926114601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Critical cytoplasmic domains of human interleukin-9 receptor alpha chain in interleukin-9-mediated cell proliferation and signal transduction.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 926114602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-9 receptor (IL-9R) complex consists of a ligand-specific alpha chain and IL-2R gamma chain.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 926114603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, two regions in the cytoplasmic domain of human IL-9Ralpha were found to be important for IL-9-mediated cell growth.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 926114604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A membrane-proximal region that contains the BOX1 consensus sequence is required for IL-9-induced cell proliferation and tyrosine phosphorylation of Janus kinases (JAKs).@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 926114605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletion of this region or internal deletion of the BOX1 motif abrogated IL-9-induced cell proliferation and signal transduction.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 926114606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, substitution of the Pro-X-Pro in the BOX1 motif with Ala-X-Ala failed to abolish IL-9-induced cell proliferation but decreased IL-9-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK kinases, insulin receptor substrate-2, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and expression of c-myc and junB.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 926114607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Another important region is downstream of the BOX1 motif and contains a STAT3 binding motif YLPQ.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 926114608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletion of this region significantly impaired IL-9-induced cell growth, activation of JAK kinases, insulin receptor substrate-2, and STAT3 and expression of early response genes.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 926114609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A point mutation changing YLPQ into YLPA greatly reduced IL-9-induced activation of STAT3 and expression of c-myc but did not affect cell proliferation.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 926114610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that cooperation or cross-talk of signaling molecules associated with different domains of IL-9Ralpha other than STAT3 is essential for IL-9-mediated cell growth.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 926137501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation domain requirements for disruption of Epstein-Barr virus latency by ZEBRA.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 926137502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Latent infection of B lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can be disrupted by expression of the EBV ZEBRA protein.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 926137503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ZEBRA, a transcriptional activator, initiates the EBV lytic cascade by activating viral gene expression.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 926137504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ZEBRA is also indispensable for viral replication and binds directly to the EBV lytic origin of replication.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 926137505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The studies described herein demonstrate that the activation domain.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 926137506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ZEBRA activation can be replaced by a heterologous acidic, proline-rich, or glutamine-rich activation domain.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 926137507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ZEBRA activation domain swap constructs retain ZEBRA's native abilities to activate specific EBV promoters, to disrupt EBV latency, and to stimulate replication at the EBV lytic origin.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 926137508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additional work, employing sequential and internal deletions of ZEBRA's N-terminal activation domain, indicates that its separate activities are not attributable to specific subdomains but are spread throughout its N terminus and therefore cannot be inactivated by deleting localized regions.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 927845501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase type II gene expression in human T cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 927845502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Role for a novel 5' palindromic octamer sequence.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 927845503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the gene encoding human inosine- 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) type II, an enzyme catalyzing the rate-limiting step in the generation of guanine nucleotides, is increased more than 10-fold in activated peripheral blood T lymphocytes and is required for T cell activation.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 927845504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined the 5'-regulatory sequences that are important for the transcriptional regulation of this gene in T cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 927845505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNase I mapping of genomic DNA identified a hypersensitive element near the transcription initiation site.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 927845506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fine mapping by in vivo footprinting demonstrated five transcription factor binding sites that are occupied in both resting and activated peripheral blood T lymphocytes; these are tandem CRE motifs, a Sp1 site, an overlapping Egr-1/Sp1 site, and a novel palindromic octamer sequence (POS).@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 927845507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tandem CRE and POS sites are of major functional importance as judged by mutational and electrophoretic mobility shift analyses.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 927845508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data provide evidence that expression of the human IMPDH type II gene is predominantly regulated by the nuclear factors ATF-2 and an as yet unidentified POS-binding protein.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 927845509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additional major protein-DNA interactions do not occur within the promoter region after T lymphocyte activation, indicating a requirement for additional protein-protein interactions and/or post-translational modifications of pre-bound transcription factors to account for the observed increase in IMPDH type II gene expression.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 928577601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutations in the TSC2 gene: analysis of the complete coding sequence using the protein truncation test (PTT).@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 928577602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutations in the TSC2 gene on chromosome 16p13.3 are responsible for approximately 50% of familial tuberous sclerosis (TSC).@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 928577603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The gene has 41 small exons spanning 45 kb of genomic DNA and encoding a 5.5 kb mRNA.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 928577604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Large germline deletions of TSC2 occur in <5% of cases, and a number of small intragenic mutations have been described.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 928577605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We analysed mRNA from 18 unrelated cases of TSC for TSC2 mutations using the protein truncation test (PTT).@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 928577606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three cases were predicted to be TSC2 mutations on the basis of linkage analysis or because a hamartoma from the patient showed loss of heterozygosity for 16p13.3 markers.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 928577607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three overlapping PCR products, covering the complete coding sequence of mRNA, were generated from lymphoblastoid cell lines, translated into 35S-methionine labelled protein, and analysed by SDS-PAGE.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 928577608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PCR products showing PTT shifts were directly sequenced, and mutations confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion where possible.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 928577609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Six PTT shifts were identified.@@@@1@6@@oe@19-12-2010 928577610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Five of these were caused by mutations predicted to produce a truncated protein: (i) a sporadic case showed a 32 bp deletion in exon 11, and a mutant mRNA without exon 11 was produced; the normal exon 10 was also spliced out; (ii) a sporadic case had a 1 bp deletion in exon 12 (1634delT); (iii) a TSC2-linked mother and daughter pair had a G-->T transversion in exon 23 (G2715T) introducing a cryptic splice site causing a 29 bp truncation of mRNA from exon 23; (iv) a sporadic case showed a 2 bp deletion in exon 36; (v) a sporadic case showed a 1 bp insertion disrupting the donor splice site of exon 37 (5007+2insA), resulting in the use of an upstream exonic cryptic splice site to cause a 29 bp truncation of mRNA from exon 37.@@@@1@164@@oe@19-12-2010 928577611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In one case, the PTT shift was explained by in-frame splicing out of exon 10, in the presence of a normal exon 10 genomic sequence.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 928577612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alternative splicing of exon 10 of the TSC2 gene may be a normal variant.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 928577613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three 3rd base substitution polymorphisms were also detected during direct sequencing of PCR products.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 928577614@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Confirmed mutations were identified in 28% of the families studied and on the assumption that half of the sporadic cases should have TSC2 mutations, a crude estimate of the detection rate would be 60%.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 928577615@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This compares favourably with other screening methods used for TSC2, notably SSCP, and since PTT involves much less work it may be the method of choice.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 929535701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sp3 mediates transcriptional activation of the leukocyte integrin genes CD11C and CD11B and cooperates with c-Jun to activate CD11C.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 929535702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The leukocyte integrin genes CD11c and CD11b are expressed predominately in myelomonocytic cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 929535703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In previous experiments, the -70 to -65 and -121 to -103 regions of the CD11c promoter and the -66 to -59 region of the CD11b promoter were shown to be essential for Sp1- mediated activation of these genes.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 929535704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo genomic footprinting had also revealed cell-specific binding of protein, presumably Sp1, to these regions.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 929535705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, electrophoretic mobility shift analysis showed that the Sp1-related factor, Sp3, also binds at or near these same regions.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 929535706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cotransfection of Sp3 along with CD11c promoter-luciferase constructs into Sp-deficient Drosophila Schneider 2 cells showed that Sp3 could activate the CD11c promoter.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 929535707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletion of both the -70 to -65 and -121 to -103 regions of the CD11c promoter resulted in the loss of activation by Sp3.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 929535708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both sites showed activation by Sp3; however, the -70 to -65 region was more responsive to Sp3 than to Sp1.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 929535709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar transfection analysis of the -66 to -59 region of the CD11b promoter showed Sp3-dependent expression.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 929535710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further, cotransfection analysis in Drosophila cells showed that Sp3, as was previously shown for Sp1, also synergizes with c-Jun to activate CD11c.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 929535711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antisense experiments that knocked out endogenous Sp3 expression in the myelomocytic cell line, HL60, revealed that Sp3 participates in activation of the CD11c and CD11b promoters in vivo.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 929945501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Vitamin D receptor: no evidence for allele-specific mRNA stability in cells which are heterozygous for the Taq I restriction enzyme polymorphism.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 929945502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Allelic variations of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been associated with the risk of developing prostate cancer in men and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 929945503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three RFLPs (TaqI, ApaI, BsmI) define two common haplotypes: BAt and baT.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 929945504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@None of these polymorphisms change the translated protein.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 929945505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since sequence variations in the 3' UTR of VDR have been linked to the different haplotypes, investigators have proposed that the stability of VDR mRNA is influenced by allelic variations.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 929945506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Indirect evidence suggested that allele T is less stable than allele t.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 929945507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we used a RT-PCR based approach to compare the stability of the big T and small t allele in normal heterozygous lymphocytes and the heterozygous cell lines NB4 (myeloid leukemia) and PC-3 and DU 145 (prostate cancers).@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 929945508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In all three cases, we did not find a significant difference in stability.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 929945509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, we consistently observed 30% less RT-PCR product derived from the small t allele mRNA in steady state, a finding which also speaks against a higher stability of the small t allele mRNA.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 929945510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate a variation in transcriptional regulation rather than mRNA stability between the alleles.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 929945511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We hypothesize that an unknown gene or genes in linkage with the polymorphisms is (are) responsible for the relationship between risk of prostate cancer and VDR polymorphisms.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 930068701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factor Egr-1 activity down-regulates Fas and CD23 expression in B cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 930068702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of mature B cells via Ag receptor cross-linking induces transient expression of the transcription factor Egr-1.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 930068703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although the activating signals leading to Egr-1 induction have been studied extensively, little is known about the genes that are placed further downstream within this activation cascade and that are transcriptionally regulated by Egr-1.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 930068704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To identify such target genes, we established Egr-1-overexpressing transfectants from the murine B cell line K46 and from human Ramos B cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 930068705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All clones derived from K46 B cells showed increased expression of CD44.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 930068706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Most interestingly, expression of CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) and of CD23 was down-regulated in all K46 transfectants.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 930068707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a consequence, they became resistant to apoptosis induced by anti-CD95 Ab treatment.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 930068708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similarly, the Egr-1-expressing Ramos cells showed reduced levels of CD95 expression.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 930068709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, Egr-1 seems to control the expression of downstream target genes not only as a transcriptional activator, but also as a repressor molecule.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 930068710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In B cells, Egr-1 therefore plays a critical role in integrating the short-lived signal delivered by triggering of the Ag receptor into phenotypic changes, including repression of CD95 and CD23 transcription.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 930574901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Selection of down-regulated sequences along the monocytic differentiation of leukemic HL60 cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 930574902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to dissect the molecular mechanisms of monocytic differentiation we have developed a subtractive hybridisation method based on a simplified 'representational difference analysis'.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 930574903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have selected 16 sequences and confirmed their down-regulation along the TPA-induced monocytic differentiation of HL60 cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 930574904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Among these sequences we have identified the alpha-tubulin, the TaxREB protein and two ribosomal protein sequences which had not been previously described as differentially expressed.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 930574905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results add to our knowledge about the molecules implicated along the monocytic differentiation and growth arrest of leukemic cells and provide a first step in the study of their respective roles.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 930591901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@STAT3 is a serine kinase target in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 930591902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin 2 and T cell antigen receptor signals converge upon serine 727.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 930591903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin 2 (IL-2) induces tyrosine phosphorylation of STATs 3 and 5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription).@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 930591904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We now show that IL-2 regulation of STAT3 proteins in T cells is a complex response involving activation of two forms of STAT3: 90-kDa STAT3alpha and an 83-kDa carboxyl-terminal truncated STAT3beta.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 930591905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The phosphorylation of STAT proteins on serine residues is also required for competent STAT transcription.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 930591906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A critical serine phosphorylation site in STAT3alpha is at position 727.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 930591907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study we have produced an antisera specific for STAT3alpha proteins phosphorylated on serine 727 and used this to monitor the phosphorylation of this residue during T lymphocyte activation.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 930591908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results show that phosphorylation of STAT3alpha on serine 727 is not constitutive in quiescent T cells but can be induced by the cytokine IL-2.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 930591909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, triggering of the T cell antigen receptor complex or activation of protein kinase C with phorbol esters also induces phosphorylation of serine 727 but without simultaneously inducing STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation or DNA binding.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 930591910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hence, the present results show that STAT3 serine phosphorylation can be regulated independently of the tyrosine phosphorylation of this molecule.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 930591911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-2 and T cell antigen receptor complex induction of STAT3alpha serine 727 phosphorylation is dependent on the activity of the MEK/ERK pathway.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 930591912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous studies have identified H-7-sensitive kinase pathways that regulate STAT3 DNA binding.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 930591913@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that H-7-sensitive pathways regulate STAT3 DNA binding in T cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 930591914@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nevertheless, we show that H-7-sensitive kinases do not regulate STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation or phosphorylation of serine 727.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 930591915@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results thus show that STAT3 proteins are targets for multiple kinase pathways in T cells and can integrate signals from both cytokine receptors and antigen receptors.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 931101001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of bcl-6 protein in normal skin and epidermal neoplasms.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 931101002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bcl-6 protein is a recently identified novel transcription factor whose deregulated expression is associated with diffuse large B cell lymphomas.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 931101003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was recently shown by us that the protein is located in germinal center B cells and their neoplastic counterparts.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 931101004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study, the expression of bcl-6 protein on normal epidermis, benign, and malignant tumors originating from epidermal cells, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines are investigated.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 931101005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@With the use of immunohistochemistry, bcl-6 protein was shown to stain intensely on normal prickle cells, but none to only slightly on epidermal basal cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 931101006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Papillomas and keratoacanthomas copied their normal counterparts in the mode of expression.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 931101007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Various levels of expression were found on seborrheic keratoses, while the expression level on basal cell epitheliomas was low.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 931101008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peculiarly, eccrine poromas and undifferentiated spindle-shaped basal cell epitheliomas were totally unstained.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 931101009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Squamous cell carcinomas showed a variety of expression levels, while two undifferentiated spindle-shaped carcinomas and one undifferentiated SCC cell line remained unstained.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 931101010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that the expression of bcl-6 protein may be associated with morphological differentiation in normal and neoplastic epidermal cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 931191201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Negative regulation by HLA-DO of MHC class II-restricted antigen processing.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 931191202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HLA-DM is a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-like molecule that facilitates antigen processing by catalyzing the exchange of invariant chain-derived peptides (CLIP) from class II molecules for antigenic peptides.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 931191203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HLA-DO is a second class II-like molecule that physically associates with HLA-DM in B cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 931191204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HLA-DO was shown to block HLA-DM function.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 931191205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Purified HLA-DM-DO complexes could not promote peptide exchange in vitro.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 931191206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of HLA-DO in a class II+ and DM+, DO- human T cell line caused the accumulation of class II-CLIP complexes, indicating that HLA-DO blocked DM function in vivo and suggesting that HLA-DO is an important modulator of class II-restricted antigen processing.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 931202301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cooperation of Spi-1/PU.1 with an activated erythropoietin receptor inhibits apoptosis and Epo-dependent differentiation in primary erythroblasts and induces their Kit ligand-dependent proliferation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 931202302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Spi-1/PU.1 is a myeloid- and B-cell specific transcription factor which is also involved in Friend virus-induced murine erythroleukemia.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 931202303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The pre-leukemic phase of Friend erythroleukemia results from activation of the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) by the spleen focus forming virus (SFFV) envelope glycoprotein, followed by the emergence of leukemic clones characterized by overexpression of Spi-1 and mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 931202304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We developed a heterologous system to analyze the contribution of these alterations to the induction of primary erythroblast transformation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 931202305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Avian erythroblasts expressing the activated mouse EpoR(R129C) differentiated into erythrocytes in response to hEpo.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 931202306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of Spi-1 in these cells inhibited this ability to differentiate and rescued the cells from the apoptotic cell death program normally induced upon hEpo withdrawal.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 931202307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although devoid of any effect by itself, a mutant p53 cooperated with Spi-1 and EpoR(R129C) to reinforce both phenotypes.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 931202308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of erythroblasts co-expressing Spi-1 and the wild-type mouse EpoR showed that differentiation arrest and inhibition of apoptosis depended on specific cooperation between Spi-1 and EpoR(R129C).@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 931202309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This cooperation was also required to induce the sustained proliferation of differentiation-blocked erythroblasts in response to ligand activation of the endogenous tyrosine kinase receptor c-Kit.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 931202310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results show that Spi-1/PU.1 requires signals emanating from specific cytokine and growth factor receptors to affect the survival, proliferation and differentiation control of primary erythroblasts.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 931202311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They also suggest that the function of Spi-1/PU.1 in the late phase of Friend leukemia requires specific signaling from the gp55-modified EpoR generated during the early phase of the disease.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 931566301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tissue transglutaminase-dependent posttranslational modification of the retinoblastoma gene product in promonocytic cells undergoing apoptosis.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 931566302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The retinoblastoma gene product (pRB) plays an important role in controlling both cell release from the G1 phase and apoptosis.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 931566303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here that in the early phases of apoptosis, pRB is posttranslationally modified by a tissue transglutaminase (tTG)-catalyzed reaction.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 931566304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In fact, by employing a novel haptenized lysis synthetic substrate which allows the isolation of glutaminyl-tTG substrates in vivo, we identified pRB as a potential tTG substrate in U937 cells undergoing apoptosis.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 931566305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In keeping with this finding, we showed that apoptosis of U937 cells is characterized by the rapid disappearance of the 105,000- to 110,000-molecular-weight pRB forms concomitantly with the appearance of a smear of immunoreactive products with a molecular weight of greater than 250,000.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 931566306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The shift in pRB molecular weight was reproduced by adding exogenous purified tTG to extracts obtained from viable U937 cells and was prevented by dansylcadaverine, a potent enzyme inhibitor.