocytes resistant to FK506 and cyclosporin A.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 889301106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus a primary effect of these immunosuppressive reagents is to control the subcellular localization of the NF-AT family of transcription factors.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 889624701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Susceptibility to natural killer cells and down regulation of MHC class I expression in adenovirus 12 transformed cells are regulated by different E1A domains.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 889624702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All human adenoviruses transform rodent cells in vitro, but only cells transformed by serotypes belonging to subgroups A (Ad12) and B (Ad3) are tumorigenic for immunocompetent animals.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 889624703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In these cells, the expression of MHC-class I antigens is repressed and might allow them to escape from recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and to develop in tumor.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 889624704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, these cell lines appear resistant to lysis by natural killer (NK) cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 889624705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine the E1A domain(s) responsible for these properties several cell lines were created by transforming baby rat kidney (BRK) cells with a set of plasmids expressing different Ad2/Ad12 hybrid E1A gene products.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 889624706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The MHC class 1 gene expression was inhibited in cells expressing the Ad12 13S mRNA product and in cells transformed with Ad2/Ad12 hybrid E1A gene product harboring the C-terminal part of the conserved region (CR) 3 of Ad12.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 889624707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Susceptibility of these transformed cell lines to NK cells was determined by cytolytic assays.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 889624708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results obtained suggest that two Ad12 E1A domains are required to induce resistance of the cell lines to NK cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 889894801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyrosine kinase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase activities in CD40-activated human B lymphocytes.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 889894802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro, human B lymphocytes undergo long-term proliferation when activated through CD40, a protein expressed on their cell surface.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 889894803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The nature of CD40-dependent signals in proliferating fresh human Epstein-Barr virus-negative B lymphocytes is currently unknown.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 889894804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, a CD40-dependent B cell culture system was used to examine the role of different signal transduction elements.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 889894805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Protein kinase C (PKC) depletion generated by a long-term phorbol 12 myristate 13-acetate treatment had weak effects on proliferation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 889894806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rather, tyrosine phosphorylation was shown to be directly involved in mediating CD40-dependent signals.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 889894807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The use of the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK)-specific inhibitor herbimycin A dramatically decreased cellular proliferation without altering the activity of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 long terminal repeat (HIV-1 LTR), a promoter largely dependent on the binding of nuclear factor kappa B (NF- kappa B).@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 889894808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase specific inhibitor H-89 totally inhibited HIV-1 LTR activity at a concentration as low as 100 nM without affecting cellular proliferation.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 889894809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and supershift assay using an NF-kappa B binding sequence from the kappa light chain as a probe, revealed that both p65 (RelA) and c-Rel were present in CD40-stimulated B cells.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 889894810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While PKC depletion did not alter the NF-kappa B level, treatment of B lymphocytes with H-89 or herbimycin A provoked a decrease in the NF-kappa B level.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 889894811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations establish the importance of different signal transducing pathways leading to CD40 activation of B lymphocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 890037101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chromosome 1 aneusomy with 1p36 under-representation is related to histologic grade, DNA aneuploidy, high c-erb B-2 and loss of bcl-2 expression in ductal breast carcinoma.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 890037102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chromosome 1 abnormalities with loss of 1p36 have been investigated in 95 breast-cancer samples by means of a dual-target fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) technique using the pUC 1.77 and p1-79 probes, specific for the 1q12 and 1p36 regions, respectively.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 890037103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Abnormalities for one or both probes were detected in 83/95 samples.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 890037104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Relative 1p36 under-representation was found in 79/95.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 890037105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The clinical relevance of these alterations was studied by comparing the FISH results with several parameters currently used in breast-cancer pathology.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 890037106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Distinct patterns of chromosome 1 abnormalities were found among the histologic types of breast carcinoma.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 890037107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lobular or mucinous samples showed few or no alterations, whereas most ductal samples had high chromosome 1 polysomy with under-representation of 1p36.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 890037108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In ductal carcinomas, chromosome 1 alterations increased with histologic grade, DNA aneuploidy, loss of bcl-2 and high c-erb B-2 expression.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 890037109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These associations were found to be statistically significant.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 890037110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No correlation between chromosome 1 alterations and nuclear grade, age, size, lymph-node involvement, hormonal receptor presence, proliferation activity or p53 protein expression was detected.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 890037111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate the utility of this FISH technique for a better definition of the biological characteristics of ductal carcinomas.