974212001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The AD1 and AD2 transactivation domains of E2A are essential for the antiapoptotic activity of the chimeric oncoprotein E2A-HLF.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 974212002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The chimeric oncoprotein E2A-HLF, generated by the t(17;19) chromosomal translocation in pro-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, incorporates the transactivation domains of E2A and the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) DNA-binding and protein dimerization domain of HLF (hepatic leukemic factor).@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 974212003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ability of E2A-HLF to prolong the survival of interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent murine pro-B cells after IL-3 withdrawal suggests that it disrupts signaling pathways normally responsible for cell suicide, allowing the cells to accumulate as transformed lymphoblasts.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 974212004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine the structural motifs that contribute to this antiapoptotic effect, we constructed a panel of E2A-HLF mutants and programmed their expression in IL-3-dependent murine pro-B cells (FL5.12 line), using a zinc-inducible vector.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 974212005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Neither the E12 nor the E47 product of the E2A gene nor the wild-type HLF protein was able to protect the cells from apoptosis induced by IL-3 deprivation.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 974212006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surprisingly, different combinations of disabling mutations within the HLF bZIP domain had little effect on the antiapoptotic property of the chimeric protein, so long as the amino-terminal portion of E2A remained intact.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 974212007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the context of a bZIP domain defective in DNA binding, mutants retaining either of the two transactivation domains of E2A were able to extend cell survival after growth factor deprivation.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 974212008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the block of apoptosis imposed by E2A-HLF in pro-B lymphocytes depends critically on the transactivating regions of E2A.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 974212009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since neither DNA binding nor protein dimerization through the bZIP domain of HLF is required for this effect, we propose mechanisms whereby protein-protein interactions with the amino-terminal region of E2A allow the chimera to act as a transcriptional cofactor to alter the expression of genes regulating the apoptotic machinery in pro-B cells.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 974337001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Human T cell leukemia virus-I (HTLV-I) Tax-mediated apoptosis in activated T cells requires an enhanced intracellular prooxidant state.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 974337002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have shown that an estradiol-dependent activation of human T cell leukemia virus-I Tax leads to the inhibition of cell proliferation and to the induction of apoptosis.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 974337003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study demonstrates that a hormone-dependent activation of Tax promotes an enhanced prooxidant state in stably transfected Jurkat cells as measured by changes in the intracellular levels of glutathione and H2O2; these changes are followed by apoptotic cell death.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 974337004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Additional stimulation of the CD3/TCR pathway enhances the oxidative and apoptotic effects.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 974337005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both Tax-mediated apoptosis and oxidative stress can be potently suppressed by antioxidants, as is seen with the administration of recombinant thioredoxin (adult T cell leukemia-derived factor) or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 974337006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hormone-induced Tax activation induces a long-lasting activation of NF-kappaB, which is a major target of reactive oxygen intermediates.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 974337007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The long-term exposure of Jurkat cells to hormone eventually results in a selection of cell clones that have lost Tax activity.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 974337008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A subsequent transfection of these apparently "nonresponsive" clones allows the recovery of Tax responses in these cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 974337009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our observations indicate that changes in the intracellular redox status may be a determining factor in Tax-mediated DNA damage, apoptosis, and selection against the long-term expression of Tax function.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 974353501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upregulation of interleukin 6 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptors by transcription factor CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP alpha) is critical for granulopoiesis.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 974353502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytokines stimulate granulopoiesis through signaling via receptors whose expression is controlled by lineage-specific transcription factors.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 974353503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previously, we demonstrated that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptor mRNA was undetectable and granulocyte maturation blocked in CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha)-deficient mice.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 974353504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This phenotype is distinct from that of G-CSF receptor-/- mice, suggesting that other genes are likely to be adversely affected by loss of C/EBPalpha.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 974353505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we demonstrate loss of interleukin 6 (IL-6) receptor and IL-6-responsive colony-forming units (CFU-IL6) in C/EBPalpha-/- mice.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 974353506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The observed failure of granulopoiesis could be rescued by the addition of soluble IL-6 receptor and IL-6 or by retroviral transduction of G-CSF receptors, demonstrating that loss of both of these receptors contributes to the absolute block in granulocyte maturation observed in C/EBPalpha-deficient hematopoietic cells.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 974353507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results of these and other studies suggest that additional C/EBPalpha target genes, possibly other cytokine receptors, are also important for the block in granulocyte differentiation observed in vivo in C/EBPalpha-deficient mice.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 974675801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression status of BCL-6 and syndecan-1 identifies distinct histogenetic subtypes of Hodgkin's disease.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 974675802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tumor cells in most cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD) have been recently recognized to originate from the B-cell lineage, but their precise differentiation stage is not fully clarified.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 974675803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, we have reported that the histogenesis of B-cell lymphomas may be assessed by monitoring the expression pattern of BCL-6, a transcription factor expressed in germinal center (GC) B cells, and CD138/syndecan-1 (syn-1), a proteoglycan associated with post-GC, terminal B-cell differentiation.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 974675804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we have applied these two markers to the study of HD histogenesis.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 974675805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have found that in nodular lymphocyte predominance HD (NLPHD) tumor cells consistently display the BCL-6(+)/syn-1(-) phenotype, indicating their derivation from GC B cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 974675806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Conversely, classic HD (CHD) is heterogeneous because the tumor cells of a fraction of CHD display the BCL-6(-)/syn-1(+) phenotype of post-GC B-cells, whereas another fraction of CHD is constituted by a mixture of tumor cells reflecting the GC (BCL-6(+)/syn-1(-)) or post-GC (BCL-6(-)/syn-1(+)) phenotypes.@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 974675807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BCL-6(-)/syn-1(+) tumor cells of CHD are mostly found surrounded by T cells expressing CD40L, consistent with the observation that CD40 signaling downregulates BCL-6 expression.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 974675808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data indicate that tumor cells of NLPHD uniformly display a GC B-cell phenotype, whereas the phenotype of tumor cells of CHD appears to be modulated by the surrounding cellular background, particularly CD40L+ reactive T cells.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 974676001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel mutation in the coding sequence of the FY*B allele of the Duffy chemokine receptor gene is associated with an altered erythrocyte phenotype.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 974676002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Duffy blood group system is of clinical and biological significance.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 974676003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Antibodies to Duffy antigens are responsible for some cases of transfusion incompatibility and newborn hemolytic disease.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 974676004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Duffy protein is a receptor for the Plasmodium vivax erythrocyte-binding protein and is also a receptor for various chemokines (thus renamed Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines [DARC]).@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 974676005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The two Duffy polymorphic antigens, Fya and Fyb (coded by the FY*A and FY*B alleles), are present on erythrocyte membranes.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 974676006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Fy(a-b-) phenotype is the predominant one in populations of black people and also occurs in other populations, including some non-Ashkenazi Jewish groups.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 974676007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Fy(a-b-) phenotype has been associated with a mutation in the FY*B promoter at the GATA box that abolishes the expression of erythrocyte Duffy protein.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 974676008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We describe here a novel mutation, present in the FY*B coding sequence (271C --> T), that is associated with some Fy(b-) phenotypes among non-Ashkenazi Jews and among Brazilian blacks.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 974676009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mutation is present in Fy(b-) individuals, who have wild-type FY*B GATA and carry the previously described 304G --> A substitution.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 974676010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 271C --> T and 304G --> A can be identified by restriction enzyme-generated restriction fragment length polymorphisms.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 974676011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 271C --> T substitution represents a considerable change in chemical nature (Arg91 --> Cys), one which may affect the antigenic determinants of DARC, and thus be of clinical significance.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 974676012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mutation may have implications for some physiological roles of DARC and be of interest in malaria research and in studies of population genetics.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 974679101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-4 and -13 induce upregulation of the murine macrophage 12/15-lipoxygenase activity: evidence for the involvement of transcription factor STAT6.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 974679102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When human monocytes or alveolar macrophages are cultured in the presence of interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-13, the expression of the reticulocyte-type 15-lipoxygenase is induced.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 974679103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In mice a 15-lipoxygenase is not expressed, but a leukocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase is present in peritoneal macrophages.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 974679104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate whether both lipoxygenase isoforms exhibit a similar regulatory response toward cytokine stimulation, we studied the regulation of the leukocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase of murine peritoneal macrophages by interleukins and found that the activity of this enzyme is upregulated in a dose-dependent manner when the cells were cultured in the presence of the IL-4 or IL-13 but not by IL-10.@@@@1@61@@oe@19-12-2010 974679105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When peripheral murine monocytes that do not express the lipoxygenase were treated with IL-4 expression of 12/15-lipoxygenase mRNA was induced, suggesting pretranslational control mechanisms.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 974679106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, no upregulation of the lipoxygenase activity was observed when the macrophages were prepared from homozygous STAT6-deficient mice.