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 931566307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of the pRB posttranslational modification during apoptosis was investigated by determining the E2F-1 levels and by isolating and characterizing pRB-null clones from U937 cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 931566308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Notably, the lack of pRB in these U937-derived clones renders these p53-null cells highly resistant to apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal, calphostin C, and ceramide.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 931566309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these data suggest that tTG, acting on the pRB protein, might play an important role in the cell progression through the death program.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 932288901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The A-myb transcription factor in neoplastic and normal B cells.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 932288902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The myb family of transcription factors has been strongly implicated in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation in the haematopoietic system.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 932288903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The v-myb oncogene, carried by avian defective retroviruses, causes leukaemias in the chicken and transforms haematopoietic cells in vitro.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 932288904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Its normal cellular equivalent c-myb, has been shown to promote the proliferation and block the differentiation of haematopoietic cells in several experimental models and is required for fetal haematopoiesis.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 932288905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two other members of the family have been cloned more recently, A-myb and B-myb, which show sequence homology with c-myb in several domains, of which the DNA binding domain as well as other regulatory domains.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 932288906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both have been shown to be transcription factors.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 932288907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B-myb is also involved in the control of proliferation and differentiation, but, unlike c-myb, it is expressed in many cell types.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 932288908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The third member of the family, A-myb, shows the most restricted pattern of expression, suggesting a very specific role for this transcription factor.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 932288909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A-myb is expressed in a subpopulation of normal B lymphocytes activated in vivo and localised in the germinal center of peripheral lymphoid organs and is not detected at significant levels in all other mature or immature haematopoietic populations studied, including bone marrow cells, T lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, either at rest or after in vitro activation.@@@@1@61@@oe@19-12-2010 932288910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies indicate that A-myb plays a role during a narrow window of normal B cell differentiation.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 932288911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A-myb expression has also been studied in a wide range of neoplastic B cells, representing the whole spectrum of B cell differentiation.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 932288912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A-myb is strongly expressed in Burkitt's lymphomas (BL) and slg+ B-acute lymphoblastic leukaemias (B-ALL) and not in all other leukaemias/lymphomas tested, with the exception of a subset of CLL (about 25% of cases).@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 932288913@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is intriguing that the A-myb genome has been localised relatively close to the c-myc gene on chromosome 8, suggesting that the c-myc translocation in BL and B-ALL may affect A-myb transcription.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 932288914@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Studies are in progress to investigate the functional relationship between A-myb and c-myc, particularly in the context of BL cells and to determine whether A-myb is deregulated in these cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 932501401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phospholipase C gamma 1 overexpression and activation induced by interferon beta in human T lymphocytes: an ISGF3-independent response.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 932501402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferons exert their antiviral, antiproliferative and immunoregulatory activities by stimulating the expression of several genes.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 932501403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such genes disclose a common element within their promoters, defined Interferon Stimulated Response Element (ISRE), which binds a nuclear factor(s) translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus (ISGF3) after the binding of interferon (IFN) to the specific receptor.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 932501404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report the induction of the synthesis and of the hydrolytic activity of phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLC gamma 1) in human T lymphocytes by IFN-beta.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 932501405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The increased level of PLC gamma 1 becomes evident after 90 min of IFN-beta treatment and is still detectable after 24 h.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 932501406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither the PLC gamma 1 overexpression induced by IFN nor the increased hydrolytic activity of the enzyme appear to be affected by pretreatment of the cells with the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, which is known to prevent the association of ISGF3 components.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 932501407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that in human T lymphocytes IFN-beta can activate other transcription factor(s) distinct from ISGF3 to regulate PLC gamma 1 expression.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 932501408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the ability of this enzyme to hydrolyse PIP2, also in the presence of genistein, implies the possibility that this enzyme can exert its hydrolytic activity independently of protein tyrosine kinase activation.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 932934901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoids and the immune function in the human immunodeficiency virus infection: a study in hypercortisolemic and cortisol-resistant patients.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 932934902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunological studies in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients suggest that the disease progression is accompanied by a defective production of type 1 cytokines (interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-12], an increased production of type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10), and an increased production of IgE.@@@@1@58@@oe@19-12-2010 932934903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HIV infection is also associated with activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis function and increased plasma and urinary cortisol concentrations.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 932934904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As cortisol is involved in the physiological regulation of cytokines, a study was conducted to examine cytokine patterns in two groups of hypercortisolemic patients, one with normal sensitivity to glucocorticoids and the other with glucocorticoid resistance.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 932934905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ten HIV-infected patients with normal receptor affinity to glucocorticoids (AIDS-C), 10 HIV-infected patients with low receptor affinity to glucocorticoids (AIDS-GR), and 20 healthy subjects were studied.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 932934906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Receptor characteristics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were evaluated by [3H]dexamethasone binding.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 932934907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Serum cortisol and urinary free cortisol were measured by RIA.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 932934908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Serum ACTH and IgE were measured by immunoradiometric assay, and IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 cytokines and interferon-gamma were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 932934909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AIDS-C patients showed low IL-2 and high IL-4, IL-10, and IgE concentratios; conversely, AIDS-GR patients showed high IL-2 and low IL-4 and IgE concentrations.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 932934910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, in HIV infection, elevated cortisol levels suppress cell-mediated immunity and stimulate humoral immunity, whereas this response is not detected in cortisol-resistant patients.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 932934911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings indicate that cortisol and its receptors are critically involved in the regulation of immune function in HIV infection.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 933316901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dominant cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to the immediate-early trans-activator protein, BZLF1, in persistent type A or B Epstein-Barr virus infection.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 933316902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Five healthy human leukocyte antigen-B8 (HLA-B8)-positive virus carriers were studied to investigate the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to an HLA-B8-restricted peptide, RAKFKQLLQ, located in the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immediate-early trans-activator protein, BZLF1.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 933316903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Of the 5 virus carriers, 4 were infected with type A and 1 with type B EBV.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 933316904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using limiting-dilution analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a high RAKFKQLLQ-specific CTL precursor frequency was demonstrated after specific peptide or autologous lymphoblastoid cell line stimulation in both type A and type B EBV carriers.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 933316905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The RAKFKQLLQ-specific CTL precursor frequencies in all 5 persons were at least as dominant as those observed with two other EBV-associated, HLA-B8-restricted latent epitopes, FLRGRAYGL and QAKWRLQTL.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 933316906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings show that healthy virus carriers maintain a high frequency of BZLF1-specific memory T cells, potentially to control virus spread from lytically infected cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 933935601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Molecular characterization and pattern of tissue expression of the gene for neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin from humans.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 933935602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a 25-kDa lipocalin first identified as a protein stored in specific granules of the human neutrophil.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 933935603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein is believed to bind small lipophilic substances such as bacterial derived formylpeptides and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and might function as a modulator of inflammation.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 933935604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To characterize the regulation of NGAL further, we have cloned and sequenced a 5869-bp region of the NGAL gene including 1695 bp of the 5' nontranscribed region and a 3696-bp coding region encompassing seven exons and six introns.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 933935605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcriptional start sites were identified by an RNase protection assay.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 933935606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The NGAL gene is highly homologous to the mouse gene 24p3.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 933935607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NGAL was expressed in bone marrow and in tissues that are prone to exposure to microorganisms.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 933935608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Potential cis-acting elements were identified in the promoter region of the NGAL gene by computer analysis and include binding sites for CTF/CBP, the hematopoietic transcription factors GATA-1 and PU.1, and the LPS-inducible factor NF-kappa B.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 934115101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Purification and characterization of the human SR 31747A-binding protein.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 934115102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A nuclear membrane protein related to yeast sterol isomerase.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 934115103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SR 31747A, defined as a sigma ligand, is a novel immunosuppressive agent that blocks proliferation of human and mouse lymphocytes.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 934115104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a radiolabeled chemical probe, we here purified a target of SR 31747A and called it SR 31747A-binding protein (SR-BP).@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 934115105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Purified SR-BP retained its binding properties and migrated on SDS-polyacrylamide gel as a Mr 28,000 protein.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 934115106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cloning of the cDNA encoding human SR-BP shows an open reading frame for a 223-amino acid protein, which is homologous to the recently cloned sigma 1 receptor.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 934115107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, the deduced amino acid sequence was found to be related to fungal C8-C7 sterol isomerase, encoded by the ERG2 gene.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 934115108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ERG2 gene product has been identified recently as the molecular target of SR 31747A that mediates antiproliferative effects of the drug in yeast.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 934115109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot analysis of SR-BP gene expression revealed a single transcript of 2 kilobases which was widely expressed among organs, with the highest abundance in liver and the lowest abundance in brain.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 934115110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Subcellular localization analysis in various cells, using a specific monoclonal antibody raised against SR-BP, demonstrated that this protein was associated with the nuclear envelope.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 934115111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When studying the binding of SR 31747A on membranes from yeast expressing SR-BP, we found a pharmacological profile of sigma 1 receptors; binding was displaced by (+)-pentazocine, haloperidol, and (+)-SKF 10,047, with (+)-SKF 10, 047 being a more potent competitor than (-)-SKF 10,047.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 934115112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Scatchard plot analysis revealed Kd values of 7.1 nM and 0.15 nM for (+)-pentazocine and SR 31747A, respectively, indicating an affinity of SR-BP 50-fold higher for SR 31747A than for pentazocine.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 934115113@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additionally, we showed that pentazocine, a competitive inhibitor of SR 31747A binding, also prevents the immunosuppressive effect of SR 31747A.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 934115114@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that SR-BP represents the molecular target for SR 31747A in mammalian tissues, which could be critical for T cell proliferation.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 934218601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monocytic differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells correlates with the induction of Bcl-xL.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 934218602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment of human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells with phorbol esters ultimately induces the differentiation of these cells along the monocyte/macrophage lineage, whereas treatment with retinoic acid or DMSO induces granulocytic/neutrophillic differentiation.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 934218603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we demonstrate the disparate fates of HL-60 cells treated with the phorbol ester 12,13-phorbol dibutyric acid (PDBu) or DMSO.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 934218604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After DMSO treatment, HL-60 cells eventually died via apoptosis, whereas the viability of PDBu-treated cells was not affected during the same interval.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 934218605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The levels of the apoptosis effector proteins Bak and Bad were enhanced, whereas there was a slight down-regulation of the apoptosis suppressor protein Bcl-2 after treatment of the cells with PDBu and DMSO.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 934218606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment with DMSO resulted in the elevation of the apoptosis effector Bax, whereas treatment with PDBu did not significantly alter the levels of this protein.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 934218607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, treatment of HL-60 cells with PDBu induced the rapid expression of the apoptosis suppressor protein Bcl-xL, whereas the expression of this protein remained unaltered in DMSO-treated cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 934218608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The generality of this finding was confirmed by the induction of Bcl-xL in human myeloid U-937 cells, human peripheral blood monocytes exposed to phorbol ester, and mouse thioglycollate-activated and resident peritoneal macrophages.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 934218609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PDBu-treated HL-60 cells remained viable for 7 days and thereafter began to die via apoptosis, with a concomitant down-regulation of Bcl-xL.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 934218610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, we propose that Bcl-xL expression is associated with differentiation and survival of hematopoietic cells along the monocyte/macrophage lineage.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 934321301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus EBNA3C represses Cp, the major promoter for EBNA expression, but has no effect on the promoter of the cell gene CD21.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 934321302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EBNA3C is a potent repressor of transcription when bound to DNA as a fusion with the DNA binding domain (DBD) of GALA.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 934321303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A survey of promoters has revealed that the wild-type, unfused EBNA3C can specifically repress expression from reporter plasmids containing the Epstein-Barr virus Cp latency-associated promoter.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 934321304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Repression of Cp activity required amino acids 207 to 368, which encompasses a region resembling a basic DBD adjacent to a leucine zipper DNA binding motif and a site which binds to the cellular factor CBF1/RBP-Jkappa.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 934321305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, amino acids 207 to 368 are dispensable when the protein is bound to DNA as a fusion with the GAL4 DBD, thus implicating this region in DNA binding.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 934321306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation of the CBF1/RBP-Jkappa binding site in EBNA3C abrogated repression, strongly suggesting that CBF1/RBP-Jkappa is necessary for targeting the viral protein to Cp.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 934321307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with this result, mutation of the EBNA2 response element (a CBF1/RBP-Jkappa binding site) in Cp also prevented significant repression.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 934321308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, amino acids 346 to 543, which were previously defined as important for the repressor activity of the GAL4-EBNA3C fusion proteins, also appear to be necessary for the repression of Cp.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 934321309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since repression by these fusions was not observed in all cell types, it seems likely that EBNA3C either depends on a corepressor which may interact with amino acids 346 to 543 or is modified in a cell-specific manner in order to repress.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 934321310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data are consistent with EBNA3C contributing to the regulation of EBNA expression in latently infected B cells through CBF1/RBP-Jkappa and another factor, but this need not directly involve EBNA2.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 934321311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, although it has been reported that EBNA3C can upregulate CD21 in some B cells, we were unable to demonstrate any effect of EBNA3C on reporter plasmids which contain the CD21 promoter.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 934323101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Late gene expression from the Epstein-Barr virus BcLF1 and BFRF3 promoters does not require DNA replication in cis.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 934323102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Late gene expression follows and is dependent upon lytic replication of the viral genome.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 934323103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although experimental evidence is lacking, lytic viral DNA replication is believed to remove modifications or binding factors from the genome which serve to repress late gene expression during latency or the early lytic cycle.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 934323104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have developed a reporter assay to begin characterizing the mechanisms that regulate late gene expression in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 934323105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this model system, the activities of late promoter-reporter fusions are measured following transient transfection into tissue culture cells expressing EBV during different stages of the lytic cycle.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 934323106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This system faithfully recapitulates late expression patterns from the endogenous virus, implicating specific cis-active sequences in the control of late gene expression.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 934323107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, these promoters respond only indirectly to the viral immediate-early transactivator, ZEBRA.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 934323108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This indirect response is mediated by other viral or virally induced activities downstream of ZEBRA in the lytic cascade.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 934323109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this system, late gene expression is sensitive to inhibitors of the viral DNA polymerase such as phosphonoacetic acid, although the reporters lack a eukaryotic origin of replication and are not replicated under the assay conditions.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 934323110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, replication of the transcriptional template is not a prerequisite for expression with late kinetics, a finding inconsistent with the current models which posit a cis-active relationship between lytic EBV DNA replication and late gene expression.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 934323111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rather, analysis of this system has revealed a trans relationship between late gene expression and viral DNA replication and highlights the indirect and complex link between these two events.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 934458901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stable transfection of U937 cells with sense or antisense RXR-alpha cDNA suggests a role for RXR-alpha in the control of monoblastic differentiation induced by retinoic acid and vitamin D.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 934458902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although retinoic acid (RA) has been known for many years to be a modulating agent that plays a role in generating both granulocytes and monocytes, the molecular mechanism underlying this role has not been defined in the monoblast lineage.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 934458903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In particular, the part played by the retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which are members of the steroid/thyroid hormone nuclear receptor family, has not been explored.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 934458904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, therefore, the human monoblastic leukemia cell line U937 has been used as a model system to investigate the role of one of the RXRs, RXR-alpha, in monoblast differentiation.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 934458905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RXR-alpha mRNA was present in untreated U937 cells, and levels increased after induction of differentiation with phorbol ester.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 934458906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The same was found for RXR-beta mRNA.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 934458907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using plasmids containing sense or antisense RXR-alpha sequences under the control of an inducible promoter, we generated stably transfected cell lines which expressed either increased or decreased levels of RXR-alpha, respectively.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 934458908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The sense cell lines (U alpha S and its clonal derivative alpha G2S) showed increased sensitivity to RA, while the antisense cell lines (U alpha A and its clonal derivative alpha B5A) showed decreased sensitivity to RA, as demonstrated by growth inhibition and by regulation of an RA-responsive reporter gene.@@@@1@57@@oe@19-12-2010 934458909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both U alpha A and alpha B5A also failed to respond to another modulating agent, 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (DHCC), but only U alpha S and not alpha G2S showed an enhanced response to DHCC.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 934458910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The combination of RA and DHCC together inhibited growth of both sense and antisense cell lines.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 934458911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, alpha G2S exhibited increased expression of CD11b and CD54, while alpha B5A cells showed increased expression of CD102, suggesting that RXR-alpha has a role in regulating expression of cell adhesion molecules in U937 cells.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 934458912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrate that RXR-alpha has a role in mediating growth inhibition and cell adhesion during myelomonocytic differentiation, and suggest that different species of heterodimers involving RXR-alpha may control the acquisition of different features of mature monocyte/macrophage function.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 934545601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B-lymphoblastoid cell lines from multiple sclerosis patients and a healthy control producing a putative new human retrovirus and Epstein-Barr virus.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 934545602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On several occasions we have observed retrovirus-like particles (RVLPs) by transmission electron microscopy (EM) of cultured T cells from a patient with MS.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 934545603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Later we established spontaneously formed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from a patient with an MS-like disease and from another patient with MS who had a reactivated Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 934545604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both LCLs were found by EM to produce RVLP and EBV particles.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 934545605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reverse transcriptase (RT) assays were positive in purified viral material from both LCLs.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 934545606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To substantiate these findings we initiated an intensified culturing procedure and were able to establish LCLs from 5 out of 21 consecutive MS patients and 1 out of 13 consecutive healthy controls.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 934545607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All LCLs were found to produce both RVLP and EBV particles by EM.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 934545608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whether the putative new retrovirus(es) and EBV have any causal relationship to MS is still not known, but the findings support this possibility.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 934831401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Association of glucocorticoid insensitivity with increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor beta.