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 890288201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Modulatory effects of glucocorticoids and catecholamines on human interleukin-12 and interleukin-10 production: clinical implications.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 890288202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a key inducer of differentiation of uncommitted T helper (TH) cells toward the TH1 phenotype, which regulates cellular immunity, whereas IL-10 inhibits TH1 functions and potentiates TH2-regulated responses (i.e., humoral immunity).@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 890288203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To examine the potential effects of stress on TH1/TH2 balance, we studied the ability of three prototype stress hormones-dexamethasone (a synthetic glucocorticoid) and the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine-to alter the production of IL-12 (p70) and IL-10 induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in human whole blood.@@@@1@57@@oe@19-12-2010 890288204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dexamethasone inhibited LPS-induced bioactive IL-12 production in a dose-dependent fashion and at physiologically relevant concentrations; it had no effect on IL-10 secretion.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 890288205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The glucocorticoid-induced reduction of IL-12 production was antagonized by RU 486, a glucocorticoid-receptor antagonist, suggesting that it was mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 890288206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Norepinephrine and epinephrine also suppressed IL-12 production in a dose-dependent fashion and at physiological concentrations; both catecholamines, however, dose-dependently increased the production of IL-10.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 890288207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of either catecholamine on IL-12 or IL-10 secretion were blocked completely by propranolol, a beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist, indicating that they were mediated by the beta-adrenergic receptor.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 890288208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest that the central nervous system may regulate IL-12 and IL-10 secretion and, hence, TH1/TH2 balance via the peripheral end-effectors of the stress system.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 890288209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, stress may cause a selective suppression of TH1 functions and a shift toward a TH2 cytokine pattern rather than generalized TH suppression.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 890288210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The TH1-to-TH2 shift may be responsible for the stress-induced susceptibility of the organism to certain infections.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 890288211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Through the same or a reciprocal mechanism, states associated with chronic hyperactivity or hypoactivity of the stress system might influence the susceptibility of an individual to certain autoimmune, allergic, infectious, or neoplastic diseases.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 890555201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Presence of a variant form of the estrogen receptor in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal individuals and lupus patients.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 890555202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogen may participate in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) via its intracellular receptor.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 890555203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate the presence of various isoforms of the estrogen receptor (ER) in SLE we isolated RNA from mononuclear cells of lupus patients and normal controls.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 890555204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using RT-PCR we were able to identify both the full length wild-type form and an isoform of the ER which precisely lacks exon V in both patient and normal individuals.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 890555205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results, although limited, suggest that normal individuals can express both the wild-type and truncated version at the same time, whereas lupus patients only express either the wild-type or the truncated ER.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 890555206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This finding may lead to a better understanding of the reasons for the prevalence of lupus in females and of the estrogenic effects on SLE disease activity.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 890680501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lack of IL-12 signaling in human allergen-specific Th2 cells.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 890680502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-12 is a powerful skewer of CD4+ T cell responses toward the Th1 phenotype by inducing IFN-gamma production in naive Th cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 890680503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study we addressed the question of whether IL-12 can reverse established Th2 responses into Th1/Th0 responses by inducing IFN-gamma production in memory Th2 cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 890680504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To this aim, allergen-specific CD4+ T cell clones (TCC) were generated from the peripheral blood of three atopic patients, and their cytokine profiles were analyzed.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 890680505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The majority of these TCC exhibited a strongly polarized Th2 cytokine profile, and the production of IFN-gamma could not be induced by exogenous IL-12.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 890680506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Only those TCC with low IFN-gamma levels in the absence of IL-12 responded to IL-12 by additional enhancement of IFN-gamma production.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 890680507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IL-12 nonresponsiveness of the Th2 clones was further evident by the total lack of IL-12-induced phosphorylation of STAT4 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-4), a transcription factor that is typically involved in IL-12 signaling.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 890680508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consequently, IL-12 also failed to induce the DNA-binding activity of STAT4-containing complexes in the nuclei of these Th2 clones.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 890680509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All TCC expressed equal levels of the low-affinity IL-12R beta1 subunit.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 890680510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results indicate that human allergen-specific Th cells with strongly polarized Th2 cytokine profiles do not respond to IL-12 and, therefore, cannot be induced to produce IFN-gamma.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 890680511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The apparent high frequency of IL-12-nonresponsive Th cells within the allergen-specific populations in atopic patients predicts a limited skewing potential of IL-12 in the case of established Th2 responses, but only affecting newly recruited naive Th cells.