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 974679107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peritoneal macrophages of transgenic mice that systemically overexpress IL-4 exhibited a threefold to fourfold higher 12-lipoxygenase activity than cells prepared from control animals.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 974679108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A similar upregulation of 12-lipoxygenase activity was detected in heart, spleen, and lung of the transgenic animals.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 974679109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, a strong induction of the enzyme was observed in red cells during experimental anemia in mice.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 974679110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data presented here indicate that (1) the 12-lipoxygenase activity of murine macrophages is upregulated in vitro and in vivo by IL-4 and/or IL-13, (2) this upregulation requires expression of the transcription factor STAT6, and (3) the constitutive expression of the enzyme appears to be STAT6 independent.@@@@1@56@@oe@19-12-2010 974679111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cytokine-dependent upregulation of the murine macrophage 12-lipoxygenase and its induction during experimental anemia suggests its close relatedness with the human reticulocyte-type 15-lipoxygenase despite their differences in the positional specificity of arachidonic acid oxygenation.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 975174801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BCL-6 mutations in normal germinal center B cells: evidence of somatic hypermutation acting outside Ig loci.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 975174802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The molecular mechanism involved in the process of antigen-driven somatic hypermutation of Ig genes is unknown, but it is commonly believed that this mechanism is restricted to the Ig loci.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 975174803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@B cell lymphomas commonly display multiple somatic mutations clustering in the 5'-regulatory region of BCL-6, a proto-oncogene encoding for a POZ/Zinc finger transcriptional repressor expressed in germinal center (GC) B cells and required for GC formation.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 975174804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine whether BCL-6 mutations represent a tumor-associated phenomenon or reflect a physiologic mechanism, we screened single human tonsillar GC B cells for mutations occurring in the BCL-6 5'-noncoding region and in the Ig variable heavy chain sequences.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 975174805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thirty percent of GC B cells, but not naive B cells, displayed mutations in the 742 bp region analyzed within the first intron of BCL-6 (overall frequency: 5 x 10(-4)/bp).@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 975174806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Accordingly, an expanded survey in lymphoid malignancies showed that BCL-6 mutations are restricted to B cell tumors displaying GC or post-GC phenotype and carrying mutated Ig variable heavy chain sequences.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 975174807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that the somatic hypermutation mechanism active in GC B cells physiologically targets non-Ig sequences.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 975664301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of T cell anergy by high concentrations of immunodominant native peptide is accompanied by IL-10 production and a block in JNK activity.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 975664302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ability to induce anergy in antigen-specific T cells has potential therapeutic value for altering pathologic immune responses.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 975664303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study was undertaken to further analyze changes in cytokine production and intracellular signaling during anergy induction using high concentrations of native peptide ligand of tetanus toxoid (TT)- and myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific human T cell lines.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 975664304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The TT-selected T cell line could be rendered unresponsive to its dominant epitope in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 0.03 microg/ml).@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 975664305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The TT-selected line, as well as three T cell clones established from this line, continued to produce IFN-gamma and significantly increased IL-4 and IL-10 production when anergy was induced with high concentrations of the immunodominant epitope.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 975664306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@JNK enzymatic activity was blocked in anergized T cells.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 975664307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The MBP-selected line could likewise be rendered unresponsive by incubation with supraoptimal concentrations of immunodominant peptide and anergy induction was accompanied by IL-10 release.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 975664308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both T cell lines could be anergized by the autopresentation of native peptide since anergy was induced in cultures lacking fresh antigen-presenting cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 975664309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This study shows that the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade is blocked when anergy is induced to high concentrations of soluble peptide.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 975664310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Copyright 1998 Academic Press.@@@@1@5@@oe@19-12-2010 975986401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Carboxyl-terminal 15-amino acid sequence of NFATx1 is possibly created by tissue-specific splicing and is essential for transactivation activity in T cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 975986402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NFAT regulates transcription of a number of cytokine and other immunoregulatory genes.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 975986403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have isolated NFATx, which is one of four members of the NFAT family of transcription factors and is preferentially expressed in the thymus and peripheral blood leukocytes, and an isoform of NFATx, NFATx1.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 975986404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we provide evidence showing that 15 amino acids in the carboxyl-terminal end of NFATx1 are required for its maximum transactivation activity in Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 975986405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A fusion between these 15 amino acids and the GAL4 DNA binding domain was capable of transactivating reporters driven by the GAL4 DNA binding site.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 975986406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, this 15-amino acid transactivation sequence is well conserved in NFAT family proteins, although the sequences contiguous to the carboxyl-terminal regions of the NFAT family are much less conserved.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 975986407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also report three additional isoforms of NFATx, designated NFATx2, NFATx3, and NFATx4.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 975986408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This transactivation sequence is altered by tissue-specific alternative splicing in newly isolated NFATx isoforms, resulting in lower transactivation activity in Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 975986409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NFATx1 is expressed predominantly in the thymus and peripheral blood leukocyte, while the skeletal muscle expressed primarily NFATx2.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 975986410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In Jurkat cells, transcription from the NFAT site of the IL-2 promoter is activated strongly by NFATx1 but only weakly by NFATx2.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 975986411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data demonstrate that the 15-amino acid sequence of NFATx1 is a major transactivation sequence required for induction of genes by NFATx1 in T cells and possibly regulates NFAT activity through tissue-specific alternative splicing.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 976361601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The interleukin 2 receptor alpha chain/CD25 promoter is a target for nuclear factor of activated T cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 976361602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The expression of the murine interleukin (IL)-2 receptor alpha chain/CD25 is strongly induced at the transcriptional level after T cell activation.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 976361603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here that nuclear factor of activated T cell (NF-AT) factors are involved in the control of CD25 promoter induction in T cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 976361604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-ATp and NF-ATc bind to two sites around positions -585 and -650 located upstream of the proximal CD25 promoter.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 976361605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immediately 3' from these NF-AT motifs, nonconsensus sites are located for the binding of AP-1-like factors.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 976361606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutations of sites that suppress NF-AT binding impair the induction and strong NF-ATp-mediated transactivation of the CD25 promoter in T cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 976361607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In T lymphocytes from NF-ATp-deficient mice, the expression of CD25 is severely impaired, leading to a delayed IL-2 receptor expression after T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 stimulation.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 976361608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data indicate an important role for NF-AT in the faithful expression of high affinity IL-2 receptors and a close link between the TCR-mediated induction of IL-2 and IL-2 receptor alpha chain promoters, both of which are regulated by NF-AT factors.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 976366101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Position effect of translocations involving the inactive X chromosome: physical linkage to XIC/XIST does not lead to long-range de novo inactivation in human differentiated cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 976366102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Given the reported long-range cis-inactivating effect of the XIST gene in early embryonic development and the lack of requirement of X-chromosome-specific elements for propagating the inactive state, there exists the possibility of cis inactivation of autosomal material after de novo translocation to an inactive X chromosome (Xi) in differentiated cells.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 976366103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have analyzed de novo radiation-induced translocations between the Xi and autosomes to study the maintenance and spreading of X-chromosome inactivation (X inactivation) in relation to the position of the X-inactivation center (XIC)/XIST in differentiated cells.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 976366104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Autosome/Xi translocations were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 976366105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation status of the chromosomes involved in the translocation was determined by simultaneous immunocytogenetic studies using antibodies against either BrdU incorporated at late S phase or acetylated histone H4.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 976366106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The position of XIC/XIST in the reciprocal products of the translocation was determined by XIST-specific FISH and computer enhancement.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 976366107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In other experiments, the Xq13 region carrying XIC/XIST was localized by computer enhancement of the DAPI banding pattern.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 976366108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our study in differentiated cells provides a visual demonstration that physical separation from XIC/XIST does not result in reactivation of inactive X-chromosome material and that X inactivation is not spread to the translocated autosomes irrespective of the position of XIC/XIST.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 976366109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This observation suggests that physical linkage to XIC/XIST does not lead to de novo inactivation of autosomal material.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 976542401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD4 promoter transactivation by human herpesvirus 6.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 976542402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The observation that human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) can induce CD4 gene transcription and expression in CD4(-) cells was reported several years ago (P.Lusso, A.De Maria, M.Malnati, F.Lori, S.E.DeRocco, M. Baseler, and R.C.Gallo, Nature 349:533-535, 1991) and subsequently confirmed (P.Lusso, M.S.Malnati, A.Garzino-Demo, R.W.Crowley, E. O.Long, and R.C.Gallo, Nature 362:458-462, 1993; G.Furlini, M. Vignoli, E.Ramazzotti, M.C.Re, G.Visani, and M.LaPlaca, Blood 87:4737-4745, 1996).@@@@1@96@@oe@19-12-2010 976542403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our objective was to identify the mechanisms underlying such phenomena.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 976542404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using reporter gene constructs driven by the CD4 promoter, we report that HHV-6 can efficiently transactivate such genetic elements.