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 934831402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In many chronic inflammatory disorders, glucocorticoid (GC) insensitivity is a challenging clinical problem associated with life-threatening disease progression.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 934831403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The molecular basis of GC insensitivity, however, is unknown.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 934831404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alternative splicing of the GC receptor (R) pre-messenger RNA generates a second GCR, termed GCR-beta, which does not bind GCs but antagonizes the transactivating activity of the classic GCR, termed GCR-alpha.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 934831405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the current study, we demonstrate that GC-insensitive asthma is associated with a significantly higher number of GCR-beta-immunoreactive cells in peripheral blood than GC-sensitive asthmatics or normal controls.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 934831406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we show that patients with GC-insensitive asthma have cytokine-induced abnormalities in the DNA binding capability of the GCR.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 934831407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These abnormalities can be reproduced by transfection of cell lines with the GCR-beta gene resulting in significant reduction of their GCR-alpha DNA binding capacity.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 934831408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that increased expression of GCR-beta is cytokine inducible and may account for GC insensitivity in this common inflammatory condition.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 934831801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of T cell and promotion of natural killer cell development by the dominant negative helix loop helix factor Id3.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 934831802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bipotential T/natural killer (NK) progenitor cells are present in the human thymus.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 934831803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Despite their bipotential capacity, these progenitors develop predominantly to T cells in the thymus.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 934831804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanisms controlling this developmental choice are unknown.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 934831805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we present evidence that a member(s) of the family of basic helix loop helix (bHLH) transcription factors determines lineage specification of NK/T cell progenitors.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 934831806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The natural dominant negative HLH factor Id3, which blocks transcriptional activity of a number of known bHLH factors, was expressed in CD34+ progenitor cells by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 934831807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive expression of Id3 completely blocks development of CD34+ cells into T cells in a fetal thymic organ culture (FTOC).@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 934831808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, development into NK cells in an FTOC is enhanced.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 934831809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the activity of a bHLH transcription factor is necessary for T lineage differentiation of bipotential precursors, in the absence of which a default pathway leading to NK cell development is chosen.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 934831810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our results identify a molecular switch for lineage specification in early lymphoid precursors of humans.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 935182901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein-1 triggers AP-1 activity via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase cascade.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 935182902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) is an integral membrane protein which transforms fibroblasts and is essential for EBV-mediated B-cell immortalization.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 935182903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LMP-1 has been shown to trigger cellular NF-kappa B activity which, however, cannot fully explain the oncogenic potential of LMP-1.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 935182904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show that LMP-1 induces the activity of the AP-1 transcription factor, a dimer of Jun/Jun or Jun/Fos proteins.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 935182905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LMP-1 effects on AP-1 are mediated through activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) cascade, but not the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) pathway.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 935182906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consequently, LMP-1 triggers the activity of the c-Jun N-terminal transactivation domain which is known to be activated upon JNK-mediated phosphorylation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 935182907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletion analysis indicates that the 55 C-terminal amino acids of the LMP-1 molecule, but not its TRAF interaction domain, are essential for AP-1 activation.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 935182908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@JNK-mediated transcriptional activation of AP-1 is the direct output of LMP-1-triggered signaling, as shown by an inducible LMP-1 mutant.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 935182909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a tetracycline-regulated LMP-1 allele, we demonstrate that JNK is also an effector of non-cytotoxic LMP-1 signaling in B cells, the physiological target cells of EBV.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 935182910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In summary, our data reveal a novel effector of LMP-1, the SEK/JNK/c-Jun/AP-1 pathway, which contributes to our understanding of the immortalizing and transforming potential of LMP-1.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 935459001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis of human and rat T lymphocytes by curcumin, a curry pigment.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 935459002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Curcumin (diferuoylmethane), the yellow pigment in the rhizome of tumeric (Curcuma longa), an ingredient of curry spice, is known to exhibit a variety of pharmacological effects including antitumor, antiinflammatory, and antiinfectious activities.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 935459003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although its precise mode of action remains elusive, curcumin has been shown to suppress the activity of the AP-1 transcription factor in cells stimulated to proliferate.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 935459004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we observed that curcumin (50 microM) inhibited proliferation of rat thymocytes stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) as well as that of human Jurkat lymphoblastoid cells in the logarithmic growth phase.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 935459005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The pigment also inhibited apoptosis in dexamethasone-treated rat thymocytes and in UV-irradiated Jurkat cells as judged by DNA ladder formation, cellular morphological changes, and flow cytometry analysis.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 935459006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The inhibition of apoptosis by curcumin in rat thymocytes was accompanied by partial suppression of AP-1 activity.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 935459007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Complete suppression of AP-1 activity was observed in Con A-treated, proliferating thymocytes.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 935459008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The capacity of curcumin to inhibit both cell growth and death strongly implies that these two biological processes share a common pathway at some point and that curcumin affects a common step, presumably involving a modulation of the AP-1 transcription factor.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 935466701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PU.1/Pip and basic helix loop helix zipper transcription factors interact with binding sites in the CD20 promoter to help confer lineage- and stage-specific expression of CD20 in B lymphocytes.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 935466702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD20 is a B-lineage-specific gene expressed at the pre-B-cell stage of B-cell development that disappears on differentiation to plasma cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 935466703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As such, it serves as an excellent paradigm for the study of lineage and developmental stage-specific gene expression.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 935466704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using in vivo footprinting we identified two sites in the promoter at -45 and -160 that were occupied only in CD20+ B cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 935466705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The -45 site is an E box that binds basic helix-loop-helix-zipper proteins whereas the -160 site is a composite PU.1 and Pip binding site.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 935466706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection studies with reporter constructs and various expression vectors verified the importance of these sites.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 935466707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The composite PU.1 and Pip site likely accounts for both lineage and stage-specific expression of CD20 whereas the CD20 E box binding proteins enhance overall promoter activity and may link the promoter to a distant enhancer.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 935614401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of interactions between huGATA-3 transcription factor and three GATA regulatory elements of HIV-1 long terminal repeat, by surface plasmon resonance.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 935614402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Relative affinities of transcriptional regulatory elements for their respective factor have been essentially studied by bandshift analysis.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 935614403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we report a real-time study of factor/DNA interactions using a surface plasmon resonance approach and further characterization of recovered proteins involved in this interaction.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 935614404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For this purpose, human GATA-3, either recombinant or in nuclear extracts, and three natural GATA elements of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (sites 1, 2, and 3) were chosen, in which only site 2 is a noncanonical GATA site.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 935614405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Direct analysis of sensorgrams, with recombinant huGATA-3, allowed the comparison of association and dissociation profiles of the three DNA regions and their ranking according to their relative affinities.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 935614406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This result, confirmed by competitions with each GATA site, demonstrated the higher relative affinity (at least sevenfold) of site 3.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 935614407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interactions between the canonical and unique GATA site 3 and nuclear extracts were also studied in real time and provided information on its association and dissociation rates for native huGATA-3.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 935614408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, recovered protein was identified as genuine huGATA-3 by SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, and bandshift assays.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 935614409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Copyright 1997 Academic Press.@@@@1@5@@oe@19-12-2010 936392001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation of the JAK2/STAT5 pathway is commonly involved in signaling through the human IL-5 receptor.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 936392002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The JAK (Janus kinase) family of protein tyrosine kinases and the STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription) have been shown to be activated in response to a number of cytokines and growth factors.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 936392003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we evaluated the activation of JAK/STAT pathway upon human interleukin-5 (hIL-5) stimulation of two different hIL-5-responsive cell lines, hIL-5 receptor alpha-subunit (hIL-5R alpha) cDNA-transfected TF-1 (TF-h5R alpha) and butyric-acid-treated YY-1 (YY-Bu), and peripheral eosinophils.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 936392004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift analysis revealed that tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 and activation of STAT5 were induced upon stimulation with hIL-5 in all three cell types, while STAT1 activation was only observed in eosinophils.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 936392005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that JAK2/STAT5 activation is a common JAK/STAT pathway for hIL-5-mediated signal in these cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 936421901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Is celiac disease due to molecular mimicry between gliadin peptide-HLA class II molecule-T cell interactions and those of some unidentified superantigen?@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 936421902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This paper presents a new hypothesis for the etiology and pathogenesis of celiac disease (CD).@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 936421903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is our contention that CD is triggered by the binding of one or more gliadin peptides to CD-associated HLA class II molecules.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 936421904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we propose that these putative CD peptides bind to oligosaccharide residues on HLA class II molecules distal to the peptide-binding groove invoking recognition and binding by specialized subsets of gamma delta T cell receptor-bearing lymphocytes.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 936421905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The binding of these gamma delta T cells serves as a signal for abrogation of oral tolerance to ingested proteins setting in motion a series of immune responses directed against the small intestinal epithelium of CD patients.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 936421906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD patients are victimized by this self-distructed immune response because of inheritance of certain combinations of HLA-DQ and DR haplotypes.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 936421907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dimers encoded by HLA-DR haplotypes may be the primary restriction elements for lectin-like, gliadin peptides while the degree of immune suppression (or lack thereof) to ingested gliadins is governed by inherited HLA-DQ haplotypes.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 936421908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, we speculate that molecular mimicry between one or more gliadin peptides and some, as yet unidentified, bacterial or viral superantigen plays a role in disease pathogenesis.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 936652801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Aberrant splicing of the TSG101 and FHIT genes occurs frequently in multiple malignancies and in normal tissues and mimics alterations previously described in tumours.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 936652802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Intragenic deletions of TSG101, the human homolog of a mouse gene (tsg101) that acts to suppress malignant cell growth, were reported in human breast tumours.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 936652803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We screened TSG101 for somatic mutations in DNA and RNA samples isolated from a variety of common human malignancies, EBV-immortalised B-cells, and normal lung parenchyma.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 936652804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Intragenic TSG101 deletions in RNA transcripts were frequently found in all types of samples.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 936652805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of DNA failed to show genomic rearrangements corresponding to transcripts containing deletions in the same samples.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 936652806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The breakpoints of most transcript deletions coincide with genuine or cryptic splice site sequences, suggesting that they result from alternative or aberrant splicing.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 936652807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A similar spectrum of transcript deletions has previously been described in the putative tumour suppressor gene FHIT.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 936652808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We analysed FHIT in the same series of RNA samples and detected truncated FHIT transcripts frequently in both tumour and normal tissues.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 936652809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, transcripts from TSG101, FHIT and seven other genes were analysed in RNA isolated from normal peripheral blood lymphocytes.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 936652810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Large TSG101 and FHIT intragenic transcript deletions were detected and these appeared to be the predominant transcript in 'aged' lymphocytes.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 936652811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar alterations were not detected in transcripts of the other genes which were analysed.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 936652812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our findings demonstrate that truncated TSG101 and FHIT transcripts are commonly detected in both normal and malignant tissues and that a significant fraction of these are likely to be the result of aberrant splicing.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 936652813@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While we cannot exclude that alterations in TSG101 and FHIT occur during cancer development, our data indicate that in this context the commonly observed transcript abnormalities are misleading.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 936928701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Impaired cortisol binding to glucocorticoid receptors in hypertensive patients.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 936928702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We compared glucocorticoid receptor binding characteristics and glucocorticoid responsiveness of human mononuclear leukocytes (HML) from hypertensive patients and matched normotensive volunteers.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 936928703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also considered associations of these variables with plasma renin activity, aldosterone, cortisol, corticotropin, and electrolyte concentrations.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 936928704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We calculated binding affinity (Kd; nmol/L) and capacity (Bmax; sites/cell) for dexamethasone and cortisol from homologous and heterologous competition curves for specific [3H]dexamethasone binding sites on HML isolated from the blood of normotensive volunteers and subjects with essential hypertension.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 936928705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid responsiveness of HML was evaluated as IC50 values (nmol/L) for dexamethasone and cortisol for the inhibition of lysozyme release.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 936928706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We measured plasma hormones by radioimmunoassay.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 936928707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Kd values (mean+/-SE) for cortisol in HML of hypertensive patients were higher than in control subjects (24.6+/-2.4 versus 17.5+/-1.7 nmol/L, P<.04).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 936928708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding capacity (4978+/-391 versus 4131+/-321 sites/cell), Kd values for dexamethasone (6.7+/-0.5 versus 5.7+/-0.3 nmol/L), and IC50 values for dexamethasone (3.4+/-0.3 versus 3.1+/-0.2 nmol/L) and cortisol (12.2+/-1.6 versus 9.5+/-0.3 nmol/L) were not significantly different.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 936928709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Patients with renin values less than 0.13 ng angiotensin I/L per second were markedly less sensitive to cortisol than those with higher values.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 936928710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both Kd (30.3+/-2.5 versus 19.2+/-2.4 nmol/L) and IC50 values (15.5+/-1.8 versus 8.9+/-1.2 nmol/L) for cortisol were significantly higher in patients with lower renin values (P<.03).@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 936928711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Other variables, including plasma hormone and electrolyte values and binding characteristics for dexamethasone, were not different.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 936928712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that cortisol binding to glucocorticoid receptor is slightly impaired in patients with essential hypertension.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 936928713@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo, this could lead to inappropriate binding of cortisol to mineralocorticoid receptors.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 936928714@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hence, decreased sensitivity to cortisol is associated with renin suppression.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 936928715@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This hypothesis is supported by evidence of hypertension and low renin activity, which others have described in patients with primary glucocorticoid resistance due to mutations of the glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 937126001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ras-related GTP-binding proteins and leukocyte signal transduction.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 937126002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Many aspects of leukocyte function are regulated by both heterotrimeric and Ras-related GTP-binding proteins, but there is little definite information about their roles in the specialized processes utilized by leukocytes for cell killing.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 937126003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent progress in understanding the regulation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase by the Rac GTP-binding proteins provides a basis for defining the operational characteristics of one such phagocyte system.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 937126004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is clear from various studies that the activity of the NADPH oxidase can be modulated through the regulation of the GTP-GDP state of Rac.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 937126005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proteins exist in leukocytes able to modify GTP-binding protein function in this manner, and their activity may be regulated by signals generated on phagocyte stimulation.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 937126006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proteins of the Ras superfamily are likely to be involved in a variety of normal phagocyte functions through their ability to modulate the assembly of actin filaments, direct vesicle trafficking and fusion, and so forth.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 937159701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Repression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 through the novel cooperation of human factors YY1 and LSF [published erratum appears in J Virol 1998 Feb;72(2):1709]@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 937159702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A subpopulation of stably infected CD4+ cells capable of producing virus upon stimulation has been identified in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals (T.-W.Chun, D.Finzi, J.Margolick, K.Chadwick, D.Schwartz, and R.F.Siliciano, Nat.Med.1:1284-1290, 1995).@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 937159703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Few host factors that directly limit HIV-1 transcription and could support this state of nonproductive HIV-1 infection have been described.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 937159704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@YY1, a widely distributed human transcription factor, is known to inhibit HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) transcription and virus production.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 937159705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LSF (also known as LBP-1, UBP, and CP-2) has been shown to repress LTR transcription in vitro, but transient expression of LSF has no effect on LTR activity in vivo.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 937159706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report that both YY1 and LSF participate in the formation of a complex that recognizes the initiation region of the HIV-1 LTR.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 937159707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further, we have found that these factors cooperate in the repression of LTR expression and viral replication.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 937159708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This cooperative function may account for the divergent effects of LSF previously observed in vitro and in vivo.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 937159709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the cooperation of two general cellular transcription factors may allow for the selective downregulation of HIV transcription.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 937159710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Through this mechanism of gene regulation, YY1 and LSF could contribute to the establishment and maintenance of a population of cells stably but nonproductively infected with HIV-1.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 937296101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OCA-B is a functional analog of VP16 but targets a separate surface of the Oct-1 POU domain [published erratum appears in Mol Cell Biol 1998 Apr;18(4):2430]@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 937296102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OCA-B is a B-cell-specific coregulator of the broadly expressed POU domain transcription factor Oct-1.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 937296103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OCA-B associates with the Oct-1 POU domain, a bipartite DNA-binding structure containing a POU-specific (POU[S]) domain joined by a flexible linker to a POU homeodomain (POU[H]).@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 937296104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we show that OCA-B alters the activity of Oct-1 in two ways.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 937296105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It provides a transcriptional activation domain which, unlike Oct-1, activates an mRNA-type promoter effectively, and it stabilizes Oct-1 on the Oct-1-responsive octamer sequence ATGCAAAT.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 937296106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These properties of OCA-B parallel those displayed by the herpes simplex virus Oct-1 coregulator VP16.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 937296107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OCA-B, however, interacts with a different surface of the DNA-bound Oct-1 POU domain, interacting with both the POU(S) and POU(H) domains and the center of the ATGCAAAT octamer sequence.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 937296108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The OCA-B and VP16 interactions with the Oct-1 POU domain are sufficiently different to permit OCA-B and VP16 to bind the Oct-1 POU domain simultaneously.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 937296109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results emphasize the structural versatility of the Oct-1 POU domain in its interaction with coregulators.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 937801301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Relationship between glucocorticoid receptor and response to glucocorticoid therapy in ulcerative colitis.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 937801302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PURPOSE: To clarify the relationship between the glucocorticoid receptor and the effectiveness of glucocorticoid therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis, we investigated the number and apparent dissociation constant of glucocorticoid receptor in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes of patients with ulcerative colitis.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 937801303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven patients with ulcerative colitis (5 who responded to intravenous glucocorticoids and 6 who did not) and ten control subjects were studied.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 937801304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number and apparent dissociation constant of glucocorticoid receptor were measured using a whole-cell binding assay.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 937801305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Results were expressed as a median (interquartile range).@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 937801306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: The number of glucocorticoid receptors from the six nonresponders, five responders, and ten healthy controls were 4922 (range, 4484-5643), 3413 (range, 3183-4450), and 3610 (range, 2594-3979) binding sites/cell, respectively.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 937801307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The apparent dissociation constant of the glucocorticoid receptors from the nonresponders, responders, and healthy controls were 7.03 (range, 5.66-10), 4.27 (range, 4-5.13), and 6.18 (range, 5.86-6.74) nM, respectively.