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 891036001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of a CD43/leukosialin-mediated pathway for inducing apoptosis in human T-lymphoblastoid cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 891036002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The monoclonal antibody (mAb) J393 induces apoptosis in Jurkat T-cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 891036003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis identified the 140-kDa surface antigen for mAb J393 as CD43/leukosialin, the major sialoglycoprotein of leukocytes.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 891036004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While Jurkat cells co-expressed two discrete cell-surface isoforms of CD43, recognized by mAb J393 and mAb G10-2, respectively, only J393/CD43 signaled apoptosis.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 891036005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@J393/CD43 was found to be hyposialylated, bearing predominantly O-linked monosaccharide glycans, whereas G10-2/CD43 bore complex sialylated tetra- and hexasaccharide chains.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 891036006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment with soluble, bivalent mAb J393 killed 25-50% of the cell population, while concomitant engagement of either the CD3.TcR complex or the integrins CD18 and CD29 significantly potentiated this effect.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 891036007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of Jurkat cells with mAb J393 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of specific protein substrates that underwent hyperphosphorylation upon antigen receptor costimulation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 891036008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyrosine kinase inhibition by herbimycin A diminished J393/CD43-mediated apoptosis, whereas inhibition of phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity by bis(maltolato)oxovanadium-IV enhanced cell death.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 891036009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signal transduction through tyrosine kinase activation may lead to altered gene expression, as J393/CD43 ligation prompted decreases in the nuclear localization of the transcriptional regulatory protein NF-kappaB and proteins binding the interferon-inducible regulatory element.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 891036010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since peripheral blood T-lymphocytes express cryptic epitopes for mAb J393, these findings demonstrate the existence of a tightly regulated CD43-mediated pathway for inducing apoptosis in human T-cell lineages.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 891039801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stat3 recruitment by two distinct ligand-induced, tyrosine-phosphorylated docking sites in the interleukin-10 receptor intracellular domain.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 891039802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent work has shown that IL-10 induces activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 891039803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To define the mechanism underlying signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein recruitment to the interleukin 10 (IL-10) receptor, the STAT proteins activated by IL-10 in different cell populations were first defined using electrophoretic mobility shift assays.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 891039804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In all cells tested, IL-10 activated Stat1 and Stat3 and induced the formation of three distinct DNA binding complexes that contained different combinations of these two transcription factors.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 891039805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-10 also activated Stat5 in Ba/F3 cells that stably expressed the murine IL-10 receptor.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 891039806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a structure-function mutagenesis approach, two tyrosine residues (Tyr427 and Tyr477) in the intracellular domain of the murine IL-10 receptor were found to be redundantly required for receptor function and for activation of Stat3 but not for Stat1 or Stat5.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 891039807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Twelve amino acid peptides encompassing either of these two tyrosine residues in phosphorylated form coprecipitated Stat3 but not Stat1 and blocked IL-10-induced Stat3 phosphorylation in a cell-free system.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 891039808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides containing Tyr374 or Tyr396 did not interact with Stat3 or block Stat3 activation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 891039809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data demonstrate that Stat3 but not Stat1 or Stat5 is directly recruited to the ligand-activated IL-10 receptor by binding to specific but redundant receptor intracellular domain sequences containing phosphotyrosine.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 891039810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study thus supports the concept that utilization of distinct STAT proteins by different cytokine receptors is dependent on the expression of particular ligand-activatable, tyrosine-containing STAT docking sites in receptor intracellular domains.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 891284201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T-cell-directed TAL-1 expression induces T-cell malignancies in transgenic mice.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 891284202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The TAL-1 gene specifies for a basic domain-helix-loop-helix protein, which is involved in the control of normal hematopoiesis.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 891284203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In human pathology, the TAL-1 gene product is expressed in a high percentage of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias in the pediatric age range; however, it has not been established whether the expression has a causal role in oncogenesis.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 891284204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report, we describe the phenotype of mouse transgenic lines obtained by inducing tal-1 protein expression in lymphoid tissues using the LCK promoter.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 891284205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The survival rate of tal-1 transgenic animals was much lower as compared with control mice.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 891284206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Histopathological analysis revealed lymphomas of T-cell type, often comprising a minor B-cell component.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 891284207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some mice showed marked splenic lymphocyte depletion.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 891284208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Primary lymphocyte cultures showed partial independence from exogenous growth stimuli and increased resistance to low-serum apoptosis.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 891284209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To further unravel the tal-1 oncogenic potential, a strain of tal-1 transgenic mice was crossbred with p53-/- mice; the survival rate in these animals was reduced by more than one-half when compared with that of tal-1 mice, and histopathological analysis revealed exclusively T-cell lymphomas.