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 976542405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of the CD4 promoter occurs in the presence of the viral DNA polymerase inhibitor phosphonoformic acid, which limits expression to the immediate-early and early classes of viral genes.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 976542406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using deletion mutants and specific CD4 promoter mutants, we identified an ATF/CRE binding site located at nucleotides -67 to -60 upstream of the CD4 gene transcription start site that is important for HHV-6 transactivation.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 976542407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ATF/CRE site is also essential for CD4 promoter activation by forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 976542408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays and specific antibodies, we showed that CREB-1 binds specifically to the -79 to -52 region of the CD4 promoter.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 976542409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Last, we have identified two open reading frames (ORFs) of HHV-6, U86 and U89 from the immediate-early locus A, that can transactivate the CD4 promoter in HeLa cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 976542410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, transactivation of the CD4 promoter by ORFs U86 and U89 is independent of the CRE element, suggesting that additional HHV-6 ORFs are likely to contribute to CD4 gene activation.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 976542411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, our results will help to understand the complex interactions occurring between HHV-6 and the CD4 promoter and provide additional information regarding the class of transcription factors involved in the control of CD4 gene expression.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 976665301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor suppressor proteins as regulators of cell differentiation.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 976665302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The products of the tumor suppressor genes are considered to function as specific inhibitors of tumor cell growth.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 976665303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this communication, we present evidence to show that these proteins inhibit tumor cell proliferation by participating in the activation of tumor cell differentiation.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 976665304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The ML-1 human myeloblastic leukemia cells used in this study proliferate when treated with insulin-like growth factor I and transferrin but differentiate to monocytes when exposed to tumor necrosis factor alpha or transforming growth factor beta1, or to macrophage-like cells when treated with both these cytokines.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 976665305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Initiation of proliferation but not of differentiation was followed by a 20- to 25-fold increase in the nuclear level of the DNA polymerase-associated processivity factor PCNA and of the proliferation-specific transcription factor E2F1.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 976665306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, induction of differentiation but not of proliferation was followed by a 25- to 30-fold increase in the nuclear level of the tumor suppressor proteins p53 (wild type), pRb, and p130/Rb2 and of the p53-dependent cyclin kinase inhibitor p21/Cip1.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 976665307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@p53 and p21/Cip1, respectively, inhibit the expression and activation of PCNA, whereas p130 and pRb, respectively, inhibit the expression and activation of E2F1.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 976665308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As a result, G1-S-associated DNA and mRNA synthesis is inhibited, growth uncoupled from differentiation, and maturation enabled to proceed.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 976665309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Where this function of the tumor suppressor proteins is impaired, the capacity for differentiation is lost, which leads to the sustained proliferation that is characteristic of the cancer cell.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 976716501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@musculin: a murine basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor gene expressed in embryonic skeletal muscle.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 976716502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We describe the embryonic expression of musculin, a new murine member of the bHLH family of transcription factors.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 976716503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Musculin protein is closely related to human ABF-1, which is expressed in activated B cells, and to epicardin/capsulin/Pod-1, which is expressed in branchial myoblasts, visceral and urogenital mesoderm and epicardium.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 976716504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In situ hybridisation revealed musculin expression in embryos was largely restricted to the embryonic skeletal muscle lineage.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 976716505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@While all skeletal muscles expressed the gene, only a subset of myocytes within each muscle were positive, indicating molecular heterogeneity within fetal muscle.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 976716506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Copyright 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 976716507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All Rights Reserved.@@@@1@4@@oe@19-12-2010 976859401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of cytokine signaling in patients with extrinsic asthma and hyperimmunoglobulin E.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 976859402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND: Recent data suggest that the regulation of class switching to IgE by cytokines is mediated by STAT transcription factors.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 976859403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of IgE by IL-4 and IL-13 occurs through the activation of the intracellular signal-transducing protein Stat6, whereas the inhibition of IgE class switching by interferon-y (IFN-gamma) occurs through the activation of Statl.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 976859404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that in extrinsic asthma or in cases of markedly elevated IgE (ie, hyperimmunoglobulin E [HIE]) increased levels of IgE may be associated with alterations in the cytokine levels or the activation of Stat6.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 976859405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS: PBMCs and sera from 8 patients with extrinsic asthma (mean IgE, 285+/-100 IU/mL), 3 patients with HIE (mean IgE, 7050+/-1122 IU/mL), and 14 nonatopic control subjects (mean IgE, 112+/-28 IU/mL) were analyzed.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 976859406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: The mean IL-4 level detected by ELISA was much greater in patients with HIE than control subjects (88.6+/-11.5 pg/mL vs 11.5+/-7.1 pg/mL, P = .005), and increased IL-4 levels among patients with both asthma and HIE correlated with the increased IgE levels.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 976859407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, IL-13 levels were not elevated.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 976859408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Levels of Stat6 protein present in PBMCs did not differ in the patients and control subjects.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 976859409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Examination of Stat6 DNA-binding activity demonstrated no activation of IL-4 signaling in patients with either HIE or acute asthma.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 976859410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, evidence for the presence of B cells that have already switched to IgE was seen in PBMCs of several patients with asthma or HIE.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 976859411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSION: These results indicate that (1) IgE production in asthma and HIE usually is associated with elevated levels of IL-4, but not IL-13, in the peripheral blood; (2) the increased sera IL-4 levels in asthma and HIE are not sufficient to induce Stat6 activation in PBMCs; and (3) evidence of switch recombination to epsilon may be detected in isolated cases of elevated IgE.@@@@1@75@@oe@19-12-2010 976859412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This implies that high levels of IgE in these patients either results from B cells that have already undergone class switching, from Ig class switching that is localized to target tissues, or both.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 978014301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cross-priming of CTL responses in vivo does not require antigenic peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum of immunizing cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 978014302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It has been proposed that the cross-priming of CTL responses in vivo involves the transfer to host APCs of heat shock protein glycoprotein 96-chaperoned antigenic peptides released from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of dying or infected cells.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 978014303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have tested this possibility directly using TAP-deficient cell lines lacking antigenic ER peptides derived from two model Ags, the human adenovirus type 5 early regions E1A and E1B.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 978014304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although both proteins were well expressed, the cells were not recognized by E1A- or E1B-specific CTLs unless the relevant epitope was either provided exogenously as a synthetic peptide or targeted to the ER in a TAP-independent fashion.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 978014305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Despite the absence of these ER peptides, the TAP1-/- cells were able to efficiently cross-prime E1A- and E1B-specific CTLs following immunization of syngeneic mice.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 978014306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that, although purified peptide/glycoprotein 96 complexes are potent immunogens, the mechanism of CTL cross-priming in vivo does not depend upon antigenic peptides in the ER of immunizing cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 978014501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differential responsiveness of the IL-5 and IL-4 genes to transcription factor GATA-3.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 978014502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 are often coordinately produced by Th2 cells as in asthma.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 978014503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, it is unclear whether similar molecular mechanisms underlie transcription of the two genes.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 978014504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously shown that the transcription factor GATA-3 is expressed in Th2 but not Th1 cells and is crucial for activation of the IL-5 promoter by different stimuli.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 978014505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a different study, GATA-3 was shown to be sufficient for the expression of IL-4 and other Th2 cytokine genes.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 978014506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we show that ectopic expression of GATA-3 is sufficient to drive IL-5 but not IL-4 gene expression.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 978014507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Also, in Th2 cells, antisense GATA-3 RNA inhibits IL-5 but not IL-4 promoter activation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 978014508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of IL-5 gene expression by GATA-3 involves high affinity binding of GATA-3 to an inverted GATA repeat in the IL-5 promoter.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 978014601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GATA-3-dependent enhancer activity in IL-4 gene regulation.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 978014602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previously, we analyzed the proximal IL-4 promoter in directing Th2-specific activity.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 978014603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An 800-base pair proximal promoter conferred some Th2-selective expression in transgenic mice.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 978014604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, this region directed extremely low reporter mRNA levels relative to endogenous IL-4 mRNA, suggesting that full gene activity requires additional enhancer elements.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 978014605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we analyzed large genomic IL-4 regions for enhancer activity and interaction with transcription factors.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 978014606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The proximal IL-4 promoter is only moderately augmented by GATA-3, but certain genomic regions significantly enhanced GATA-3 promoter transactivation.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 978014607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Some enhancing regions contained consensus, GATA sites that bound Th2-specific complexes.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 978014608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, retroviral transduction of GATA-3 into developing T cells induced IL-5 to full Th2 levels, but only partially restored IL-4 production.