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 937801308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nonresponders had a significant increase both in the number of binding sites and in the apparent dissociation constant compared with responders (P = 0.045; P = 0.029).@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 937801309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: The increased number and apparent dissociation constant of glucocorticoid receptor are closely associated with the effectiveness of glucocorticoid therapy.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 937801310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The measurement of the number and apparent dissociation constant of glucocorticoid receptor may be useful in predicting response to glucocorticoids.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 937895301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear localization of RelB is associated with effective antigen-presenting cell function.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 937895302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dendritic cells (DC) are potent APCs that enter resting tissues as precursors and, after Ag exposure, differentiate and migrate to draining lymph nodes.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 937895303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The phenotype of RelB knockout mice implicates this member of the NF kappa B/Rel family in DC differentiation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 937895304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To further elucidate the role of RelB in DC differentiation, mRNA, intracellular protein expression, and DNA binding activity of RelB were examined in immature and differentiated human DC, as well as other PB mononuclear cell populations.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 937895305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RelB protein and mRNA were detected constitutively in lymphocytes and in activated monocytes, differentiated DC, and monocyte-derived DC.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 937895306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated RelB within the differentiated lymph node interdigitating DC and follicular DC, but not undifferentiated DC in normal skin.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 937895307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Active nuclear RelB was detected by supershift assay only in differentiated DC derived from either PB precursors or monocytes and in activated B cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 937895308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These RelB+ APC were potent stimulators of the MLR.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 937895309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data indicate that RelB expression is regulated both transcriptionally and post-translationally in myeloid cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 937895310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Within the nucleus, RelB may specifically transactivate genes that are critical for APC function.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 938382801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pathogenesis.@@@@1@2@@oe@19-12-2010 938382802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There are many hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of endometriosis, though no single theory can explain all cases.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 938382803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is likely that several mechanisms are involved.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 938382804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Early studies concentrated on the histogenesis of the endometriotic lesion.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 938382805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent evidence has implicated components of the immune system in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 938382806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This review considers the evidence for different theories of the histogenesis of endometriosis and discusses possible immune factors that may be involved in the pathophysiology of the disease.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 938762301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[The value of the clinical test of glucocorticoid receptors of peripheral blood leukocytes in patients with chronic pulmonary heart disease]@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 938762302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to inquire into the functional state of adrenal cortex in patients with pulmonary heart disease, the number of glucocorticoid receptors(GCR) of peripheral blood leukocytes in patients with chronic pulmonary heart disease was determined with radioligand-binding assay and the corresponding plasma cortisol levels were assessed with radioimmune assays.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 938762303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results showed that the number of GCR in the patients was significantly reduced (P < 0.01) and it was increased when their health state was improved.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 938762304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, it was still lower than that in healthy subjects (P < 0.01).@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 938762305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of GCR in the patients was greatly increased when these patients were treated with oxygen (P < 0.01).@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 938762306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No difference in plasma cortisol was found between the patients and the healthy subjects (P > 0.05).@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 938762307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that the function of adrenal cortex may be improved by the compensation mechanism of the patients, but the lower GCR number was the result of lacking of oxygen in the patients.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 938762308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of GCR may be improved by inhalation of oxygen.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 938762309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore oxygen therapy is helpful in raising the activity of glucocorticoid receptors and controlling the development of the disease.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 939808701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differanisole A, a novel antitumor antibiotic, enhances growth inhibition and differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells induced by 9-cis retinoic acid.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 939808702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differanisole A, 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-n-propylbenzoic acid, inhibited growth of human myeloid leukemia cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 939808703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The compound induced G1 arrest and granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells, although the differentiation-inducing effect was modest.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 939808704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differanisole A and 9-cis retinoic acid (9cisRA) synergistically inhibited the growth and induced functional and morphologic differentiation of HL-60 and NB4 cells, whereas the combined treatment with differanisole A and all-trans retinoic acid or 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was less effective.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 939808705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar results were obtained in primary culture of leukemia cells from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 939808706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The synergistic effect on growth inhibition and induction of differentiation required simultaneous treatment with differanisole A and 9cisRA.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 939808707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differanisole A and an RXR-specific ligand (Ro47-5944) cooperatively inhibited the cell growth, while the combined effect of differanisole A and an RAR-specific ligand Am80 was just additive.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 939808708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differanisole A in combination with 9cisRA may have implications for therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia patients.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 939996101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia contain signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT3 constitutively phosphorylated on serine residues.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 939996102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To explore the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), we examined whether phosphorylation of one or more signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factors was abnormal in cells from CLL patients.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 939996103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation was detected on any STAT in CLL cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 939996104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To assess the phosphorylation of serine residues of STAT1 and STAT3 in CLL cells, we raised antibodies that specifically recognize the form of STAT1 phosphorylated on ser-727 and the form of STAT3 phosphorylated on ser-727.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 939996105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that in 100% of patients with CLL (n = 32), STAT1 and STAT3 were constitutively phosphorylated on serine.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 939996106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This was in contrast to normal peripheral blood B lymphocytes or CD5+) B cells isolated from tonsils, in which this phosphorylation was absent.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 939996107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Serine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 was seen occasionally in other leukemias, but it was a universal finding only in CLL.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 939996108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The serine phosphorylation of these STATs was a continuous process, as incubation of CLL cells with the kinase inhibitor H7 led to the dephosphorylation of these serine residues.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 939996109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The STAT serine kinase in CLL cells has not been identified, and appears to be neither mitogen-activated protein kinase nor pp70(s6k).@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 939996110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In summary, the constitutive serine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 is present in all CLL samples tested to date, although the physiologic significance of this modification remains to be determined.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 940684801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@C/EBP activates the human corticotropin-releasing hormone gene promoter.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 940684802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The purpose of these studies was to identify whether transcription factors, associated with cytokine signalling, affected promoter activity of the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) gene.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 940684803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fragments of a 3.6 kb sequence of the human CRH gene promoter were amplified by PCR and ligated upstream of a CAT reporter.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 940684804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These constructs were transfected into a variety of cell lines, either alone or together, with transcription factor expression vectors.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 940684805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Basal activity of a 3070 bp CRH promoter fragment was only seen in neuronal and lymphoblastoid cell lines.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 940684806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Promoter activity was increased by the transcription factors C/EBPbeta (NF-IL6) and more strongly, by C/EBPdelta (NF-IL6beta).@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 940684807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased CRH promoter activity following phorbol ester treatment was inhibited by a dominant negative NF-IL6 mutant, showing that the effects of phorbol ester were principally mediated by C/EBP.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 940684808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, the inverse changes in the expression of CRH in the hypothalamus and spleens of arthritic rats were paralleled by similar inverse changes in NF-IL6beta expression in these organs.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 940684809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data show that some transcription factors associated with cytokine signalling can also activate the CRH promoter.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 941399901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel form of the myeloid-specific zinc finger protein (MZF-2).@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 941399902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND: Myeloid cell development is controlled by tissue-specific transcription factors.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 941399903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human myeloid zinc finger protein (MZF-1) is a putative transcription factor containing 13 zinc fingers, and has been suggested that it regulates the development of neutrophilic granulocytes.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 941399904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: Here, we have isolated the murine and human cDNAs which encode a novel form of MZF protein (MZF-2).@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 941399905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Murine and human MZF-2 proteins consisted of 814 and 775 amino acids, respectively, and have identity of 75.3% between them.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 941399906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The C-terminal half of human MZF-2, carrying the zinc finger domains, was completely identical with that of human MZF-1, whereas the N-terminal half of MZF-2 was different from the corresponding region of human MZF-1, and was coded by distinct exons.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 941399907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MZF-2 mRNA was expressed in myeloid cells, particularly in the cells committed to the neutrophilic lineage, and down-regulated by G-CSF.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 941399908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: MZF-1 and MZF-2 mRNAs seem to be produced by the alternative use of two different transcription initiation sites.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 941399909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The distinct N-terminal half of MZF-2 carries two characteristic domains, a leucine-rich domain called LeR and an acidic domain, which suggests a unique function of MZF-2 in neutrophil development.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 941563901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cell reactivity to Sjogren's syndrome related antigen La(SSB).@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 941563902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE.@@@@1@2@@oe@19-12-2010 941563903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Many patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS) make high titer IgG autoantibodies to the La(SSB) antigen, suggesting antigen specific T cell-B cell interactions.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 941563904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cell responses to some nuclear antigens, particularly U1RNP, have been detected in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in healthy subjects.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 941563905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated T cell reactivity to the autoantigen SSB in patients with SS and healthy controls.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 941563906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS.@@@@1@2@@oe@19-12-2010 941563907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using the [3H]thymidine proliferation assay, we determined reactivity to purified recombinant SSB (rSSB) in 20 patients with SS and 19 controls.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 941563908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specificity was determined using tetanus toxoid, endotoxin, and 3 other autoantigens (PBC.M2, Sc170, and GAD).@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 941563909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Precursor frequency was calculated by limiting dilution analysis.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 941563910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HLA Class II dependency was investigated using anti-Class II monoclonal antibodies.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 941563911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HLA-DR typing was by polymerase chain reaction and sequence specific oligonucleotide typing.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 941563912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS.@@@@1@2@@oe@19-12-2010 941563913@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Six of 20 patients with SS and 10/19 controls proliferated to La(rSSB).@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 941563914@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Precursor frequency of anti-SSB T cells was 1:77,040 and 1:115,000 in 2 healthy subjects and 1:230,250 and 1:103,034 in two patients with SS.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 941563915@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anti-HLA-DR abrogated proliferation to SSB and tetanus toxoid.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 941563916@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thirteen of 15 patients with SS and 4/17 controls were HLA-DR3 positive, with no apparent association of HLA-DR3 with SSB reactivity in controls.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 941563917@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSION.@@@@1@2@@oe@19-12-2010 941563918@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Anti-La(SSB) specific T cells occur in a significant proportion of controls and in some patients with SS.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 941563919@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The function of SSB T cells in controls remains to be defined.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 941563920@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@They may represent immunoregulatory cells, and further analysis of these cells, and a comparison to those found in patients with SS, may elucidate normal immunoregulation and the derangements that lead to Sjogren's syndrome.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 941813501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Selection of a diverse TCR repertoire in response to an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded transactivator protein BZLF1 by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes during primary and persistent infection.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 941813502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) repertoire to an HLA B8-restricted peptide, RAKFKQLLQ, located in the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immediate-early protein, BZLF1.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 941813503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Repertoire selection was monitored by determining the TCR beta chain sequences of RAKFKQLLQ-specific CTL established from primary infected and healthy virus carriers.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 941813504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PCR analysis of spontaneous EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) from three individuals with primary infection showed that two were infected with type A and one with type B EBV.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 941813505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Polyclonal and clonal CTL that were generated by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with an HLA B8+ homozygous LCL lysed T cell blasts pulsed with the peptide, RAKFKQLLQ; lysis of certain HLA B8+ LCL targets was associated with the abundance of BZLF1 transcripts.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 941813506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCR beta analysis showed that while there was loop length restriction in the putative peptide contact site of all responding beta chains, diverse and unique (non-recurrent) TCR beta clonotypes were selected in individuals during primary infection and continued to emerge after long-term virus exposure.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 941813507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCR-contact site heterogeneity was excluded as the selective force in diversity generation since the epitope-encoded sequences were found to be identical within endogenous virus isolates.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 941813508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this first study of TCR repertoire selection for an EBV lytic antigen, a BZLF1-reactive component of diverse clonotypes was identified in primary type A or type B EBV infection which was sustained in the EBV-specific memory response throughout life-long infection.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 941813509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This diversity selection is likely to play a critical role in maintaining a balanced viral load throughout EBV persistence.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 942892101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HLA binding characteristics and generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes against peptides derived from oncogenic proteins.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 942892102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Structurally altered proteins (derived from chromosomal translocations or gene mutations) can be considered tumor specific antigens and represent an attractive target for a T-cell mediated response.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 942892103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T lymphocytes recognize antigens in the form of peptides bound to HLA-molecules.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 942892104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peptides derived from oncogenic proteins were screened for the presence of HLA binding motifs; actual binding were evaluated by HLA stabilization experiments using transfectants and specific anti-HLA antibodies.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 942892105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific lymphocytes were induced by in vitro peptide sensitization and screened by thymidine uptake or cellular cytotoxic assays.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 942892106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: We identified peptides derived from EWS/FLI-1 fusion protein and from mutated K-RAS protein (encompassing respectively the fusion point and the mutation at position 12) that showed binding motif for HLA-Cw*0702 and HLA-A3 respectively.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 942892107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The actual binding of these peptides was analysed in a stabilization assay.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 942892108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We detected binding for the EWS/FLI-1 peptide and for 5 RAS peptides (1 wild type and 4 mutated).@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 942892109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of temperature, beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) and fetal calf serum (FCS) on the binding and the stability of the HLA/peptide complex was studied.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 942892110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A low temperature (26 degrees C) increased the binding both in HLA-A3 and HLA-Cw*0702, while FCS reduced it.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 942892111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@beta 2-m increased the binding to the HLA-A3 molecule but did not influence the binding to the HLA-Cw*0702.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 942892112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The stability of already formed complexed was somewhat different in the HLA-A3 and HLA-Cw*0702 system: both were more stable at 26 degrees C than at 37 degrees C but while the beta 2-m and FCS did not influence the stability of the HLA-A3/peptide complex, they seemed to cause opposite effects in the HLA-Cw*0702 system (beta 2-m stabilized and FCS destabilized the complex).@@@@1@67@@oe@19-12-2010 942892113@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, we were able to generate a specific CD8+ CTL line against a K-RAS mutated peptide.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 942892114@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: Although binding motifs and actual HLA binding can be detected in several cases, the generation of a cellular response is infrequent, confirming that HLA binding is necessary but not sufficient to obtain an in vitro response.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 942892115@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further optimization of culture conditions, type of Antigen Presenting Cells (APC), peptides, use of stabilizers like beta 2-m are still needed.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 944238701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The winged-helix transcription factor Trident is expressed in actively dividing lymphocytes.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 944238702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We recently identified the winged-helix transcription factor Trident and described its expression pattern in synchronized fibroblasts.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 944238703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have now studied Trident expression in cell lines, differentiating thymocytes and in lymphocytes derived from peripheral blood.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 944238704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During T cell differentiation, expression peaked in the actively dividing immature single positive cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 944238705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In peripheral blood lymphocytes, expression of Trident mRNA was absent, but could be induced upon stimulation with mitogens in vitro.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 944238706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations imply a function for Trident in dividing lymphocytes.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 944238801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inefficient termination of antigen responses in NF-ATp-deficient mice.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 944238802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to elucidate the role of NF-ATp, one of the most prominent members of family of NF-AT transcription factors in peripheral T lymphocytes, in T cell activation and differentiation we created NF-ATp-deficient mice by gene targeting.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 944238803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Such NF-ATp-/- mice are born and appear to develop a normal immune system.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 944238804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Apart from clear-cut defects in the synthesis of mRNAs for Th2-type lymphokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13, in primary and secondary stimulations of spleen cells in vitro, of a distinct impaired deletion of V beta 11+/CD4+ T lymphocytes from these mice was detected after superantigen injection.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 944238805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, NF-ATp-/- mice older than 6 weeks show an 2-5 fold increase in number of lymphocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 944238806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is correlated with an increased expression of activation markers CD44 and CD69 and decreased expression of CD62.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 944239301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of target genes of the lymphoid-specific transcription factor Oct2.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 944239302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Oct2 transcription factor is expressed predominantly in B lymphocytes and plays an essential role during the terminal phase of B cell differentiation.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 944239303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The regulatory regions of several genes specifically expressed in B cells contain functional binding sites for Oct2.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 944239304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nevertheless, none of the genes originally thought to be regulated by Oct2 were affected in their expression in Oct2-deficient B cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 944239305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an attempt to find such elusive Oct2 target genes and to understand the molecular function of Oct2 in B cell development, we isolated cDNAs for Oct2 target genes.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 944239306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@So far, we have identified five potential targets for Oct2: the membrane glycoprotein CD36, the cysteine-rich secreted protein 3 (CRISP-3), a mouse homolog of the human monocyte/neutrophil elastase inhibitor (mEI) and two unknown cDNA sequences Nov1 and Nov2.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 944239307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These target genes show quite distinct expression patterns demonstrating that transcription factors in addition to Oct2 are involved in their regulation.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 944239308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas CD36 and mEI were expressed in all hematopoetic cell lines containing Oct2,. CRISP-3 is pre-B cell-specific, Nov1 is plasma B cell-specific and Nov2 is B cell-specifically expressed.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 946737601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B subunit p65 mRNA accumulation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytic cells treated with sodium salicylate.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 946737602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lipopolysaccharide is one of the most potent trigger substances for monocytes and macrophages causing secretion of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 946737603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The nature of the nuclear factors involved in regulation of these cytokine genes is still unknown.