895923901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dexamethasone suppression test: corticosteroid receptors regulation in mononuclear leukocytes of young and aged subjects.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 895923902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) is considered an indicator of the function of the adrenal pituitary axis.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 895923903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of the steroid is mediated by its binding to corticosteroid receptors.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 895923904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We previously suggested that the measurement of corticosteroid receptors in lymphocytes is an index of an analogous pattern in brain.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 895923905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study, corticosteroid Type I and Type II receptors in mononuclear leukocytes were measured in 10 elderly subjects and in 9 young adults, before and after overnight DST (1 mg).@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 895923906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Receptors were measured by radioreceptor assay.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 895923907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In all the subjects, dexamethasone was able to suppress plasma cortisol.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 895923908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of Type I and Type II receptors before the test was lower in elderly subjects than in adults.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 895923909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the control group, dexamethasone produced a significant depression of Type I receptors (from 267 +/- 72 to 169 +/- 71 receptors per cell), which can be interpreted as a primary involvement of Type I receptors in the response to dexamethasone; Type II receptors decreased in half the subjects (from 2849 +/- 703 to 2345 +/- 569 receptors per cell).@@@@1@68@@oe@19-12-2010 895923910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In elderly healthy subjects, Type II receptors were also significantly decreased (from 1796 +/- 671 to 720 +/- 345).@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 895923911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We suggest that in young subjects Type II receptors are initially up-regulated by dexamethasone, and then down-regulated, while in aged subjects an up-regulation cannot be achieved, as suggested by the higher values of plasma cortisol usually found in aging subjects.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 897098401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synergistic interactions between overlapping binding sites for the serum response factor and ELK-1 proteins mediate both basal enhancement and phorbol ester responsiveness of primate cytomegalovirus major immediate-early promoters in monocyte and T-lymphocyte cell types.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 897098402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is nonpermissive or persistent in many lymphoid and myeloid cell types but can be activated in differentiated macrophages.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 897098403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have shown elsewhere that both the major immediate-early gene (MIE) and lytic cycle infectious progeny virus expression can be induced in otherwise nonpermissive monocyte-like U-937 cell cultures infected with either human CMV (HCMV) or simian CMV (SCMV) by treatment with the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA).@@@@1@55@@oe@19-12-2010 897098404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two multicopy basal enhancer motifs within the SCMV MIE enhancer, namely, 11 copies of the 16-bp cyclic AMP response element (CRE) and 3 copies of novel 17-bp serum response factor (SRF) binding sites referred to as the SNE (SRF/NFkappaB-like element), as well as four classical NFkappaB sites within the HCMV version, contribute to TPA responsiveness in transient assays in monocyte and T-cell types.@@@@1@74@@oe@19-12-2010 897098405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The SCMV SNE sites contain potential overlapping core recognition binding motifs for SRF, Rel/NFkappaB, ETS, and YY1 class transcription factors but fail to respond to either serum or tumor necrosis factor alpha.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 897098406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, to evaluate the mechanism of TPA responsiveness of the SNE motifs and of a related 16-bp SEE (SRF/ETS element) motif found in the HCMV and chimpanzee CMV MIE enhancers, we have examined the functional responses and protein binding properties of multimerized wild-type and mutant elements added upstream to the SCMV MIE or simian virus 40 minimal promoter regions in the U-937, K-562, HL-60, THP-1, and Jurkat cell lines.@@@@1@78@@oe@19-12-2010 897098407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unlike classical NFkappaB sites, neither the SNE nor the SEE motif responded to phosphatase inhibition by okadaic acid.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 897098408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the TPA responsiveness of both CMV elements proved to involve synergistic interactions between the core SRF binding site (CCATATATGG) and the adjacent inverted ETS binding motifs (TTCC), which correlated directly with formation of a bound tripartite complex containing both the cellular SRF and ELK-1 proteins.@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 897098409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This protein complex was more abundant in U-937, K-562, and HeLa cell extracts than in Raji, HF, BALB/c 3T3, or HL-60 cells, but the binding activity was altered only twofold after TPA treatment.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 897098410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 40-fold stimulation of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity mediated by four tandem repeats of the SNE could be induced within 2 h (and up to 250-fold within 6 h) after addition of TPA in DNA-transfected U-937 cells, indicating that the stimulation appeared likely to be a true protein kinase C-mediated signal transduction event rather than a differentiation response.@@@@1@61@@oe@19-12-2010 897098411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Slight differences in the sequence of the core SRF binding site compared with that of the classical c-Fos promoter serum response element, together with differences in the spacing between the SRF and ETS motifs, appear to account for the inability of the SCMV SNEs to respond to serum induction.@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 897149501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Energy substrates, hormone responses and glucocorticoid binding in lymphocytes during intense physical exercise in humans following phosphocreatine administration.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 897149502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eight healthy untrained male volunteers pedalled a cycle ergometer according to two exercise protocols: the first involved step-wise increasing physical exercise to maximal (MPE); the second involved prolonged (35 min) submaximal physical exercise (PPE) at 70% of the individual's maximal oxygen uptake.@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 897149503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Each volunteer performed these exercise twice, following either an intravenous injection of phosphocreatine (PCr) or a placebo of an isotonic NaCl solution.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 897149504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anaerobic threshold (AT) was determined from the point of departure of the ventilatory response from linearity and from the sudden increase in venous blood lactate concentrations during MPE.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 897149505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After exercise following placebo administration we observed increases in concentrations of blood substrates, plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), growth hormone and cortisol and in the number of glucocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes without changes in the dissociation constant.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 897149506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Intravenous administration of PCr (starting 1 day before exercise) led to an increase in the total workload (on average by 5.8%) and in AT (on average by 6.8%) during MPE and to a better tolerance of exercise during PPE.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 897149507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Following PCr administration we observed lower blood lactate concentrations and different patterns of some enzyme activities, less pronounced changes in plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations and in glucocorticoid binding in lymphocytes, but no changes in plasma growth hormone concentrations compared to the placebo.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 897149508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results showed that intense physical exercise led not only to increases in blood hormone concentrations but also to an increase in the density of glucocorticoid receptors in lymphocytes.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 897149509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Intravenous PCr injection led to smaller changes in ACTH and cortisol concentrations as well as to a lower activation of glucocorticoid binding in lymphocytes.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 897201901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Acetylsalicylic acid and sodium salicylate inhibit LPS-induced NF-kappa B/c-Rel nuclear translocation, and synthesis of tissue factor (TF) and tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-alpha) in human monocytes.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 897201902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have investigated the effects of acetylsalicylic acid and sodium salicylate on the LPS-induced synthesis of the pro-coagulant protein tissue factor (TF) and the pro-inflammatory protein tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), as well as the prostaglandin PGE2 in human monocytes.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 897201903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both drugs dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced TF and TNF-alpha synthesis at the mRNA and the protein level, and reduced PGE2 production.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 897201904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As evidenced by electro mobility shift assay (EMSA) and the use of a NF-kappa B prototypic probe, these drugs probably exert their inhibitory effects by interference with the nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B/c-Rel proteins.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 897201905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data may expand the understanding of the anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects of these drugs when activation of monocytes occurs.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 897712801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of RANTES expression in human T lymphocytes.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 897712802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The chemokine RANTES has been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammatory diseases including asthma and rhinitis which are frequently treated with glucocorticoids.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 897712803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We observed that dexamethasone dramatically inhibited RANTES mRNA expression dose dependently in anti-CD3 activated Hut-78 T cells and human PBMCs.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 897712804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of RANTES expression did not appear to be secondary to IL-2 inhibition and required binding to the intracellular glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 897712805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The down-regulation of RANTES expression by glucocorticoids in T cells may directly contribute to the efficacy of these agents in suppressing cellular infiltration and to their anti-inflammatory properties.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 897750801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of glucocorticoids on lymphocyte activation in patients with steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant asthma.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 897750802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND: Glucocorticoids are important medications used to control the airway inflammation associated with asthma.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 897750803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synthetic glucocorticoids vary in their binding affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR).@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 897750804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS: We compared hydrocortisone, beclomethasone dipropionate, triamcinolone acetonide, flunisolide, and budesonide with regard to their capacity to inhibit phytohemagglutinin-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation from six patients with steroid-sensitive asthma and seven patients with steroid-resistant asthma.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 897750805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peripheral blood mononuclear cell GCR binding affinities for dexamethasone and budesonide were also determined for both patient groups by using a radioligand binding assay and Scatchard analysis.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 897750806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: Dose-dependent inhibition was demonstrated for all glucocorticoids in both patient groups, with the steroid-resistant group requiring approximately 2 log-fold more glucocorticoids for an equivalent degree of inhibition.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 897750807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mean concentrations necessary to cause 50% inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation (IC50s) for the steroid-sensitive group ranged from 2 x 10(-10) mol/L for budesonide to 7 x 10(-8) mol/L for hydrocortisone, whereas the mean IC50s for the steroid-resistant group ranged from approximately 2 x 10(-8) mol/L for budesonide to greater than 10(-6) mol/L for hydrocortisone.@@@@1@60@@oe@19-12-2010 897750808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, a significant correlation was noted between the degree of inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation (IC50) and the binding affinity of dexamethasone to the GCR.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 897750809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Patients with steroid-resistant asthma have been shown to have a reduced GCR binding affinity.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 897750810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GCR binding affinity for budesonide was significantly higher in both groups (i.e., lower dissociation constant) than that obtained for dexamethasone.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 897750811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSION: These data suggest that glucocorticoids such as budesonide, by virtue of their high GCR binding affinities and greater ability to suppress lymphocyte proliferation, may therefore be beneficial in the management of difficult-to-control asthma.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 897753101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of nuclear factor-kappa B activation in IgE synthesis in human B cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 897753102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a transcription factor that binds to the consensus DNA sequence in the cis-acting elements of various genes.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 897753103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although NF-kappa B activates the expression of many genes involved in immune and inflammatory responses, little is known about the role of NF-kappa B activation in the induction of IgE synthesis in human B cells.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 897753104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore we first examined the participation of NF-kappa B in germline C epsilon transcription in a human Burkitt lymphoma B cell line, DND39.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 897753105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of DND39 cells with IL-4 or anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and subsequently induced nuclear expression of NF-kappa B, which was identified by electrophoretic mobility shift assays.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 897753106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@n-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant, blocked NF-kappa B activation caused by IL-4 and by anti-CD40 mAb.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 897753107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although inhibition of IL-4-driven germline C epsilon transcription by NAC was not sufficient, the agent remarkably diminished anti-CD40 mAb-mediated up-regulation of germline C epsilon transcription.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 897753108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Second, we studied the effect of NAC on IgE synthesis in human normal B cells costimulated with IL-4 and anti-CD40 mAb.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 897753109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NAC was effective in inhibiting mature C epsilon transcription and IgE synthesis in the T cell-independent culture system.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 897753110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, NAC did not significantly affect the spontaneous production of IgE by atopic B cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 897753111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that NF-kappa B activity is commonly inducible in DND39 cells by IL-4 and anti-CD40 mAb and suggest that NF-kappa B sensitive to NAC may play a role in regulating IgE synthesis in B cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 897793401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Molecular mechanisms of age-related lymphocyte dysfunction]@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 897793402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Aging is classically accompanied by a dysregulation of the immunologic machinery.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 897793403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a consequence, the immune response developed in senescent organisms is usually inappropriate, often inefficient, sometimes aberrant, and potentially detrimental.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 897793404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The age-associated immune dysfunction may be implicated to some degree in the extreme susceptibility of the elderly to infection and neoplasia and may even participate in various aspects of senescence.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 897793405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying immunosenescence is still fragmentary.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 897793406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The most extensively studied phenomenon is the progressive decline in the proliferative capacities of T lymphocytes with aging.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 897793407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The loss of proliferative potential in response to antigenic challenge is a characteristic feature of immune senescence.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 897793408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is directly implicated in the emergence of the age-related immune deficiency.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 897793409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The purpose of this review is to show how the accumulation of various biochemical lesions with advancing age leads to the failure of a critical cell function, namely the activation-induced lymphocyte proliferation.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 897793410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The biochemical modifications responsible for the defect in transduction and execution of the proliferative signal are analyzed as a function of age.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 897793411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The multiple alterations observed on the various biochemical pathways may appear as a consequence of a unique deleterious mechanism more fundamentally related to the process of senescence such as the inability to cope with oxidative stress.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 898045801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of signaling pathways and prevention of apoptosis by cytokines in eosinophils.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 898045802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of apoptosis in eosinophils by cytokines such as IL-5 and GM-CSF may play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic and parasitic disorders.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 898045803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, there has been some progress in the understanding of the signal transduction pathways activated by these cytokines in eosinophils.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 898045804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF receptors share a common signal transducer that possesses no intrinsic kinase domain.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 898045805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has been shown that eosinophil stimulation by these cytokines is associated with increases in tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular substrates.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 898045806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the past few years, there has been some progress in defining the tyrosine kinases that are activated by the IL-3/IL-5/GM-CSF receptor beta-subunit in eosinophils.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 898045807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This review will concentrate on this topic and on its role for the regulation of eosinophil apoptosis.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 898087801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by zinc and related cations.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 898087802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Zinc is an important trace element for immune function.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 898087803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we show that zinc addition in a serum- and lipopolysaccharide-free cell culture system leads to significantly enhanced levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and to expression of the corresponding mRNA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 898087804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Structurally related divalent cations like cobalt, nickel, and mercury also partially increase monokine secretion but to a much lower and thus insignificant extent.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 898087805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They fail to induce mRNA of TNF-alpha after 3 h of culture.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 898087806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, monokine induction is a zinc-specific effect influenced by the physicochemical properties of the ion.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 898087807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Confirmation of the unique significance of zinc for immune function provides a better understanding of the mechanisms of specific zinc-mediated immune modulation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 898541501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@STAT1 pathway is involved in activation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus long terminal repeat in monocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 898541502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) long terminal repeat (LTR) is activated by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in promonocytic cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 898541503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously shown that a 70-bp element is necessary and sufficient for the response of the CAEV LTR to this cytokine.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 898541504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At the 5' end, this 70-bp IFN-gamma response element contains sequence similarity to the gamma activated site (GAS).@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 898541505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate that the putative GAS element in the CAEV LTR binds specifically to a cellular factor induced by IFN-gamma in promonocytic cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 898541506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Substitution mutations in this consensus sequence eliminate binding of the inducible factor.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 898541507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GAS element from the 70-bp motif is sufficient to confer responsiveness to IFN-gamma using a heterologous minimal promoter.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 898541508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with the binding data, the same mutations in the GAS element eliminate responsiveness to IFN-gamma in the context of both a functional CAEV LTR and a heterologous promoter.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 898541509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cellular factor that binds to the GAS element is present from 5 min to 14 h after stimulation with IFN-gamma.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 898541510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of the nuclear factor to the GAS element in the CAEV LTR is inhibited by antibody directed against STAT1 (p91/84).@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 898541511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the GAS sequence in the CAEV LTR is essential for the response to IFN-gamma and a STAT1-like factor binds to this site.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 898541512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The STAT-1 signaling pathway provides at least one mechanism for activation of the CAEV LTR by IFN-gamma in monocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 898541513@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data are the first demonstration of a role for a STAT family member in the regulation of a viral promoter.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 898671901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signaling via IL-2 and IL-4 in JAK3-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency lymphocytes: JAK3-dependent and independent pathways.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 898671902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both IL-2 and IL-4 bind to receptors containing the common gamma chain and JAK3.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 898671903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although JAK3 is required for proper lymphoid development, the precise roles of this kinase in IL-2 and IL-4 signaling in lymphocytes have not been defined.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 898671904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we have studied IL-2 and IL-4 signaling in B cell lines lacking JAK3.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 898671905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although IL-2-induced phosphorylation of IL-2R beta, JAK1, and STAT5 all required the presence of JAK3, IL-4-mediated phosphorylation of JAK1, STAT6, and insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 did not.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 898671906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, IL-4-induced effects were clearly improved following JAK3 expression.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 898671907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate that IL-4 signaling occurs in the absence of of JAK3, but is comparatively inefficient.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 898671908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings may help in understanding the pathogenesis of the immunodeficiency that occurs with mutations of JAK3 and may suggest a mechanism for the pleiotropic effects of IL-4.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 899524301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ras-dependent, Ca2+-stimulated activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells by a constitutively active Cbl mutant in T cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 899524302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins, including Cbl, a protooncogene product whose function remains unclear.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 899524303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a first step toward elucidating the function of Cbl in TCR-initiated signaling, we evaluated the ability of wild-type Cbl or a transforming Cbl mutant (70Z/3) to induce transcriptional activation of a nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) element derived from the interleukin 2 (IL2) promoter in transiently cotransfected Jurkat-TAg T cells.@@@@1@61@@oe@19-12-2010 899524304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@70Z/3, but not Cbl, caused NFAT activation which was significantly enhanced by stimulation with calcium ionophore, and was drastically reduced by cyclosporin A pretreatment.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 899524305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A point mutation of a potential phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) binding site (Y731EAM to Y731EAC) in 70Z/3 disrupted the association of PI3-K with 70Z/3, but did not reduce the induction of NFAT activity, suggesting that the interaction between Cbl and PI3-K is not required in the 70Z/3-mediated induction of NFAT.@@@@1@56@@oe@19-12-2010 899524306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additional mapping studies indicated that defined deletions of C-terminal 70Z/3 sequences affected to a variable degree its ability to stimulate NFAT activity.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 899524307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Strikingly, deletion of 346 C-terminal residues augmented this activity, whereas removal of 20 additional residues abolished it.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 899524308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Coexpression of dominant negative Ras abrogated the basal or ionomycin-stimulated, 70Z/3-mediated NFAT activation, suggesting a functional Ras is required for this activation.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 899524309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results implicate Cbl in Ras-dependent signaling pathways which lead to NFAT activation.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 899524401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel transcription factor regulates expression of the vacuolar H+-ATPase B2 subunit through AP-2 sites during monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 899524402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, the cellular content of vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) increases more than 4-fold.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 899524403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have shown previously that amplified expression of the B2 subunit of the V-ATPase occurs solely by increased transcription, and that the 5'-untranslated region of the B2 gene, containing multiple consensus binding sites for the transcription factors AP-2 and Sp1, is required for this expression.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 899524404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study demonstrates that AP-2 binding sequences are essential for increased transcription from the B2 promoter during monocyte-macrophage differentiation and that AP-2, expressed exogenously in THP-1 and other cells, activates transcription from the B2 promoter.