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 978014609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, we propose that GATA-3 is permissive, but not sufficient, for full IL-4 enhancement and may act through GATA elements surrounding the IL-13/IL-4 gene locus.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 978371201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Seminoma in a postmenopausal woman with a Y;15 translocation in peripheral blood lymphocytes and a t(Y;15)/45,X Turner mosaic pattern in skin fibroblasts.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 978371202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We report an unusual case of a 55 year old Japanese woman with a seminoma but relatively normal menses.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 978371203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The patient was a phenotypic female with late onset menarche (18 years of age), who was amenorrhoeic for the first year, followed by menses of one to three days' slight flow with dysmenorrhoea, but an otherwise normal menstrual history.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 978371204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A typical seminoma was removed from the left adnexal region and an immature testis was identified separately as an associated right adnexal mass.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 978371205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Repeated karyotypic studies on peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures showed only 46,X,-Y,t(Y;15)(q12;p13).@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 978371206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytogenetic examination of the patient's younger brother, who had fathered three healthy children, showed an identical karyotype.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 978371207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mosaicism of 46,X,-Y,t(Y;15)(q12;p13)/45,X cell lines was found in skin samples from the patient's elbow and genital regions, although there were no clinical stigmata of Turner syndrome.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 978371208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An androgen receptor binding assay of cultured genital skin fibroblasts was negative.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 978371209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Molecular analysis using Southern blot hybridisation, PCR, and direct DNA sequencing showed that neither the patient nor her brother had a detectable deletion or other abnormalities of Y chromosome sequences, including the SRY (sex determining region of the Y chromosome) gene sequence.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 978371210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest that Turner mosaicism of the 45,X cell line may have contributed to this atypical presentation in an XY female, although we cannot exclude abnormalities of other genes related to sex differentiation.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 978466701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@c-fos and c-jun mRNA expression in activated cord and adult lymphocytes: an analysis by Northern hybridization.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 978466702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To further analyze the neonatal immune response to an antigenic challenge such as blood transfusion, c-fos and c-jun mRNA expression were analyzed in twelve in-vitro-stimulated normal cord blood and ten in-vitro-stimulated normal adult peripheral blood lymphocyte samples.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 978466703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lymphocyte samples were stimulated by either the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or the monoclonal antibody alphaCD3.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 978466704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proliferation rate and Northern blot hybridization were employed.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 978466705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: Cord lymphocytes revealed a greater proliferation rate with PHA and alphaCD3 than adult lymphocytes (p = 0.0081 and 0.0023, respectively).@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 978466706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, Northern blot analysis of cord and adult samples revealed similar maximal increases in c-fos (99+/-15 and 126+/-11%, p = 0.0126) and c-jun (123+/-9 and 185+/-38%, p = 0.0291) mRNA expression, respectively, as early as 15 min post-alphaCD3 stimulation.@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 978466707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Adult lymphocytes showed an equivalent increase in mRNA expression of c-fos and c-jun (140+/-25 and 155+/-31%) at 30 min post-PHA stimulation, while cord lymphocyte maximum c-fos and c-jun expression (82+/-6 and 142+/-12%) occurred at 15 min post-PHA stimulation (c-fos, p = 0.0354; c-jun, p = 0.0112).@@@@1@59@@oe@19-12-2010 978466708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSION: Although cord lymphocyte proliferation rates were significantly greater than those of adult lymphocytes following stimulation, lymphocyte activation, as analyzed by c-fos and c-jun mRNA expression, appears similar in both cord and adult samples.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 978466709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that cord lymphocyte activation exhibits an adult-type profile.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 978718501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differential regulation of coproporphyrinogen oxidase gene between erythroid and nonerythroid cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 978718502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPO) catalyzes the sixth step of the heme biosynthetic pathway.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 978718503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To assess the tissue-specific regulation of the CPO gene promoter, mouse genomic DNA clones for CPO were isolated.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 978718504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Structural analysis demonstrated that the mouse CPO gene spans approximately 11 kb and consists of seven exons, just like its human counterpart.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 978718505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional analysis of the promoter by transient transfection assays indicated that synergistic action between an SP-1-like element at -21/-12, a GATA site at -59/-54, and a novel regulatory element, CPRE (-GGACTACAG-) at -49/-41, is essential for the promoter activity in murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells.@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 978718506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In nonerythroid NIH3T3 cells, however, the GATA site is not required.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 978718507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Gel mobility shift assays demonstrated that specific DNA-protein complexes can be formed with each element, and that there are cell-specific differences in factors, which bind to the SP-1-like element between MEL and NIH3T3 cells.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 978718508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results provide evidence for differential regulation of the promoter function of CPO gene between erythroid and nonerythroid cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 978718509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Copyright 1998 by The American Society of Hematology@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 979154101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of caspases in T cell development and the control of immune responses.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 979154102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Apoptosis is responsible for the removal of potentially autoreactive or useless T cells during thymic selection and activated T cells in the periphery.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 979154103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Specific families of receptors, kinases, transcription factors, and cysteine proteases, termed caspases, are involved in the apoptotic cascade leading to proteolysis of specific substrates and to morphological changes associated with programmed cell death.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 979154104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although common members of the apoptotic cascade are shared between different cell types, it appears that cell-specific factors can influence the response to a given apoptotic stimuli.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 979154105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization and understanding of the basic mechanisms involved in the different pathways protecting or leading to cell death may provide novel ways to control inappropriate apoptosis involved in several diseases.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 979214201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin 1beta mediates the modulatory effects of monocytes on LNCaP human prostate cancer cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 979214202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proliferative and secretory responses in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer LNCaP cells are regulated by steroid and peptide hormones and by differentiation-promoting substances.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 979214203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study, we evaluated whether peripheral blood monocytes that exhibit anti-tumour activity in haematopoietic and solid tumours influence growth and secretion in the LNCaP cell line.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 979214204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@For this purpose, LNCaP cells were incubated with monocyte-conditioned medium (MCM), and proliferation as well as expression of androgen receptor (AR) and secretion of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were assessed.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 979214205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Conditioned medium from monocytes reduced proliferation in a dose-dependent manner.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 979214206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Incubation with 40% MCM caused a 50% reduction in cell proliferation.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 979214207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AR protein decreased by 70% and PSA levels in supernatants from LNCaP cells were reduced by approximately 80% following treatment with MCM.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 979214208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We focused on the contribution of two major products of activated monocytes, prostaglandin E2 and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), to the MCM modulatory action.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 979214209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LNCaP cells treated with prostaglandin E2 showed neither a reduction in proliferation nor a down-regulation of AR and PSA levels.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 979214210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effects of MCM on cellular proliferation, AR protein and PSA secretion were abolished by pretreatment of MCM with a neutralizing anti-IL-1beta antibody.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 979214211@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, recombinant IL-1beta was able to replace MCM for the inhibition of proliferation and down-regulation of AR and PSA proteins.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 979214212@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LNCaP cells were shown to express the IL-1beta receptor type 1, which transduces IL-1beta signal.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 979214213@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our findings reveal that monocyte-derived IL-1beta inhibits the proliferation of androgen-responsive prostate tumour cells and reduces AR and PSA levels.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 979229401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Identification of transcription factors expressed during ATRA-induced neutrophil differentiation of HL60 cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 979229402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A recent clinical therapeutic initiative has been the use of chemical agents which induce the leukaemic cells to overcome their block in differentiation.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 979229403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to understand this block the cascade of molecular events needs to be characterized.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 979229404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Haemopoietic differentiation is ultimately controlled at the level of gene transcription which is mediated by an array of transcription factors.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 979229405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Many transcription factors contain similar structural protein sequences, and we have used an RT-PCR-based approach to isolate sequences, from transcription factor gene families which share similar domains.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 979229406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Degenerate primers corresponding to the TFIIIA zinc-finger consensus amino acid sequences and to the POU-homeodomain and POU-specific domain were used to amplify genes on the basis that they contained similarities in structural motifs shared within these families of transcription factors.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 979229407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A serum-independent HL60 cell line was induced towards the neutrophil lineage by treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) for 24 h.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 979229408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD38+ cells committed towards this lineage were enriched and a population of these cells treated with dihydroxyvitamin D3 to induce neutrophil maturation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 979229409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RNA extracted from uninduced, ATRA-induced CD38+ cells, and vitamin D3 treated maturing cell cultures were amplified using the degenerate primers.