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 891284210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate that TAL-1, expressed in T cells, is per se a potent oncogene, which may exert a key leukemogenetic role in the majority of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 891288801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Naive (CD45RA+) T lymphocytes are more sensitive to oxidative stress-induced signals than memory (CD45RO+) cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 891288802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Formation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) after oxidative stress has been shown to be an activation signal for T lymphocytes, e.g., expression of IL-2 and its receptor are induced.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 891288803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These ROI-induced effects can, to a large extent, be attributed to the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 891288804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Now we have examined whether naive and memory T lymphocytes differ in their sensitivity to ROI-mediated signals.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 891288805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When CD45RA+ (naive) and CD45RO+ (memory) T lymphocytes were directly stimulated with H2O2, NF-kappaB nuclear translocation was stronger in naive cells than in memory cells and it could be induced with lower doses.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 891288806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The composition of the induced nuclear NF-kappaB (levels of p50 and RelA proteins) was similar in these cell types.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 891288807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The magnitude and kinetics of intracellular ROI were similar, suggesting that there were no differences in ROI-forming mechanisms or antioxidative capacities.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 891288808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The probable regulatory point was the cytoplasmic IkappaB inhibitor: in CD45RA+ cells, H2O2 caused a more profound depression in the levels of IkappaB alpha.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 891288809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings indicate that T cells representing different activation and/or differentiation stages can be differentially responsive to ROI-mediated signals.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 891695901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferon augments PML and PML/RAR alpha expression in normal myeloid and acute promyelocytic cells and cooperates with all-trans retinoic acid to induce maturation of a retinoid-resistant promyelocytic cell line.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 891695902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The PML gene is fused to the retinoic acid receptor alpha gene (RAR alpha) in the acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) 15; 17 translocation.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 891695903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PML is expressed in diverse tissues and cell lines and localized in the nucleus with a typical speckled pattern.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 891695904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the bone marrow, it is preferentially expressed in myeloid cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 891695905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PML appears to be transcriptionally regulated by class I and II interferons, which raises the possibility that interferons modulate the function and growth and differentiation potential of normal myeloid cells and precursors by activating PML-dependent pathways.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 891695906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similarly, interferons could act on APL cells, alone or in combination with all-trans retinoic acid (RA), especially if the PML/RAR alpha fusion transcript that results from the t(15; 17) is induced by interferon.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 891695907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report here that PML is expressed at low levels or not expressed in normal circulating human monocytes, lymphocytes, and polymorphonucleate cells, but is markedly induced by interferon; that PML and PML/RAR alpha expression is augmented by interferon in the NB4 APL cell line, which carries the t(15; 17), and in APL blasts from patients; that interferon inhibits growth and survival of NB4 APL cells in cooperation with RA; that interferons alone have minimal maturation effect on NB4 cells; and, finally, that interferon gamma, but not alpha or beta, induces maturation and growth suppression of NB4 cells with de novo retinoid resistance, and partially restores RA response.@@@@1@121@@oe@19-12-2010 891697001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Generation of CD1+RelB+ dendritic cells and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells from human monocytes.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 891697002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We previously showed that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) stimulate the differentiation of human monocytes into two phenotypically distinct types of macrophages.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 891697003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in vivo, not only CSF but also many other cytokines are produced under various conditions.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 891697004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Those cytokines may modulate the differentiation of monocytes by CSFs.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 891697005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study, we showed that CD14+ adherent human monocytes can differentiate into CD1+relB+ dendritic cells (DC) by the combination of GM-CSF plus interleukin-4 (IL-4) and that they differentiate into tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells (MGC) by the combination of M-CSF plus IL-4.@@@@1@58@@oe@19-12-2010 891697006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the monocyte-derived DC were not terminally differentiated cells; they could still convert to macrophages in response to M-CSF.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 891697007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulated the terminal differentiation of the DC by downregulating the expression of the M-CSF receptor, cfms mRNA, and aborting the potential to convert to macrophages.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 891697008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to IL-4, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) had no demonstrable effect on the differentiation of monocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 891697009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rather, IFN-gamma antagonized the effect of IL-4 and suppressed the DC and MGC formation induced by GM-CSF + IL-4 and M-CSF + IL-4, respectively.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 891697010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these results provide a new aspect to our knowledge of monocyte differentiation and provide evidence that human monocytes are flexible in their differentiation potential and are precursors not only of macrophages but also of CD1+relB+DC and TRAP-positive MGC.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 891697011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such a diverse pathway of monocyte differentiation may constitute one of the basic mechanisms of immune regulation.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 891964401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of [Ca2+]i rise activated by doxepin-sensitive H1-histamine receptors in Jurkat cells, cloned human T lymphocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 891964402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To clarify the presence of histamine receptor and its transmembrane mechanism in human T lymphocytes, we investigated the effects of agonists or antagonists of histamine receptor subtypes and bacterial toxins on intracellular concentration of Ca2+ [Ca2+]i), [3H]pyrilamine binding and c-fos mRNA expression in Jurkat cells, cloned human T lymphocytes.