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 899524405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In mobility shift assays, a nuclear factor from THP-1 and U-937 cells was identified that binds to several AP-2 response elements within the B2 promoter, but does not react with AP-2 antibodies, and has a DNA sequence binding affinity profile that differs from AP-2.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 899524406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest that a novel AP-2-like transcription factor is responsible for V-ATPase B subunit amplification during monocyte differentiation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 899826401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Cortisone-resistant bronchial asthma]@@@@1@5@@oe@19-12-2010 899826402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There is general agreement on the inflammatory pathogenesis of bronchial asthma: an accumulation of activated eosinophils, degranulated mast cells, T lymphocytes and in very severe forms, granulocytes has constantly been found in the bronchial mucosa.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 899826403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In allergic bronchial asthma, inflammation seems to be orchestrated predominantly by a subset of T lymphocytes, with a phenotype similar to the Th2 subset able to produce IL-4 and IL-5.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 899826404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although corticosteroids are the most potent therapeutic agents used for this disease, their anti-inflammatory effect differs from patient to patient.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 899826405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some criteria which can be used to define steroid-resistant bronchial asthma are listed here.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 899826406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This review analyzes various molecular alterations responsible for the deficient response to corticosteroid treatment observed in steroid-resistant bronchial asthmatic subjects.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 899826407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@New knowledge on the mechanism of steroid resistance may have important implications for the treatment of chronic asthma and other diseases.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 899980601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive dephosphorylation and activation of a member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells, NF-AT1, in Tax-expressing and type I human T-cell leukemia virus-infected human T cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 899980602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tax gene product of the type I human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) transactivates interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene through activation of an enhancer termed CD28 responsive element (CD28RE).@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 899980603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tax activation of the CD28RE is partially mediated by a member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells, NF-AT1.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 899980604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously shown that NF-AT1 is constitutively active in Jurkat T cells stably transfected with the Tax cDNA, although the underlying molecular mechanism and physiological relevance of this finding remain unclear.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 899980605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report, we demonstrate that the active form of NF-AT1 is also present in the nuclei of HTLV-I-transformed T cells that express the Tax protein.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 899980606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, the constitutive activation of NF-AT1 in these T cells is associated with its dephosphorylation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 899980607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the dephosphorylated NF-AT1 can be rapidly rephosphorylated when the cells are incubated with cyclosporin A, an immunosuppressant inhibiting the serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 899980608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that activation of NF-AT1 in Tax-expressing and HTLV-I-transformed T cells results from its dephosphorylation, which in turn may be due to deregulation of calcineurin.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 899996001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GATA-1 DNA binding activity is down-regulated in late S phase in erythroid cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 899996002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have set out to test a model for tissue-specific gene expression that relies on the early replication of expressed genes to sequester limiting activating transcription factors.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 899996003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using an erythroid cell line, we have tested the changes in the DNA binding activity of the lineage-restricted transcription factor GATA-1 through the cell cycle.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 899996004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We find that GATA-1 activity is low in G1, peaks in mid-S phase, and then decreases in G2/M.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 899996005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the binding activities of two ubiquitous transcription factors, Oct1 and Sp1, remain high in G2/M.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 899996006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GATA-1 protein and mRNA vary in a similar manner through the cell cycle, suggesting that the expression of the gene or the stability of its message is regulated.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 899996007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although a number of transcription factors involved in the control of the cell cycle or DNA replication have been shown to peak in S phase, this is the first example of a lineage-restricted transcription factor displaying S phase-specific DNA binding activity.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 899996008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One interpretation of these data leads to a model in which the peak in GATA-1 DNA binding amplifies the effect of early replication on the activation of erythroid-specific genes at the same time as preventing activation of non-erythroid genes containing GATA-responsive elements.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 899996009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results may also relate to recent data implicating GATA-1 function in apoptosis and cell cycle progression.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 900013601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of Bcd, a novel proto-oncogene expressed in B-cells.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 900013602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel B-cell derived (Bcd) oncogene has been isolated from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of one B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patient using DNA transfer and a mouse tumorigenicity assay.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 900013603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Bcd proto-oncogene was activated by a truncation in the 5' UTR.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 900013604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It predicts for two open reading frames (ORFs).@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 900013605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ORF1 consists of 240 bp that would encode 80 amino acids, while the major ORF2 consists of 648 bp capable of coding for 216 amino acids.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 900013606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Predicted peptide sequence of ORF2 contained a zinc finger domain which showed significant homology to GC box binding proteins BTEB2 and SP1.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 900013607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection of an expression vector containing ORF2 but not full length cDNA was able to transform NIH3T3 cells and induce tumors in nude mice.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 900013608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bcd mRNA transcripts of < or = 2.6 kb were selectively expressed in PBL and testis of healthy individuals.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 900013609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within the PBL, Bcd gene expression was restricted to CD19+ B-cells and absent from CD14+ monocytes and T-cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 900013610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bcd transcripts were detected in all normal PBL samples tested but not in several malignant human B-cell lines and not in 50% of B-cells from B-CLL patients.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 900013611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, stimulation of B-cells from B-CLL patients under conditions which induced differentiation into plasma cells was associated with induction of Bcd gene expression.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 900013612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Bcd gene may therefore play an important role in B-cell growth and development.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 900142201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elf-2, a rhombotin-2 binding ets transcription factor: discovery and potential role in T cell leukemia.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 900142202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rhombotin-2 (RBTN-2) is a proto-oncogene only in the context of T lymphocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 900142203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We postulated that the oncogenic effect of RBTN-2 in T cells is likely mediated by binding protein(s) with T cell-specific expression.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 900142204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By screening a T cell cDNA library, we identified a novel ets transcription factor that binds RBTN-2.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 900142205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This protein was named elf-2 because its DNA-binding domain is virtually identical to that of ets family member elf-1.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 900142206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern analyses showed similar levels of two elf-2 transcripts (3.5 kb and 3.8 kb) in all tissues except thymus.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 900142207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thymocytes expressed four- to 10-fold greater amounts of the 3.5 kb transcript than other tissues.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 900142208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sequence analyses of cDNA clones indicated that these transcripts encode proteins differing only at their amino termini, and likely represent alternatively spliced isoforms.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 900142209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These isoforms (elf-2a and elf-2b) contain identical RBTN-2 binding regions and DNA-binding domains.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 900142210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elf-2b lacks a putative transactivation domain.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 900142211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression patterns suggest that RBTN-2 normally interacts equally with elf-2a and elf-2b.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 900142212@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, when RBTN-2 is inappropriately expressed in T cells, RBTN-2 would interact predominantly with elf-2b; this interaction may lead to T cell proliferation.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 900244701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Isolation of a B-cell-specific promoter for the human class II transactivator.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 900244702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The class II transactivator (CIITA) is essential for the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 900244703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tissular patterns of CIITA and MHC class II gene expression are tightly correlated: CIITA mRNA is highly expressed in B cells, and is induced by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in macrophage and epithelial cell lines.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 900244704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We first isolated two overlapping cosmids encoding human CIITA which, when co-transfected, are able to restore MHC class II expression in a B-lymphoblastoid cell line (B-LCL) defective for CIITA.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 900244705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Subsequently, a 1.8 kilobase (kb) fragment of the CIITA promoter was isolated and sequenced.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 900244706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A motif presenting a strong similarity to an initiator was detected, as well as putative binding sites for Sp1, GATA-2, LyF-1, ets-1, AP1, and MZF1 transcription factors, and two GAS motifs.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 900244707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When introduced in front of a luciferase reporter gene, this promoter is able to direct a high luciferase activity in a human B-LCL.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 900244708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, luciferase expression was not stimulated after IFN-gamma treatment when the construct was transfected in macrophage or in epithelial cell lines.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 900244709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, an induction of the human CIITA gene was observed in mouse macrophage and fibrosarcoma cell lines, when the cells were transfected with a cosmid containing the human CIITA gene, but lacking the 1.8 kb promoter described above.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 900244710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these data suggest the existence of an intragenic promoter driving an IFN-gamma-inducible expression of CIITA.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 900598401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Shared gamma(c) subunit within the human interleukin-7 receptor complex.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 900598402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A molecular basis for the pathogenesis of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 900598403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Genetic evidence suggests that mutations in the gamma(c) receptor subunit cause X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID).@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 900598404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The gamma(c) subunit can be employed in receptor complexes for IL-2, -4, -7, -9, and -15, and the multiple signaling defects that would result from a defective gamma(c) chain in these receptors are proposed to cause the severe phenotype of X-SCID patients.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 900598405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, gene disruption of either IL-7 or the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) alpha subunit in mice leads to immunological defects that are similar to human X-SCID.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 900598406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations suggest the functional importance of gamma(c) in the IL-7R complex.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 900598407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study, structure/function analyses of the IL-7R complex using a chimeric receptor system demonstrated that gamma(c) is indeed critical for IL-7R function.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 900598408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nonetheless, only a limited portion of the cytoplasmic domain of gamma(c) is necessary for IL-7R signal transduction.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 900598409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, replacement of the gamma(c) cytoplasmic domain by a severely truncated erythropoeitin receptor does not affect measured IL-7R signaling events.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 900598410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings support a model in which gamma(c) serves primarily to activate signal transduction by the IL-7R complex, while IL-7R alpha determines specific signaling events through its association with cytoplasmic signaling molecules.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 900598411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, these studies are consistent with the hypothesis that the molecular pathogenesis of X-SCID is due primarily to gamma(c)-mediated defects in the IL-7/IL-7R system.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 901521601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dissociation of the Jak kinase pathway from G-CSF receptor signaling in neutrophils.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 901521602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple intracellular substrates in proliferating cells and nonproliferating, terminally differentiated neutrophils.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 901521603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The kinases that couple ligand binding to tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular substrates by the G-CSFR with activation of specific functional programs are largely unknown.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 901521604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we examined early signaling events in proliferating and terminally differentiated cells following G-CSF stimulation to determine whether identical signaling cascades are activated.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 901521605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In murine Ba/F3 cells transfected with the human G-CSFR and NFS-60 cells constitutively expressing the murine G-CSFR, G-CSF induced tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Jak1, Jak2, and Tyk2.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 901521606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 and, to a lesser extent, Stat1 was also detected following G-CSF stimulation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 901521607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a mitogenically incompetent human G-CSFR mutant in which Pro639 and Pro641 were substituted by alanine, the box 1 PDP motif was found to be required for activation of Jak kinases, tyrosine phosphorylation of the G-CSFR, and recruitment of Stat proteins.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 901521608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Notably, no activation of Jak1, Jak2, Tyk2, Stat1, or Stat3 was observed in neutrophils following G-CSF stimulation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 901521609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, there was no detectable activation in neutrophils of the recently cloned Jak3 kinase, which has been reported to be expressed at high levels as myeloid cells undergo terminal neutrophilic maturation.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 901521610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate a lack of involvement of Jak kinases in signaling by the G-CSFR in neutrophils, and suggest utilization of alternative signal transduction pathways distinct from those in proliferating cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 901521611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the Jak-Stat pathway correlates with proliferative signaling by the G-CSFR and requires the membrane-proximal box 1 PXP motif, which is conserved in members of the cytokine receptor superfamily.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 901812801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Adenovirus E1B 19K protein is required for efficient DNA replication in U937 cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 901812802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The adenovirus E1B 19K gene plays an essential role in transformation of primary rodent cells in cooperation with E1A and in the inhibition of apoptosis during lytic infection.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 901812803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has been shown that this E1B 19K protein is not necessary for viral DNA replication in human cell lines, such as HeLa and KB.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 901812804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We reported here that the E1B 19K mutant viruses were unable to replicate efficiently in a monocyte cell line, U937.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 901812805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Viral DNA synthesis and late gene expression were found to be defective in U937 cells infected with E1B 19K mutants compared with wild-type virus.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 901812806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Early viral RNA splicing patterns also differ between wild-type and dl337-infected cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 901812807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the defect in viral replication could be complemented by dl312 virus defective in E1A expression 4 days after infection with E1B mutants, suggesting persistence of the E1B mutant genome in the infected cells despite defective onset of the late phase of replication.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 901812808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results imply that E1B 19K is required for efficient viral DNA replication in U937 cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 901812809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inefficient DNA replication is also found in another monocyte cell line, THP-1.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 901879001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Evaluation of monoclonal anti-D reagents using D variant cells.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 901879002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monoclonal anti-D antibodies submitted to the Third Monoclonal International Workshop were evaluated against a number of D variant cells using standard serological techniques.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 901879003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The monoclonal antibodies were able to discriminate between the cells of Categories Va, VI and DFR but not Category III cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 901879004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells within each category did not give any aberrant results.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 901879005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Rh:33 cells behaved as normal Rh(D) positive cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 902266601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pancreatic development and maturation of the islet B cell.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 902266602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies of pluripotent islet cultures.@@@@1@6@@oe@19-12-2010 902266603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pancreas organogenesis is a highly regulated process, in which two anlage evaginate from the primitive gut.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 902266604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They later fuse, and, under the influence of the surrounding mesenchyme, the mature organ develops, being mainly composed of ductal, exocrine and endocrine compartments.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 902266605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Early buds are characterized by a branching morphogenesis of the ductal epithelium from which endocrine and exocrine precursor cells bud to eventually form the two other compartments.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 902266606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The three compartments are thought to be of common endodermal origin; in contrast to earlier hypotheses, which suggested that the endocrine compartment was of neuroectodermal origin.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 902266607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is thus generally believed that the pancreatic endocrine-lineage possesses the ability to mature along a differentiation pathway that shares many characteristics with those of neuronal differentiation.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 902266608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During recent years, studies of insulin-gene regulation and, in particular, the tissue-specific transcriptional control of insulin-gene activity have provided information on pancreas development in general.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 902266609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present review summarizes these findings, with a special focus on our own studies on pluripotent endocrine cultures of rat pancreas.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 902423801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning and expression of the glucocorticoid receptor from the squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis), a glucocorticoid-resistant primate.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 902423802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@New World primates such as the squirrel monkey have elevated cortisol levels and glucocorticoid resistance.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 902423803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have shown that the apparent binding affinity of the glucocorticoid receptor in squirrel monkey lymphocytes is 5-fold lower than that in human lymphocytes (apparent Kd, 20.9 +/- 1.8 and 4.3 +/- 0.2 nmol/L, respectively; n = 3), consistent with previous studies in mononuclear leukocytes isolated from the two species.@@@@1@57@@oe@19-12-2010 902423804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a first step in understanding the mechanism of decreased binding affinity in New World primates, we used reverse transcription-PCR to clone the glucocorticoid receptor from squirrel monkey liver and have compared the sequence to receptor sequences obtained from owl monkey liver, cotton-top tamarin B95-8 cells, and human lymphocytes.@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 902423805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The squirrel monkey glucocorticoid receptor is approximately 97% identical in nucleotide and amino acid sequence to the human receptor.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 902423806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ligand-binding domain (amino acids 528-777) of the squirrel monkey glucocorticoid receptor contains four amino acid differences (Ser551 to Thr, Ser616 to Ala, Ala618 to Ser, and Ile761 to Leu), all of which are present in owl monkey and cotton-top tamarin receptors.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 902423807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The DNA-binding domain (amino acids 421-486) is completely conserved among human, squirrel monkey, owl monkey, and cotton-top tamarin receptors.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 902423808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Twenty-two differences from the human sequence were found in the N-terminal region (amino acids 1-421) of the squirrel monkey receptor.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 902423809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@None of the substitutions in the ligand-binding domain matched mutations known to influence binding affinity in other species.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 902423810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine whether the substitutions per se were responsible for decreased affinity, squirrel monkey and human glucocorticoid receptors were expressed in the TNT Coupled Reticulocyte Lysate System.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 902423811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expressions of human and squirrel monkey glucocorticoid receptors and a squirrel monkey receptor in which Phe774 was mutated to Leu (F774L) were similar.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 902423812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When expressed in the TNT System, squirrel monkey and human glucocorticoid receptors had similar, high affinity binding for dexamethasone (apparent Kd, 5.9 +/- 1.2 and 4.3 +/- 0.5 nmol/L, respectively; n = 3), whereas the squirrel monkey F774L receptor had lower affinity binding (apparent Kd, 20.4 +/- 2.0 nmol/L; n = 3).@@@@1@65@@oe@19-12-2010 902423813@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, substitutions within the ligand-binding domain of the squirrel monkey glucocorticoid receptor cannot account for the decreased binding affinity of these receptors in squirrel monkey cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 902423814@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rather, the binding affinity is probably influenced by the expression of cytosolic factors that affect glucocorticoid receptor function.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 902498701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NF-kappa B inhibitor, tepoxalin, suppresses surface expression of the cell adhesion molecules CD62E, CD11b/CD18 and CD106.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 902498702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tepoxalin, a dual enzyme inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase has been shown to inhibit T-cell activation.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 902498703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Its immunosuppressive property is distinct from cyclosporin because only tepoxalin, but not cyclosporin, suppresses NF-kappa B activation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 902498704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that tepoxalin selectively inhibits intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54)/MAC-1 (CD11b/CD18) dependent adhesion of polymorphonuclear cells to IL-1 activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 902498705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism of inhibition is related to the surface expression of several cell adhesion molecules.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 902498706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Flow cytometry analyses on cultured cells that were treated with tepoxalin or antisense oligonucleotides to the P65/p50 subunit of NF-kappa B, and then stimulated with PMA, revealed a reduced expression of CD11b/CD18 on monocytic HL60 cells, and endothelial adhesion molecule-1 (CD62E) and vascular adhesion molecule-1 (CD106) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells.@@@@1@60@@oe@19-12-2010 902498707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of other adhesion molecules such as lymphocyte function associated-antigen-1 (CD11a/CD18) and CD54 were unaffected.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 902498708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tepoxalin also inhibited the secretion of a NF-kappa B regulated chemokine, IL-8, a known inducer of CD11b/CD18 expression.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 902498709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus the suppression of CD11b/CD18 expression by tepoxalin may involve IL-8.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 902498710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results suggest that by inhibiting NF-kappa B activation, surface expression of several adhesion molecules can be modulated and that tepoxalin may be useful in treating selected adhesion mediated events such as leukocyte migration or atherosclerotic plaque formation.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 902914601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rapid Ca2+-mediated activation of Rap1 in human platelets.