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 979229410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PCR fragments were cloned, sequenced, clustered into homologous groups, and the group sequences searched on the GenBank database.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 979229411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Oct 1 transcription factor, and a very close homologue, KIAA0144, was identified using the POU family primers.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 979229412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The zinc-finger primers identified three zinc-finger genes.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 979229413@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The pattern of gene expression was suggested from the number of clones in each group at neutrophil commitment and maturation.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 979229414@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The differential expression of the genes in the zinc finger and POU families will lead to a better understanding of the cascade of gene expression which occurs following ATRA-induced differentiation.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 979424101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signalling into the T-cell nucleus: NFAT regulation.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 979424102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) plays an important role in T-cell biology.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 979424103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of T cells results in the rapid calcineurin-dependent translocation of NFAT transcription factors from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 979424104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This translocation process coupled to the subsequent active maintenance of NFAT in the nucleus compartment is critical for the induction of expression of several genes encoding cytokines and membrane proteins that modulate immune responses.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 979424105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The molecular cloning of the NFAT family of transcription factors has facilitated rapid progress in the understanding of the signalling mechanisms that control the activity of NFAT.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 979438601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A mouse carrying genetic defect in the choice between T and B lymphocytes.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 979438602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transgenic mice with human CD3epsilon gene have been shown to exhibit early arrest of T cell development in the thymus.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 979438603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The present study shows that, instead of T cells, B cells are generated in the thymus of a line, tg epsilon26, of the human CD3epsilon transgenic mice.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 979438604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The accumulation of mature B cells in the thymus was found only in tg epsilon26 mice, not in other human CD3epsilon transgenic mouse lines or other T cell-deficient mice, including CD3-epsilon knockout mice and TCR-beta/TCR-delta double knockout mice.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 979438605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hanging drop-mediated transfer into 2-deoxyguanosine-treated thymus lobes showed that lymphoid progenitor cells rather than thymus stromal cells were responsible for abnormal B cell development in tg epsilon26 thymus, and that tg epsilon26 fetal liver cells were destined to become B cells in normal thymus even in the presence of normal progenitor cells undergoing T cell development.@@@@1@58@@oe@19-12-2010 979438606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that lymphoid progenitor cells in tg epsilon26 mice are genetically defective in thymic choice between T cells and B cells, generating B cells even in normal thymus environment.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 979438607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, tg epsilon26 thymocytes expressed GATA-3 and TCF-1, but not LEF-1 and PEBP-2alpha, among T cell-specific transcription factors that are involved in early T cell development, indicating that GATA-3 and TCF-1 expressed during thymocyte development do not necessarily determine the cell fate into T cell lineage.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 979438608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, tg epsilon26 mice provide a novel mouse model in that lineage choice between T and B lymphocytes is genetically defective.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 979441401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of protein kinase C signaling in activated DRA transcription.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 979441402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Expression of human MHC HLA-DRA class II gene can be up-regulated in B cells by Ig cross-linking as well as by phorbol esters such as 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA).@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 979441403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induced DRA expression involves activation of restricted protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, resulting in activated activator protein-1-dependent transcription.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 979441404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this report expression profiles and activation of PKC were analyzed in human Raji B lymphoblastoid cells.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 979441405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient transfection analysis with target plasmids containing either DRA promoter (wild-type or mutated) or TPA response elements demonstrated that pretreatment with the selective PKC inhibitor GF 109203X repressed TPA-mediated activation.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 979441406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Western analysis performed on cellular fractions of resting cells and of TPA-activated cells revealed abundant expression of classical PKC-alpha (cPKC-alpha), cPKC-betaII, and atypical PKC-zeta isoforms and identified a sustained translocation of cPKC-alpha and cPKC-betaII from the cytosolic compartment to membranes.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 979441407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As expected, the distribution of atypical PKC-zeta was unaffected by TPA treatment and displayed an even distribution between cytosol and membranes.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 979441408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This finding was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 979441409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The TPA-mediated translocation of cPKC-alpha and cPKC-betaII was not influenced by pretreatment with GF 109203X.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 979441410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, functional activation and translocation of PKC were investigated with a selective in vitro kinase assay.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 979441411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Together, these results show that activated HLA-DRA expression in response to TPA treatment is strictly dependent on PKC activation acting on the X2 box of the DRA promoter and that selective inhibition of PKC enzymatic activity does not influence subcellular localization of expressed PKC isoenzymes.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 979441412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the translocation event per se occurs independently of PKC activation in these cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 979442201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Attenuation of HLA-DR expression by mononuclear phagocytes infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is related to intracellular sequestration of immature class II heterodimers.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 979442202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@MHC class II expression was examined in macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 979442203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IFN-gamma increased the surface expression of class II molecules in THP-1 cells and this was markedly reduced in cells infected with M. tuberculosis.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 979442204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Despite this effect, steady state levels of HLA-DRalpha, HLA-DRbeta, and invariant (Ii) chains were equivalent in control and infected cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 979442205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Metabolic labeling combined with pulse-chase experiments and biochemical analysis showed that the majority of class II molecules in infected cells became resistant to endoglycosidase H, consistent with normal Golgi processing.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 979442206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, results of intracellular staining and dual color confocal microscopy revealed a significant defect in transport of newly synthesized class II molecules through the endocytic compartment.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 979442207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, compared with findings in control cells, class II molecules in infected cells colocalized to a minimal extent with a lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1+ endosomal compartment.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 979442208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, in contrast to control cells, class II molecules in infected cells failed to colocalize with endocytosed BSA under conditions where this marker is known to label late endosomes, lysosomes, and the MHC class II compartment.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 979442209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with defective transport along the endocytic pathway, the maturation of SDS-stable class II alphabeta dimers--dependent upon removal of Ii chain and peptide loading of class II dimers in the MHC class II compartment--was markedly impaired in M. tuberculosis-infected cells.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 979442210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings indicate that defective transport and processing of class II molecules through the endosomal/lysosomal system is responsible for diminished cell surface expression of MHC class II molecules in cells infected with M. tuberculosis.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 979481501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The nuclear receptor PPARgamma - bigger than fat.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 979481502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Work reported over the past year has provided insights into the mechanisms whereby ligand activation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) regulates systemic glucose and lipid homeostasis.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 979481503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@PPARgamma has also been implicated recently in the biology of monocytes and in cell-cycle regulation and cancer.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 979481504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids bind and activate PPARgamma, suggesting that these lipids may serve as hormonal regulators of a variety of biological processes.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 980047501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@[Molecular mechanism of cytokine gene expression in Th1 and Th2]@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 980047502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upon activation by antigens, helper T cells differentiate into one of several subsets, characterized by their distinct cytokine-production patterns.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 980047503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Among these subsets, Th1 cells are known to activate cellular immunity resulting in inflammatory response, whereas Th2 cells induce humoral and allergic responses and suppress inflammation.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 980047504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Th1 and Th2 effector functions and their development are attributable to their distinct cytokine expression patterns.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 980047505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent reports have demonstrated that differential expression of cell surface molecules, such as adhesion molecule and chemokine receptor, is involved in their recruitment into target tissues.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 980047506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is, therefore, suggested that clarification of the mechanisms of differential gene expression in Th1/Th2 should lead to rational strategies for manipulating pathological immune responses.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 980047507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of helper T cells mediated by the T cell receptor induces a series of biochemical events.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 980047508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Among them, both the activation of PKC/Ras- and CaM/CN-mediated pathways play a central role in the signal transduction of cytokine gene expression.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 980047509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Closer examination using non-transformed murine Th1 and Th2 clones suggested that a balance between the activities of the two signaling pathways contributes to cytokine gene expression.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 980047510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We propose that one of the targets of PGE2, whose effect distinguishes Th1 from Th2, resides in the downstream PKC/Ras-mediated pathway.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 980115501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GATA-3 represses gp91phox gene expression in eosinophil-committed HL-60-C15 cells.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 980115502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To study the regulatory mechanism of gp91phox gene expression in eosinophils, we transiently transfected eosinophil-committed HL-60-C15 cells with gp91phox promoter constructs, and identified a negative element from bp -267 to -246 of the gp91phox gene, the deletion of which caused an 83% increase in promoter activity.