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 946737604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B; heterodimer of p50 and p65) proteins have been suggested to play an important role in gene transcription of inflammatory mediators when monocytes are stimulated with lipopolysaccharide.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 946737605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as salicylates have been used to treat symptoms of inflammation, and a new mechanism of drug action was suggested recently.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 946737606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Salicylates have been shown to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced gene transcription via inhibition of NF-kappa B activation by preventing the degradation of NF-kappa B inhibitor "I kappa B", blocking the translocation of NF-kappa B into the nuclear compartment.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 946737607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the nature of the subunit involved in this mechanism has not been defined.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 946737608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To examine the mechanisms by which salicylates affect cytokine gene transcription, the amount of active and inactive NF-kappa B and NF-kappa B mRNA, in Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytic cells was assessed.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 946737609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High doses of sodium salicylate suppressed NF-kappa B p65 mRNA accumulation, resulting in suppression of total NF-kappa B, p50 on tissue oligonucleotide had no effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-kappa B activation.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 946737610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data demonstrate that the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B is inhibited by salicylate treatment and highlight the role of salicylate in the control of gene expression of inflammatory mediators.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 947531501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors in cord blood lymphocytes of healthy neonates and of preterms suffering from respiratory distress syndrome.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 947531502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We measured the number of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in cord blood lymphocytes and the binding affinity (Kd) in 15 term and in 20 preterm babies.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 947531503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thirteen preterms of the latter group received prenatal steroid treatment.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 947531504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Seven preterms developed neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS).@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 947531505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The number of GR and the Kd were similar in the term and preterm (with and without NRDS) babies.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 947531506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The maximum (3H)-thymidine incorporation into DNA of cord blood lymphocytes from all preterms, with or without NRDS was suppressed when compared to that from term babies or adults.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 947531507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This could partly be explained by the antenatal steroid treatment.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 947531508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sensitivity (ID50) of the lymphocytes for the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone was the same in all groups.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 947531509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study on the number and function of GR in lymphocytes, we were unable to find a relation between the functionality of the GR and the development of NRDS.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 948370501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors, fibromyalgia and low back pain.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 948370502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, fibromyalgia (FMS) was shown to be a disorder associated with an altered functioning of the stress response system.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 948370503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@FMS patients display a hyperreactive pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and to insulin-induced hypoglycemia.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 948370504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We suggested that negative feedback of cortisol could be deranged.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 948370505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore we investigated the properties and function of the glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in FMS patients and compared the results with those of healthy persons and patients with chronic low back pain (LBP a localized pain condition).@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 948370506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Forty primary FMS patients (F:M = 36:4), 28 LBP patients (25:3) and 14 (12:2) healthy, sedentary control persons were recruited for the study.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 948370507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Urinary free cortisol excretion in FMS and LBP patients was lower compared to controls.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 948370508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Only FMS patients displayed lower CBG and basal serum cortisol concentrations when compared to controls.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 948370509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, plasma free cortisol concentrations were similar in the three groups.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 948370510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There was no difference in the number of GR per cell among the three groups (FMS: 6498 +/- 252, LBP: 6625 +/- 284, controls: 6576 +/- 304), but the dissociation constant (Kd) of the FMS (14.5 +/- 0.9 nmol/l) and LBP (14.7 +/- 1.3 nmol/l) subjects was significantly higher than that of the controls (10.9 +/- 0.8 nmol/l) (p < .05).@@@@1@80@@oe@19-12-2010 948370511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The maximal stimulation of the lymphocytes, as measured by the maximal thymidine incorporation (in the absence of cortisol) in the FMS group was approximately 1.5 times higher (p < .05) than in the control or LBP group.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 948370512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ED50 (the cortisol concentration giving 50% inhibition of the thymidine incorporation), however, was identical in all three groups.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 948370513@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that FMS patients have a mild hypocortisolemia, increased cortisol feedback resistance in combination probably with a reduced CRH synthesis or release in the hypothalamus.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 948370514@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of the GR and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the CRH regulation in the FMS patients remains to be solved.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 949297701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Genes that regulate interleukin-4 expression in T cells.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 949297702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-4 is an immunomodulatory cytokine which plays a central role in the regulation of allergic and atopic immune responses.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 949297703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Significant progress has been made in gaining a detailed understanding of the transcriptional regulation of the interleukin-4 gene.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 949297704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The recent identification and characterization of several key transcription factors has helped to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of T helper cell cytokine gene expression.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 949749301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Endothelial production of MCP-1: modulation by heparin and consequences for mononuclear cell activation.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 949749302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Heparin is a polyanionic glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that can bind with high affinity to a range of cytokines including interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and members of the chemokine superfamily.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 949749303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This GAG also possesses immunomodulatory activity in vivo and can antagonize the capacity of IFN-gamma to induce class II MHC antigen expression, and to up-regulate intercellular adhesion molecule-1, by cultured endothelial cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 949749304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous studies have shown that binding to cell-surface heparan sulphate is essential for optimal activity of IFN-gamma and that free heparin competitively inhibits this sequestration process.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 949749305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study was performed to increase our understanding of the immunosuppressive activity of heparin by investigation of potential antagonism of the production and function of monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 (MCP-1), a chemokine important for mononuclear leucocyte recruitment across vascular endothelium.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 949749306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was found that mixture of heparin with IFN-gamma inhibited up-regulation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription protein, STAT-1 produced normally by treatment of endothelial cells with IFN-gamma.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 949749307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An inhibition of MCP-1 production was observed that was specifically caused by mixture of IFN-gamma with heparin-like, and therefore cytokine-binding, GAGs.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 949749308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It was also shown that mixture of heparin-like GAGs with MCP-1 inhibited the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase which is normally produced by treatment of mononuclear leucocytes with this chemokine.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 949749309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Blockade of this intracellular signalling event was associated with a reduction in the normal transendothelial migration response towards MCP-1.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 949749310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Results from this study indicate that soluble, heparin-like GAGs can block IFN-gamma-dependent up-regulation of MCP-1 production by cultured endothelial cells, and can also antagonize the leucocyte-activating and migration-promoting properties of pre-existing MCP-1.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 949749311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These activities may contribute to the immunomodulatory properties of heparin.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 951006401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of the human interleukin-2 gene by the alpha and beta isoforms of the glucocorticoid receptor.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 951006402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids are largely due to transcriptional inhibition of immunologically relevant genes, such as the interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 951006403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These effects are mediated by the intracellular glucocorticoid receptor (GR).@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 951006404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In humans, alternative splicing of the GR precursor mRNA gives rise to two receptor isoforms, termed GRalpha and GRbeta.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 951006405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We previously demonstrated that GRbeta could antagonize GRalpha-mediated transactivation of a glucocorticoid-responsive element (GRE)-driven reporter gene in COS-7 cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 951006406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study was designed to analyze the roles of the two GR isoforms on glucocorticoid-mediated transrepression of the IL-2 gene.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 951006407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a recently developed transfection technique, we demonstrate that in primary human lymphocytes, stimulation of a 548 bp IL-2 promoter-luciferase reporter construct by phorbol ester and calcium ionophore is reversed by dexamethasone to a similar extent as in Jurkat T lymphoma cells transfected with a GRalpha expression vector.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 951006408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection of a GRbeta expression vector alone did not result in IL-2 promoter repression in response to glucocorticoids.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 951006409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, GRbeta did not antagonize the repressive effects of GRalpha on IL-2 promoter activity.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 951006410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surprisingly, overexpression of GRbeta in Jurkat cells did not cause significant inhibition of GRalpha-induced transactivation of a GRE-dependent luciferase reporter gene either.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 951006411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that the transrepressive effect of glucocorticoids on IL-2 gene transcription is exclusively mediated by GRalpha.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 951006412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GRbeta can neither antagonize GRalpha-mediated transactivation nor transrepression in Jurkat cells, indicating a cell type-specific pattern of GRbeta-mediated antiglucocorticoid activity.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 954848301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Delta-opioid receptors expressed by Jurkat T cells enhance IL-2 secretion by increasing AP-1 complexes and activity of the NF-AT/AP-1-binding promoter element.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 954848302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent molecular evidence points to transient and/or stage-specific expression of delta- and kappa-opioid receptors by thymic and peripheral T lymphocytes.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 954848303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since medical treatments or stress commonly increase opioid levels, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which opioids affect T lymphocyte functions.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 954848304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We therefore created and studied a T cell line expressing the cloned delta-opioid receptor (DOR1).@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 954848305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DOR1 ligation by a specific DOR1 agonist, deltorphin, augmented IL-2 secretion by synergizing with signals from TCR-CD3 and CD28.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 954848306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reporter gene constructs were used to map this effect of deltorphin to the AP-1- and NF-AT/AP-1-binding sites of the IL-2 promoter.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 954848307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although DOR1 signaling increased [Ca2+]i, deltorphin enhanced transcriptional activity of the NF-AT/AP-1-binding site via a mechanism independent of calcineurin and distinct from the effects of elevated [Ca2+]i.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 954848308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deltorphin also increased accumulation of AP-1 transcription factor complexes, suggesting that DOR1 augments IL-2 secretion by increasing the AP-1 component of the NF-AT/AP-1 transcription factor.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 954848309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results advance the molecular understanding of opioid effects on lymphocytes, and in addition, demonstrate regulation of IL-2 synthesis and secretion by the novel mechanism of receptor-mediated AP-1 induction.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 955038501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pharmacological control of antigen responsiveness in genetically modified T lymphocytes.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 955038502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A chimeric TCR gene, comprising an anti-hapten single-chain Ab variable fragment fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of the human TCR zeta-chain, was used to determine whether the tetracycline-regulatable system could be used to regulate gene expression in T cells.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 955038503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Jurkat T cells were stably transfected with a single vector encoding the tetracycline trans-activator protein, controlled by a constitutive promoter, and the chimeric TCR, under the control of a trans-activator protein-responsive promoter.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 955038504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the absence of tetracyclines, the transfected T cells were shown to express the chimeric receptor on the cell surface and could be activated by its cognate Ag, leading to the secretion of IL-2.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 955038505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When the cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of tetracyclines, surface expression of the chimeric receptor was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner, and this suppression was sufficient to result in complete loss of responsiveness to the targeted Ag.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 955038506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Prolonged suppression of trans-gene expression for up to 7 days was observed after doxycycline was removed from the cultures, but eventual recovery of surface expression was complete, and the absolute time to recovery was directly proportional to the initial concentration of the drug.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 955038507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pharmacologic control of trans-gene expression in gene-modified T cells will not only facilitate new approaches to the study of different aspects of T cell biology, but will also provide the basis for new gene therapy strategies.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 955042601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IFN-gamma and IL-10 inhibit induction of IL-1 receptor type I and type II gene expression by IL-4 and IL-13 in human monocytes.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 955042602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Th2-type cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 induce expression of a distinct subset of genes in human monocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 955042603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These include Fc epsilonRII (CD23), 15-lipoxygenase, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), and type I and type II IL-1 receptors (IL-1R).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 955042604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IFN-gamma has been shown to inhibit induction of CD23 and 15-lipoxygenase in monocytes; however, the effects of IFN-gamma on type I and type II IL-1R gene expression have not been defined.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 955042605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We examined the effects of IFN-gamma on both basal and IL-4/IL-13-induced IL-1R gene expression in primary monocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 955042606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4 and IL-13 induced dose- and time-dependent increases in IL-1RI and IL-1RII mRNA levels.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 955042607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IFN-gamma decreased basal expression as well as the induction of these genes by IL-4 and IL-13.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 955042608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of IL-1RI and IL-1RII mRNA levels by IFN-gamma was transcriptionally mediated, and correlated directly with decreased production of soluble IL-1RII.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 955042609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, the ability to suppress IL-1RI and IL-1RII mRNA levels was not unique to IFN-gamma because IL-10 also inhibited expression of these genes in IL-4/IL-13-stimulated monocytes.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 955042610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of IL-1R gene expression by IFN-gamma and IL-10 was not due to down-regulation of surface IL-4R because pretreatment with these cytokines did not decrease the number of IL-4 binding sites per cell.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 955042611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, suppression of IL-1R gene expression by IFN-gamma and IL-10 was associated with decreased tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the IL-4/IL-13-inducible transcription factor, Stat6, suggesting a potential mechanism by which IFN-gamma and IL-10 may mediate their suppressive effects.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 955042612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings demonstrate that certain cytokines, including IFN-gamma and IL-10, antagonize the ability of IL-4 and IL-13 to induce increased expression of the IL-1RI and IL-1RII genes in monocytes.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 957299001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of Stat-3 is involved in the induction of apoptosis after ligation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on human Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 957299002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of Janus tyrosine kinases (Jak) and Signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) after ligation of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) was explored in Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 957299003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cross-linking of MHC-I mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of Tyk2, but not Jak1, Jak2, and Jak3.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 957299004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the transcription factor Stat-3 was tyrosine phosphorylated in the cytoplasm and subsequently translocated to the cell nucleus.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 957299005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Data obtained by electrophoretic mobility shift assay suggested that the activated Stat-3 protein associates with the human serum-inducible element (hSIE) DNA-probe derived from the interferon-gamma activated site (GAS) in the c-fos promoter, a common DNA sequence for Stat protein binding.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 957299006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An association between hSIE and Stat-3 after MHC-I ligation was directly demonstrated by precipitating Stat-3 from nuclear extracts with biotinylated hSIE probe and avidin-coupled agarose.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 957299007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate the function of the activated Stat-3, Jurkat T cells were transiently transfected with a Stat-3 isoform lacking the transactivating domain.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 957299008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This dominant-negative acting Stat-3 isoform significantly inhibited apoptosis induced by ligation of MHC-I.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 957299009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, our data suggest the involvement of the Jak/Stat signal pathway in MHC-I-induced signal transduction in T cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 961616301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MLL and CALM are fused to AF10 in morphologically distinct subsets of acute leukemia with translocation t(10;11): both rearrangements are associated with a poor prognosis.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 961616302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The translocation t(10;11)(p13;q14) has been observed in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) as well as acute myeloid leukemia (AML).@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 961616303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A recent study showed a MLL/AF10 fusion in all cases of AML with t(10;11) and various breakpoints on chromosome 11 ranging from q13 to q23.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 961616304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We recently cloned CALM (Clathrin Assembly Lymphoid Myeloid leukemia gene), the fusion partner of AF10 at 11q14 in the monocytic cell line U937.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 961616305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To further define the role of these genes in acute leukemias, 10 cases (9 AML and 1 ALL) with cytogenetically proven t(10;11)(p12-14;q13-21) and well-characterized morphology, immunophenotype, and clinical course were analyzed.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 961616306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed with 2 YACs flanking the CALM region, a YAC contig of the MLL region, and a YAC spanning the AF10 breakpoint.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 961616307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rearrangement of at least one of these genes was detected in all cases with balanced t(10;11).@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 961616308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In 4 cases, including 3 AML with immature morphology (1 AML-M0 and 2 AML-M1) and 1 ALL, the signals of the CALM YACS were separated in interphase cells, indicating a translocation breakpoint within the CALM region.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 961616309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MLL was rearranged in 3 AML with myelomonocytic differentiation (2 AML-M2 and 1 AML-M5), including 1 secondary AML.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 961616310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In all 3 cases, a characteristic immunophenotype was identified (CD4+, CD13-, CD33+, CD65s+).@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 961616311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AF-10 was involved in 5 of 6 evaluable cases, including 1 case without detectable CALM or MLL rearrangement.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 961616312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In 2 complex translocations, none of the three genes was rearranged.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 961616313@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All cases had a remarkably poor prognosis, with a mean survival of 9.6 +/- 6.6 months.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 961616314@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For the 7 AML cases that were uniformly treated according to the AMLCG86/92 protocols, disease-free and overall survival was significantly worse than for the overall study group (P = .03 and P = .01, respectively).@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 961616315@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that the t(10;11)(p13;q14) indicates CALM and MLL rearrangements in morphologically distinct subsets of acute leukemia and may be associated with a poor prognosis.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 961875801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HMG box containing transcription factors in lymphocyte differentiation.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 961875802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The identification of the mammalian sex-determining gene Sry has led to the discovery of a large family of related ('HMG box') transcription factors that control developmental events in yeast, C. elegans, Drosophila and vertebrates.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 961875803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In lymphocyte differentiation, several HMG box proteins play a decisive role.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 961875804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sox-4 is important for very early B-cell differentiation, while TCF-1/LEF-1 play a crucial role in early thymocyte development.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 961875805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCF/LEF proteins have recently been found to constitute a downstream component of the Wingless/Wnt signal transduction pathway.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 961875806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In flies, this pathway controls segment polarity; in Xenopus it controls the definition of the body axis.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 961875807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deregulation of the pathway occurs in several human tumors.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 961875808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These insights in the molecular events that are involved in TCF/LEF function in these organisms may eventually lead to the understanding of the function of these HMG box proteins in lymphoid development.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 961875901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Loss- and gain-of-function mutations reveal an important role of BSAP (Pax-5) at the start and end of B cell differentiation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 961875902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pax-5 codes for the transcription factor BSAP which is expressed throughout B cell development except in terminally differentiated plasma cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 961875903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gene targeting experiments in the mouse revealed a differential dependency of fetal and adult B-lymphopoiesis on this transcription factor.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 961875904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BSAP is required for B-lineage commitment in the fetal liver and for progression beyond an early pro-B cell stage in adult bone marrow.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 961875905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The characterization of Pax-5-deficient pro-B cells demonstrated an important role of BSAP in the regulation of the CD19, mb-1 (Ig alpha) and N-myc genes as well as in the developmental pathway controlling VH-to-DHJH recombination at the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) locus.