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 902914602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rap1 is a small, Ras-like GTPase whose function and regulation are still largely unknown.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 902914603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have developed a novel assay to monitor the active, GTP-bound form of Rap1 based on the differential affinity of Rap1GTP and Rap1GDP for the Rap binding domain of RalGDS (RBD).@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 902914604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of blood platelets with alpha-thrombin or other platelet activators caused a rapid and strong induction of Rap1 that associated with RBD in vitro.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 902914605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding to RBD increased from undetectable levels in resting platelets to >50% of total Rap1 within 30 s after stimulation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 902914606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration is both necessary and sufficient for Rap1 activation since it was induced by agents that increase intracellular Ca2+ and inhibited by a Ca2+-chelating agent.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 902914607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither inhibition of translocation of Rap1 to the cytoskeleton nor inhibition of platelet aggregation affected thrombin-induced activation of Rap1.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 902914608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), a strong negative regulator of platelet function, inhibited agonist-induced as well as Ca2+-induced activation of Rap1.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 902914609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From our results, we conclude that Rap1 activation in platelets is an important common event in early agonist-induced signalling, and that this activation is mediated by an increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 903109001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear NF-ATp is a hallmark of unstimulated B cells from B-CLL patients.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 903109002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) were analysed for the nuclear presence and DNA binding of a panel of transcription factors which are involved in the gene control of lymphoid cells.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 903109003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The following transcription factors were studied: the Octamer factors Oct-1 and Oct-2, members of the AP-1 factor family, NF-AT factors, in particular NF-ATp, and members of the Rel/NF-kB family.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 903109004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that the constitutive nuclear translocation of NF-ATp, a member of the growing family of NF-AT factors, is a hallmark of nonstimulated B cells from CLL patients that distinguishes B-CLL cells from 'normal' B lymphocytes.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 903109005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive nuclear appearance was also observed for NF-kB2/p52.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 903109006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive binding of further factor proteins to DNA, such as JunD, c-Fos and FosB, was detected in several patients whereas the localisation and DNA binding of other factors such as c-Jun, RelA/p65 and c-Rel was unaltered.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 903109007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is remarkable that in B-CLL cells the nuclear appearance and DNA binding of specific transcription factors is dramatically affected whereas other members of the same factor family remained unaltered in these leukemic cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 903109008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It remains to be shown which molecular events lead to the specific 'pre-activation', i.e. constitutive nuclear translocation and DNA binding, of these members of NF-AT, NF-kB and AP-1 factor families.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 903225001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Physical and functional interaction between the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax1 protein and the CCAAT binding protein NF-Y.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 903225002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tax1, a potent activator of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) transcription, has been shown to modulate expression of many cellular genes.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 903225003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tax1 does not bind DNA directly but regulates transcription through protein-protein interactions with sequence-specific transcription factors.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 903225004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using the yeast two-hybrid system to screen for proteins which interact with Tax1, we isolated the B subunit of the CCAAT binding protein NF-Y from a HeLa cDNA library.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 903225005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The interaction of Tax1 with NF-YB was specific in that NF-YB did not interact with a variety of other transcription factors, including human immunodeficiency virus Tat, human papillomavirus E6, and Bicoid, or with the M7 (amino acids 29CP-AS) Tax1 mutant.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 903225006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, NF-YB did interact with the C-terminal Tax1 mutants M22 (130TL-AS) and M47 (319LL-RS).@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 903225007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also show that in vitro-translated NF-YB specifically bound to a glutathione S-transferase-Tax1 fusion protein.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 903225008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further, Tax1 coimmunoprecipitated with NF-Y from nuclear extracts of HTLV-1-transformed cells, providing evidence for in vivo interaction of Tax1 and NF-YB.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 903225009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We further demonstrate that Tax1 specifically activated the NF-Y-responsive DQbeta promoter, as well as a minimal promoter which contains only the Y-box element.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 903225010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, mutation of the Y-box element alone abrogated Tax1-mediated activation.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 903225011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these data indicate that Tax1 interacts with NF-Y through the B subunit and that this interaction results in activation of the major histocompatibility complex class II promoter.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 903225012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Through activation of this and other NF-Y driven promoters, the Tax1-NF-Y interaction may play a critical role in causing cellular transformation and HTLV-1 pathogenesis.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 903236301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against immunorecessive epitopes after multiple immunizations with adenovirus vectors is dependent on haplotype.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 903236302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Currently, adenovirus (Ad) is being considered as a vector for the treatment of cystic fibrosis as well as other diseases.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 903236303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to Ad could limit the effectiveness of such approaches.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 903236304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since the CTL response to virus infection is often focused on one or a few immunodominant epitopes, one approach to circumvent this response is to create vectors that lack these immunodominant epitopes.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 903236305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effectiveness of this approach was tested by immunizing mice with human group C adenoviruses.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 903236306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three mouse strains (C57BL/10SnJ [H-2b], C3HeB/FeJ [H-2k], and BALB/cByJ [H-2d]) were immunized with wild-type Ad or Ad vectors lacking the immunodominant antigen(s), and the CTL responses were measured.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 903236307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In C57BL/10 (B10) mice, a single inoculation intraperitoneally (i.p.) led to the recognition of an immunodominant antigen in E1A.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 903236308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When B10 mice were inoculated multiple times either i.p. or intranasally with wild-type Ad or an Ad vector lacking most of the E1 region, subdominant epitopes outside this region were recognized.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 903236309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, C3H mice inoculated with wild-type Ad recognized an epitope mapping within E1B.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 903236310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When inoculated twice with Ad vectors lacking both E1A and E1B, no immunorecessive epitopes were recognized.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 903236311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immune response to Ad in BALB/c mice was more complex.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 903236312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CTLs from BALB/c mice inoculated i.p. with wild-type Ad recognized E1B in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I Dd allele and a region outside E1 associated with the Kd allele.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 903236313@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When BALB/c mice were inoculated with E1-deleted Ad vectors, only the immunodominant Kd-restricted epitope was recognized, and Dd-restricted CTLs did not develop.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 903236314@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This report indicates that the emergence of CTLs against immunorecessive epitopes following multiple administrations of Ad vectors lacking immunodominant antigens is dependent on haplotype and could present an obstacle to gene therapy in an MHC-diverse human population.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 903737501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The synthesis and immunogenicity of varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E and immediate-early protein (IE62) expressed in recombinant herpes simplex virus-1.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 903737502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to evaluate the conditions for optimal expression and immunogenicity of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) proteins in a herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) vector, we selected the VZV glycoprotein E (gE), encoded by ORF 68 and the VZV product of ORF 62, an immediate-early major tegument protein (IE62).@@@@1@59@@oe@19-12-2010 903737503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three HSV/VZV recombinants were generated: (1) VZV gE protein coding sequences along with the promoter region were inserted into the thymidine kinase (TK) gene of HSV-1 strain KOS; (2) VZV gE expressed from the HSV-1 ICP4 promoter was inserted into the glycoprotein C (gC) gene of HSV-1 strain F; and (3) VZV IE62 protein coding sequences under the control of the HSV-1 ICP4 promoter were inserted into the gC gene of HSV-1 strain F.@@@@1@88@@oe@19-12-2010 903737504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunoblot analysis and immunoperoxidase staining of infected cell monolayers demonstrated vector expression of VZV proteins.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 903737505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Following intracranial inoculation in mice, both VZV gE-HSV (TK) and VZV IE62-HSV (gC) induced an IgG response against VZV gE or VZV IE62.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 903737506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When tested in cytotoxicity assays using T-lymphocytes from VZV immune human donors, the range of precursor frequencies for T-lymphocytes that recognized VZV gE or VZV IE62 was similar whether these proteins were expressed by HSV-1 or a vaccinia vector.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 903737507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These experiments demonstrate that HSV-1 is a competent vector for expression of these VZV proteins and support the feasibility of engineering a combined vaccine for these closely related alpha-herpesviruses.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 904405001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Heat-shock and cadmium chloride increase the vimentin mRNA and protein levels in U-937 human promonocytic cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 904405002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Heat-shock for 2 hours at 42 degrees C, or the administration for 3 hours of 100 or 150 microM cadmium chloride, inhibited the subsequent proliferation activity, induced the expression of functional differentiation markers, and caused an increase in the amount of the stress-responsive HSP70 protein in U-937 human promonocytic cells.@@@@1@55@@oe@19-12-2010 904405003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, both heat and cadmium produced an increase in the amount of the intermediate filament protein vimentin, as determined by immunoblot and immunofluorescence assays.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 904405004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, the amounts of actin and beta-tubulin were not significantly altered.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 904405005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The amount of vimentin mRNA was also increased during recovery from stress, indicating that vimentin expression was not exclusively regulated at the protein level.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 904405006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although cadmium caused an early, transient stimulation of c-jun and c-fos expression and AP-1 binding activity, heat-shock failed to alter both protooncogene expression and transcription factor binding, indicating that the stress-induced vimentin increase was not the result of AP-1-mediated transcriptional activation.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 904405007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, it was observed that the rate of decay of vimentin mRNA upon actinomycin D administration was decreased in heat- and cadmium-pretreated cells in comparison to untreated cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 904405008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that stress treatments cause an increase in vimentin levels in promonocytic cells, which may be explained at least in part by transcript stabilization.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 904568201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Jak1 expression is required for mediating interleukin-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate and Stat6 signaling molecules.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 904568202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, and Fes tyrosine kinases have been demonstrated to undergo tyrosine phosphorylation in response to interleukin (IL)-4 stimulation in different cell systems.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 904568203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, it is not clear which, if any, of these kinases are responsible for initiating IL-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular substrates in vivo.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 904568204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study, we have utilized a mutant Jak1-deficient HeLa cell line, E1C3, and its parental Jak1-expressing counterpart, 1D4, to analyze the role of Jak1 in mediating IL-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation events.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 904568205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 treatment rapidly induced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and IRS-2 in 1D4 but not in E1C3 cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 904568206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6 was pronounced in 1D4 cells, while no IL-4-induced Stat6 phosphorylation was detected in E1C3 cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 904568207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 also induced Stat6 DNA binding activity from lysates of 1D4 but not E1C3 cells utilizing a radiolabeled immunoglobulin heavy chain germline epsilon promotor sequence (Iepsilon) in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 904568208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reconstitution of Jak1 expression in E1C3 cells restored the ability of IL-4 to induce IRS and Stat6 tyrosine phosphorylation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 904568209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results provide evidence that Jak1 expression is required for mediating tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of crucial molecules involved in IL-4 signal transduction.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 905442901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-4 signaling in B lymphocytes from patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 905442902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is an important cytokine for B and T lymphocyte function and mediates its effects via a receptor that contains gammac.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 905442903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B cells derived from patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) are deficient in gammac and provide a useful model in which to dissect the role of this subunit in IL-4-mediated signaling.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 905442904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that although IL-4 stimulation of X-SCID B cells did not result in Janus tyrosine kinase-3 (JAK3) phosphorylation, other IL-4 substrates including JAK1 and IRS-1 were phosphorylated.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 905442905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additionally, we detected signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6) tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding activity in X-SCID B cells with a wide range of gammac mutations.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 905442906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, reconstitution of these X-SCID B cells with gammac enhanced IL-4-mediated responses including STAT6 phosphorylation and DNA binding activity and resulted in increased CD23 expression.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 905442907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, gammac is not necessary to trigger IL-4-mediated responses in B cells, but its presence is important for optimal IL-4-signaling.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 905442908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that two distinct IL-4 signaling pathways exist.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 905667401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AML1a but not AML1b inhibits erythroid differentiation induced by sodium butyrate and enhances the megakaryocytic differentiation of K562 leukemia cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 905667402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AML1 may play a role in growth and differentiation of cells along erythroid and/or megakaryocytic lineages, because a significant level of the AML1 gene is expressed in these cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 905667403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We overexpressed AML1a (without the transcription-activating domain) and AML1b (with the domain) proteins in K562 leukemia cells, which can be induced to differentiate into hemoglobin-producing cells and megakaryocytes.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 905667404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The AML1a-transfected K562 cells had a reduced capacity to differentiate in the presence of sodium n-butyrate but not in the presence of other inducers, such as hemin, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, and herbimycin A.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 905667405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The AML1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide but not the sense oligomer recovered its differentiation-inducing capacity in the presence of butyrate.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 905667406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the other hand, AML1b conferred a similar differentiation-inducing capacity upon K562 cells transfected with vector alone.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 905667407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AML1a expression was associated with enhanced sensitivity to megakaryocytic differentiation induced by phorbol ester.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 905667408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results provide evidence that AML1 proteins play a role in erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 905764801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upregulation of c-Fos in activated T lymphoid and monocytic cells by human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat protein.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 905764802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The regulatory Tat protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is essential for viral replication and also shows pleiotropic activities on various cell functions.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 905764803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To get further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological activity of Tat, we investigated the effect of endogenous and exogenous Tat protein on c-fos gene expression in T lymphoblastoid (Jurkat) and monocytic (U937) cell lines, as well as in primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).@@@@1@56@@oe@19-12-2010 905764804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient cotransfection of tat cDNA in sense orientation (tat/S), together with a plasmid containing the c-fos promoter (FC3, from- 711 to +42) in front of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene significantly enhanced CAT activity in Jurkat cells activated by the addition of 15% fetal calf serum (FCS) or 5 micrograms/mL phytohemagglutinin plus 10(-7) mol/L phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and U937 cells activated by 15% FCS or 10(-7) mol/L PMA.@@@@1@85@@oe@19-12-2010 905764805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This effect was specifically due to Tat, since Jurkat and U937 cells cotransfected either with tat cDNA in antisense orientation (tat/AS), tat carrying a mutation in the aminoacid cys22-gly22 (tat 22/S) or with the backbone vector alone (pRPneo-SL3) did not show any significant difference in c-fos promoter activity as compared to cells transfected with FC3 plasmid alone.@@@@1@66@@oe@19-12-2010 905764806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By using deletion mutants of the c-fos promoter, we found that the minimal DNA sequence required for Tat activity was located between nucleotides -404/-220 and that the serum responsive element (SRE, -317/-288), present within this region, was still responsive to Tat.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 905764807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A single point mutation in the SRE completely abrogated the responsiveness to tat/S.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 905764808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Exogenous recombinant Tat protein was also able to upregulate c-fos promoter activity in serum-activated Jurkat and U937 cells, as well as endogenous c-fos mRNA expression and c-Fos protein synthesis in both serum-activated cell lines and primary PBMC.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 905764809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-Fos protein was shown essential for an optimal transactivation of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) by Tat: incubation of Jurkat cells with antisense, but not sense, c-fos oligonucleotides significantly reduced either the Tat-enhanced expression of an LTR-CAT reporter construct or the levels of gag p24 in the culture supernatants of Jurkat cells and PBMC acutely infected with HIV-1.@@@@1@65@@oe@19-12-2010 905764810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data suggest that the c-fos upregulation mediated by Tat might play a significant role in the control of viral gene transactivation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 906100601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Redox regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway during lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 906100602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously demonstrated an obligatory requirement for intracellular reactive oxygen species generation during T lymphocyte activation, and have proposed that intracellular reactive oxygen species may act as signalling agents in the regulation of certain cellular processes, for example, during cell cycle entry.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 906100603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To test this hypothesis, we have been interested to determine which, if any, cell cycle entry events are affected by oxidative signalling.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 906100604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In earlier studies, we have identified the transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1 as molecular targets for oxidative signalling processes during cell cycle entry, and have shown that oxidative signalling is involved in the regulation of early changes in gene expression during the G0 to G1 phase transition.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 906100605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To extend these initial observations, we have examined the effect of antioxidant treatment on the activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinases erk1 and erk2, as members of a signal transduction pathway known to directly regulate transcription factor function.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 906100606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using as a probe cysteamine, an aminothiol compound with both antioxidant and antiproliferative activity, we have identified erk2, a key element of the MAP kinase pathway, as being responsive to oxidative signalling during lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 906100607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations provide further evidence to suggest a role for intracellular oxidant generation as a regulatory mechanism during cell cycle entry, and establish a link between oxidative signalling and other aspects of the intracellular signalling network that is activated in response to mitogenic stimulation.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 906235601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Common and distinct intracellular signaling pathways in human neutrophils utilized by platelet activating factor and FMLP.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 906235602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of human neutrophils with chemoattractants FMLP or platelet activating factor (PAF) results in different but overlapping functional responses.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 906235603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We questioned whether these differences might reflect patterns of intracellular signal transduction.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 906235604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation with either PAF or FMLP resulted in equivalent phosphorylation and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPk) homologue 38-kD murine MAP kinase homologous to HOG-1 (p38) MAPk.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 906235605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither FMLP nor PAF activated c-jun NH2-terminal MAPk (JNKs).@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 906235606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Under identical conditions, FMLP but not PAF, resulted in significant p42/44 (ERK) MAPk activation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 906235607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both FMLP and PAF activated MAP kinase kinase-3 (MKK3), a known activator of p38 MAPk.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 906235608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both MAP ERK kinase kinase-1 (MEKK1) and Raf are activated strongly by FMLP, but minimally by PAF.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 906235609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pertussis toxin blocked FMLP-induced activation of the p42/44 (ERK) MAPk cascade, but not that of p38 MAPk.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 906235610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A specific p38 MAPk inhibitor (SK&F 86002) blocked superoxide anion production in response to FMLP and reduced adhesion and chemotaxis in response to PAF or FMLP.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 906235611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrate distinct patterns of intracellular signaling for two chemoattractants and suggest that selective activation of intracellular signaling cascades may underlie different patterns of functional responses.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 906490001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Correlation of lymphocytic infiltration of tumor tissue with the hormonal and metabolic state in patients with breast cancer]@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 906490002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocyte infiltration of tumor was studied vis-a-vis hormone metabolic status, tumor tissue hormone sensitivity and tobacco smoking, in 113 breast cancer patients, aged 25-77.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 906490003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the average, no correlation was established between degree of lymphocyte infiltration in breast tumor and age and menopause onset.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 906490004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In smoking menopausal patients, lymphocyte infiltration was found to be higher than in non-smokers (p < 0.05).@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 906490005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was a direct correlation between the rate of lymphocyte infiltration and the level of progesterone receptors in tumor.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 906490006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some subgroups displayed a direct correlation between infiltration and sex-binding globulin, cholesterol, luteinizing hormone in blood, and lean body mass.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 906490007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was matched by an inverse correlation between lymphocyte infiltration and blood-thyroid hormone concentration, urine catecholamines and free cortisol excretion and fat/lean body mass ratio.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 906490008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Considering the abovesaid as well as the lymphocyte ability to perform the dual function of immunocytes and hormonocytes, it is suggested that the results may be used in both the study of lymphocyte infiltration and research in means of its control.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 906581201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of sequence alterations in the upstream regulatory region of the estrogen receptor gene in an ER-negative breast cancer cell line.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 906581202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Given the important role of the estrogen receptor (ER) in the development and physiology of the breast, it is essential to delineate the mechanisms responsible for its failed expression in some breast tumors.