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 891964403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@H1-agonists (histamine and 2-methylhistamine) caused a transient rise of [Ca2+], and H1-antagonists (pyrilamine and doxepin) inhibited the histamine-induced [Ca2+]i rise more potently than the H2-antagonist (cimetidine) on the H3-antagonist (impromidine).@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 891964404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding parameters of [3H]pyrilamine binding were Kd = 5.53 nM and Bmax = 2,647 sites/cell.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 891964405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pretreatment with B.pertussis, V.cholera. or C.botulinum toxin did not influence histamine-induced [Ca2+]i rise.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 891964406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Western Blot analysis using antibodies against subunits of GTP-binding proteins indicated that Gq/G11 richly existed in Jurkat cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 891964407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Histamine induced mRNA expression of an immediate early gene c-fos.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 891964408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pretreatment with a protein kinase C activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, caused almost complete inhibition of histamine-induced [Ca2+]i rise, but did not do so by activators of cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 892086701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cell response to Epstein-Barr virus transactivators in chronic rheumatoid arthritis.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 892086702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rheumatoid arthritis is a multistep disorder associated with autoimmune features of yet unknown etiology.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 892086703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Implication of viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis has been suspected on the basis of several indirect observations, but thus far, a direct link between EBV and rheumatoid arthritis has not been provided.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 892086704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show that a large fraction of T cells infiltrating affected joints from a patient with chronic rheumatoid arthritis recognizes two EBV transactivators (BZLF1 and BMLF1) in a major histocompatibility complex-restricted fashion.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 892086705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Responses to these EBV antigens by synovial lymphocytes from several other chronic rheumatoid arthritis patients were readily detectable.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 892086706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus these results suggest a direct contribution of EBV to chronic rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 892086707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They also demonstrate for the first time the occurrence of T cell responses against EBV transactivating factors, which might be central in the control of virus reactivation.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 892193701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differential nuclear localization of p50, p52, and RelB proteins in human accessory cells of the immune response in situ.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 892193702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Rel/NF-kappa B proteins, p50, p52, p65, c-Rel, and RelB, constitute a family of transcription factors involved in the positive regulation of a variety of genes during the immune response.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 892193703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, it has been shown that RelB knockout mice have no dendritic cells (DC).@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 892193704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An overexpression of p50 has been described in follicular dendritic cells (FDC).@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 892193705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A constitutive NF-kappa B activity has been reported in mature macrophages.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 892193706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This led to the hypothesis that some of the Rel/NF-kappa B proteins were key nuclear factors in functions of accessory cells of the immune response.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 892193707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, we investigated in situ the nuclear localization of Rel/NF-kappa B proteins in accessory cells of the immune system by immunohistochemistry and double labeling by immunofluorescence from five normal human tonsils and five lymph nodes with follicular hyperplasia.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 892193708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear p65 and c-Rel proteins were found in all cell types including lymphocytes.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 892193709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In germinal centers GC, p50, p52, and RelB were found in the nuclei of FDC only and were not detected in the nuclei of CD68+ cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 892193710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In T cell areas, p50, p52, and RelB were found in the nuclei of HLA-DR+ cells with an antigen-presenting cell (APC) morphology.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 892193711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@p52 and RelB were detected in the nuclei in both CD1a+ and CD68+ cells from the T cell area, whereas p50 was found only in CD68- and CD1a- cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 892193712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells with nuclear p50 were negative for the CD38, CD20 and CD2 markers.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 892193713@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results show that, physiologically, high levels of nuclear of p50, p52 and RelB are restricted to accessory cells of the immune system, which include FDC in GC, and DC and macrophages in the T cell zone, that specialized scavenger macrophages from GC do not have detectable levels of p52 and RelB, whereas macrophages from the T cell area, known to present the antigen to T cells, do have both nuclear p52 and RelB, and that in the T cell zone, p52 and RelB are located in nuclei of both CD1a+, CD68+ or both, cells APC, whereas p50 is restricted to CD1a- and CD68- APC.@@@@1@120@@oe@19-12-2010 892193714@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The different patterns of p50, p52 and RelB protein nuclear localization may provide insight into their different roles during the immune response in vivo.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 892247401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning and expression of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded dUTPase: patients with acute, reactivated or chronic virus infection develop antibodies against the enzyme.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 892247402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The gene encoding the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific dUTPase was amplified from virus DNA by PCR.