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 980115503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoresis mobility shift assays demonstrated GATA-3 binds to the GATA consensus site from bp -256 to -250.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 980115504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An 81% increment in promoter activity was obtained when a mutation was introduced in the GATA-3 binding site of the bp -267 to +12 construct, which is comparable to that of the bp -245 to +12 construct.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 980115505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We therefore conclude that GATA-3 specifically binding to the GATA site negatively regulates the expression of the gene in HL-60-C15 cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 980842101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Detection of oestrogen receptor variants in endometrium, myometrium, leiomyoma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells: comparison to variants present in breast cancer.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 980842102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Oestradiol has mitogenic and regulatory effects on various organs and cells, mediated mainly by its nuclear receptor (ER).@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 980842103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The presence of aberrant ER forms in Oestrogen-dependent tumours has been discussed in correlation with tumour progression.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 980842104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ER variants, generated by alternative splicing, have been detected in human breast cancer, but also in normal mammary glands, therefore their role in tumorigenesis has been questioned.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 980842105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have investigated, by the use of the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction amplification technique, the possible existence of ER variants in other normal oestrogen target organs and cells, such as uterus (myometrium and endometrium), in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in a benign uterus tumour (leiomyoma).@@@@1@56@@oe@19-12-2010 980842106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have detected variant ER in these samples and have compared the variant profile to that observed in breast cancer.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 980842107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All tissues and cells studied expressed both wild-type ER and variant species.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 980842108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Variant forms encompassed ER with deletions of exons 2, 5 and 7.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 980842109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Variants with exon 5 deleted were detected only in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in breast cancer.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 980842110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Variants with exons 2 and 7 deleted were present in all specimens tested.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 980842111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results corroborate previous findings that the presence of ER variants is not a characteristic of breast cancer.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 980842112@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The physiological significance and possible clinical relevance of the variant ER forms remain to be elucidated.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 981152501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin 2 and 15 activate Stat3alpha in human T lymphocytes.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 981152502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) has recently been shown to exist in two alternatively spliced isoforms, a short form, Stat3beta, and a longer form, Stat3alpha, displaying differences in transcriptional activity.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 981152503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is unknown which Stat3 isoform(s) is activated in response to interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 981152504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, cytokine-induced activation of Stat3 in previously activated CD4(+) human T cells was examined using Stat3 antibodies directed against different regions of Stat3.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 981152505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As determined by tyrosine phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and binding to an hSIE-oligonucleotide probe, IL-2 and IL-15 activated the slowly migrating isoform, Stat3alpha.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 981152506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, minimal or no activation of Stat3beta was observed, suggesting that IL-2 and IL-15 predominantly activate Stat3alpha in human CD4(+) T cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 981152507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this way, diversity in the expression and activation of Stat3 proteins may provide additional means of regulating cytokine-induced T cell responses.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 981152508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Copyright 1998 Academic Press.@@@@1@5@@oe@19-12-2010 981196601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Promoter sequence, exon:intron structure, and synteny of genetic location show that a chicken cytokine with T-cell proliferative activity is IL2 and not IL15.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 981196602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The gene encoding a chicken cytokine with T-cell proliferative activity was cloned, sequenced, and mapped.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 981196603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results show that this cytokine is chicken IL2 and not IL15.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 981196604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The exon:intron structure of chicken IL2 corresponds almost exactly to those of mammalian IL2s with the exceptions of exon 2 and introns 2 and 3 which are shorter.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 981196605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Chicken IL2 contains five repeats of the "instability" motif ATTTA in the 3'untranslated region in exon 4.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 981196606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is a single-copy gene, with neither structural (amino acid) nor promoter sequence polymorphisms identified.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 981196607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence suggests that overall protein structure is conserved, but the receptor binding sites are not.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 981196608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A number of potential regulatory sequences similar to those found in mammals have been identified in the promoter.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 981196609@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These include (5'-3') a composite NF-AT/ "AP-1" element, a CD28 response element, an AP-1 element, an NF-AT element, and the AP-1 part of an AP-1/octamer composite element.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 981196610@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mammalian NF-kappaB and octamer binding sites seem to be absent, although there are alternative potential NF-kappaB and octamer-binding elements in the chicken IL2 promoter, in close proximity to their mammalian homologues.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 981196611@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sequence comparisons also predict other potential transcription factor binding sites as yet undescribed in mammalian IL2 promoters.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 981196612@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A Taq I polymorphism was identified which enabled chicken IL2 to be mapped to chromosome 4, linked to ANX5, with synteny with mouse chromosome 3 and human chromosome 4.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 981196613@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is the first non-mammalian cytokine gene to be mapped.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 981525801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vivo function of an interleukin 2 receptor beta chain (IL-2Rbeta)/IL-4Ralpha cytokine receptor chimera potentiates allergic airway disease.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 981525802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Strength of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, coreceptors, costimulation, antigen-presenting cell type, and cytokines all play crucial roles in determining the efficiency with which type 2 T lymphocytes (Th2, Tc2) develop from uncommitted precursors.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 981525803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To investigate in vivo regulatory mechanisms that control the population of type 2 T cells and disease susceptibility, we have created lines of transgenic mice in which expression of a chimeric cytokine receptor (the mouse interleukin 2 receptor beta chain [IL-2Rbeta] extracellular domain fused to the cytoplasmic tail of IL-4Ralpha) is targeted to the T lymphoid lineage using the proximal lck promoter.@@@@1@68@@oe@19-12-2010 981525804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This chimera transduced IL-4-specific signals in response to IL-2 binding and dramatically enhanced type 2 responses (IL-4, IL-5, and immunoglobulin E production) upon in vitro TCR stimulation or in vivo antigen challenge.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 981525805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, type 2 effector function was augmented by IL-4 signals transduced through a chimeric receptor expressed in a T cell-specific manner.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 981525806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This influence was sufficient for establishment of antigen-induced allergic airway hyperresponsiveness on a disease-resistant background(C57BL/6).@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 981562801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunohistochemical study of c-fos-positive lymphocytes infiltrated into human squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck during radiation therapy and its clinical significance.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 981562802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@C-fos has been reported to be one of the immediate early genes in signal transduction systems after many kinds of stresses, including ionizing radiation.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 981562803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Changes in c-fos expression induced by radiation therapy in tumor tissues have not yet been reported.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 981562804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we have attempted to determine whether c-fos expression is induced by radiotherapy in human squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck and to establish a possible correlation between c-fos expression and the therapeutic effects of radiation therapy.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 981562805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Twenty-seven patients with tumors of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and maxillary sinus were examined, all of which were confirmed as squamous cell carcinomas.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 981562806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After obtaining the patients' informed consent, biopsies were performed before treatment and at doses of 4, 10, and 20 Gy of radiotherapy, and the specimens were preserved in liquid nitrogen for further examination.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 981562807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Serial sectioning of 6 micrometer was performed using a cryostat, and samples were immunohistochemically stained using the streptoavidin-biotin peroxidase method and a monoclonal antibody against c-fos.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 981562808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three of the 27 patients with squamous cell carcinoma showed slight expression of c-fos in their tumor cells before and/or at 4 or 10 Gy of radiotherapy.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 981562809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The tumors showed high radiosensitivity.@@@@1@6@@oe@19-12-2010 981562810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Concerning tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, the rate of moderate or remarkable grades of c-fos-positive lymphocytes before radiotherapy and at radiation doses of 4, 10, and 20 Gy was 8.0, 29.2, 4.8, and 0%, respectively.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 981562811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The relationship between the immunohistochemical findings and the antitumor effect at a radiation dose of 20 Gy was examined on the corresponding H&E-stained sections.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 981562812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In patients whose infiltration of c-fos-positive lymphocytes into tumor tissues were moderate or remarkable at 4 Gy of radiotherapy, the tumors responded significantly well to radiation therapy (P < 0.025, chi2 test), and the patients took a significantly favorable clinical course (P < 0.05, chi2 test).@@@@1@55@@oe@19-12-2010 981562813@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In a sample from one of the patients, c-fos-positive lymphocytes were identified as CD4 positive and CD8 negative.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 981562814@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, the high radiosensitivity of squamous cell carcinomas in our samples could be explained by an overexpression of c-fos in the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes induced by small doses of radiation therapy, and these activated lymphocytes exerted a cytotoxic effect against the cancer cells.