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 906581203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have cloned and sequenced a portion of the ER upstream regulatory region from the ER-positive MCF-7 and the ER-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines to determine if sequence alterations in this region account for the ER-negative phenotype of some tumors.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 906581204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From this, we identified a number of variations between the sequences, two of which were determined to be associated with a 50% decrease in CAT activity.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 906929001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the transcription factor MEF2C by the MAP kinase p38 in inflammation.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 906929002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For cells of the innate immune system to mount a host defence response to infection, they must recognize products of microbial pathogens such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the endotoxin secreted by Gram-negative bacteria.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 906929003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These cellular responses require intracellular signalling pathways, such as the four MAP kinase (MAPK) pathways.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 906929004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In mammalian cells the MAPK p38 is thought to play an important role in the regulation of cellular responses during infection through its effects on the expression of proinflammatory molecules.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 906929005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One means of understanding the role of p38 in these responses is to identify proteins with functions regulated by p38-catalysed phosphorylation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 906929006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate a link between the p38 pathway and a member of the myocyte-enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) group of transcription factors.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 906929007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that in monocytic cells, LPS increases the transactivation activity of MEF2C through p38-catalysed phosphorylation.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 906929008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One consequence of MEF2C activation is increased c-jun gene transcription.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 906929009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results show that p38 may influence host defence and inflammation by maintaining the balance of c-Jun protein consumed during infection.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 907440801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The predominant E2F complex in human primary haemopoietic cells and in AML blasts contains E2F-4, DP-1 and p130.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 907440802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The E2F family of transcription factors are thought to play an important role in the control of cell cycle progression.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 907440803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There is now also increasing evidence that some family members may act as oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 907440804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The characterization of these proteins in human primary haemopoietic cells and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) blasts may thus give an insight to the molecular mechanisms governing proliferation and leukaemogenesis in these cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 907440805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore we analysed the expression of E2F-DNA binding activity and the constituent proteins found in the complexes in human primary haemopoietic cells of various lineages.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 907440806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also studied blasts from 18 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 907440807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On electromobility shift assays (EMSA) a single E2F-DNA binding complex was detected in T cells, B cells and monocytes which was shown to contain E2F-4, DP-1 and p130, indicating that all quiescent haemopoietic cells have the same complex.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 907440808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Examination of 18 AML samples by EMSA revealed the presence of E2F binding and no gross abnormalities were detected.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 907440809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An E2F-4/p130 complex was detected in representative samples of all FAB types analysed.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 907440810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus abnormalities of E2F function are unlikely to play a primary pathogenic role in AML.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 908525801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytokine signal networks and a new era in biomedical research.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 908525802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Elucidation of the biochemical nature of the signal transduction pathway that regulate transcription and replication is the focus of attention in molecular biology.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 908525803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This research may make feasible manipulation of growth and differentiation of mammalian cells, which in turn would have profound implication in biomedical research on cell and gene therapy, and development of pharmaceutical products.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 908525804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytokines control growth, differentiation, death, and function of cells of lymphocytic, hemopoietic systems, and together with nerve cells provide a pertinent model to study intercellular communications and intercellular signal networks.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 908525805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This review outlines general features of signal transduction and several aspects of cytokine networks are discussed with emphasis on: transcriptional regulation of Th1 and Th2-specific cytokine genes in T cells, the roles of cytokines and their receptors in growth and differentiation of hemopoietic cells, and the manipulation of cytokine networks.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 908716001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Response to intranasal fluticasone propionate in perennial allergic rhinitis not associated with glucocorticoid receptor characteristics.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 908716002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND: The reduction of symptoms due to treatment with corticosteroids varies among patients with perennial rhinitis.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 908716003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Most patients will respond but a few patients respond less to these drugs.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 908716004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association in reduction of symptoms due to glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptor characteristics in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, in vitro glucocorticoid receptor binding studies were performed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells using dexamethasone and in vitro production of mediators were measured.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 908716005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS: During a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study, 200 micrograms fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray (in the active treatment period) and placebo (in the placebo treatment period) were administered twice daily for 2 weeks to 22 patients allergic to house dust mite.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 908716006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At the end of both treatment periods symptoms were scored after allergen provocation (100, 1000, 10000 BU/mL) and during the 9.5 hours after this challenge.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 908716007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Receptor binding studies with dexamethasone were performed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 908716008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Leukotriene B4 produced by monocytes in vitro and soluble interleukin-2 receptor released by lymphocytes in vitro and cortisol levels in plasma were determined.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 908716009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: No significant partial correlations of the number of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell glucocorticoid receptors (6821 +/- 5669 binding sites per cell) and the affinity (Kd: 16.5 +/- 13.51 nmol/L) for the glucocorticoid receptors with the symptom score (placebo: 4.3 +/- 2.45 pts; fluticasone: 2.4 +/- 1.55 pts) after active treatment were found.@@@@1@66@@oe@19-12-2010 908716010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Also no significant partial correlations of the levels of leukotriene B4 (45.6 +/- 105.3 ng/10(6) cells) produced by monocytes in vitro, soluble interleukin-2 receptor (734 +/- 237 ng/10(6) cells) released by lymphocytes in vitro and cortisol levels (571 +/- 236 ng/mL) in plasma with the symptom score after active treatment were found.@@@@1@60@@oe@19-12-2010 908716011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: The reduction of symptoms due to topical fluticasone propionate in patients with rhinitis and allergy to house dust mite is not correlated with the characteristics of the glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 909157701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated in normal, self-renewing B-1 cells but only inducibly expressed in conventional B lymphocytes [see comments]@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 909157702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytokine and growth factor receptor engagement leads to the rapid phosphorylation and activation of latent, cytosolic signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins, which then translocate to the nucleus where they regulate transcriptional events from specific promoter sequences.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 909157703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@STAT3 expression in particular has been associated with Abl, Src, and HTLV-1 transformation of normal cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 909157704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B-1 lymphocytes are self-renewing, CD5+ B cells that display a propensity for malignant transformation and are the normal counterpart to human chronic lymphocytic leukemias.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 909157705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further, B-1 cells are characterized by aberrant intracellular signaling, including hyperresponsiveness to phorbol ester PKC agonists.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 909157706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate that B-1 lymphocytes constitutively express nuclear activated STAT3, which is not expressed by unmanipulated conventional (B-2) lymphocytes.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 909157707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, STAT3 activation is induced in B-2 cells after antigen receptor engagement in a delayed fashion (after 3 h).@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 909157708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of STAT3 is inhibited by both the serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor H-7 and the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin and requires de novo protein synthesis, demonstrating novel coupling between sIg and STAT proteins that differs from the classical paradigm for STAT induction by cytokine receptors.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 909157709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inability of prolonged stimulation of conventional B-2 cells with anti-Ig, a treatment sufficient to induce CD5 expression, to result in sustained STAT3 activation suggests that STAT3 is a specific nuclear marker for B-1 cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 909157710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, STAT3 may play a role in B cell antigen-specific signaling responses, and its constitutive activation is associated with a normal cell population exhibiting intrinsic proliferative behavior.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 909256201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Pax-5 gene is alternatively spliced during B-cell development.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 909256202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcription factor Pax-5 is expressed during the early stages of B-cell differentiation and influences the expression of several B-cell-specific genes.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 909256203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to the existing isoform (Pax-5, which we have named Pax-5a), we have isolated three new isoforms, Pax-5b, Pax-5d, and Pax-5e, from murine spleen and B-lymphoid cell lines using library screenings and polymerase chain reaction amplification.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 909256204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Isoforms Pax-5b and Pax-5e have spliced out their second exon, resulting in proteins with only a partial DNA-binding domain.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 909256205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Isoforms Pax-5d and Pax-5e have deleted the 3'-region, which encodes the transactivating domain, and replaced it with a novel sequence.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 909256206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The existence of alternative Pax-5 transcripts was confirmed using RNase protection assays.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 909256207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, Pax-5a and Pax-5b proteins were detected using Western blot analysis.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 909256208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pax-5a was detectable in pro-, pre-, and mature B-cell lines, but not in two plasmacytomas; Pax-5b was shown to be present at low levels in mature B-cell lines and, unexpectedly, in one plasma cell line, but not in pro-B-cell or T-cell lines.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 909256209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mobility shift assays showed that in vitro translated Pax-5a and Pax-5d, but not Pax-5b or Pax-5e, could interact with a B-cell-specific activator protein-binding site on the blk promoter.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 909256210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using this assay, we also showed that Pax-5d was present in nuclear extracts of some (but not all) B-lymphoid lines and interacts with the B-cell-specific activator protein-binding site.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 909256211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The pattern of differential expression of alternatively spliced Pax-5 isoforms suggests that they may be important regulators of transcription during B-cell maturation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 909777601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Estrogen and progesterone receptors in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 909777602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PURPOSE: Sex-related influences have been implicated in the pathogenesis of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), an allergic eosinophilic disease.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 909777603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS: The authors evaluated tarsal and bulbar conjunctival biopsies from seven patients with severe and symptomatic VKC for the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors by using monoclonal antibodies with a peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 909777604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: Both the epithelium and subepithelium of the tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva of patients with VKC, but not those of four nonatopic control subjects, showed intense positive staining for estrogen and progesterone receptors.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 909777605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunofluorescence colocalization of both estrogen and progesterone receptors with eosinophil cationic protein showed that approximately 70% of positive cells were eosinophils.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 909777606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: Sexual hormones, through their receptors, may influence the activity of eosinophils in patients with VKC.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 909847501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Use of new biologic markers in the ovulation induction.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 909847502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Biological markers of ovulation, after a great in the past, have been fallen into disuse for the large diffusion of biochemical and biophysical ones.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 909847503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the real effect of hormones involved in ovulation is expressed by biological modifications on target tissues.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 909847504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To explore the modifications of not reproductive target tissues as ovulation markers we studied the behaviour of Albuminemia, Platelet Factor IV (as indicator of Platelet Aggregation), Type II estrogenic receptors in 42 ovulation induced women, undergoing our observation.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 909847505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@33 of them had ovulation and 9 developed a LUF syndrome, constituting two biological models of an opposite situation for the three markers observed.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 909847506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All the markers considered were sufficiently sensitive, but among them, Platelet Factor IV was the most reliable to the hormonal ovulatory situation.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 909980001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factors required for lymphoid lineage commitment.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 909980002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Intimate interactions between multipotential hemopoietic stem cells and their microenvironment work towards redefining the identity and the differentiative fate of these primitive cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 909980003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Molecular cues delivered by the microenvironment frequently act in an instructive fashion by initiating intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately target a select group of transcription factors.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 909980004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These transcriptional regulators in turn trigger a cascade of genetic changes that ultimately determine the course of the cells during differentiation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 909980005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gene inactivation studies on the PU.1, Ikaros and GATA-3 genes have revealed that their encoded factors are essential for the earliest commitment step into the B and T lymphoid lineages.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 910563601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Requirement of prestimulated THP-1 monocytic cells for endothelial cell activation.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 910563602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of TNF alpha.@@@@1@5@@oe@19-12-2010 910563603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Blood monocytes spontaneously activate endothelial cells in culture, leading to adhesion of monocytic cells onto the endothelial surface and overproduction of endothelial proteins such as von Willebrand factor (vWf) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1).@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 910563604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To overcome the difficulty in obtaining quiescent monocytes, we studied the ability of promonocytic THP-1 cells to activate endothelial cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 910563605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-prestimulated and untreated THP-1 cells were cocultured with resting human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) for 3 and 24 h in the presence of colimycin to neutralize LPS traces.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 910563606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of untreated THP-1 cells had little effect on HUVEC adhesiveness.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 910563607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of prestimulated THP-1 cells was followed by a noticeable adhesion after 3 h which reversed to basal values within 24 h.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 910563608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Under these conditions HUVEC adhesion molecules, E-selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, were increased at 3 h with only ICAM-1 remaining overexpressed at 24 h.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 910563609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Diffusible endothelial proteins such as soluble E-selectin, PAI-1 and vWf to a minimal extent, increased in supernatants from HUVEC cocultured for 24 h with prestimulated THP-1 cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 910563610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In those cocultures, TNF alpha concentrations peaked at 3 h whereas IL-1 beta levels progressively rose until 24 h.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 910563611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of an anti-TNF alpha antibody decreased by 40% E-selectin and ICAM-1 induction and suppressed PAI-1 overproduction with a weak effect on vWf.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 910563612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An anti-IL-1 beta antibody had negligible effects on HUVEC adhesion molecules, PAI-1 or vWf production.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 910563613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results provide evidence that promonocytic THP-1 cells require prestimulation in order to activate HUVEC and that TNF alpha contributes to this phenomenon.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 910708701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-Jun and GST-pi expression in human plasma cells.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 910708702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bone marrow samples from 33 patients affected by MM and MGUS, and 8 patients not affected by lymphoproliferative diseases were studied for expression of c-Jun (a component of the transcription factor AP-1) and glutathione-S-transferase pi (GST-pi) using immunocytochemical methods.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 910708703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A high and frequent expression of these two proteins was found both in MM and MGUS patients (31/33 patients positive for c-Jun and 29/33 patients positive for GST-pi) and in controls not affected by monoclonal gammopathy (7/8 patients positive for both c-Jun and GST-pi).@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 910708704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No statistically significant correlation was found between c-Jun- and GST-pi-positive plasma cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 910708705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of these two proteins was not related to clinical or laboratory data.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 910708706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results seem to confirm a possible role of the transcriptional complex AP-1 in activating GST-pi promoter in human plasma cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 910802401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nucleolin is one component of the B cell-specific transcription factor and switch region binding protein, LR1.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 910802402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LR1 is a B cell-specific, sequence-specific DNA binding activity that regulates transcription in activated B cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 910802403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LR1 also binds Ig heavy chain switch region sequences and may function in class switch recombination.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 910802404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LR1 contains two polypeptides, of 106 kDa and 45 kDa, and here we report that the 106-kDa component of LR1 is nucleolin.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 910802405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This identification, initially made by microsequence analysis, was verified by showing that (i) LR1-DNA binding activity increased in B cells transfected with a nucleolin cDNA expression construct; (ii) LR1-DNA binding activity was recognized by antibodies raised against recombinant human nucleolin; and (iii) in B cells transfected with epitope-tagged nucleolin expression constructs, the LR1-DNA complex was recognized by the anti-tag antibody.@@@@1@72@@oe@19-12-2010 910802406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nucleolin is an abundant nucleolar protein which is believed to play a role in rDNA transcription or organization, or rRNA processing.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 910802407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Homology between nucleolin and histone H1 suggests that nucleolin may alter DNA organization in response to cell cycle controls, and the nucleolin component of LR1 may therefore function to organize switch regions before, during, or after switch recombination.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 910802408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The demonstration that nucleolin is a component of a B cell-specific complex that binds switch region sequences suggests that the G-rich switch regions may have evolved from rDNA.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 910945001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Experimental expression in mice and spontaneous expression in human SLE of polyomavirus T-antigen.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 910945002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A molecular basis for induction of antibodies to DNA and eukaryotic transcription factors.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 910945003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously demonstrated that experimental expression of the polyomavirus transcription factor T-antigen has the potential to induce anti-DNA antibodies in mice.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 910945004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two sets of independent evidences are presented here that demonstrate a biological relevance for this model.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 910945005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@First, we describe results demonstrating that mice inoculated with T-antigen-expressing plasmids produced antibodies, not only to T-antigen and DNA, but also to the DNA-binding eukaryotic transcription factors TATA-binding protein (TBP), and to the cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB).@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 910945006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Secondly, we investigated whether polyomavirus reactivation occurs in SLE patients, and whether antibodies to T-antigen, DNA, and to TBP and CREB are linked to such events.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 910945007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both within and among these SLE patients, frequent polyomavirus reactivations were observed that could not be explained by certain rearrangements of the noncoding control regions, nor by corticosteroid treatment.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 910945008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Linked to these events, antibodies to T-antigen, DNA, TBP, and CREB were detected, identical to what we observed in mice.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 910945009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antibodies recognizing double-stranded DNA were confined to patients with frequent polyomavirus reactivations.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 910945010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results described here indicate that cognate interaction of B cells recognizing DNA or DNA-associated proteins and T cells recognizing T antigen had taken place as a consequence of complex formation between T ag and DNA in vivo in the context of polyomavirus reactivations.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 911108101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human neutrophil elastase proteolytically activates the platelet integrin alphaIIbbeta3 through cleavage of the carboxyl terminus of the alphaIIb subunit heavy chain.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 911108102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement in the potentiation of platelet aggregation.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 911108103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neutrophil elastase (NE) and cathepsin G are two serine proteinases released concomitantly by stimulated polymorphonuclear neutrophils.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 911108104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We previously demonstrated that while NE by itself does not activate human platelets, it strongly enhances the weak aggregation induced by a threshold concentration of cathepsin G (threshold of cathepsin G) (Renesto, P., and Chignard, M. (1993) Blood 82, 139-144).@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 911108105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The aim of this study was to delineate the molecular mechanisms involved in this potentiation process.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 911108106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two main pieces of data prompted us to focus on the activation of the platelet fibrinogen receptor, the alphaIIbbeta3 integrin.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 911108107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@First, previous studies have shown this integrin to be particularly prone to proteolytic regulation of its function.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 911108108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Second, we found that the potentiating activity of NE on the threshold of cathepsin G-induced platelet aggregation was strictly dependent on the presence of exogenous fibrinogen.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 911108109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using flow cytometry analysis, NE was shown to trigger a time-dependent binding of PAC-1 and AP-5, two monoclonal antibodies specific for the activated and ligand-occupied conformers of alphaIIbbeta3.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 911108110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the potentiated aggregation was shown to result from an increased capacity of platelets to bind fibrinogen.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 911108111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Indeed, the combination of NE and threshold of cathepsin G increased the binding of PAC-1 approximately 5.5-fold over basal values measured on nontreated platelets, whereas this binding raised only by approximately 3-fold in threshold of cathepsin G-stimulated platelets (p < 0.05).