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 892247403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The active enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli and in insect cells as a non-fusion protein.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 892247404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein from E. coli specifically converted dUTP to dUMP and did not react with other dNTPs or NTPs.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 892247405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Preliminary experiments yielded a Km value of about 0.8 microM for dUTP.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 892247406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MAbs against the dUTPase reacted with a protein of approximately 31 kDa in 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-stimulated B cells harbouring either type 1 or type 2 EBV.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 892247407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein was found in untreated cells at low levels, whereas induction of the lytic replication cycle by TPA treatment or by providing the immediate early transactivator BZLF1 in trans resulted in increased expression.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 892247408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrated that the virus dUTPase isolated from EBV-infected cells is a phosphoprotein.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 892247409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein expressed in insect cells was used to test for the presence of specific antibodies in sera from normal, healthy carriers and from patients with various diseases.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 892247410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While the sera of EBV-negative individuals (0/3) or healthy carriers (0/33) did not contain detectable levels of antibodies, patients with mononucleosis (5/18), chronic EBV infection (2/7), EBV reactivation (7/20) and human immunodeficiency virus infection (5/24) showed elevated antibody titres against the enzyme.@@@@1@58@@oe@19-12-2010 892247411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This indicated that the dUTPase is expressed during EBV replication and reactivation.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 892247412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The enzyme might therefore be a potential target for drug therapy under conditions of active DNA replication.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 892945901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Prostaglandin E2 induction of binding activity to CRE and AP-2 elements in human T lymphocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 892945902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Prostaglandins of the E series are immunomodulatory agents which exert inhibitory as well as stimulatory effects on a variety of immune responses.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 892945903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since it is known that PGE2 is able to increase cAMP levels, we investigated whether it can affect gene expression through the activation of the transcription factors which bind enhancer elements in the promoter regions of cAMP-regulated genes.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 892945904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we demonstrated that a short treatment of human T lymphocytes with PGE2 induces specific binding activity to CRE and AP-2, but not AP-1, DNA elements.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 892945905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since the okadaic acid, a potent protein phosphatase inhibitor, prolongs the induction of the binding activity, phosphorylation events are likely to occur.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 892945906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This activity seems to be due to increased cAMP levels because forskolin and IBMX mimic the effects of PGE2.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 892945907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@More interestingly, transfection experiments with CRE-CAT plasmide show that PGE2 activates the transcription of a CRE-containing promoter.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 892945908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data support the positive role for PGE2 on some immune functions.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 894324301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The proximal regulatory element of the interferon-gamma promoter mediates selective expression in T cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 894324302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is produced by natural killer cells and certain subsets of T cells, but the basis for its selective expression is unknown.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 894324303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within the region between -108 and -40 base pairs of the IFN-gamma promoter are two conserved and essential regulatory elements, which confer activation-specific expression in T cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 894324304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This report describes studies indicating that the most proximal of these two regulatory elements is an important determinant of its restricted expression.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 894324305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The proximal element is a composite site that binds members of the CREB/ATF, AP-1, and octamer families of transcription factors.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 894324306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Jun is essential for activation-induced transcription and binds preferably as a heterodimer with ATF-2.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 894324307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, CREB appears to dampen transcription from this element.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 894324308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The CpG dinucleotide in this element is selectively methylated in Th2 T cells and other cells that do not express IFN-gamma, and methylation markedly reduces transcription factor binding.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 894324309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a target for DNA methylation and for binding of transcription factors that mediate or impede transcription, this element appears to play a central role in controlling IFN-gamma expression.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 894336501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Association of TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF3 with an Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 domain important for B-lymphocyte transformation: role in NF-kappaB activation.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 894336502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transforming protein LMP1 appears to be a constitutively activated tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) on the basis of an intrinsic ability to aggregate in the plasma membrane and an association of its cytoplasmic carboxyl terminus (CT) with TNFR-associated factors (TRAFs).@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 894336503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We now show that in EBV-transformed B lymphocytes most of TRAF1 or TRAF3 and 5% of TRAF2 are associated with LMP1 and that most of LMP1 is associated with TRAF1 or TRAF3.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 894336504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TRAF1, TRAF2, and TRAF3 bind to a single site in the LMP1 CT corresponding to amino acids (aa) 199 to 214, within a domain which is important for B-lymphocyte growth transformation (aa 187 to 231).