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 961875906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human PAX-5 gene was recently shown to participate together with the IgH locus in the chromosomal translocation t(9;14)(p13;q32).@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 961875907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This translocation is characteristic of a small subset of non-Hodgkin lymphomas exhibiting plasmacytoid differentiation.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 961875908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The translocated PAX-5 gene is deregulated by the insertion of IgH regulatory elements into its 5' region, which may contribute to tumorigenesis by interfering with the shut-down of PAX-5 transcription and thus with the completion of plasma cell differentiation.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 961876001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of E-proteins in B- and T-lymphocyte development.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 961876002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Department of lymphocytes from hematopoietic stem cells is controlled, in part, by the activity of transcriptional regulatory proteins.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 961876003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In particular, one class of helix-loop-helix proteins, termed E-proteins, have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression during B-cell development.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 961876004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent analysis of gene-targeted mice has allowed a direct assessment of the functional roles of several E-protein family members in hematopoiesis.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 961876005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this review we describe the defects in B- and T- lymphocyte development in mice carrying targeted mutations in the E-protein genes and discuss our current understanding of the role of these proteins in lymphoid development.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 963752901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-4-dependent regulation of TGF-alpha and TGF-beta1 expression in human eosinophils.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 963752902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TGFs play important roles in wound healing and carcinogenesis.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 963752903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously demonstrated that eosinophils infiltrating into different pathologic processes elaborate TGF-alpha and TGF-beta1.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 963752904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eosinophils infiltrating hamster cutaneous wounds were found to express TGFs sequentially.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 963752905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we examined the biologic mediators that may regulate the expression of TGF-alpha and -beta1 by eosinophils.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 963752906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eosinophils were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors and cultured in the absence or presence of IL-3, IL-4, and IL-5.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 963752907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cells were analyzed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 963752908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Supernatants from these cultures were assayed for secreted TGF-alpha and TGF-beta1 using TGF-specific ELISAs.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 963752909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-3, IL-4, and IL-5 independently up-regulated TGF-beta1 mRNA and product expression by eosinophils in all donors.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 963752910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, TGF-alpha production by eosinophils was up-regulated by IL-3 and IL-5 but was down-regulated by IL-4.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 963752911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with the ability of IL-4 to regulate eosinophil responses, IL-4 signaling molecules are present in human eosinophils.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 963752912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The observation that IL-4 can differentially regulate the expression of TGF-alpha and TGF-beta1 suggests that IL-4 may serve as a physiologic molecular switch of TGF expression by the infiltrating eosinophils in wound healing and carcinogenesis.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 964356901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Minimal residual disease in acute myelogenous leukemia with PML/RAR alpha or AML1/ETO mRNA and phenotypic analysis of possible T and natural killer cells in bone marrow.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 964356902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we studied minimal residual disease (MRD) of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who have PML/RAR alpha or AML1/ETO as well as the phenotypic analysis of lymphocyte subsets involved in antitumor immunity.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 964356903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eight patients in long-term (LT; 3 to 15 years) and 15 patients in short-term (ST; up to 3 years) remission were studied.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 964356904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT) assay, the limit of detection was 10(-5) to 10(-6) for PML/RAR alpha transcript and 10(-4) to 10(-5) for the AML1/ETO transcript.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 964356905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Simultaneously, T lymphocyte subsets and NK cells from the peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) were investigated by flow cytometric analysis.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 964356906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Four of the eight patients in LT and 7 of the 15 patients in ST remission were MRD-positive.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 964356907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although all MRD-positive patients in LT remission are still until now event-free, 3 of the 7 MRD-positive (MRD+) patients in ST remission soon relapsed.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 964356908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The total populations of CD4+, CD8+ and CD56+ [possible T-cell and natural killer (T/NK) populations] in the BM of ST patients and MRD+/LT patients were significantly (p < .01) low.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 964356909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The CD8+ CD28+ population showed the same tendency (p < .01-.02).@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 964356910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The T/NK subsets in the BM of MRD-negative (MRD-) LT (MRD-/LT) patients showed similar numbers of cells as normal volunteers.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 964356911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Basically, the total percentage of the CD4+, CD8+ and CD56+ cell populations in the BM was increased and in the following order: MRD-/LT patients, normal volunteers, MRD+/LT patients and MRD+ or -/ST patients.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 964356912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The percentages of the T/NK-cell subsets in the PB were not significantly different among these groups.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 964356913@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the difference of the possible T/NK-cell phenotype in the BM may strongly influence clinical and molecular remission.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 964356914@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results still remain to be confirmed by further studies of the functional anti-tumor immunity of T/NK cells of AML in remission.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 964722701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differential regulation of the Janus kinase-STAT pathway and biologic function of IL-13 in primary human NK and T cells: a comparative study with IL-4.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 964722702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-13, a cytokine similar to IL-4, is a regulator of human B cell and monocyte functions.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 964722703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Biologic effects of IL-13 on primary human NK and T cells have not been well defined.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 964722704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that, in primary NK cells, IL-13, but not IL-4, may induce low levels of IFN-gamma secretion.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 964722705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When NK cells were costimulated with IL-13 and IL-2, IL-13 generally resulted in two types of reactivity: IL-13 synergized with IL-2 to stimulate IFN-gamma production or it modestly inhibited IL-2-mediated IFN-gamma production.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 964722706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In both types of donors, the effect of IL-13 on IL-2-induced IFN-gamma production was in marked contrast to the strong inhibition seen with IL-4 in NK cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 964722707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additionally, IL-13 suppresses IL-2-induced NK cytolytic and proliferative activities although less efficiently than IL-4.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 964722708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In T cells, IL-13 inhibits anti-CD3 mAb/IL-2- or PHA-mediated IFN-gamma production and enhances cytolytic potential.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 964722709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, we demonstrate that IL-13, like IL-4, induces distinct STAT6-DNA binding complexes and tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT6 and Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) in NK and T cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 964722710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We observed that Abs directed against unique domains of STAT6 have differential effects on complexes in T cells but not in NK cells, suggesting different STAT6 isoforms.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 964722711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings show that IL-13 and IL-4 have the ability to regulate NK and T cell activation and that IL-13 is a potent regulator of STAT6 and JAK3 in these cell types.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 964934101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ro 09-2210 exhibits potent anti-proliferative effects on activated T cells by selectively blocking MKK activity.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 964934102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By using high throughput screening of microbial broths, we have identified a compound, designated Ro 09-2210, which is able to block anti-CD3 induced peripheral blood T cell activation with an IC50 = 40 nM.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 964934103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ro 09-2210 was also able to block antigen-induced IL-2 secretion with an IC50 = 30 nM, but was considerably less potent at blocking Ca2+ flux stimulated by anti-CD3 treatment.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 964934104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine the mechanism of action of Ro 09-2210, we set up a transient expression system in Jurkat T cells using a variety of reporter gene constructs and showed effective inhibition of phorbol ester/ionomycin-induced NF-AT activation and anti-CD3 induced NF-AT with IC50 = 7.7 and 10 nM, respectively.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 964934105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ro 09-2210 was also able to inhibit phorbol ester/ionomycin-induced activation of AP1 with IC50 = <10 nM.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 964934106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We further showed that Ro 09-2210 was unable to inhibit c-jun induced expression of AP1-dependent reporter constructs (IC50 > 500 nM), but was able to potently inhibit ras-induced AP1 activation (IC50 = 20 nM).@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 964934107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This suggested that Ro 09-2210 was inhibiting an activator of AP-1 which was upstream of c-jun and downstream of ras signaling.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 964934108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate further, we then purified a number of different kinases, including PKC, PhK, ZAP-70, ERK, and MEK 1 (a MKK), and showed that Ro 09-2210 was a selective inhibitor of MEK1 in vitro (IC50 = 59 nM).@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 965772001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A small, nonpeptidyl mimic of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor [see commetns]@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 965772002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A nonpeptidyl small molecule SB 247464, capable of activating granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) signal transduction pathways, was identified in a high-throughput assay in cultured cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 965772003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Like G-CSF, SB 247464 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple signaling proteins and stimulated primary murine bone marrow cells to form granulocytic colonies in vitro.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 965772004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It also elevated peripheral blood neutrophil counts in mice.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 965772005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The extracellular domain of the murine G-CSF receptor was required for the activity of SB 247464, suggesting that the compound acts by oligomerizing receptor chains.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 965772006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results indicate that a small molecule can activate a receptor that normally binds a relatively large protein ligand.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 965774201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Role of GATA-1 in proliferation and differentiation of definitive erythroid and megakaryocytic cells in vivo.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 965774202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To elucidate the contributions of GATA-1 to definitive hematopoiesis in vivo, we have examined adult mice that were rendered genetically defective in GATA-1 synthesis (Takahashi et al, J Biol Chem 272:12611, 1997).@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 965774203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because the GATA-1 gene is located on the X chromosome, which is randomly inactivated in every cell, heterozygous females can bear either an active wild-type or mutant (referred to as GATA-1.05) GATA-1 allele, consequently leading to variable anemic severity.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 965774204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These heterozygous mutant mice usually developed normally, but they began to die after 5 months.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 965774205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These affected animals displayed marked splenomegaly, anemia, and thrombocytopenia.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 965774206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proerythroblasts and megakaryocytes massively accumulated in the spleens of the heterozygotes, and we showed that the neomycin resistance gene (which is the positive selection marker in ES cells) was expressed profusely in the abnormally abundant cells generated in the GATA-1.05 mutant females.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 965774207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also observed hematopoiesis outside of the bone marrow in the affected mutant mice.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 965774208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that a small number of GATA-1.05 mutant hematopoietic progenitor cells begin to proliferate vigorously during early adulthood, but because the cells are unable to terminally differentiate, this leads to progenitor proliferation in the spleen and consequently death.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 965774209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, GATA-1 plays important in vivo roles for directing definitive hematopoietic progenitors to differentiate along both the erythroid and megakaryocytic pathways.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 965774210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The GATA-1 heterozygous mutant mouse shows a phenotype that is analogous to human myelodysplastic syndrome and thus may serve as a useful model for this disorder.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 965774301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Erythropoietin induces tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak2, STAT5A, and STAT5B in primary cultured human erythroid precursors.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 965774302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We examined signaling by erythropoietin in highly purified human colony forming unit-erythroid cells, generated in vitro from CD34(+) cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 965774303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that erythropoietin induces tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak2, STAT5A, and STAT5B.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 965774304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak2 reaches a peak around 10 minutes after stimulation and is maximum at 5 U/mL of erythropoietin.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 965774305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5 is accompanied by the translocation of activated STAT5 to the nucleus as shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) using 32Pi-labeled STAT5 binding site in the beta-casein promoter.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 965774306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyrosine phosphorylation STAT1 or STAT3 was not detected in human erythroid precursors after stimulation with erythropoietin.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 965774307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Crkl, an SH2/SH3 adapter protein, becomes coimmunoprecipitated specifically with STAT5 from erythropoietin-stimulated erythroid cells; although it was shown to become associated with c-Cbl in the studies using cell lines.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 965774308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, human erythroid precursors can be expanded in vitro in sufficient numbers and purity to allow its usage in signal transduction studies.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 965774309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This report sets a basis for further studies on signaling in primary cultured human erythroid precursors, which in turn contribute to our better understanding in the differentiation processes of erythrocytes and their precursors.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 965774501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel function of Stat1 and Stat3 proteins in erythropoietin-induced erythroid differentiation of a human leukemia cell line.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 965774502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We recently determined that erythropoietin (EPO) activates 3 members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family, Stat1alpha, Stat3, and Stat5, in the human EPO-dependent cell lines, UT-7 and UT-7/EPO (Kirito et al, J Biol Chem 272:16507, 1997).@@@@1@56@@oe@19-12-2010 965774503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, we have shown that Stat1alpha, but not Stat3, is involved in EPO-induced cellular proliferation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 965774504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we examined the roles of Stat1alpha and Stat3 in EPO-induced erythroid differentiation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 965774505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@UT-7/GM was used as a model system, because this cell line can differentiate into erythroid-lineage cells with EPO treatment (Komatsu et al, Blood 89:4021, 1997).@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 965774506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found that EPO did not activate Stat1alpha or Stat3 in UT-7/GM cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 965774507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection experiments showed that both Stat1alpha and Stat3 inhibited the induction by EPO of gamma-globin and erythroid-specific 5-aminolevulinate synthetase transcripts, resulting in a reduction of the percentage of hemoglobin-positive cells.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 965774508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dominant negative forms of Stat1alpha or Stat3 promoted the EPO-induced erythroid differentiation of UT-7/GM cells, even in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, although this cytokine never induced erythroid differentiation of the parent UT-7/GM cells with or without EPO.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 965774509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A cell cycle analysis showed that the constitutive activation of Stat1alpha, but not Stat3, shortened the period of G0/G1 prolongation caused by EPO stimulation.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 965774510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, our data suggest that Stat1alpha and Stat3 act as negative regulators in EPO-induced erythroid differentiation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 965774511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specifically, Stat1alpha may activate a cell cycle-associated gene(s), leading to the entry of cells into the cell cycle.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 966546001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Macrophages in human atheroma contain PPARgamma: differentiation-dependent peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARgamma) expression and reduction of MMP-9 activity through PPARgamma activation in mononuclear phagocytes in vitro.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 966546002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mononuclear phagocytes play an important role in atherosclerosis and its sequela plaque rupture in part by their secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP-9.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 966546003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a transcription factor in the nuclear receptor superfamily, regulates gene expression in response to various activators, including 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 and the antidiabetic agent troglitazone.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 966546004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of PPARgamma in human atherosclerosis is unexplored.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 966546005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report here that monocytes/macrophages in human atherosclerotic lesions (n = 12) express immunostainable PPARgamma.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 966546006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Normal artery specimens (n = 6) reveal minimal immunoreactive PPARgamma.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 966546007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages cultured for 6 days in 5% human serum expressed PPARgamma mRNA and protein by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 966546008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, PPARgamma mRNA expression in U937 cells increased during phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate-induced differentiation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 966546009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of PPARgamma with troglitazone or 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 in human monocyte-derived macrophages inhibited MMP-9 gelatinolytic activity in a concentration-dependent fashion as revealed by zymography.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 966546010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This inhibition correlates with decreased MMP-9 secretion as determined by Western blotting.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 966546011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, PPARgamma is present in macrophages in human atherosclerotic lesions and may regulate expression and activity of MMP-9, an enzyme implicated in plaque rupture.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 966546012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PPARgamma is likely to be an important regulator of monocyte/macrophage function with relevance for human atherosclerotic disease.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 966588401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Uncoupling of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases from PLC-gamma1 in an SLP-76-deficient T cell.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 966588402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) is essential for T cell receptor (TCR) responsiveness; however, the function of individual PTK substrates is often uncertain.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 966588403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A mutant T cell line was isolated that lacked expression of SLP-76 (SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kilodaltons), a hematopoietically expressed adaptor protein and PTK substrate.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 966588404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@SLP-76 was not required for TCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of most proteins, but was required for optimal tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1), as well as Ras pathway activation.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 966588405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TCR-inducible gene expression was dependent on SLP-76.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 966588406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, coupling of TCR-regulated PTKs to downstream signaling pathways requires SLP-76.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 967676101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peripheral blood T cells and monocytes and B cell lines derived from patients with lupus express estrogen receptor transcripts similar to those of normal cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 967676102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE: To identify and characterize estrogen receptor (ER) transcripts expressed in immune cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy donors.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 967676103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS: Peripheral blood monocytes and T cells were prepared from patients with SLE (n = 6) and healthy donors (n = 8).@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 967676104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cells were separated into CD4 and CD8.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 967676105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some monocytes and T cells were stimulated with estradiol, PMA, and ionomycin.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 967676106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cell lines (n = 7) and B cell hybridomas (n = 2) established from patients with SLE and a healthy individual were used as a B cell source.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 967676107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These cells were examined for ER mRNA by reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 967676108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Amplified cDNA were sequenced by standard methods.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 967676109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: In all cells tested, ER mRNA was expressed without prior in vitro stimulation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 967676110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Partial sequences from exons 1-8 were nearly identical to the published sequence of the human ER mRNA.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 967676111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@There were no notable differences in the ER transcripts between patients and healthy controls.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 967676112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Variant receptor transcripts lacking exon 5 or exon 7, which encodes the hormone binding domain, were identified in the majority of the cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 967676113@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Precise deletion of the exons suggests that they are alternatively spliced transcripts.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 967676114@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whether the detected transcripts are translated into functional receptor proteins remains to be determined.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 967676115@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro stimulation did not affect ER mRNA expression.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 967676116@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of variants did not correlate with disease activity or medication.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 967676117@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSION: Monocytes, T cells, and B cells in patients express transcripts of the normal wild type ER and the hormone binding domain variants in vivo.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 967871801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-selective antagonist inhibits differentiation and apoptosis of HL-60 cells: implications of RARalpha-mediated signals in myeloid leukemic cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 967871802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Retinoic acid (RA) induces HL-60 cells to differentiate terminally into mature granulocytes, which subsequently die by apoptosis.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 967871803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The biological effects of RA are mediated by two distinct families of transcription factors: retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 967871804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RARs and RXRs form heterodimers and regulate retinoid-mediated gene expression.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 967871805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently developed a novel RAR-selective antagonist (ER27191) which prevents RAR activation by retinoids.