@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 911108112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, phosphatidic acid accumulation, pleckstrin phosphorylation, and calcium mobilization produced by the combination of NE and threshold of cathepsin G were not significantly different from those measured with threshold of cathepsin G alone (p > 0.05), indicating that the phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathway is not involved in the potentiation of aggregation.@@@@1@60@@oe@19-12-2010 911108113@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The foregoing data, as well as the requirement of catalytically active NE to trigger alphaIIbbeta3 activation and potentiate threshold of cathepsin G-initiated platelet aggregation, led us to examine whether the structure of this integrin was affected by NE.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 911108114@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunoblot and flow cytometry analysis revealed a limited proteolysis of the carboxyl terminus of the alphaIIb subunit heavy chain (alphaIIbH), as judged by the disappearance of the epitope for the monoclonal antibody PMI-1.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 911108115@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mass spectrometry studies performed on a synthetic peptide mapping over the cleavage domain of alphaIIbH predicted the site of proteolysis as located between Val837 and Asp838.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 911108116@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment by NE of ATP-depleted platelets or Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human recombinant alphaIIbbeta3 clearly established that activation of the integrin was independent of signal transduction events and was concomitant with the proteolysis of alphaIIbH.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 911131601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of NFAT-family proteins in normal human T cells.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 911131602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NFAT proteins constitute a family of transcription factors involved in mediating signal transduction.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 911131603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a panel of specific antisera in immunoprecipitation assays, we found that NFATp (135 kDa) is constitutively expressed in normal human T cells, while synthesis of NFATc (predominant form of 86 kDa) is induced by ionomycin treatment.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 911131604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NFAT4/x was very weakly expressed in unstimulated cells, and its level did not increase upon treatment with activating agents.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 911131605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NFAT3 protein was not observed under any conditions.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 911131606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Higher-molecular-weight species of NFATc (of 110 and 140 kDa) were also detected.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 911131607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, translation of NFATc mRNA apparently initiates at two different AUG codons, giving rise to proteins that differ in size by 36 amino acids.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 911131608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additional size heterogeneity of both NFATc and NFATp results from phosphorylation.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 911131609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to ionomycin treatment, exposure of cells to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus anti-CD28 did not induce NFATc, indicating that under these conditions, interleukin-2 synthesis by these cells is apparently independent of NFATc.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 911131610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In DNA binding assays, both PMA plus anti-CD28 and PMA plus ionomycin resulted in nuclear NFAT.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 911131611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surprisingly, the PMA-ionomycin-induced synthesis of NFATc that was detected by immunoprecipitation was not mirrored in the DNA binding assays: nearly all of the activity was due to NFATp.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 911131612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is the first study of expression of all family members at the protein level in normal human T cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 911159301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High levels of the DNA-binding activity of E2F in adult T-cell leukemia and human T-cell leukemia virus type I-infected cells: possible enhancement of DNA-binding of E2F by the human T-cell leukemia virus I transactivating protein, Tax.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 911159302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factor E2F binds to cellular promoters of certain growth- and cell cycle-controlling genes and forms distinct heteromeric complexes with other nuclear proteins.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 911159303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has therefore been proposed that E2F is involved in cellular proliferation control.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 911159304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is an etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL).@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 911159305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here by mobility-shift assay that E2F-containing DNA-binding complexes were detected in HTLV-I-infected T-cell lines and leukemic cells obtained from ATL patients but not in an uninfected T-cell line, Jurkat, and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 911159306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Tax protein, encoded by HTLV-I, is a potent transcription activator of viral and several cellular genes.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 911159307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that expression of Tax can induce the E2F-containing DNA-binding complexes in Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 911159308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, Tax, through enhancement of the DNA-binding activity of E2F, may be capable of regulating cellular gene expression implicated in the proliferation and transformation of T cells in ATL.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 911159309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This activity may be relevant to the mechanisms whereby HTLV-I which does not contain oncogenes induces neoplasia.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 911521401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Molecular cloning of SLAP-130, an SLP-76-associated substrate of the T cell antigen receptor-stimulated protein tyrosine kinases.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 911521402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous work has demonstrated that SLP-76, a Grb2-associated tyrosine-phosphorylated protein, augments Interleukin-2 promoter activity when overexpressed in the Jurkat T cell line.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 911521403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This activity requires regions of SLP-76 that mediate protein-protein interactions with other molecules in T cells, suggesting that SLP-76-associated proteins also function to regulate signal transduction.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 911521404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we describe the molecular cloning of SLAP-130, a SLP-76-associated phosphoprotein of 130 kDa.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 911521405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that SLAP-130 is hematopoietic cell-specific and associates with the SH2 domain of SLP-76.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 911521406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additionally, we show that SLAP-130 is a substrate of the T cell antigen receptor-induced protein tyrosine kinases.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 911521407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, we find that in contrast to SLP-76, overexpression of SLAP-130 diminishes T cell antigen receptor-induced activation of the interleukin-2 promoter in Jurkat T cells and interferes with the augmentation of interleukin-2 promoter activity seen when SLP-76 is overexpressed in these cells.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 911521408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that SLP-76 recruits a negative regulator, SLAP-130, as well as positive regulators of signal transduction in T cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 911922801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ALY, a context-dependent coactivator of LEF-1 and AML-1, is required for TCRalpha enhancer function.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 911922802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LEF-1 is a transcription factor that participates in the regulation of the T-cell receptor alpha (TCR alpha) enhancer by facilitating the assembly of multiple proteins into a higher order nucleoprotein complex.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 911922803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The function of LEF-1 is dependent, in part, on the HMG domain that induces a sharp bend in the DNA helix, and on an activation domain that stimulates transcription only in a specific context of other enhancer-binding proteins.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 911922804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@With the aim of gaining insight into the function of context-dependent activation domains, we cloned ALY, a novel LEF-1-interacting protein.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 911922805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ALY is a ubiquitously expressed, nuclear protein that specifically associates with the activation domains of LEF-1 and AML-1 (CBF alpha2, PEBP2 alpha(B), which is another protein component of the TCR alpha enhancer complex.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 911922806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, ALY can increase DNA binding by both LEF-1 and AML proteins.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 911922807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Overexpression of ALY stimulates the activity of the TCR alpha enhancer complex reconstituted in transfected nonlymphoid HeLa cells, whereas down-regulation of ALY by anti-sense oligonucleotides virtually eliminates TCR alpha enhancer activity in T cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 911922808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar to LEF-1, ALY can stimulate transcription in the context of the TCR alpha enhancer but apparently not when tethered to DNA through an heterologous DNA-binding domain.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 911922809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose that ALY mediates context-dependent transcriptional activation by facilitating the functional collaboration of multiple proteins in the TCR alpha enhancer complex.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 912038801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Selective expression of an interleukin-12 receptor component by human T helper 1 cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 912038802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-12 (IL-12), a heterodimeric cytokine produced by activated monocytes and dendritic cells, plays a crucial role in regulating interferon (IFN)-gamma production and in the generation of IFN-gamma-producing T helper 1 (Th1) cells.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 912038803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show that the IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) beta 2 subunit, a recently cloned binding and signal transducing component of the IL-12R, is expressed on human Th1 but not Th2 clones and is induced during differentiation of human naive cells along the Th1 but not the Th2 pathway.@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 912038804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-12 and type I but not type II interferons induce expression of the IL-12R beta 2 chain during in vitro T cell differentiation after antigen receptor triggering.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 912038805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The selective expression and regulation of the IL-12R beta 2 subunit may help to understand the basis of Th1/Th2 differentiation and may provide therapeutic options for altering the Th1/Th2 balance in several immuno-pathological conditions such as autoimmune diseases and allergies.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 912223301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A PMLRARalpha transgene initiates murine acute promyelocytic leukemia.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 912223302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The malignant cells of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) contain a reciprocal chromosomal translocation that fuses the promyelocytic leukemia gene (PML) with the retinoic acid receptor alpha gene (RAR alpha).@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 912223303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To test the hypothesis that the chimera PMLRAR alpha plays a role in leukemogenesis, we expressed a PMLRAR alpha cDNA in myeloid cells of transgenic mice.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 912223304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMLRAR alpha transgenic mice exhibited impaired neutrophil maturation early in life, which progressed at a low frequency over the course of several months to overt APL.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 912223305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both the preleukemic state and the leukemia could be transplanted to nontransgenic mice, and the transplanted preleukemia could progress to APL.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 912223306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The APL recapitulated features of the human disease, including a response to retinoic acid.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 912223307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retinoic acid caused the leukemic cells to differentiate in vitro and in vivo, eliciting remissions of both the preleukemic state and APL in mice.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 912223308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results demonstrate that PMLRAR alpha impairs neutrophil differentiation and initiates the development of APL.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 912223309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transgenic mice described here provide an apparently accurate model for human APL that includes clear evidence of tumor progression.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 912223310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The model should be useful for exploring the molecular pathogenesis of APL and the mechanisms of the therapeutic response to retinoic acid, as well as for preclinical studies of therapeutic regimens.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 912224301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pivotal role for the NFIL3/E4BP4 transcription factor in interleukin 3-mediated survival of pro-B lymphocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 912224302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The E2A-HLF (hepatic leukemia factor) oncoprotein, generated in pro-B lymphocytes by fusion of the trans-activation domain of E2A to the basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) domain of HLF, functions as an anti-apoptotic transcription factor in leukemic cell transformation.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 912224303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When introduced into interleukin 3 (IL-3)-dependent mouse pro-B lymphocytes, E2A-HLF prevents apoptosis induced by growth factor deprivation, suggesting that IL-3 mediates cell survival through activation of a transcription factor whose activity can be constitutively replaced by the chimeric oncoprotein.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 912224304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We considered four bZIP transcription factors as candidates for this putative IL-3-regulated factor, each of which binds avidly to the DNA consensus sequence recognized by E2A-HLF and is related to the Caenorhabditis elegans CES-2 (cell death specification protein) neuron-specific mediator of cell death.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 912224305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression and binding activity of the Nfil3 protein (also called E4bp4), but not of Hlf, Dbp, or Tef, was found to be regulated by IL-3 in mouse pro-B cell lines (Baf-3 and FL5.12).@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 912224306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot analysis showed that Nfil3/E4bp4 is regulated as a "delayed-early" IL-3-responsive gene, requiring de novo protein synthesis.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 912224307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the absence of IL-3, enforced expression of the human NFIL3/E4BP4 cDNA promoted the survival but not the growth of IL-3-dependent pro-B cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 912224308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results implicate NFIL3/E4BP4 (nuclear factor regulated by IL-3/adenovirus E4 promoter binding protein) in a distinct growth factor-regulated signaling pathway that is responsible for the survival of early B-cell progenitors, and whose alteration by E2A-HLF leads to childhood B lineage leukemia.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 912530801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 by low-density lipoprotein.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 912530802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a well-established risk factor for atherosclerosis.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 912530803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When endothelial cells are incubated with this lipoprotein in pathophysiologic amounts, the cells are activated.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 912530804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Among the documented cellular responses to LDL is increased recruitment of monocytes, which are believed to play a major role in promoting intimal plaque formation.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 912530805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The findings presented here link an atheogenic lipoprotein, LDL, with the induction of an adhesion molecule important in atherogenesis@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 912530806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human LDL induces the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) transcriptionally with an increase in mRNA levels through activation of the VCAM promoter.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 912530807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This effect is blocked by anti-VCAM antibodies.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 912530808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After a 2-day incubation in LDL, the binding of NF-kappa B, which is believed to be a key oxidative-stress sensor for VCAM regulation, remains at basal level.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 912530809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the binding activities of AP-1 and GATA, on the other hand, are increased by LDL.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 912530810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, a component of LDL-enhanced endothelial recruitment of monocytes is attributed to VCAM-1 expression, which appears to be mediated through AP-1 and GATA.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 912530811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data identify LDL as a VCAM-inducer possibly distinct from cytokines and endotoxin.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 912700501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by terminal complement complexes is G protein dependent.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 912700502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Assembly of terminal complement complexes (TCC) C5b-7, C5b-8, and C5b-9 on target cells during acute and chronic inflammation induces hydrolysis of plasma membrane phospholipids and heterotrimeric G protein activation.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 912700503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCC also stimulate a variety of cellular activities, which include cytokine synthesis, proto-oncogene activation, and mitotic signaling.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 912700504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Now we report that sublytic TCC induced Ras, Raf-1, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1 activation in JY25 B cell line.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 912700505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When cells were exposed to C5b-9, GTP-bound Ras in anti-C5b-9 immunoprecipitates was increased 3.2-fold at 2 min, while GTP-bound Ras in anti-Ras immunoprecipitates was increased 2-fold at 10 min.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 912700506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both C5b-9 and C5b-7, but not C5b6, increased Raf-1 kinase activity maximum 3.3-fold at 2 min and 2.8-fold at 5 min, respectively.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 912700507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ERK1 activity was 2-fold increased by C5b-9 at 2 min and by C5b-7 at 10 min, over the C5b6 level.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 912700508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway on TCC-inducible mitotic signaling was evaluated by assessing DNA synthesis and activator protein 1 (AP-1) DNA-binding activity.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 912700509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The MAPK/ERK-specific inhibitor PD 098,059 abolished the C5b-9-induced DNA synthesis.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 912700510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of G protein in the activation of MAPK pathway by TCC was indicated by inhibition of Raf-1 and ERK1 kinase activity, as well as the DNA synthesis by pretreatment of cells with pertussis toxin.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 912700511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Overexpression of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 carboxyl-terminal peptide in JY25 cells also inhibited Raf-1 and ERK1 activity, indicating a direct involvement of G betagamma subunits in the signal transduction generated through activation of MAPK pathway by TCC assembly in the plasma membrane.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 912872701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reconstitution of T cell antigen receptor-induced Erk2 kinase activation in Lck-negative JCaM1 cells by Syk.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 912872702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two related protein-tyrosine kinases Syk and Zap are rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine residues and enzymatically activated upon crosslinking of the T cell antigen receptor.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 912872703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously reported that the activation of Syk is less dependent on the Src family kinase Lck than the activation of Zap.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 912872704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report that overexpression of Syk in the Lck-negative JCaM1 cells enabled the T cell antigen receptor/CD3 complex to induce a normal activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and expression of a nuclear factor of activated T cells reporter construct.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 912872705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, Zap and other protein-tyrosine kinases were unable to reconstitute these signaling pathways when expressed at the same levels.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 912872706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In parallel, Syk was phosphorylated on tyrosine, while Zap was not.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 912872707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Syk-mediated T cell antigen receptor-induced MAPK activation was detectable within 1 min of receptor stimulation and peaked at 3-5 min.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 912872708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The capacity of Syk to reconstitute the MAPK response required the catalytic activity of Syk, an intact autophosphorylation site (Y518 and Y519), both Src homology 2 domains and it was blocked by the inhibitory N17-mutated dominant-negative Ras construct.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 912872709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A Y341-->F mutant of Syk, which is deficient in its interaction with phospholipase Cy1 and Vav, was less efficient than wild-type Syk.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 912872710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results suggest that Syk, in contrast to Zap, can transduce signals from the T cell antigen receptor independently of Lck.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 912904201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Use of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): II.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 912904202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics in relapsed patients.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 912904203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The therapeutic effect of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) was evaluated among 15 APL patients at relapse after all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induced and chemotherapy maintained complete remission (CR).@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 912904204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As2O3 was administered intravenously at the dose of 10 mg/d.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 912904205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clinical CR was achieved in nine of 10 (90%) patients treated with As2O3 alone and in the remaining five patients treated by the combination of As2O3 and low-dose chemotherapeutic drugs or ATRA.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 912904206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During the treatment with As2O3, there was no bone marrow depression and only limited side effects were encountered.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 912904207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pharmacokinetic studies, which were performed in eight patients, showed that after a peak level of 5.54 micromol/L to 7.30 micromol/L, plasma arsenic was rapidly eliminated, and the continuous administration of As2O3 did not alter its pharmacokinetic behaviors.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 912904208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, increased amounts of arsenic appeared in the urine, with a daily excretion accounting for approximately 1% to 8% of the total daily dose administered.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 912904209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Arsenic contents in hair and nail were increased, and the peak content of arsenic could reach 2.5 to 2.7 microg/g tissue at CR.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 912904210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the other hand, a decline of the arsenic content in hair and nail was observed after withdrawal of the drug.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 912904211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that As2O3 treatment is an effective and relatively safe drug in APL patients refractory to ATRA and conventional chemotherapy.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 912997901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Preferential presentation of herpes simplex virus T-cell antigen by HLA DQA1*0501/DQB1*0201 in comparison to HLA DQA1*0201/DQB1*0201.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 912997902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The HLA DQA1 locus is polymorphic.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 912997903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Haplotypes containing HLA DQA1*0501, but not HLA DQA1*0201, together with HLA DQB1*0201 are associated with Grave's disease and celiac sprue.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 912997904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report, we demonstrate a functional correlate of DQA1 polymorphism.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 912997905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cells infiltrating a herpes simplex virus (HSV) lesion from a HLA DQ 2,7 individual yielded a virus-specific CD4+ clone restricted by DQ2.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 912997906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Presentation of viral peptide and protein segregated with DQA1 allele, because cell lines bearing DQA1*0501/DQB1*0201 heterodimers presented antigen in proliferation and cytotoxicity assays much more efficiently than cell lines bearing DQA1*0201/DQB1*0201.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 912997907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of viral peptide to cell lines bearing DQA1*0201, in comparison to DQA1*0501, was only moderately reduced and may not explain this effect.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 912997908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Truncation and substitution analyses of peptide binding and T-cell activation were performed to determine which viral peptide residues contacting TCR might therefore be presented in an altered conformation by DQA1*0201/DQB1*0201.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 912997909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Residues 432, 435, 437, 438, and 440 (position P1, P4, P6, P7, and P9) contributed to DQ2 binding, whereas residues 431, 433, 434, and 436 (positions P 1, P2, P3, and P5) contributed to TCR contact.@@@@1@56@@oe@19-12-2010 912997910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differential presentation of peptide by HLA DQ2 heterodimers varying at the DQA1 locus may have relevance to host defense and the pathogenesis of HLA DQ2-associated autoimmune diseases.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 912999701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid-resistance in peripheral-blood lymphocytes does not correlate with number of affinity of glucocorticoid-receptors in chronic renal failure patients.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 912999702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid (GC) resistance in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) seriously impairs successive GC therapy after renal transplantation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 912999703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We examined the relationship between GC-receptor (GC-R) parameters in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and PBMC resistance to GC in 21 CRF patients and 18 healthy subjects.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 912999704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Each subject group was divided into two subgroups according to PBMC sensitivity to prednisolone in a mitogen assay procedure; i.e., sensitive (IC50 < 381 ng/mL) and resistant (IC50 > 381 ng/mL) groups.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 912999705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In healthy subjects, the mean GC-R Bmax and Kd in quiescent PBMC of the GC-sensitive group were 2.89 +/- 1.23 fmol/10(6) cells and 4.00 +/- 2.24 nM, respectively.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 912999706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Bmax in these subjects significantly increased to 6.61 +/- 2.02 (257.7 +/- 107.8%) after 24 h stimulation with concanavalin A (p < 0.01), while the Kd change was not significant.