@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 894336505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further deletional and alanine mutagenesis analyses and comparison with TRAF binding sequences in CD40, in CD30, and in the LMP1 of other lymphycryptoviruses provide the first evidence that PXQXT/S is a core TRAF binding motif.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 894336506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The negative effects of point mutations in the LMP1(1-231) core TRAF binding motif on TRAF binding and NF-kappaB activation genetically link the TRAFs to LMP1(1-231)-mediated NF-kappaB activation.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 894336507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-kappaB activation by LMP1(1-231) is likely to be mediated by TRAF1/TRAF2 heteroaggregates since TRAF1 is unique among the TRAFs in coactivating NF-kappaB with LMP1(1-231), a TRAF2 dominant-negative mutant can block LMP1(1-231)-mediated NF-kappaB activation as well as TRAF1 coactivation, and 30% of TRAF2 is associated with TRAF1 in EBV-transformed B cells.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 894336508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TRAF3 is a negative modulator of LMP1(1-231)-mediated NF-kappaB activation.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 894336509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surprisingly, TRAF1, -2, or -3 does not interact with the terminal LMP1 CT aa 333 to 386 which can independently mediate NF-kappaB activation.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 894336510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The constitutive association of TRAFs with LMP1 through the aa 187 to 231 domain which is important in NF-kappaB activation and primary B-lymphocyte growth transformation implicates TRAF aggregation in LMP1 signaling.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 894338901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD40, but not lipopolysaccharide and anti-IgM stimulation of primary B lymphocytes, leads to a persistent nuclear accumulation of RelB.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 894338902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study we analyzed the effect of CD40 stimulation on the activity and nuclear appearance of Rel/nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) factors in primary murine B lymphocytes.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 894338903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that triggering of CD40 signaling pathway(s) by CD40 ligands expressed on L cells led to strong activation of an NF-kappaB-controlled beta-globin reporter gene in primary B lymphocytes from transgenic mice.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 894338904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analyses of nuclear translocation of individual members of Rel proteins after CD40 induction of primary B cells showed a strong and long-lasting accumulation of RelB and, less pronounced, of c-Rel.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 894338905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LPS stimulation did not give rise to a persistent nuclear accumulation of RelB and c-Rel, whereas nuclear c-Rel, but not RelB, accumulated after B cell receptor stimulation.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 894338906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD40 induced not only nuclear translocation but also de novo synthesis of RelB RNA and protein.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 894338907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@S107 plasmacytoma cells, which express CD40 but are defective for the nuclear appearance of p50/p65-NF-kappaB, do not express RelB after CD40 stimulation.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 894338908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In S107 cells stably transfected with relB genes, stimulation of nuclear RelB translocation by CD40 was observed.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 894338909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that stimulation of CD40 signaling pathways exerts a long-lasting stimulatory effect on both the transcription and nuclear translocation of RelB.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 894338910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since LPS and anti-IgM were unable to activate RelB, CD40 appears to trigger a special program of gene expression involved in the proliferation and/or differentiation of B lymphocytes.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 895002901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of Ara-C on neutral sphingomyelinase and mitogen- and stress- activated protein kinases in T-lymphocyte cell lines.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 895002902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neutral sphingomyelinase (SMase) can be activated by extracellular signals to produce ceramide, which may affect mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activities.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 895002903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neutral SMase activity was assessed in membranes from Jurkat, a human T-cell line, and EL4, a murine T-cell line.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 895002904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ara-C activated SMase with 10 minutes in both Jurkat and EL4 cells, while phorbol ester (PMA) had no effect.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 895002905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMA, but not Ara-C or ceramides, activated ERK MAPKS, in Jurkat and EL4.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 895002906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMA acted synergistically with ionomycin to activate JNK MAPKs in Jurkat and EL4 within 10 minutes.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 895002907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ara-C activated JNKs only after prolonged incubation (90-120 minutes).@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 895002908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, ceramide is not a positive signal for ERK activation in T-cell lines.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 895002909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of Ara-C on JNK activity may be mediated through secondary response pathways.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 895097701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of Egr-1 correlates with the transformed phenotype and the type of viral latency in EBV genome positive lymphoid cell lines.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 895097702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this paper we have investigated the role of Egr-1 in B cell growth regulation by examining the gene expression in a panel of B cell lines, including both EBV genome negative and EBV carrying cell lines.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 895097703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Egr-1 expression correlates with the cellular phenotype and the specific pattern of viral latency established within the individual cell lines.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 895097704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, constitutive activation of Egr-1 gene is invariably associated with unrestricted expression of viral latent genes in all group III EBV genome carrying cell lines.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 895097705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, Egr-1 expression is abrogated in group I Burkitt tumor cells, irrespective of the EBV genome carrying status.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 895097706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activated viral gene expression associated with phenotypic conversion of group I cell lines in to group II or III restores the Egr-1 gene expression.