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 967871806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using this RAR-selective antagonist, and RXR and RAR agonist, we demonstrate the RAR-mediated signaling pathway is important for differentiation and apoptosis of myeloid leukemic cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 967871807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Simple activation of RXRs is not sufficient to induce apoptosis of the cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 967871808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, the combination of the RAR-selective antagonist and 9-cis RA resulted in partial differentiation and apoptosis of HL-60 and NB4 cells, whereas the RAR antagonist completely blocked all-trans RA-induced differentiation and apoptosis of the cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 967871809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additional experiments showed that levels of BCL-2 protein decreased during differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 967871810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, HL-60 cells transduced with a bcl-2 expression vector showed the same differentiation response to retinoids as did parental HL-60 cells even though apoptosis was inhibited in these bcl-2-transduced cells, suggesting that differentiation and apoptosis are regulated independently in myeloid leukemic cells.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 967982901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Suppression of human anti-porcine T-cell immune responses by major histocompatibility complex class II transactivator constructs lacking the amino terminal domain.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 967982902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND: The class II transactivator (CIITA) is a bi- or multifunctional domain protein that acts as a transcriptional activator and plays a critical role in the expression of MHC class II genes.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 967982903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously demonstrated that a mutated form of the human CIITA gene, coding for a protein lacking the amino terminal 151 amino acids, acts as a potent dominant-negative suppressor of HLA class II expression.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 967982904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Porcine MHC class II antigens are potent stimulators of direct T-cell recognition by human CD4+ T cells and are, therefore, likely to play an important role in the rejection responses to transgenic pig donors in clinical xenotransplantation.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 967982905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We were, therefore, interested in examining mutated CIITA constructs for their effect on porcine MHC class II expression.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 967982906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS: Stable transfectants of the porcine vascular endothelial cell line PIEC with mutated CIITA constructs were tested for SLA-DR and SLA-DQ induction by recombinant porcine interferon-gamma.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 967982907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient transfectants of the porcine B-cell line L23 with the mutated CIITA constructs were tested for the suppression of constitutive SLA-DR and SLA-DQ expression.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 967982908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T-cell proliferation studies were performed using highly purified human CD4+ T cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 967982909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: In preliminary studies, we demonstrated that transfection of the PIEC line with full-length human CIITA constructs resulted in strong expression of SLA-DR and SLA-DQ antigens, thus establishing the cross-species effectiveness of human CIITA in the pig.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 967982910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mutated human CIITA constructs were, therefore, tested in the pig.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 967982911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PIEC clones stably transfected with one of these constructs showed up to 99% suppression of SLA-DR and SLA-DQ antigen induction and marked suppression of SLA-DRA mRNA induction.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 967982912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, transient transfection of the porcine B-cell line L23 showed up to 90% suppression of constitutive SLA-DR and SLA-DQ antigen expression in 5-8 days.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 967982913@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In functional studies, interferon-gamma-stimulated PIEC clones transfected with this mutated CIITA construct failed to stimulate purified human CD4+ T lymphocytes.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 967982914@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSION: Mutated human CIITA constructs are potent suppressors of porcine MHC class II expression.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 968738501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ciprofloxacin induces an immunomodulatory stress response in human T lymphocytes.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 968738502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Exposure of cells to adverse environmental conditions invokes a genetically programmed series of events resulting in the induction of specific genes.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 968738503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin has recently been reported to upregulate interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene induction.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 968738504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present investigation, the effect of ciprofloxacin at supratherapeutic concentrations on immediate-early (<2 h) gene expression in primary human peripheral blood lymphocytes was studied with Northern blots.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 968738505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, transcriptional activity of IL-2 and metallothionein enhancer and promoter regions and transcription factors AP-1, NF-kappaB, and NF-AT were analyzed by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, respectively.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 968738506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The concentration of c-fos, c-jun, c-myc, junB, and fra-1 mRNAs was increased in activated peripheral blood lymphocytes incubated with ciprofloxacin compared to that in untreated controls.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 968738507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ciprofloxacin increased CAT activity in stimulated lymphocytes transfected with plasmids containing either the IL-2 or metallothionein enhancer.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 968738508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, among the transcription factors tested, AP-1 activity was increased in stimulated purified T helper lymphocytes incubated with ciprofloxacin compared to drug-free controls.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 968738509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, ciprofloxacin increased the levels of immediate-early transcripts, enhanced IL-2 and metallothionein promoter induction, and upregulated AP-1 concentrations in primary lymphocytes, reflecting a program commonly observed in mammalian stress responses.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 969091701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of gamma-IFN responsive genes in scavenger receptor over-expressing monocytes is associated with xanthomatosis.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 969091702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have recently described an inherited over-expression of the macrophage scavenger receptor (SR) in blood monocytes from members of a kindred, only two of whom displayed extensive xanthomatosis.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 969091703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using mRNA differential display we demonstrated abnormally high expression of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT1alpha) in monocytes from the proband II-2.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 969091704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of gamma-interferon inducible protein 10 (IP-10), a STAT1alpha-responsive gene and mediator of inflammatory response, was also abnormally expressed in the monocytes from II-2.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 969091705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Over-expression of both genes was restricted to monocytes from II-2 and was not observed in monocytes from the clinically unaffected family members, unlike that of SR.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 969091706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel retardation assays with THP-1 cell extracts identified gamma-IFN inducible DNA binding activity to three potential STATI DNA binding elements in the human IP-10 promoter region from nucleotides - 245 to - 188.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 969091707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together these results suggest that gamma-interferon mediated cell activation is responsible for STAT1alpha-induced transcription of the IP-10 gene in THP-1 macrophages as well as in monocytes from II-2.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 969091708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of monocytes from familial hypercholesterolemic (FH) subjects, who frequently develop xanthomatosis, revealed a significant number of subjects with elevated STAT1alpha and IP-10 expression.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 969091709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data suggest that the inflammatory effects of gamma-IFN signaling could play a role in foam cell formation and xanthomatosis.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 969684401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recognition of herpes simplex virus type 2 tegument proteins by CD4 T cells infiltrating human genital herpes lesions.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 969684402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The local cellular immune response to herpes simplex virus (HSV) is important in the control of recurrent HSV infection.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 969684403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The antiviral functions of infiltrating CD4-bearing T cells may include cytotoxicity, inhibition of viral growth, lymphokine secretion, and support of humoral and CD8 responses.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 969684404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The antigens recognized by many HSV-specific CD4 T cells localizing to genital HSV-2 lesions are unknown.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 969684405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cells recognizing antigens encoded within map units 0.67 to 0.73 of HSV DNA are frequently recovered from herpetic lesions.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 969684406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression cloning with this region of DNA now shows that tegument protein VP22 and the viral dUTPase, encoded by genes UL49 and UL50, respectively, are T-cell antigens.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 969684407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Separate epitopes in VP22 were defined for T-cell clones from each of three patients.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 969684408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reactivity with the tegument protein encoded by UL21 was identified for an additional patient.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 969684409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three new epitopes were identified in VP16, a tegument protein associated with VP22.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 969684410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some tegument-specific CD4 T-cell clones exhibited cytotoxic activity against HSV-infected cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 969684411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that herpes simplex tegument proteins are processed for antigen presentation in vivo and are possible candidate compounds for herpes simplex vaccines.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 970005301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human 15-lipoxygenase gene promoter: analysis and identification of DNA binding sites for IL-13-induced regulatory factors in monocytes.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 970005302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to study the transcriptional control of 15-LO expression, we have cloned and sequenced the human 15-LO promoter region.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 970005303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 15-LO promoter is associated with a CpG island at the 5'-end of the gene, and sequence analysis reveals putative Sp1 and Ap2 binding site/s and absence of TATA or CAAT motifs.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 970005304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription is initiated at one major site.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 970005305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using deletion constructs, we have defined an active promoter region of 1056 bp.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 970005306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel-shift assays revealed that transcriptional factor(s) induced only in response to IL-13 treatment of human peripheral blood monocytes bind to the 15-LO promoter DNA.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 970005307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two regions, DP1 (-140 to -92 bp) and DP2 (-353 to -304 bp) of the promoter were essential for transcription in HeLa cells and human peripheral monocytes.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 970005308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hela nuclear extracts contained a specific nuclear factor(s) binding to 15-LO promoter DNA which are distinct from those derived from IL-13-treated human peripheral monocyte nuclear extracts.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 970005309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) results refined the previous localization of 15-LO to human chromosome 17p13.3.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 970010101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Changes in PKC isoforms in human alveolar macrophages compared with blood monocytes.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 970010102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alveolar macrophages play an important role in host defense and in other types of inflammatory processes in the lung.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 970010103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These cells exhibit many alterations in function compared with their precursor cells, blood monocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 970010104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To evaluate a potential mechanism for these differences in function, we evaluated expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 970010105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found an increase in Ca2+-dependent PKC isoforms in monocytes compared with alveolar macrophages.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 970010106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also found differential expression of the Ca2+-independent isoforms in alveolar macrophages compared with monocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 970010107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One consequence of the activation of PKC can be increased expression of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 970010108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, we also evaluated activation of the MAP kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 2 by the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA).@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 970010109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PMA activated ERK2 kinase in both alveolar macrophages and monocytes; however, monocytes consistently showed a significantly greater activation of ERK2 kinase by PMA compared with alveolar macrophages.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 970010110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Another known consequence of the activation of PKC and subsequent activation of ERK kinase is activation of the transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1).@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 970010111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We evaluated the activation of AP-1 by PMA in both monocytes and macrophages.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 970010112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We found very little detectable activation of AP-1, as assessed in a gel shift assay, in alveolar macrophages, whereas monocytes showed a substantial activation of AP-1 by PMA.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 970010113@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies show that the differential expression of PKC isoforms in alveolar macrophages and blood monocytes is associated with important functional alterations in the cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 970756501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Acetylation and modulation of erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF) activity by interaction with histone acetyltransferases.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 970756502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF) is a red cell-specific transcriptional activator that is crucial for consolidating the switch to high levels of adult beta-globin expression during erythroid ontogeny.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 970756503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EKLF is required for integrity of the chromatin structure at the beta-like globin locus, and it interacts with a positive-acting factor in vivo.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 970756504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We find that EKLF is an acetylated transcription factor, and that it interacts in vivo with CBP, p300, and P/CAF.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 970756505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, its interactions with these histone acetyltransferases are not equivalent, as CBP and p300, but not P/CAF, utilize EKLF as a substrate for in vitro acetylation within its trans-activation region.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 970756506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The functional effects of these interactions are that CBP and p300, but not P/CAF, enhance EKLF's transcriptional activation of the beta-globin promoter in erythroid cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 970756507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results establish EKLF as a tissue-specific transcription factor that undergoes post-translational acetylation and suggest a mechanism by which EKLF is able to alter chromatin structure and induce beta-globin expression within the beta-like globin cluster.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 971021501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A regulatory element in the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand promoter is essential for responsiveness to TCR-mediated activation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 971021502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand (CD95L) in activated T cells is a major cause of T cell activation-induced apoptosis.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 971021503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To study the molecular mechanisms of transcriptional control of CD95L expression in T cells, we investigated the human CD95L promoter in Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 971021504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletion studies revealed that the CD95L proximal promoter sequence from -220 to the transcription start site is essential for T cell stimulation-induced expression of CD95L.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 971021505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we discovered a novel regulatory element located at -120 of the CD95L promoter which contains DNA binding sites for SP-1 and a yet unknown inducible factor.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 971021506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation analysis demonstrated that binding of the inducible factor to the -120 region is crucial for the biological function of the CD95L promoter upon T cell stimulation.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 971021507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The DNA sequence at -120 also contains two DNA motifs homologous to the binding site for NF-AT.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 971021508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-AT does not directly bind to this element.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 971021509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, cotransfection studies with an NF-AT expression vector showed that NF-AT may confer a strong inducible activity to the CD95L promoter at this regulatory region.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 971021510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data also show that the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin A down-regulates CD95L transcription by inhibiting the function of this positive regulatory element.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 971044801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Highly polarized HLA class II antigen processing and presentation by human intestinal epithelial cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 971044802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The high concentration of foreign antigen in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is separated from the underlying lymphocytes by a single cell layer of polarized epithelium.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 971044803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Intestinal epithelial cells can express HLA class II antigens and may function as antigen-presenting cells to CD4(+) T cells within the intestinal mucosa.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 971044804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using tetanus toxoid specific and HLA-DR-restricted T lymphocytes, we show that polarized intestinal epithelial cells directed to express HLA-DR molecules are able to initiate class II processing only after internalization of antigen from their apical surface.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 971044805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Coexpression of the class II transactivator CIITA in these cells, which stimulates highly efficient class II processing without the characteristic decline in barrier function seen in polarized monolayers treated with the proinflammatory cytokine gamma-IFN, facilitates antigen processing from the basolateral surface.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 971044806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In both cases, peptide presentation to T cells via class II molecules was restricted to the basolateral surface.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 971044807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate a highly polarized functional architecture for antigen processing and presentation by intestinal epithelial cells, and suggest that the functional outcome of antigen processing by the intestinal epithelium is both dependent on the cellular surface at which the foreign antigen is internalized and by the underlying degree of mucosal inflammation.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 971201901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Class II transactivator-independent endothelial cell MHC class II gene activation induced by lymphocyte adhesion.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 971201902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NK cells induce MHC class II molecules on the surface of allogeneic endothelial cells in an adhesion-dependent, IFN-gamma-independent manner.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 971201903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we demonstrate that NK cells induce HLA-DR on the surface of a mutant cell line that is defective in IFN-gamma-induced MHC class II expression.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 971201904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RNA analysis in these cells and in a cell line that is defective in class II transactivator (CIITA) demonstrates that NK cell-induced HLA-DR alpha mRNA expression is also CIITA-independent.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 971201905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Janus kinase-1-deficient cell line U4A expresses HLA-DR alpha mRNA in response to NK cell activation, and HLA-DR alpha promoter constructs transfected into these cells are induced by NK cells but not IFN-gamma.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 971201906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate that the IFN-gamma-independent component of the target cell HLA-DR expression induced by lymphocyte adhesion uses a signaling pathway that is distinct from the IFN-gamma-dependent mechanism and also suggest that CIITA is not required.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 971270301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) ligand WY 14,643 does not interfere with leukotriene B4 induced adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 971270302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) control discrete genes involved in fatty acid and lipid metabolism.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 971270303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, it was suggested that activation of the alpha isoform of PPAR by the potent proinflammatory mediator leukotriene B4 (LTB4) enhanced degradation of this eicosanoid, offersuggesting a new aspect of down-regulation of inflammation.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 971270304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we studied whether PPARalpha activation (by means of the selective agonist WY 14,643) of endothelial cells, pivotal in the regulation of inflammatory responses, interfered with LTB4 induced adhesion of PMN neutrophil granulocytes in vitro.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 971270305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When endothelial cells were treated with WY 14,643 prior to activation with LTB4 (or fMLP, IL-1beta or TNFalpha, as controls) we could not document any effect on the number of adhering PMN or duration of the response.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 971270306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, this study provides no evidence indicating a regulatory function of PPARalpha in LTB4 induced adhesive interactions between endothelial cells and neutrophils.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 971272101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of B and T cells activates expression of transcription and differentiation factors.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 971272102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During B and T cell differentiation and proliferation many genes are induced or repressed while certain genes are constitutively expressed.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 971272103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate processes related to B and T cell activation, the gene expression of stimulated and nonstimulated Ramos and Jurkat cells was studied using cDNA microarray technology.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 971272104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Simultaneous analysis of close to 600 genes indicated highest increase in the expression of certain transcription, differentiation and proliferation factors.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 971272105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Many of these genes have not previously been shown to funcion in the stimulated lymphocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 971272106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Also genes encoding proteins involved in DNA replication, binding, transcription and translation were induced.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 971272107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Large part of the activated genes were under very stringent regulation being expressed only after stimulation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 971272108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism and function of the expressed genes during lymphocyte differentiation and in disorders is discussed.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 971596601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific glucocorticoid binding at different levels of human motor activity.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 971596602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We studied the number of glucocorticoid receptors and dissociation constant in isolated human lymphocytes as well as blood concentrations of hormones produced by the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenocortical system in three experimental series: at normal (17 subjects), decreased (10 subjects, a 360-d head-down bed rest) and increased (8 subjects, physical exercise on bicycle ergometer) levels of motor activity.@@@@1@66@@oe@19-12-2010 971596603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the first series we found that the number of glucocorticoid receptors and dissociation constant did not depend on the season, on the age of subjects nor on cortisol concentrations in blood.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 971596604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the second series we observed the following: at the end of the first month of bed rest the number of glucocorticoid receptors and receptor affinity significantly increased; at the beginning of the third month of bed rest specific glucocorticoid binding significantly decreased and circadian rhythms of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol in blood varied markedly; at the end of the sixth month of bed rest the number of glucocorticoid receptors returned to prebed rest levels and dissociation constant decreased.@@@@1@82@@oe@19-12-2010 971596605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the third series physical exercises that induced an activation of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenocortical system (maximal physical exercises and prolonged submaximal exercises at 70% of maximal oxygen uptake) led to a significant increase in the number of glucocorticoid receptors without changes of dissociation constant.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 971596606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that both a decrease and an increase of human motor activity resulted in significant changes of specific glucocorticoid binding which were not influenced by changes of circulating hormone concentrations in blood but by some other factors affected by physical activity.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 971664801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CIITA B-cell-specific promoter suppression in MHC class II-silenced cell hybrids.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 971664802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, various sets of somatic cell hybrids, generated by the fusion of epithelial cell lines with B-lymphoblastoid cell lines, were analyzed for the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 971664803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We first demonstrate, in human and mouse intraspecies hybrids, the coordinate suppression of MHC class II, Ii (invariant chain) and HLA-DM gene transcription, and the release of the silencing by the addition of interferon gamma.