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 912999707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GC-R Bmax and Kd in quiescent PBMC of the GC-resistant group were 5.33 +/- 1.37 fmol/10(6) cells and 3.20 +/- 1.39 nM, respectively.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 912999708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both of these parameters, however, did not change significantly after mitogen stimulation.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 912999709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was a significant negative correlation between IC50S of prednisolone and increase-ratios (post/pre ratio) of Bmax after mitogen stimulation (p < 0.05).@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 912999710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In CRF patients, Bmax and Kd in quiescent PBMC of the GC-sensitive group were 6.04 +/- 2.35 fmol/10(6) cells and 3.49 +/- 1.72 nM, respectively, while those in PBMC of the GC-resistant group were 5.13 +/- 2.31 fmol/10(6) cells and 4.04 +/- 1.62 nM, respectively.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 912999711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Bmax and Kd were not significantly changed after mitogen stimulation in both subgroups of CRF.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 912999712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, in contrast to healthy subjects, there was no correlation between IC50 and GC-R parameters in CRF.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 912999713@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We concluded that, in healthy subjects, decreased PBMC capacity to amplify GC-R numbers in response to mitogen is correlated with GC resistance, whereas in CRF patients the resistant mechanism is not correlated with GC-R parameters.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 912999714@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An unknown event might be involved in GC-resistance of CRF.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 913061501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Significance of quantitative analysis of AML1/ETO transcripts in peripheral blood stem cells from t(8;21) acute myelogenous leukemia.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 913061502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) is replacing autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in the treatment of leukemia.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 913061503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the potential advantages of autologous PBSCT is the possibility that peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) are less likely to be contaminated by leukemic cells than bone marrow grafts.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 913061504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the major problem still remains the high incidence of leukemic relapse following autologous PBSCT, which may be caused by the reinfusion of PBSC contaminated by leukemic cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 913061505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, we have developed a quantitative assay using competitive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction that estimates the number of AML1/ETO transcripts in t(8;21) acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), in order to determine the degree of leukemic cell contamination in PBSC harvests, and to monitor minimal residual disease (MRD) quantitatively in patients with t(8;21) AML.@@@@1@61@@oe@19-12-2010 913061506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data indicate that although PBSC harvests collected after consolidation chemotherapy are contaminated by leukemic cells, the degree of leukemic cell contamination decreases with repeated cycles of chemotherapy.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 913061507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the MRD in PBSC harvests is less than in the corresponding bone marrow obtained on the day of the PBSC collection.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 913061508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There appears to be no relationship between the number of AML1/ETO transcripts found in the infused PBSC harvests and the incidence of leukemic relapse following autologous PBSCT in our study.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 913061509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, a substantial decrease of AML1/ETO transcripts was seen following autologous PBSCT.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 913061510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the quantitative analysis of AML1/ETO transcripts may be clinically useful in patients with t(8;21) AML.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 913068501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA methylation changes in hematologic malignancies: biologic and clinical implications.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 913068502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA methylation changes are among the most common detectable abnormalities in human neoplasia.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 913068503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hypermethylation within the promoters of selected genes appears to be especially common in all types of human hematopoietic neoplasms, and is usually associated with inactivation of the involved gene(s).@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 913068504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such hypermethylation-associated silencing of gene expression has been shown for several genes regulating the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, including the estrogen receptor (ER) gene, P15, P16 and others.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 913068505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hypermethylation within the promoters of some genes appear to be an early event in the pathogenesis of neoplasia (ER, P15), while other genes seem to become methylated during the progression of leukemias (HIC1, c-abl).@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 913068506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The high prevalence of promoter methylation suggests that this molecular abnormality can be used to monitor disease activity during therapy.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 913068507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, new technology allows the sensitive identification of gene hypermethylation in a background of normal cells, suggesting possible new strategies for the detection of minimal residual disease.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 913068508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, reactivation of tumor-suppressor gene expression through pharmacologic inhibition of DNA methyltransferase and resultant DNA demethylation appears to be a promising new avenue of therapy in acute leukemia.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 913808801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effects of TPA, bryostatin 1, and retinoic acid on PO-B, AP-1, and AP-2 DNA binding during HL-60 differentiation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 913808802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PO-B was originally characterized as a transcriptional regulatory factor of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene; however, it has become increasingly clear that this protein may be active in tissues outside the pituitary, since it is present in diverse cell types, including differentiated HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells.@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 913808803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We previously showed that PO-B DNA-binding is progressively induced during differentiation of promyelomonocytic leukemic HL-60 cells to the macrophage-like lineage (with phorbol esters).@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 913808804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We now report that PO-B DNA-binding in HL-60 cells is similarly induced during differentiation to the granulocytic lineage (with either retinoic acid or dimethylsulfoxide).@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 913808805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Either a genetic or pharmacologic blockade of HL-60 differentiation prohibited these inductive effects.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 913808806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies have prompted our interest in the dynamics of other transcription factor changes during HL-60 differentiation.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 913808807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Of these, we observed that another transcription factor (AP-1) is also robustly induced at the DNA-binding level during macrophage-like HL-60 differentiation, but not during granulocytic differentiation.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 913808808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Conversely, the DNA-binding of the transcription factor AP-2 was slightly reduced by TPA-induced HL-60 differentiation but unchanged during granulocyte differentiation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 913808809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From these data, we conclude that the induction of PO-B DNA binding is a general marker of HL-60 myelomonocytic differentiation, but that qualitative aspects of the induction of additional distinct transcription factors, such as AP-1, may contribute to lineage-specific determinants of cell fate.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 913908101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Detection of adenovirus DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by polymerase chain reaction assay.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 913908102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Adenovirus can establish persistent infections which may reactivate and cause disease in immunocompromised hosts.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 913908103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lymphocytes have been postulated to serve as a site of adenoviral persistence based upon the ability to isolate adenovirus from tonsils and to detect adenovirus DNA by Southern blot hybridization in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 913908104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To test this hypothesis, a more sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to detect adenovirus DNA.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 913908105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two sets of nested primers were designed to conserved sequences in the adenovirus E1A and hexon genes.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 913908106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The E1A and hexon primers amplified DNA from representative adenoviral serotypes in all six adenoviral groups (A-F).@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 913908107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both primers detected a single copy of the adenovirus type 2 genome but were less sensitive for the group B type 35.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 913908108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@None of 33 PBMC specimens from healthy adults and only one of 40 pediatric samples was positive (at a low level) for adenovirus DNA by nested PCR assay.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 913908109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In comparison, PBMC from two children with fatal adenoviral infection were both strongly positive for adenovirus DNA.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 913908110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is concluded that, in contrast to a previous study, PBMC are not a common site of persistent group C adenoviral infection.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 913908111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, assay of PBMC by the adenovirus-specific PCR may help detect early invasive disease and warrants further evaluation.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 914213601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Molecular actions of prolactin in the immune system.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 914213602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immunoregulatory properties of prolactin, a pituitary peptide hormone, have received renewed attention.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 914213603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The prolactin receptor, a member of the hematopoietin/cytokine receptor superfamily, is ubiquitously expressed by cells in the immune system.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 914213604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Certain subpopulations of lymphocytes synthesize and secrete biologically active prolactin, which suggests that prolactin can act as an autocrine and/or paracrine factor to modulate the activities of cells of the immune system.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 914213605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This review focuses on the molecular actions of prolactin in the immune system.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 914213606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Emphasis is given to recent information about the molecular mechanisms of prolactin receptor signal transduction, and the signaling molecules and prolactin-inducible target genes that participate in these responses.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 914213607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In particular, the prolactin-inducible interferon regulatory factor-1 gene and its roles in mediating diverse immune responses.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 914328401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Spontaneous occurrence of early region 1A reiteration mutants of type 5 adenovirus in persistently infected human T-lymphocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 914328402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutants of type 5 adenovirus (Ad5) with reiterated DNA sequences in the E1a region appeared in a human T-lymphocyte cell line, Molt-4, persistently infected with H5sub304, a deletion/substitution mutant that has a wild-type phenotype in viral replication.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 914328403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Endonuclease analyses and DNA sequencing revealed DNA reiteration in each mutant.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 914328404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the four representative mutants investigated, the DNA reiterations all started within a six-base-pair consensus sequence, G(or C)CTGTG, located in the second exon of the E1a region (at nt 1333, 1367, or 1419).@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 914328405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was not any DNA homology between the breakpoints in the second exon and the inserting sequences (starting at nt 532, 710, or 792).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 914328406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern analyses suggested that the reiterated splicing sites of the representative mutants were all used in RNA splicing, and the closest donor and recipient joints were used most frequently.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 914328407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations imply that during persistent infection Ad5 underwent spontaneous mutations by sequence-specific breakage and nonhomologous end-end joining recombination events.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 914328408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These E1a reiteration mutants could be propagated in HeLa, A549, and KB cells; they were genetically stable; and they killed CREF cells at a strikingly high frequency.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 914328409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Preliminary observations tend to correlate this CREF cell killing with the accumulation of the early viral proteins and/or viral DNA in the infected cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 914328410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This degree of cell damage was not observed in Ad5wt or H5sub304 infection of CREF cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 914328411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The observed E1a reiterations provide a model to gain insight into understanding the evolutionary events of some, if not all, adenovirus types during many years of symbiotic, persistent relationship in human tonsils and adenoids and possibly other lymphoid organs.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 914368501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of the Ikaros gene in lymphocyte development and homeostasis.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 914368502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Ikaros gene, which encodes a family of hemopoietic-specific zinc finger proteins, is described as a central regulator of lymphocyte differentiation.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 914368503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During fetal development, it is required at the earliest stage of T cell and B cell specification.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 914368504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the adult, however, lymphoid lineages rely on Ikaros at distinct phases of their development.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 914368505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Its activity is essential for the generation of B cell but not of T cell precursors, although the differentiation of the latter is not normal.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 914368506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A significant increase in CD4 thymocytes and their immediate precursors is detected, and because these cells lack markers that correlate with positive selection, a deregulation in their maturation process is suggested.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 914368507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, Ikaros-null thymocytes hyperproliferate in response to T cell receptor (TCR) signaling; within days after their appearance in the thymus, clonally expanding populations are detected.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 914368508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deregulated TCR-mediated responses and the fast kinetics of tumor development in these mutant thymocytes implicate Ikaros as a central tumor suppressor gene for the T cell lineage.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 914368509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, lack of natural killer cells and selective defects in gamma delta T cells and dendritic antigen-presenting cells point to Ikaros as an essential factor for the establishment of early branchpoints of the T cell pathway.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 914368510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The dominant interference activity of Ikaros isoforms unable to bind DNA and their effects in lymphocyte development suggest that Ikaros works in concert with other factors.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 914368511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of Aiolos, a lymphoid-restricted and structurally related gene, in lymphoid differentiation is discussed.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 914368512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A model is proposed that defines Ikaros as the backbone of a complex regulatory protein network that controls cell fate decisions and regulates homeostasis in the hemo-lymphoid system.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 914368513@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Changes in this regulatory network may reflect differentiation and proliferation adjustments made in hemo-lymphoid progenitors and precursors as they give rise to the cells of our immune system.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 914423201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Acute leukemia with promyelocytic features in PML/RARalpha transgenic mice.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 914423202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is associated with reciprocal chromosomal translocations involving the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) locus on chromosome 17.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 914423203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the majority of cases, RARalpha translocates and fuses with the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene located on chromosome 15.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 914423204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The resulting fusion genes encode the two structurally unique PML/RARalpha and RARalpha/PML fusion proteins as well as aberrant PML gene products, the respective pathogenetic roles of which have not been elucidated.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 914423205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have generated transgenic mice in which the PML/RARalpha fusion protein is specifically expressed in the myeloid-promyelocytic lineage.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 914423206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During their first year of life, all the PML/RARalpha transgenic mice have an abnormal hematopoiesis that can best be described as a myeloproliferative disorder.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 914423207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Between 12 and 14 months of age, 10% of them develop a form of acute leukemia with a differentiation block at the promyelocytic stage that closely mimics human APL even in its response to retinoic acid.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 914423208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results are conclusive in vivo evidence that PML/RARalpha plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of APL.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 914449601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB gene expression functions through the conserved S-X-Y region.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 914449602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The MHC class II homologous proteins HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB function in the loading of peptides onto class II molecules.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 914449603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Like the class II genes, the HLA-DM genes contain upstream regulatory sequences similar to the S-X-Y regulatory region as well as additional putative regulatory sites.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 914449604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine whether the DM genes are regulated in a similar manner as class II genes, a series of in vivo and in vitro analyses was performed.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 914449605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletion analysis showed that expression from the DM promoters is dependent on the conserved S-X-Y region.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 914449606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The class II-specific transcription factors RFX and CIITA are also required for expression, as cell lines deficient in these factors failed to allow transcription from the DM promoters.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 914449607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, in vivo footprint analysis showed the putative X and Y boxes to be occupied by transcription factors in wild-type B cells, but not in RFX-deficient B cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 914449608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In astrocytes, IFN-gamma treatment induced increased occupancy of these sites.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 914449609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@None of the other putative regulatory sites was occupied in vivo, indicating that they may not be functional.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 914449610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, gel shift analysis showed synergistic complex formation between proteins that bind to the putative X boxes of the DM genes, as is found for the DRA gene.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 914449611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, the DM genes share a common mechanism of regulation with the class II genes.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 914682401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Plasma sialyltransferase levels in psychiatric disorders as a possible indicator of HPA axis function.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 914682402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A dysfunction in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, possibly attributed to a change in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) functionality, has been implicated in depression.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 914682403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have measured both lymphocyte GR receptor binding parameters and plasma sialyltransferase activity, as a biochemical marker of GR function, in two groups of patients suffering from depression or schizophrenia and in a group of age- and sex-matched controls.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 914682404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While there was a significant increase in plasma cortisol levels in the depressed group, there were no changes in the lymphocyte GR binding parameters (K(m) and Bmax).@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 914682405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was, however, a significant decrease in the plasma sialyltransferase: cortisol ratio in the depressed group suggesting an inability of the raised cortisol levels to induce enzyme expression and this ratio may provide a useful biochemical marker of cortisol receptor function.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 914682406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although there was an increase in the plasma activity of the alpha 2,6 sialyltransferase isozyme in the schizophrenic group, no other changes were determined.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 914682407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, while the total plasma sialyltransferase:cortisol ratio reflects HPA axis function, alterations in specific isozyme activity may also be associated with other CNS disease states.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 915170801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A new mouse gene, SRG3, related to the SWI3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is required for apoptosis induced by glucocorticoids in a thymoma cell line.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 915170802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We isolated a new mouse gene that is highly expressed in thymocytes, testis, and brain.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 915170803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This gene, SRG3, showed a significant sequence homology to SWI3, a yeast transcriptional activator, and its human homolog BAF155.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 915170804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SRG3 encodes 1,100 amino acids and has 33-47% identity with SWI3 protein over three regions.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 915170805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The SRG3 protein contains an acidic NH2 terminus, a myb-like DNA binding domain, a leucine-zipper motif, and a proline- and glutamine-rich region at its COOH terminus.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 915170806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rabbit antiserum raised against a COOH-terminal polypeptide of the SRG3 recognized a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 155 kD.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 915170807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The serum also detected a 170-kD protein that seems to be a mouse homologue of human BAF170.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 915170808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunoprecipitation of cell extract with the antiserum against the mouse SRG3 also brought down a 195-kD protein that could be recognized by an antiserum raised against human SWI2 protein.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 915170809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results suggest that the SRG3 protein associates with a mouse SWI2.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 915170810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The SRG3 protein is expressed about three times higher in thymocytes than in peripheral lymphocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 915170811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of anti-sense RNA to SRG3 mRNA in a thymoma cell line, S49.1, reduced the expression level of the SRG3 protein, and decreased the apoptotic cell death induced by glucocorticoids.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 915170812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that the SRG3 protein is involved in the glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in the thymoma cell line.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 915170813@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This implicates that the SRG3 may play an important regulatory role during T cell development in thymus.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 915189801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immediate early and early lytic cycle proteins are frequent targets of the Epstein-Barr virus-induced cytotoxic T cell response.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 915189802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human gamma-herpesvirus, can establish both nonproductive (latent) and productive (lytic) infections.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 915189803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to latently infected cells is well characterized, very little is known about T cell controls over lytic infection; this imbalance in our understanding belies the importance of virus-replicative lesions in several aspects of EBV disease pathogenesis.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 915189804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present work shows that the primary CD8+ CTL response to EBV in infectious mononucleosis patients contains multiple lytic antigen-specific reactivities at levels at least as high as those seen against latent antigens; similar reactivities are also detectable in CTL memory.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 915189805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clonal analysis revealed individual responses to the two immediate early proteins BZLF1 and BRLF1, and to three (BMLF1, BMRF1, and BALF2) of the six early proteins tested.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 915189806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In several cases, the peptide epitope and HLA-restricting determinant recognized by these CTLs has been defined, one unusual feature being the number of responses restricted through HLA-C alleles.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 915189807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The work strongly suggests that EBV-replicative lesions are subject to direct CTL control in vivo and that immediate early and early proteins are frequently the immunodominant targets.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 915189808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This contrasts with findings in alpha- and beta- herpesvirus systems (herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus) where viral interference with the antigen-processing pathway during lytic infection renders immediate early and early proteins much less immunogenic.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 915189809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The unique capacity of gamma-herpesvirus to amplify the viral load in vivo through a latent growth-transforming infection may have rendered these agents less dependent upon viral replication as a means of successfully colonizing their hosts.