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 895097707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several forms of EGR-1 protein are found within the different groups of cell lines, and the binding activity to DNA consensus sequences was investigated.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 895097708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, time course analysis of Egr-1 expression during the early steps of EBV infection in vitro demonstrated that Egr-1 is upregulated within minutes from the initial interaction with the B lymphocyte.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 895500001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV-1 LTR activity in human CD40-activated B lymphocytes is dependent on NF-kappaB.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 895500002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD40-stimulated human B lymphocytes are highly permissive to a productive infection by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 895500003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In these cells, nuclear factors involved in activation of the HIV-1 LTR, which contains the transcriptional control elements of the virus, are unknown.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 895500004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient expression assays with plasmids containing deleted parts of the LTR region linked to a reporter gene showed that the NF-kappaB binding site was essential for HIV-1 LTR activity in CD40-stimulated B lymphocytes.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 895500005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays revealed that important NF-kappaB binding activity composed of at least p50, p65, and c-Rel NF-kappaB subunits was present in nuclei of CD40-stimulated B cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 895500006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results confirm at a molecular level the ability of HIV-1 to replicate in B cells and that this activity is strongly associated with NF-kappaB.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 895509401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation of tyrosines 492/493 in the kinase domain of ZAP-70 affects multiple T-cell receptor signaling pathways.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 895509402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein-tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 is implicated, together with the Src kinase p56(lck), in controlling the early steps of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling cascade.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 895509403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To help elucidate further the mechanism by which ZAP-70 regulates these initial events, we used a dominant-negative mutant approach.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 895509404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We overexpressed in the Jurkat T-cell line ZAP-70 mutated on Tyr-492 and Tyr-493 in the putative regulatory loop of its kinase domain.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 895509405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This mutant inhibited TCR-induced activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells by interfering with both intracellular calcium increase and Ras-regulated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 895509406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, TCR-induced phosphorylation of pp36-38, thought to play a role upstream of these pathways, was found to be reduced.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 895509407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, overexpression of wild-type ZAP-70 induced constitutive activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 895509408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ZAP-70 mutant studied here could be phosphorylated on tyrosine when associated to the TCR zeta chain and was able to bind p56(lck).@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 895509409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This result demonstrates that Tyr-492 and Tyr-493 are not responsible for the Src homology domain 2-mediated association of p56(lck) with ZAP-70.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 895509410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data are most consistent with a model in which recruitment to the TCR allows ZAP-70 autophosphorylation and binding to p56(lck), which in turn phosphorylates Tyr-492 and/or Tyr-493 with consequent up-regulation of the ZAP-70 kinase activity.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 895509411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ZAP-70 will then be able to effectively control phosphorylation of its substrates and lead to gene activation.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 895517301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB via T cell receptor requires a Raf kinase and Ca2+ influx.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 895517302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional synergy between Raf and calcineurin.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 895517303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signals transduced via the TCR activate the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), which, in turn, is critical to the transcriptional induction of many genes important for the proliferation and expression of a differentiated phenotype.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 895517304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of T cells with the protein kinase C activator PMA in combination with Ca2+ ionophores mimics this process, and the two agents are often substituted for TCR stimulation, bypassing the TCR.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 895517305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we identify intracellular signaling components involved in activation of NF-kappaB following TCR stimulation.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 895517306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCR signaling was triggered by treating Jurkat T cells with PHA or anti-CD3 Abs, and NF-kappaB activation was monitored by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and/or by kappaB-dependent reporter assays.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 895517307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Contrary to the idea that protein kinase C is involved in TCR-mediated activation of NF-kappaB, high doses of staurosporine did not interfere with activation of NF-kappaB by PHA, while the same dose of staurosporine completely blocked activation by PMA.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 895517308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PHA-induced kappaB-dependent reporter activity was, however, effectively blocked by a dominant negative form of Raf-1, suggesting a critical role for a Raf kinase.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 895517309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The TCR-mediated activation of NF-kappaB was also dependent on a Ca2+ influx, because the Ca2+ channel blocker, SK&F 96365, as well as other agents that prevented the Ca2+ influx, inhibited NF-kappaB activation.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 895517310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cotransfection of a constitutively active form of calcineurin largely substituted for the Ca2+ requirement and reversed the blockade by SK&F 96365.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 895517311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with these observations, coexpression of constitutively active forms of Raf-1 and calcineurin synergistically induced kappaB-dependent reporter activity, suggesting a physiologically relevant functional interaction between the kinase and the phosphatase.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010