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 971664804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using interspecies hybrids, the segregation of human chromosomes allowed us to establish that MHC class II extinction is linked to the presence in the hybrids of the chromosomes from the epithelial fusion partner.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 971664805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, our data provide evidence that the expression pattern of MHC class II mRNA is correlated with that of the class II transactivator (CIITA), suggesting that CIITA is the actual target of the silencing.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 971664806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To gain further insight into the suppression phenomenon we performed luciferase assays which show that silencing affects the activity of the B-cell-specific promoter of CIITA.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 971664807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results therefore demonstrate that the MHC class II gene silencing in somatic cell hybrids is due to an active suppression of one of the promoters of the CIITA gene, mediated by the epithelial cell fusion partner.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 971767401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcription factors c-myb and C/EBP alpha regulate the monocytic/myeloic gene MRP14.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 971767402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The entry of microorganisms into the body induces inflammatory processes.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 971767403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During this process a sequence of cellular, humoral, non-specific and specific actions are evoked to combat the infection.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 971767404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Macrophages and granulocytes, which are developed from a common progenitor cell, are the cellular components of the specific and non-specific immunoreaction.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 971767405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MRP14 (Macrophage migration inhibitory related protein) and MRP8, two S-100 proteins contained in high concentrations in these cells are obviously essential for adhesion and migration of monocytes and granulocytes.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 971767406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate the transcriptional regulation of these genes we cotransfected constructs expressing CAT under control of the MRP14 promoter and expression constructs of C/EBP alpha and v-myb, two transcription factors involved in myeloid/monocytic differentiation.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 971767407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection with C/EBP alpha revealed a massive enhancement of the MRP14 promoter in both, HL 60 cells (granulocytic differentiated) and L132 fibroblasts.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 971767408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, v-myb reduces MRP14 promoter activity.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 971767409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Northern blot analysis of L132 cells transfected with the C/EBP alpha expression vector demonstrate that C/EBP alpha is sufficient to enhance MRP14 expression in the context of the whole genome.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 972263101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) requires conserved leucine charged domains for interactions with the conserved W box promoter element.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 972263102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The class II transactivator CIITA is required for transcriptional activation of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 972263103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Aside from an N-terminal acidic transcriptional activation domain, little is known about how this factor functions.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 972263104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Extensive mutagenesis of CIITA was undertaken to identify structural motifs required for function.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 972263105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ability of mutants to activate a reporter gene under the control of MHC class II conserved W-X-Y or X-Y regulatory elements was determined.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 972263106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two mutants displayed differential activity between the two promoters, activating transcription with the W-X-Y but not the X-Y elements.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 972263107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All mutants were tested for their ability to interfere with wild-type CIITA activity.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 972263108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Five CIITA mutant constructions were able to down-regulate wild-type CIITA activity.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 972263109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three of these mutants contained targeted disruptions of potential functional motifs: the acidic activation domain, a putative GTP-binding motif and two leucine charged domains (LCD motifs).@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 972263110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The other two contained mutations in regions that do not have homology to described proteins.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 972263111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The characterization of CIITA mutants that are able to discriminate between promoters with or without the W box strongly suggests that CIITA requires such interactions for function.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 972263112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The identification of LCD motifs required for CIITA function brings to light a previously undefined role of these motifs in CIITA function.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 972343001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Calcineurin and the biological effect of cyclosporine and tacrolimus.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 972343002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism of the immunosuppressive effect of CyA and FK 506 can be monitored in vivo in humans.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 972343003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The picture emerging is of a close relationship between drug concentrations and CN inhibition.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 972343004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@But many puzzles of the drugs remain.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 972343005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@What is the role of CyA in the activation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), particularly in relationship to nephrotoxicity and fibrogenesis?@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 972343006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@How important are the anti-inflammatory (non T) effects of CyA, and which cells do they operate in?@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 972343007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Are there effects of CyA and FK 506 all attributable to CN inhibition, and how much of them are mediated through the NFATC family of transcription factors?@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 972343008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, it would be useful to know what the inhibitory effects of CyA are on tolerance and negative regulatory events.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 972388901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of the vitellogenin gene B1 promoter after transfer into hepatocytes in primary cultures.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 972388902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The estrogen-dependent and tissue-specific regulation of the Xenopus laevis vitellogenin gene B1 promoter has been studied by lipid-mediated DNA transfer into Xenopus hepatocytes in primary culture.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 972388903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hepatocytes achieve an efficient hormonal control of this promoter through a functional interaction between the estrogen responsive elements and a promoter proximal region upstream of the TATA box, which is characterized by a high density of binding sites for the transcription factors CTF/NF-1, C/EBP and HNF3.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 972388904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DNA accessibility to restriction enzymes within the chromosomal copy of the vitellogenin gene B1 promoter shows that the estrogen responsive unit and the promoter proximal region are sensitive to digestion in uninduced and estrogen-induced hepatocytes but not in erythrocyte nuclei.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 972388905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Together, these findings support the notion that chromatin configuration as well as the interplay of promoter elements mediate proper hormone-dependent and tissue-specific expression of the B1 vitellogenin gene.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 972521201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Protein kinase C regulates Fas (CD95/APO-1) expression.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 972521202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fas (CD95/APO-1) is a transmembrane protein of the TNF/neuron growth factor receptor family.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 972521203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ligation of Fas by specific Abs or Fas ligand (FasL/CD95 ligand) induces rapid apoptotic cell death in a variety of cell types.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 972521204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Despite progress in understanding the death signals transduced from Fas, very little is known with regard to the mechanisms by which Fas expression is regulated.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 972521205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using our previously established murine T cell hybridoma model A1.1, we show that specific protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors could block activation-induced Fas expression and apoptosis.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 972521206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation of PKC with PMA or 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol could mimic the TCR signal by inducing the expression of Fas but not FasL.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 972521207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PKC-dependent Fas expression was also observed in several murine and human tumor cell lines.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 972521208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since the inhibition of Ca2+ redistribution by an inhibitor of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, 8-(diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride, inhibited TCR-induced FasL but not Fas, the expression of Fas appears to be independent of Ca2+ mobilization.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 972521209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Significantly, expression of the newly identified Fas-regulatory gene, TDAG51, was found to be dependent upon the activity of PKC.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 972521210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PKC activation only induced Fas expression in cells expressing wild-type TDAG51.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 972521211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, Fas expression is likely mediated by PKC through TDAG51.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 972697001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@p130, p107, and pRb are differentially regulated in proliferating cells and during cell cycle arrest by alpha-interferon.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 972697002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have determined how the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma family (pRb, p107, and p130) is governed in individual cell cycle phases of Daudi B-cells during cell cycle exit triggered by alpha-interferon (alpha-IFN).@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 972697003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@alpha-IFN causes dephosphorylation of pRb and loss of p130 phosphorylated Form 3.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 972697004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the change in p130 phosphorylation in response to alpha-IFN occurs before dephosphorylation of pRb is complete because loss of p130 Form 3 occurs throughout the cell cycle prior to complete arrest in G1, whereas pRb is dephosphorylated only in G1.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 972697005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, p107 is dephosphorylated and is then depleted from cells as they exit the cell cycle.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 972697006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@p130, predominantly in Form 1, and hypophosphorylated pRb bind an E2F DNA binding site; p130 complexes E2F-4, whereas pRb binds both E2F-4 and E2F-1.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 972697007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The phosphorylated forms of E2F-4 that bind to the E2F DNA site are different from hyperphosphorylated E2F-4, which predominates in primary hemopoietic cells in G0.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 972697008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that although cell cycle arrest induced by alpha-IFN may be mediated in part by formation of a complex containing p130 and E2F-4, alpha-IFN does not induce hyperphosphorylation of E2F-4, which characterizes primary hemopoietic cells in G0.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 972700001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two-site interaction of nuclear factor of activated T cells with activated calcineurin.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 972700002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factors belonging to the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family regulate the expression of cytokine genes and other inducible genes during the immune response.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 972700003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The functions of NFAT proteins are directly controlled by the calcium- and calmodulin- dependent phosphatase calcineurin.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 972700004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show that the binding of calcineurin to NFAT is substantially increased when calcineurin is activated with calmodulin and calcium.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 972700005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@FK506.FKBP12 drug-immunophilin complexes inhibited the interaction of NFAT with activated calcineurin much more effectively than they inhibited the interaction with inactive calcineurin, suggesting that part of the interaction with activated calcineurin involved the enzyme active site.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 972700006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously shown that NFAT is targeted to inactive calcineurin at a region distinct from the calcineurin active site (Aramburu, J., Garcia-Cozar, F. J., Raghavan, A., Okamura, H., Rao, A., and Hogan, P. G. (1998) Mol. Cell 1, 627-637); this region is also involved in NFAT binding to activated calcineurin, since binding is inhibited by an NFAT peptide spanning the calcineurin docking site on NFAT.@@@@1@85@@oe@19-12-2010 972700007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The interacting surfaces are located on the catalytic domain of the calcineurin A chain and on an 86-amino acid fragment of the NFAT regulatory domain.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 972700008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NFAT binding to the calcineurin catalytic domain was inhibited by the calcineurin autoinhibitory domain and the RII substrate peptide, which bind in the calcineurin active site, as well as by the NFAT docking site peptide, which binds to a region of calcineurin distinct from the active site.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 972700009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose that, in resting cells, NFAT is targeted to a region of the calcineurin catalytic domain that does not overlap the calcineurin active site.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 972700010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upon cell activation, displacement of the autoinhibitory domain by calmodulin binding allows NFAT to bind additionally to the calcineurin active site, thus positioning NFAT for immediate dephosphorylation at functional phosphoserine residues.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 972704901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A p56lck-independent pathway of CD2 signaling involves Jun kinase.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 972704902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The p56 Src family non-receptor tyrosine kinase has been shown to be critical for T lymphocyte differentiation and activation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 972704903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hence in the absence of p56, T cell receptor triggered activation does not occur.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 972704904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We now provide evidence for a CD2-based signaling pathway which, in contrast to that of the T cell receptor, is independent of p56.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 972704905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD2-mediated interleukin-2 production occurs via activation of Jun kinase in cell lines lacking p56.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 972704906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Jun kinase then facilitates the binding of c-Jun/c-Fos heterodimers to the AP-1 consensus site and the subsequent transcriptional activity of the interleukin-2 promoter.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 972704907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data elucidate differences between TCR and CD2 signaling pathways in the same T cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 972805701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-6 production in hemorrhagic shock is accompanied by neutrophil recruitment and lung injury.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 972805702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hemorrhagic shock (HS) initiates an inflammatory cascade that includes the production of cytokines and recruitment of neutrophils (PMN) and may progress to organ failure, inducing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 972805703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To examine the hypothesis that interleukin-6 (IL-6) contributes to PMN infiltration and lung damage in HS, we examined the lungs of rats subjected to unresuscitated and resuscitated HS for the production of IL-6 and activation of Stat3.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 972805704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using semiquantitative RT-PCR, we found a striking increase in IL-6 mRNA levels only in resuscitated HS, with peak levels observed 1 h after initiation of resuscitation.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 972805705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased IL-6 protein expression was localized to bronchial and alveolar cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 972805706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift assay of protein extracts from shock lungs exhibited an increase in Stat3 activation with kinetics similar to IL-6 mRNA.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 972805707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In situ DNA binding assay determined Stat3 activation predominantly within alveoli.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 972805708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Intratracheal instillation of IL-6 alone into normal rats resulted in PMN infiltration into lung interstitium and alveoli, marked elevation of bronchoalveolar lavage cellularity, and increased wet-to-dry ratio.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 972805709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings indicate that IL-6 production and Stat3 activation occur early in HS and may contribute to PMN-mediated lung injury, including ARDS after HS.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 973383601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Epstein-Barr virus Rta protein activates lytic cycle genes and can disrupt latency in B lymphocytes.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 973383602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transition of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) from latency into the lytic cycle is associated with the expression of two immediate-early viral genes, BZLF1 and BRLF1.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 973383603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Overexpression of ZEBRA, the product of BZLF1, is sufficient to disrupt latency in B lymphocytes and epithelial cells by stimulating expression of lytic cycle genes, including BRLF1.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 973383604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The BRLF1 product Rta functions as a transcriptional activator in both B lymphocytes and epithelial cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 973383605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, Rta has recently been reported to disrupt latency in an epithelial specific manner (S. Zalani, E. Holley-Guthrie, and S. Kenney, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:9194-9199, 1996).@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 973383606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate that expression of Rta is also sufficient for disruption of latency in a permissive B-cell line.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 973383607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In HH514-16 cells, transfection of Rta leads to synthesis of ZEBRA, viral DNA replication, and late gene expression.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 973383608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, Rta by itself is less potent than ZEBRA in the ability to activate most early and late lytic cycle genes.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 973383609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In light of previous work implicating ZEBRA in the activation of Rta, we suggest a cooperative model for EBV entry into the lytic cycle.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 973383610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of either BZLF1 or BRLF1 triggers expression of the other immediate-early factor, and together these activators act individually or in synergy on downstream targets to activate the viral lytic cycle.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 973466101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Establishment and characterization of EBV-positive and EBV-negative primary effusion lymphoma cell lines harbouring human herpesvirus type-8.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 973466102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study we report on the establishment and characterization of two novel lymphoma cell lines (CRO-AP/3 and CRO-AP/5) which carry infection by human herpesvirus type-8 (HHV-8) and have derived from AIDS-related primary effusion lymphoma (PEL).@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 973466103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These two cell lines are representative of different virologic subtypes of PEL, i.e. HHV-8+/EBV- PEL in the case of CRO-AP/3 and HHV-8+/EBV+ PEL in the case of CRO-AP/5.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 973466104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with the diagnosis of PEL, both CRO-AP/3 and CRO-AP/5 expressed indeterminate (i.e. non-B, non-T) phenotypes although immunogenotypic studies documented their B-cell origin.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 973466105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both cell lines are devoid of genetic lesions of c-MYC, BCL-2 and p53 as well as gross rearrangements of BCL-6.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 973466106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Detailed histogenetic characterization of these novel PEL cell lines suggests that PEL may derive from a post-germinal centre B cell which has undergone pre-terminal differentiation.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 973466107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The CRO-AP/3 and CRO-AP/5 cell lines may provide a valuable model for clarifying the pathogenesis of PEL.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 973466108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In particular, these cell lines may help understand the relative contribution of HHV-8 and EBV to PEL growth and development and may facilitate the identification of recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities highlighting putative novel cancer related loci relevant to PEL.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 973634001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interferon-gamma-induced factor binding to the interleukin-4-responsive element of CD23b promoter in human tonsillar mononuclear cells: role in transient up-regulation of the interleukin-4-induced CD23b mRNA.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 973634002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Stimulation of human tonsillar mononuclear cells with interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) rapidly induced the activation of distinct nuclear factors with different mobilities, both of which bind the IL-4 response element (IL-4RE) of CD23b promoter as examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA).@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 973634003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Co-treatment of IL-4 and IFN-gamma induced, in addition to the two distinct complexes, a new complex with an intermediate mobility.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 973634004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The IL-4-induced complex reacted with anti-STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) 6, resulting in a supershift whereas the formation of the IFN-gamma-induced complex was inhibited by anti-STAT 1.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 973634005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The intermediate complex appeared to react with both anti-STAT 6 and anti-STAT 1.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 973634006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although IFN-gamma alone did not induce CD23 mRNA transcription, Northern blot analysis revealed a transient up-regulation of the IL-4-induced CD23 mRNA by IFN-gamma within 2 h of IFN-gamma treatment in these tonsillar cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 973634007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results suggest that the IL-4RE of the IL-4-inducible gene can accommodate both IL-4- and IFN-gamma-activated factors, such as STAT 6 and STAT 1, either in homodimeric or heterodimeric forms and the binding of these different proteins to the respective promoter may play a potential regulatory role in the IL-4-inducible gene expression.@@@@1@55@@oe@19-12-2010 973769301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Models of lineage switching in hematopoietic development: a new myeloid-committed eosinophil cell line (YJ) demonstrates trilineage potential.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 973769302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A new human leukemia cell line with an eosinophilic phenotype, designated YJ, was established from the peripheral blood cells of a patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMMoL) with eosinophilia.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 973769303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, most YJ cells were myeloblastoid with a small number of the cells having eosinophilic granules.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 973769304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell surface markers in the YJ cells were positive for CD33 and were negative for CD34, CD16 and CD23.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 973769305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The eosinophilic characteristics of YJ cells were confirmed by histochemical staining with Fast-Green/Neutral-Red and by the expression of mRNAs for eosinophil-associated granule proteins, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), and major basic protein (MBP), and for the Charcot-Leyden crystal (CLC) protein.@@@@1@61@@oe@19-12-2010 973769306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The YJ cells could be induced towards monocytic differentiation by stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA).@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 973769307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The monocytic characteristics of YJ cells treated with PMA were confirmed by morphological analysis with alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase staining, by CD14 expression, and by increased expression of Egr-1 mRNA.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 973769308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, YJ cells could be differentiated towards the neutrophil lineage by stimulation with all-trans retinoic acid (RA).@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 973769309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@YJ cells treated in vitro with 2 microM RA differentiated into metamyelocytes and band neutrophils, and increased the number of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-positive cells and increased gp91phox mRNA expression.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 973769310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the YJ cell line exhibited eosinophilic characteristics, but was able to differentiate to the monocytic or neutrophilic lineages in response to PMA or RA, respectively.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 973769311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of genes for transcription factors involved in myeloid differentiation was evaluated by Northern blot analysis.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 973769312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Increased expression of Egr-1 was observed with macrophage differentiation.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 973769313@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, increased expressions of C/EBPbeta and MZF-1 mRNA occurred with neutrophilic differentiation.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 973769314@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The YJ cell line should be useful for elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing lineage switching from the eosinophil to monocytic or neutrophil lineages.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010