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 915564001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of Stat3 in interleukin-6-induced IgM production in a human B-cell line.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 915564002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important B-cell growth and differentiation factor.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 915564003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-6 treatment of the human lymphoblastoid cell line, SKW6.4, leads to increased IgM production.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 915564004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously shown that IL-6 induces activation of JAK1 and JAK2 in human B cell lines.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 915564005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A chimeric IL-6 receptor, comprised of the intracellular tail of the IL-6 receptor subunit gp130 fused to the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, was stably transfected into SKW6.4 cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 915564006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EGF treatment induced IgM production in cells transfected with an intact gp130 cytoplasmic tail, but not in untransfected cells or cells transfected with a cytoplasmic tail lacking all four signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) binding sites.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 915564007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, EGF treatment induced Stat3 phosphorylation in cells transfected with the intact chimeric EGF-gp130 receptor along with induction of DNA-mobility shift of a classical interferon-gamma-activated site.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 915564008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To define further the relation between Stat3 activation and enhanced IgM production, we determined the effect of chimeric gp130 on the transcriptional activation of a genetic element linked to immunoglobulin production, namely the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer (IgH-enhancer).@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 915564009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Parental as well as transfected SKW6.4 cells were transiently transfected with an IgH-enhancer-luciferase construct.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 915564010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcriptional activity of the IgH-luciferase construct was induced upon ligation of the full-length chimeric receptor but not by truncated gp130 receptors.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 915564011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, the gp130-induced activity of this reporter gene was abrogated by Stat3EE, a mutant Stat3 incapable of binding DNA.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 915564012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that IL-6-induced B-cell differentiation, as measured by IgM production, may be controlled by Stat3 proteins.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 916209101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in NFAT activation in T cells.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 916209102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) has been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation in many cell types.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 916209103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously shown that in T cells the PI3-K inhibitor, wortmannin, interferes with activation of the mitogen-activated kinase, Erk2, after T cell receptor (TcR) stimulation.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 916209104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To further explore the involvement of PI3-K in T cell activation, we created a set of potentially dominant negative PI3-K constructs comprising individual or tandem domains of the regulatory p85 subunit and tested their effect on downstream signaling events like Erk2 activation and transcription from an NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) element taken from the interleukin-2 promoter.@@@@1@63@@oe@19-12-2010 916209105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Following TcR stimulation, activation of Erk2 was only inhibited by a previously described truncated form of p85 that cannot bind the catalytic subunit, but not by other constructs of p85.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 916209106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, several mutant p85 alleles had dramatic effects on NFAT activation.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 916209107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Most interestingly, the N-terminal SH2 domain had an inhibitory effect, whereas a mutant p85 containing only the two SH2 domains enhanced basal NFAT activity in a Ras-dependent manner.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 916209108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ionomycin induced synergistic activation of NFAT in cells expressing p85 mutants that contained the C-terminal SH2 domain.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 916209109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins bound to truncated p85 constructs revealed cooperative binding of the two SH2 domains but no apparent differences between the N- and C- terminal SH2 domains.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 916209110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Wortmannin did not interfere with NFAT activation, although it inhibited PI3-K and Erk2 activation in the same experiment.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 916209111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that PI3-K is involved in NFAT activation through a complex adaptor function of its regulatory subunit and that its lipid kinase activity is dispensable for this effect.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 916685701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of interleukin-10 receptor expression on B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 916685702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells accumulate in vivo in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, suggesting that their malignant expansion is due, at least in part, to a delay in cell death.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 916685703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the cellular or molecular factors responsible for a delay in B-CLL cell death are unknown.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 916685704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B-CLL cells do express receptors for interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and IFN-gamma, and activation of both has been shown to promote B-CLL survival in vitro by preventing apoptosis.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 916685705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The interleukin-10 (IL-10) receptor is another member of the IFN receptor family, but its ligand, IL-10, has been reported to induce apoptosis in B-CLL cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 916685706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the current study, we undertook a biochemical analysis of IL-10 receptor expression on freshly isolated B-CLL cells and characterized the functional responsiveness of IL-10 binding to its constitutively expressed receptor.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 916685707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that B-CLL cells bind IL-10 with significant specificity and express between 47 and 127 IL-10 receptor sites per cell, with a dissociation constant in the range of 168 to 426 x 10(-12) mol/L.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 916685708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ligand binding and activation of the IL-10 receptor expressed on B-CLL cells results in the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT3 proteins.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 916685709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This pattern of STAT protein phosphorylation is identical to IL-10 receptor activation on normal cells and similar to IFN-alpha (STAT1 and STAT3) and IFN-gamma (STAT1) receptor activation in CLL.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 916685710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further, in consecutive samples of fresh blood obtained from patients with B-CLL cells, the addition of IL-10 inhibited B-CLL proliferation, enhanced B-CLL differentiation, but did not induce apoptosis.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 916685711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Indeed, IL-10, like IFN-gamma, was able to significantly reduce the amount of B-CLL cell death caused by hydrocortisone-induced apoptosis.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 916685712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that cytokines, which signal through the interferon family of receptors, have comparable functional effects on B-CLL cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 916881501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Uncoupling of cell cycle arrest from the expression of monocytic differentiation markers in HL60 cell variants.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 916881502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differentiation generally leads to cell cycle arrest.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 916881503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human leukemia HL60 cells respond to the presence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) by expressing a number of markers of the monocyte/macrophage phenotype and become arrested predominantly in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 916881504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently reported a series (A) of 1,25D3-resistant variants of HL60 cells which proliferate in the presence of 1,25D3 and do not express differentiation markers (Exp. Cell Res. 224, 312, 1996).@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 916881505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We now describe another series (B) of such variants, which differ from A series cells grown in similar concentrations of 1,25D3 in that they express the CD14 antigen and nonspecific esterase, characteristic of the monocyte, while continuing to proliferate and they develop hypotetraploid DNA (4C) content at higher concentrations of ambient 1,25D3 than the A series cells.@@@@1@65@@oe@19-12-2010 916881506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells in the B series with 4C DNA content (100B and 200B) also differed from the A series 4C cells by the absence of DNA binding by the full-length Sp1 transcription factor.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 916881507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, B series cells resembled the A series cells in exhibiting faster growth rates than the parental HL60 cells and showed high levels of vitamin D receptor and retinoid receptor X proteins.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 916881508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results show that the initial steps in the 1,25D3 signaling pathway are intact in B series resistant cells and lead to the appearance of early markers of monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 916881509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the progression to subsequent events which comprise terminal differentiation and cell cycle arrest is halted during the adaptation to the presence of 1,25D3 in these cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 916881510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the availability of these variant cells should provide a system for studying the link between differentiation and cell cycle arrest.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 917123601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Defective survival and activation of thymocytes in transgenic mice expressing a catalytically inactive form of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 917123602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have generated transgenic mice that express a catalytically inactive form of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) specifically in thymic T cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 917123603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of this protein results in a markedly reduced thymic cellularity, although the distribution of the remaining cells is normal based on evaluation of the CD4 and CD8 cell surface antigens that are used to gauge T cell development.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 917123604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Isolated thymic T cells from the transgenic mice also show a dramatically decreased survival rate when evaluated in culture under conditions that do not favor activation.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 917123605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When challenged with an activating stimulus such as alpha-CD3 or a combination of phorbol ester plus ionophore, the cells are severely compromised in their ability to produce the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2).@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 917123606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reduction of IL-2 production is secondary to the inability to phosphorylate the cAMP response element binding protein, CREB, and induce expression of the immediate early genes such as Fos B that are required to transactivate the IL-2 promoter.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 917123607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because transgene expression was regulated by the proximal promoter of the murine lck gene and this promoter is inactivated in T cells that exit the thymus, the mutant hCaMKIV is not present in peripheral T cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 917123608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consequently, T lymphocytes present in the spleen can be activated normally in response to either stimulus mentioned above, demonstrating that the effects of the inactive CaMKIV on activation are reversible.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 917123609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results suggest that CaMKIV may represent a physiologically relevant CREB kinase in T cells and that the enzyme is also required to ensure normal expansion of T cells in the thymus.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 917123610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas the pathway responsible for this latter role is yet to be elucidated, it is unlikely to include CREB phosphorylation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 917459801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive and inducible protein/DNA interactions of the interferon-gamma promoter in vivo in [corrected] CD45RA and CD45R0 T helper subsets [published erratum appears in Eur J Immunol 1997 Jul;27(7):1830]@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 917459802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a key cytokine of T lymphocytes with major regulatory functions in the immune system.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 917459803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine and compare protein/DNA interactions at the native IFN-gamma locus in T cells, we analyzed the human IFN-gamma promoter by ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (LM-PCR) techniques.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 917459804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Accordingly, Jurkat T cells and primary CD45RA and CD45R0 CD4+ T cell subsets isolated from peripheral blood using immunomagnetic beads were cultured and analyzed by LM-PCR.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 917459805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive and inducible protein/DNA interactions of the IFN-gamma promoter in vivo were detected in all T cells tested.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 917459806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, an inducible footprint between -183 and -196 was consistently observed in Jurkat T cells and CD45RA and CD45R0 T helper subsets upon stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate+phytohemagglutinin (PMA+PHA) that was highly sensitive to treatment with corticosteroids.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 917459807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This novel target site, denoted the C-site, was shown by several criteria, including cell distribution studies, stimulation experiments, supershift assays, and cross-competition electrophoretic mobility shift assays to bind the transcription factor AP-1.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 917459808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation of the C-site that prevented AP-1 binding to this site was sufficient strikingly to reduce inducible promoter activity in primary CD45R0 T cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 917459809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In summary, the data demonstrate that IFN-gamma gene transcription in primary T cells is regulated in vivo at the level of constitutive and inducible protein/DNA interactions.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 917459810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose a model where basal transcription is maintained by binding of various transcription factors to the IFN-gamma promoter, whereas PMA+PHA-inducible IFN-gamma transcription in CD45R0 T cells is associated with binding of AP-1 to the C-site.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 917724001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CCAAT/enhancer binding protein epsilon is preferentially up-regulated during granulocytic differentiation and its functional versatility is determined by alternative use of promoters and differential splicing.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 917724002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) epsilon is a recently cloned member of the C/EBP family of transcription factors and is expressed exclusively in cells of hematopoietic origin.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 917724003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human C/EBPepsilon gene is transcribed by two alternative promoters, Palpha and Pbeta.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 917724004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A combination of differential splicing and alternative use of promoters generates four mRNA isoforms, of 2.6 kb and 1.3-1.5 kb in size.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 917724005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These transcripts can encode three proteins of calculated molecular mass 32.2 kDa, 27.8 kDa, and 14.3 kDa.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 917724006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Accordingly, Western blots with antibodies specific for the DNA-binding domain, that is common to all forms, identify multiple proteins.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 917724007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@C/EBPepsilon mRNA was greatly induced during in vitro granulocytic differentiation of human primary CD34(+) cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 917724008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retinoic acid treatment of HL60 promyelocytic leukemia cells for 24 hr induced C/EBPepsilon mRNA levels by 4-fold, while prolonged treatment gradually reduced mRNA expression to pretreatment levels.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 917724009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient transfection experiments with expression vectors for two of the isoforms demonstrated that the 32.2-kDa protein is an activator of transcription of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor promoter, while the 14.3-kDa protein is not.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 917724010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, C/EBPepsilon is regulated in a complex fashion and may play a role in the regulation of genes involved in myeloid differentiation.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 918977001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Construction and biological characterization of an interleukin-12 fusion protein (Flexi-12): delivery to acute myeloid leukemic blasts using adeno-associated virus.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 918977002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a cytokine that exhibits pleiotropic effects on lymphocytes and natural killer cells and has been shown to have promise for the immunotherapy of cancer.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 918977003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The combination of the immune costimulatory molecule B7.1 and IL-12 has been shown to be synergistic for T cell activation.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 918977004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By transfecting tumor cells with both IL-12 and B7.1 cDNAs, it may be possible to use these modified targets as vaccines.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 918977005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A major obstacle in designing a vector to deliver these genes results from the structure of IL-12.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 918977006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional IL-12 is a heterodimer composed of two distinct subunits that are encoded by separate genes on different chromosomes.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 918977007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Production of functional IL-12 requires the coordinated expression of both genes.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 918977008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This presents several problems in vectors, particularly those in which additional genes, either a co-stimulatory gene or a selectable marker, are inserted.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 918977009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, we have constructed a single cDNA that encodes a single-chain protein, called Flexi-12, which retains all of the biological characteristics of recombinant IL-12 (rIL-12).@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 918977010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The monomeric polypeptide Flexi-12 is able to induce the proliferation of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) blasts, induce PHA blasts to secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and additionally, by preincubation, enhance the killing of K562 targets by PBLs.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 918977011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These phenomena are in a dose-dependent manner comparable to that seen with rIL-12.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 918977012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have also shown that tyrosine phosphorylation of the STAT 4 transcription factor, which has been shown to be unique to the IL-12 signaling pathway, occurs with Flexi-12 at levels similar to those seen with rIL-12.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 918977013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have packaged Flexi-12 into a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) and used this vector to infect acute myeloid leukemic (AML) blasts.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 918977014@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Infected AML blasts produced between 2 and 6 ng of IL-12/10(6) cells per ml per 48 hr.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 918977015@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies also confirm that AAV is an efficient delivery vehicle for cytokines to leukemic cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 918977016@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Direct analysis of these modified cells acting as tumor vaccines is underway.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 919276101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thrombin generation by apoptotic vascular smooth muscle cells.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 919276102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thrombin activation requires assembly of a prothrombinase complex of activated coagulation factors on an anionic phospholipid surface, classically provided by activated platelets.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 919276103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously shown that anionic phosphatidylserine is exposed by rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) undergoing apoptosis after serum withdrawal.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 919276104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, using a chromogenic assay, we have shown thrombin generation by apoptotic VSMCs expressing c-myc (VSMC-myc) with an area under the thrombin-generation curve (AUC) of 305 +/- 17 nmol x min/L and a peak thrombin (PT) of 154 +/- 9 nmol/L.@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 919276105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The thrombin-generating potential of the apoptotic VSMC-myc cells was greater than that of unactivated platelets (P = .003 for AUC; P = .0002 for PT) and similar to calcium-ionophore activated platelets (AUC of 332 +/- 15 nmol x min/L, P = .3; PT of 172 +/- 8 nmol/L, P = .2).@@@@1@60@@oe@19-12-2010 919276106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thrombin activation was also seen with apoptotic human VSMCs (AUC of 211 +/- 8 nmol x min/L; PT of 103 +/- 4 nmol/L) and was inhibited by annexin V (P < .0001 for AUC and PT).@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 919276107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@VSMC-myc cells maintained in serum generated less thrombin than after serum withdrawal (P = .0002 for AUC and PT).@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 919276108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@VSMCs derived from human coronary atherosclerotic plaques that apoptose even in serum also generated thrombin (AUC of 260 +/- 2 nmol x min/L; PT of 128 +/- 4 nmol/L).@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 919276109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that apoptotic VSMCs possess a significant thrombin-generating capacity secondary to phosphatidylserine exposure.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 919276110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Apoptotic cells within atherosclerotic plaques may allow local thrombin activation, thereby contributing to disease progression.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 919276901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA, CHEMR1, encoding a chemokine receptor with a homology to the human C-C chemokine receptor, CCR-4.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 919276902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chemokines refer to a rapidly expanding family of small cytokines whose primary function is recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 919276903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These are known to bind to seven-transmembrane-domain containing receptors.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 919276904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A cDNA clone, CHEMR1, resembling the typical G protein-coupled receptor, was isolated from a mouse cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) library.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 919276905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot analysis in mouse cell lines suggests that its expression is found in a variety of cells, including T cells, B cells, and macrophages.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 919276906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The CHEMR1 gene Scya3r2 is a single-copy gene whose open reading frame may be in a single exon and maps to the distal region of mouse Chr 9 where the mouse macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) receptor gene Scya3r and two related C-C chemokine receptor-like genes reside.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 919276907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Amino acid sequence comparison shows that CHEMR1 is 84% identical to human CCR-4, indicating that CHEMR1 is likely to be a mouse CCR-4.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 919276908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding assays using 125I-labeled C-C chemokines in mammalian cells indicated that CHEMR1 did not bind MIP-1alpha, RANTES, or MIP-1beta, whereas CCR-1 binds MIP-1alpha and RANTES.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 919276909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our result is different from the reported properties of human CCR-4.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 919276910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This suggests that CHEMR1 may be a receptor for unidentified C-C chemokine or a low-affinity receptor for MIP-1alpha.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 920509801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chimeric oncoprotein E2a-Pbx1 induces apoptosis of hematopoietic cells by a p53-independent mechanism that is suppressed by Bcl-2.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 920509802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The chimeric oncoprotein E2a-Pbx1 results from fusion of the E2A and PBX1 genes following t(1;19) chromosomal translocations in B cell precursor acute leukemias.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 920509803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Experimentally B cell progenitors do not tolerate constitutive expression of E2a-Pbx1 which contrasts with transformation of several other cell types following its stable expression both in vitro and in vivo.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 920509804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To further investigate the effects of E2a-Pbx1 on the B cell progenitors, we conditionally expressed E2a-Pbx1 under control of a metal response element in hematopoietic precursor cell lines in vitro.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 920509805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inducible expression of E2a-Pbx1 resulted in cell death with the morphologic and molecular features of apoptosis.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 920509806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A structure-function analysis demonstrated that induction of apoptosis was not a dominant-negative effect of the E2a moiety but, rather, required the DNA-binding homeodomain of Pbx1.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 920509807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@E2a-Pbx1-induced apoptosis proceeded through a BCL2-responsive checkpoint eventuating in PARP inactivation but did require p53.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 920509808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive expression of E2a-Pbx1 did not induce apoptosis or continued cycling of Rat-1 fibroblasts in low serum conditions.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 920509809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies demonstrate that E2a-Pbx1 initiates programmed cell death of hematopoietic precursers by a mechanism that requires its chimeric transcriptional properties, but, unlike other nuclear oncoproteins, is independent of p53.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 920928101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sp family members preferentially interact with the promoter proximal repeat within the HTLV-I enhancer.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 920928102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) encodes the transactivator protein, Tax, which facilitates viral transcription from three 21 bp repeated elements within the U3 region of the long terminal repeat (LTR).@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 920928103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Examination of the basal factors interacting with the 21 bp repeat elements through electrophoretic mobility shift (EMS) analyses has demonstrated the formation of DNA-protein complexes common to each of the 21 bp repeats (C1-C3) as well as three DNA-protein complexes specific to the promoter proximal (pp) repeat (U1 (U1A/U1B) and U2; 1-4).@@@@1@64@@oe@19-12-2010 920928104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies have indicated that the individual repeats are not identical with respect to the cellular factors with which they interact.