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 981620801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lack of T-cell-mediated recognition of the fusion region of the pml/RAR-alpha hybrid protein by lymphocytes of acute promyelocytic leukemia patients.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 981620802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In previous studies, it was shown that the fusion region of the pml/RAR-alpha protein, expressed by acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells, can be specifically recognized in vitro by donor (D. E.) CD4 T cells in a HLA class II DR11-restricted fashion.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 981620803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We present here the results on the recognition of several pml/RAR-alpha peptides by APL patients expressing HLA DR11.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 981620804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The in vitro immunization of peripheral blood lymphocytes from four patients in remission (S. R., F. R., M. M., P. G.) with BCR1/25, a 25-mer pml/RAR-alpha, did not elicit either a polyclonal or a clonal immune response specific to the peptide.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 981620805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We then generated new donor anti-pml/RAR-alpha CD4(+) T-cell clones.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 981620806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These clones were tested for their recognition of BCR1/25.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 981620807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One clone (C3/5, CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(-)) was selected for further analysis.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 981620808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clone C3/5 showed specific proliferation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) production when challenged with autologous lymphoblastic cell lines pulsed with peptide BCR1/25.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 981620809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@C3/5 cells developed specific proliferation and cytotoxicity when challenged with peptide-pulsed lymphoblastic cell lines and peripheral blood lymphocytes from the four DR11(+) APL patients.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 981620810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@APL blasts, available only from patients F. R. and P. G., were not lysed by C3/5 and were unable to present peptide BCR1/25.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 981620811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Incubation of APL cells with IFN-gamma failed to induce HLA class II molecules and recognition by the C3/5 clone.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 981620812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since APL cells do not express HLA class II molecules, we tested in two donors (D. E. and C. H. R.) and in patients S.R.and P.G.whether the use of 9-mer peptides (BCR1/9) would generate a CD8/HLA class I-restricted response.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 981620813@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No peptide-specific T-cell line or clone could be generated from both donors and patients.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 981620814@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings are discussed in relation to possible therapeutic approaches to the immunotherapy of APL.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 981939001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The T-cell oncogenic protein HOX11 activates Aldh1 expression in NIH 3T3 cells but represses its expression in mouse spleen development.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 981939002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hox11 is a homeobox gene essential for spleen formation in mice, since atrophy of the anlage of a developing spleen occurs in early embryonic development in Hox11 null mice.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 981939003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@HOX11 is also expressed in a subset of T-cell acute leukemias after specific chromosomal translocations.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 981939004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since the protein has a homeodomain and can activate transcription, it probably exerts at least some of its effects in vivo by regulation of target genes.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 981939005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Representational difference analysis has been used to isolate cDNA clones corresponding to mRNA species activated following stable expression of HOX11 in NIH 3T3 cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 981939006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The gene encoding the retinoic acid-synthesizing enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (Aldh1), initially called Hdg-1, was found to be ectopically activated by HOX11 in this system.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 981939007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Study of Aldh1 gene expression during spleen development showed that the presence of Aldh1 mRNA inversely correlated with Hox11.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 981939008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hox11 null mouse embryos have elevated Aldh1 mRNA in spleen primordia prior to atrophy, while Aldh1 seems to be repressed by Hox11 during organogenesis of the spleens of wild-type mice.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 981939009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This result suggests that expression of Aldh1 protein is negatively regulated by Hox11 and that abnormal expression of Aldh1 in Hox11 null mice may cause loss of splenic precursor cells by aberrant retinoic acid metabolism.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 982602801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Triptolide induces apoptotic death of T lymphocyte.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 982602802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Extract of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f (TWHf) has immunosuppressive activity and has been used as anti-inflammatory agent in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 982602803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent studies have demonstrated that triptolide is the major active component in the extract that inhibits antigen or mitogen-induced T cell proliferation.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 982602804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In attempting to investigate its effect on activation of T lymphocytes, we found triptolide induces apoptotic death of T cell hybridomas and peripheral T cells but not that of thymocytes.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 982602805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The triptolide-induced apoptosis is accompanied by increase of DEVD-cleavable caspases activity and degradation of caspase substrate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP).@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 982602806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A specific inhibitor of caspases, zVAD-FMK, prevents triptolide-induced PARP degradation and DNA fragmentation but not growth arrest.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 982602807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, enforced expression of Bcl-2 inhibited triptolide-induced degradation of PARP and apoptosis.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 982602808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that triptolide induces T cell apoptosis through activating caspases, and suggest the growth arrest and apoptotic effect of triptolide may contribute to the immunosuppressive activity of TWHf extract.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 982653901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Spi-1/PU.1 proto-oncogene induces opposite effects on monocytic and erythroid differentiation of K562 cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 982653902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Spi-1/PU.1 is a hematopoietic transcription factor of the Ets family.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 982653903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To analyze the effects of ectopic expression of spi-1 on the proliferation/differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells, K562 cells were stably transfected with a spi-1 expression vector.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 982653904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transfected cell lines expressed elevated levels of spi-1 mRNA and protein and high Spi-1-DNA binding activity.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 982653905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The spi-1 transfected cells showed reduced growth rates and reduced clonogenic cell growth.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 982653906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When the erythroid and monocytic differentiation markers were analyzed, spi-1 overexpression resulted in opposite effects: erythroid differentiation was significantly inhibited in spi-1 transfectants, while spi-1 overexpression increased the monocytic differentiation of cells.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 982653907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate a differential role of Spi-1 on the differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 982653908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Copyright 1998 Academic Press.@@@@1@5@@oe@19-12-2010 982812101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human gene encoding the lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor (OLR1) is a novel member of the natural killer gene complex with a unique expression profile.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 982812102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LOX-1 is an endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein that plays essential roles in atherogenesis.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 982812103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@LOX-1 has the highest homology with C-type lectin receptors expressed on natural killer cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 982812104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study, we cloned and characterized the human LOX-1 gene (HGMW-approved symbol OLR1).@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 982812105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The gene structure of LOX-1 resembles that of the natural killer cell receptors.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 982812106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fluorescence in situ hybridization and analyses of a yeast artificial chromosome contig revealed that the human LOX-1 gene is located in the natural killer gene complex on chromosome 12p12-p13, where the genes of the natural killer cell receptors cluster.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 982812107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the expression pattern of LOX-1 is different from that of the natural killer cell receptors; LOX-1 is expressed in vascular-rich organs, but not in lymphocytes.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 982812108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A 1753-bp fragment of the 5' flanking region of the LOX-1 gene had a functional promoter activity.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 982812109@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This region contains binding sites for several transcription factors, including the STAT family and NF-IL6, and the expression of LOX-1 was upregulated by several cytokines.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 982812110@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrate that the human LOX-1 gene is a new member of the natural killer gene complex with a unique expression profile.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 982812111@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Copyright 1998 Academic Press.@@@@1@5@@oe@19-12-2010 983117001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thrombopoietin and its receptor.@@@@1@5@@oe@19-12-2010 983117002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thrombopoietin (TPO), the primary physiological regulator of platelet production, was initially thought to be a lineage-specific factor acting predominantly on megakaryocytopoiesis.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 983117003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Detailed studies establish that this cytokine mediates biological effects on a broad spectrum of hematopoietic progenitor cells, including stem cells.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 983117004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@TPO is a hormone constitutively produced mainly by the liver and kidney.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 983117005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Plasma TPO levels are regulated by the platelet and megakaryocyte mass through Mpl receptor binding, internalization and degradation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 983117006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Mpl receptor is a member of the hematopoietin receptor superfamily lacking intrinsic kinase activity.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 983117007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Upon ligand-induced Mpl homodimerization, the major signaling events for proliferation are mediated through the JAK2/STAT5 pathway, while differentiation might occur through a prolonged activation of the MAPK pathway.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 983117008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate the potential use of TPO in a variety of contexts, but it is too early to evaluate its benefit in reducing platelet transfusion.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 983186501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differential activation of functionally distinct STAT5 proteins by IL-5 and GM-CSF during eosinophil and neutrophil differentiation from human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 983186502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin-5 (IL-5) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are important cytokines for the proliferation, differentiation, and activation of myeloid lineages.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 983186503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The JAK/STAT pathway is one of the signaling pathways implicated in mediating biological responses induced by these cytokines.