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 920928105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EMS analyses utilizing a series of mutated pp repeat elements demonstrate that the nucleotide sequence requirements for U1 (U1A/U1B) and U2 formation are separable from those required for C1-C3 formation.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 920928106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Competition EMS analyses utilizing Sp1 and CREB binding site oligonucleotides demonstrate that Sp family members are critical components of U1 (U1A/U1B) and U2 and that ATF/CREB family members are critical components of C1-C3.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 920928107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EMS supershift analyses have demonstrated that Sp1 is involved in U1A formation while Sp3 is involved in U1B and U2 formation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 920928108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EMS analyses performed with nuclear extracts from Tax-expressing Jurkat cells and HTLV-I-transformed peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrate that Tax prevents the formation of U1 (U1A/U1B) and U2 DNA-protein complexes.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 920928109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, Tax appears to inhibit the interaction of Sp family members with the pp repeat.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 920928110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Based on these observations, it is possible that the interaction of Sp and ATF/CREB family members with the pp repeat during basal and Tax-mediated transcription may play a critical role in viral gene expression during the initial stages of virus infection or during activation of a latent infection.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 920937201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An acute myeloid leukemia gene, AML1, regulates transcriptional activation and hemopoietic myeloid cell differentiation antagonistically by two alternative spliced forms.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 920937202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The AML1 gene on chromosome 21 is disrupted in the (8;21)(q22;q22) and (3;21)(q26;q22) translocations associated with myelogenous leukemias and encodes a DNA-binding protein.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 920937203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From AML1 gene, two representative forms of proteins, AML1a and AML1b, are produced by an alternative splicing.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 920937204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both forms have DNA-binding domain, but AML1a lacks a putative transcriptional activation domain which AML1b has.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 920937205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate that AML1a, which solely has no effects as a transcriptional regulator, dominantly suppresses transcriptional activation by AML1b, and that AML1a exhibits the higher affinity for DNA-binding than AML1b.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 920937206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore a dominant negative form of AML1, AML1a, totally suppressed granulocytic differentiation otherwise induced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor when AML1a was overexpressed in 32Dc13 murine myeloid cells.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 920937207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such differentiation block by AML1a was canceled by the concomitant overexpression of AML1b.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 920937208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data strongly suggest that a transcriptionally active form of AML1 is essential for the myeloid cell differentiation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 920937209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, we observed an altered expression level of AML1 along with the myeloid differentiation in several hemopoietic cell lines.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 920937210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In these cases, at least, the AML1 expression level is a potential regulator for myeloid cell differentiation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 921037201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytokines: shared receptors, distinct functions.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 921037202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@That the signal transduction pathways used by the cytokines IL-2 and IL-15 are identical would suggest that these cytokines have redundant roles in lymphoid development; instead, IL-2 is the guardian of thymus-derived T-cell homeostasis, while interleukin-15 promotes extrathymic development of T and NK cells.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 921188901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cytoplasmic domain of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor alpha subunit is essential for both GM-CSF-mediated growth and differentiation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 921188902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) regulates differentiation, survival, and proliferation of colony-forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 921188903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The biologic actions of GM-CSF are mediated by binding to a specific receptor consisting of two chains designated as alpha and beta subunits.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 921188904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have demonstrated that the murine FDC-P1-derived cell line WT-19 transfected with the human GM-CSF receptor alpha and beta subunits (GM-CSFRalpha and beta) can be induced to differentiate by the addition of human GM-CSF (hGM-CSF).@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 921188905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By expressing a series of GM-CSFRalpha mutants in WT19 cells, we have determined the amino acid domains of the GM-CSFRalpha cytoplasmic domain that regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 921188906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that the membrane proximal proline-rich domain and adjacent 16 residues are essential for both hGM-CSF-dependent cell proliferation and differentiation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 921188907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the C-terminal region of the GM-CSFRalpha cytoplasmic domain was not necessary for cell differentiation mediated by hGM-CSF, but the removal of this region severely impaired the ability of hGM-CSF to support cell survival.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 921188908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While the activation of JAK2, Shc, Erk, and STAT5 proteins correlated with hGM-CSF-mediated cell growth, cellular differentiation occurred in the absence of activation of these signal transduction pathways.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 921205301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased expression of Gs(alpha) enhances activation of the adenylyl cyclase signal transduction cascade.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 921205302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the stimulatory G protein, G(S)alpha, can vary over a 3-fold range in human tissues and in rodent central nervous system.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 921205303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In fact, the offspring of alcoholics have higher levels of G(S)alpha expression in certain tissues compared with the offspring of nonalcoholics.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 921205304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The aim of this research was to test the hypothesis that a causal relationship exists between the level of expression of G(S)alpha and induction of the adenylyl cyclase (AC) cascade.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 921205305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The methodology employed transient transfection of HEK 293 cells with a cDNA for the 52-kDa form of G(S)alpha under regulation by inducible metallothionein promoters.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 921205306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfectants were exposed to varying concentrations (0-125 microM) of zinc sulfate that produced a 3-fold range of membrane G(S)alpha expression.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 921205307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The range of G(S)alpha expression produced was found to mimic a physiologically relevant spectrum of G(S)alpha expression in membranes derived from human tissues and rat brain.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 921205308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was observed that induction of G(S)alpha expression increased constitutive as well as stimulated cAMP accumulation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 921205309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, induction of G(S)alpha expression increased events distal to the accumulation of cAMP including the phosphorylation of the transcription factor, cAMP response element binding protein and transcriptional activation of cAMP-dependent reporter genes.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 921205310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In summary, these studies show that the amount of G(S)alpha expression has a marked impact on the level of activity of the AC cascade from the membrane through to the nucleus.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 921205311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is hypothesized that individuals who differ in G(S)alpha expression may also differ in the expression of certain cAMP-dependent genes.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 921529801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@gamma-Interferon-induced resistance to 1,25-(OH)2 D3 in human monocytes and macrophages: a mechanism for the hypercalcemia of various granulomatoses.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 921529802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The hypercalcemia of various granulomatoses is caused by endogenous 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D3] overproduction by disease-activated macrophages.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 921529803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inability of 1,25(OH)2D3 to suppress its synthesis in macrophages contrasts with the tight control of its production in macrophage precursors, peripheral blood monocytes (PBM).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 921529804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We examined whether 1,25(OH)2D3 resistance develops as PBM differentiate to macrophages or with macrophage activation.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 921529805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Normal human pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) are less sensitive to 1,25(OH)2D3 than PBM, despite similar vitamin D receptor content; however, both PBM and PAM respond to exogenous 1,25-(OH)2D3 by inhibiting 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis and inducing 1,25(OH)2D3 degradation through enhancement of 24-hydroxylase mRNA levels and activity.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 921529806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human monocytic cell line THP-1 mimics PAM in 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis and sensitivity to exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 921529807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We utilized THP-1 cells to examine the response to 1,25(OH)2D3 with macrophage activation.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 921529808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of THP-1 cells with gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN) enhances 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis 30-fold, blocks 1,25-(OH)2D3 suppression of its synthesis, and reduces by 42.2% 1,25-(OH)2D3 induction of its degradation.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 921529809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The antagonistic effects of gamma-IFN are not merely restricted to enzymatic activities.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 921529810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In THP-1 cells and in normal PBM, gamma-IFN inhibits 1,25-(OH)2D3 induction of 24-hydroxylase mRNA levels without reducing mRNA stability, suggesting gamma-IFN inhibition of 1,25(OH)2D3 transactivating function.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 921529811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results explain 1,25(OH)2D3 overproduction in granulomatoses and demonstrate potent inhibition by gamma-IFN of 1,25(OH)2D3 action in immune cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 921574801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of transcription factors during sodium phenylacetate induced erythroid differentiation in K562 cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 921574802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During 15 days of treatment of K562 cells with sodium phenylacetate, we observed an increase in the cellular hemoglobin concentration with a similar increase in the expression of gamma-globin mRNA.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 921574803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Morphological studies demonstrated characteristic features of erythroid differentiation and maturation.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 921574804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At the same time there was no change in the level of expression of the cell surface antigenes CD33, CD34, CD45, CD71 and glycophorin A.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 921574805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Likewise, the level of expression of the erythroid transcription factors GATA-1, GATA-2, NF-E2, SCL and RBTN2, all expressed in untreated K562 cells, did not increase during sodium phenylacetate induced erythroid differentiation.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 921574806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of the nuclear factors Evi-1 and c-myb, known to inhibit erythroid differentiation, did not decrease.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 921574807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that sodium phenylacetate treatment of K562 cells increases gamma-globin mRNA and induces cell maturation as judged by morphology without affecting the expression of the erythroid transcription factors, some of which are known to be involved in the regulation of beta-like globin genes.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 921729001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in relation to age and to sport activity.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 921729002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors (GR) are ubiquitous molecules and are present also in the hippocampus and in several other nervous and immune tissues.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 921729003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are a good model for studies of GR in humans.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 921729004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoids are important for maintaining cellular and humoral homeostasis and are key mediators of neuroendocrine-immune regulatory interactions.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 921729005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The increase of cortisol is immunosuppressive and reduces GR concentration both in nervous and immune systems.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 921729006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Variation of glucocorticoids in healthy aged subjects and athletes has been shown.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 921729007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Prompted by these results, we have investigated in man a possible relationship between GR binding capacity in the PBMCs and age, in relation also to plasma testosterone and cortisol.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 921729008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The same parameters have been examined in a group of soccer players for comparison with the sedentary group.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 921729009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GR binding capacity was higher in younger subjects than in older ones, and lower in the group of athletes than in the younger and older sedentary subjects.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 921729010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the sedentary group a negative correlation was present between GR binding capacity and age.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 921729011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Plasma cortisol was higher and testosterone lower in the athletes; they were negatively correlated in athletes and positively correlated in the sedentary subjects.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 921729012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results for athletes agree with their lower anabolic/catabolic balance.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 921729013@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism of reduced GR levels in relation to age and sport activity could involve a loss or an involution of receptor synthesis.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 921729014@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However other possibilities, such as altered distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations with different receptor concentrations and with different cytokine production, cannot be excluded.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 921729015@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several neuroendocrine-immune interactions could be responsible for reduced GR levels with age and sport activity in man.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 921859701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferons up-regulate STAT1, STAT2, and IRF family transcription factor gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and macrophages.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 921859702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IFN signaling is mediated by binding of IFNs to their receptors and subsequent activation of Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK)-STAT signaling pathway.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 921859703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of cells with IFN-alpha leads to the assembly of IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 transcription factor complex formed by STAT1, STAT2, and p48 protein.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 921859704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IFN-gamma signaling is mediated by homodimeric STAT1 protein.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 921859705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although these signaling molecules are expressed constitutively, there is also evidence of transcriptional regulation by IFNs.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 921859706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have characterized the expression of STAT and IFN regulatory factor (IRF) family transcription factors in primary human blood mononuclear cells and macrophages in response to IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma stimulation.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 921859707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma rapidly and efficiently enhanced STAT1, STAT2, p48, and IRF-1 gene expression.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 921859708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IFN-gamma induced IRF-1 gene expression more strongly than IFN-alpha.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 921859709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation experiments in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, suggested that these genes were activated directly by IFNs.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 921859710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IRF-2 gene was apparently only weakly responsive to IFNs in these cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 921859711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When macrophages were pretreated with low doses of IFN-gamma and then stimulated with IFN-alpha, clearly enhanced formation of specific transcription factor complexes was detected.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 921859712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This suggests that higher intracellular levels of STAT1, STAT2, and p48 protein may result in enhanced signal transduction for cytokines utilizing these transcription factors.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 923362401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo footprinting and mutational analysis of the proximal CD19 promoter reveal important roles for an SP1/Egr-1 binding site and a novel site termed the PyG box.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 923362402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD19 expression begins at the pro-B cell stage of B cell development.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 923362403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As such it serves as a good prototype for B cell-specific genes whose expression begins shortly after lineage commitment.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 923362404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To understand the molecular mechanisms controlling CD19 gene expression, we isolated and functionally characterized the CD19 promoter using in vivo footprinting, gel shift assays, and transfection studies.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 923362405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reporter constructs spanning portions of the promoter identified a region between -85 and -200 that produced high levels of reporter gene activity in lymphoid cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 923362406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo footprinting identified protected regions over the known high affinity B cell lineage-specific activator protein (BSAP) site, the low affinity BSAP site, a SP1/Egr-1 site termed the CD19 GC box, and two novel sites named the AT box and PyG box.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 923362407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phorbol ester treatment of a pre-B cell line up-regulated CD19 expression, induced Egr-1, and enhanced the footprint over the GC box.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 923362408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel shift assays demonstrated SP1 and Egr-1 binding to the CD19 GC box, while unknown nuclear proteins bound the PyG and AT boxes.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 923362409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutations in the AT box or in the BSAP sites did not affect CD19 reporter construct activity, while a mutation of the GC box reduced it modestly, and a PyG box mutation reduced it dramatically.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 923362410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BSAP failed to trans-activate CD19 promoter constructs in B cells or non-B cells, suggesting that cis elements such as the PyG and GC boxes are also necessary for high level CD19 promoter expression.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 923467901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A conserved tissue-specific structure at a human T-cell receptor beta-chain core promoter.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 923467902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The T-cell receptor (TCR) beta-chain promoters have been characterized as nonstructured basal promoters that carry a single conserved ubiquitous cyclic AMP-responsive element.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 923467903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our investigation of the human TCR beta gene uncovers a surprisingly complex and tissue-specific structure at the TCR Vbeta 8.1 promoter.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 923467904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The core of the promoter (positions -42 to +11) is recognized by the lymphoid cell-specific transcription factors Ets-1, LEF1, and AML1 as well as by CREB/ATF-1, as is demonstrated in gel shift and footprinting experiments.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 923467905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@With the exception of LEF1, these factors activate transcription in T cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 923467906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding sites at the core region show little conservation with consensus sites.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 923467907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nonetheless, CREB, Ets-1, and AML1 bind and activate cooperatively and very efficiently through the nonconsensus binding sites at the core promoter region.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 923467908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moderate ubiquitous activation is further induced by CREB/ATF and Sp1 factors through proximal upstream elements.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 923467909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tissue-specific core promoter structure is apparently conserved in other T-cell-specifically expressed genes such as the CD4 gene.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 923467910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our observations suggest that both the enhancer and the promoter have a complex tissue-specific structure whose functional interplay potentiates T-cell-specific transcription.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 923644801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptor regulates expression of L-selectin and CD11/CD18 on human neutrophils [see comments]@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 923644802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND: Recent studies have raised the hypothesis that glucocorticoids could diminish the ability of endothelial cells to direct leukocyte traffic into inflamed tissues by inhibiting expression of the adhesion molecules endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 923644803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The aim of the present study was to investigate whether glucocorticoids also regulate the expression of L-selectin and CD11/CD18 integrins on human neutrophil granulocytes.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 923644804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS AND RESULTS: Incubation of human whole blood with platelet-activating factor (PAF, 1 mumol/L) evoked downregulation of L-selectin and upregulation of CD11/CD18 adhesion receptors on neutrophils as measured by flow cytometry.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 923644805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While dexamethasone (0.1 nmol/L to 100 mumol/L) did not affect expression of adhesion molecules on resting neutrophils, it attenuated the PAF-induced changes in L-selectin and CD18 expression in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion with IC50 values of 31 and 13 nmol/L, respectively.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 923644806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These effects of dexamethasone were completely aborted by RU-486 (10 mumol/L), which blocks transcriptional activation of the glucocorticoid receptor, and by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (35.5 mumol/L).@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 923644807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dexamethasone, up to a concentration of 1 mumol/L, neither affected significantly the release of granule enzymes nor interfered with PAF binding to its membrane receptors.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 923644808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that glucocorticoids at clinically relevant concentrations exert specific actions on expression of adhesion molecules on activated neutrophils, which are mediated through ligation of glucocorticoid receptors and induction of protein synthesis, and suggest a novel mechanism by which anti-inflammatory corticosteroids may inhibit leukocyte accumulation.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 923792901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of B-cell commitment to plasma cells or to memory B cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 923792902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During humoral immune responses, B-lymphocyte activation is followed by differentiation along either the plasma cell pathway or the memory B-cell pathway.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 923792903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent studies suggest that CD40-CD40 ligand, OX-OX40 ligand, a group of cytokines and intracellular transcriptional factors may all contribute to B-lymphocyte differentiation control.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 925931601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Synthetic glucocorticoids that dissociate transactivation and AP-1 transrepression exhibit antiinflammatory activity in vivo.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 925931602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some of the most potent antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive agents are synthetic glucocorticoids.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 925931603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, major side effects severely limit their therapeutic use.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 925931604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The development of improved glucocorticoid-based drugs will require the separation of beneficial from deleterious effects.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 925931605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One possibility toward this goal is to try to dissociate two main activities of glucocorticoids, i.e. transactivation and transrepression.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 925931606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Screening of a library of compounds using transactivation and AP-1 transrepression models in transiently transfected cells identified dissociated glucocorticoids, which exert strong AP-1 inhibition but little or no transactivation.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 925931607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Importantly, despite high ligand binding affinity, the prototypic dissociated compound, RU24858, acted as a weak agonist and did not efficiently antagonize dexamethasone-induced transcription in transfected cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 925931608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar results were obtained in hepatic HTC cells for the transactivation of the endogenous tyrosine amino transferase gene (TAT), which encodes one of the enzymes involved in the glucocorticoid-dependent stimulation of neoglucogenesis.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 925931609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate whether dissociated glucocorticoids retained the antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive potential of classic glucocorticoids, several in vitro and in vivo models were used.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 925931610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Indeed, secretion of the proinflammatory lymphokine interleukin-1beta was severely inhibited by dissociated glucocorticoids in human monocytic THP 1 cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 925931611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, in two in vivo models, these compounds exerted an antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive activity as potent as that of the classic glucocorticoid prednisolone.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 925931612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results may lead to an improvement of antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive therapies and provide a novel concept for drug discovery.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010