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 983186504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous studies have demonstrated that these cytokines predominantly activate an 80 kDa STAT5 isoform in mature granulocytes.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 983186505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To better understand the role of STAT proteins during growth and differentiation of granulocytes, we evaluated differentiation of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells ex vivo toward eosinophils and neutrophils.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 983186506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Bandshift experiments showed that in an early stage of both differentiation pathways (14 days), the 94 kDa STAT5B protein was activated by both IL-5 (eosinophil lineage) and GM-CSF (neutrophil lineage).@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 983186507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, during maturation of both lineages (days 21 and 28), increased expression of a functionally distinct 80 kDa STAT5 isoform was observed, resulting in heterodimer DNA-binding complexes containing both the 94 and 80 kDa STAT5 proteins.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 983186508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The finding that functionally distinct isoforms of STAT5 are activated during the early and late differentiation stages of granulocytes suggests that they might be involved in regulating different biological functions in these cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 983405501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BASH, a novel signaling molecule preferentially expressed in B cells of the bursa of Fabricius.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 983405502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The bursa of Fabricius is a gut-associated lymphoid organ that is essential for the generation of a diversified B cell repertoire in the chicken.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 983405503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We describe here a novel gene preferentially expressed in bursal B cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 983405504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The gene encodes an 85-kDa protein, designated BASH (B cell adaptor containing SH2 domain), that contains N-terminal acidic domains with SH2 domain-binding phosphotyrosine-based motifs, a proline-rich domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 983405505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BASH shows a substantial sequence similarity to SLP-76, an adaptor protein functioning in TCR-signal transduction.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 983405506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BASH becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated with the B cell Ag receptor (BCR) cross-link or by coexpression with Syk and Lyn and associates with signaling molecules including Syk and a putative chicken Shc homologue.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 983405507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Overexpression of BASH results in suppression of the NF-AT activation induced by BCR-cross-linking.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 983405508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest that BASH is involved in BCR-mediated signal transduction and could play a critical role in B cell development in the bursa.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 983800001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Conserved elements containing NF-E2 and tandem GATA binding sites are required for erythroid-specific chromatin structure reorganization within the human beta-globin locus control region.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 983800002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proper expression of the genes of the human beta-globin gene locus requires the associated locus control region (LCR).@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 983800003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Structurally, the LCR is defined by the presence of four domains of erythroid-specific chromatin structure.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 983800004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These domains, which have been characterized as DNase I hypersensitive sites (HSs), comprise the active elements of the LCR.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 983800005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The major focus of this research is to define the cis -acting elements which are required for the formation of these domains of unique chromatin structure.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 983800006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our previous investigations on the formation of LCR HS4 demonstrated that NF-E2 and tandem, inverted GATA binding sites are required for the formation of the native HS.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 983800007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similarly arranged NF-E2 and tandem GATA sites are present within the core regions of the other human LCR HSs and are evolutionarily conserved.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 983800008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using site-directed mutagenesis of human HSs 2 and 3 we have tested the hypothesis that these NF-E2 and GATA sites are common requirements for the formation of all LCR HSs.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 983800009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We find that mutation of these elements, and particularly the GATA elements, results in a decrease or complete loss of DNase I hypersensitivity.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 983800010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data imply the presence of common structural elements within the core of each LCR HS which are required for erythroid-specific chromatin structure reorganization.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 984296301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Heterogeneous expression of the lipocalin NGAL in primary breast cancers.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 984296302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have previously shown that neu oncogene-initiated rat mammary carcinomas uniquely over-express neu-related lipocalin (NRL), a member of the calycin protein superfamily.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 984296303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we characterize the putative human homolog of NRL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL).@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 984296304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@ngal gene expression was found at moderate levels in only 2 of 17 human tissues examined, breast and lung.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 984296305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When breast cancers were examined for NGAL mRNA and protein levels, they were found to exhibit heterogeneous expression.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 984296306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NGAL levels varied in these tumors from undetectable to exceeding those in normal breast parenchyma.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 984296307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immuno-histochemical analysis confirmed the presence of NGAL within breast carcinoma cells but detected only low levels of this protein in normal ductal epithelium.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 984296308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, large amounts of the protein were localized to the lumen of normal breast ducts in the vicinity of NGAL-expressing tumors.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 984296309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, unlike NRL in rat mammary carcinomas, no significant association between NGAL expression and HER-2/neu activation was found in human breast tumors.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 984296310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, a significant correlation between NGAL expression in breast cancer was found with several other markers of poor prognosis, including estrogen and progesterone receptor-negative status and high proliferation (S-phase fraction).@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 984296311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NGAL levels were stratified as high or low in breast cancers from a cohort of node-positive patients with known outcome.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 984296312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No significant association between NGAL expression and disease-free or overall survival was observed.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 984536201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Host control of HIV-1 parasitism in T cells by the nuclear factor of activated T cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 984536202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Post HIV-1 entry, productive HIV-1 infection of primary T cells requires overcoming several cellular blocks to provirus establishment and replication.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 984536203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Activation of unknown host intracellular events overcomes such inhibitory steps and is concomitant with HIV-1 replication.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 984536204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that the transcription factor NFATc was sufficient as a cellular factor to induce a highly permissive state for HIV-1 replication in primary CD4+ T cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 984536205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NFATc overcame a blockade at reverse transcription and permitted active HIV-1 replication.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 984536206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Pharmacologic blockade of endogenous NFAT activity by FK506 or CsA inhibited synthesis of reverse transcription and also potently blocked HIV-1 replication.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 984536207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cells therefore can become competent for HIV-1 replication by control of regulated host factors such as the NFATc transcription factor.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 984536208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The host mechanisms regulated by such permissivity factors are potential targets for anti-HIV-1 therapy.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 984648101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Adaptor function for the Syk kinases-interacting protein 3BP2 in IL-2 gene activation.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 984648102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Syk-family tyrosine kinases are essential for lymphocyte development and activation.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 984648103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify Syk kinases-interacting proteins (SKIPs), we isolated 3BP2, an Abl SH3-interacting protein of unknown function.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 984648104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@3BP2 was selectively expressed in hematopoietic/lymphoid tissues and bound via its SH2 domain activated Syk-family kinases in mammalian cells, including in antigen receptor-stimulated T cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 984648105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition to Zap-70, the 3BP2 SH2 domain associated in vitro with LAT, Grb2, PLCgamma1, and Cbl from activated T cell lysates.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 984648106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transient 3BP2 overexpression induced transcriptional activation of the IL-2 promoter and its NFAT or AP-1 elements.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 984648107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This activity was dependent on the SH2 and pleckstrin-homology domains of 3BP2, and required functional Syk kinases, Ras, and calcineurin.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 984648108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, 3BP2 is an important adaptor that may couple activated Zap-70/Syk to a LAT-containing signaling complex involved in TCR-mediated gene transcription.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 984648201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of PAK activation and the T cell cytoskeleton by the linker protein SLP-76.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 984648202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tyrosine phosphorylation of linker proteins enables the T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-associated protein tyrosine kinases to phosphorylate and regulate effector molecules that generate second messengers.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 984648203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate here that the SLP-76 linker protein interacts with both nck, an adaptor protein, and Vav, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho-family GTPases.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 984648204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The assembly of this tri-molecular complex permits the activated Rho-family GTPases to regulate target effectors that interact through nck.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 984648205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In turn, assembly of this complex mediates the enzymatic activation of the p21-activated protein kinase 1 and facilitates actin polymerization.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 984648206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Hence, phosphorylation of linker proteins not only bridges the TCR-associated PTK, ZAP-70, with downstream effector proteins, but also provides a scaffold to integrate distinct signaling complexes to regulate T cell function.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 984649501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Inhibition of Th1 development mediated by GATA-3 through an IL-4-independent mechanism.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 984649502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, the transcription factor GATA-3 was shown to be selectively expressed in Th2 but not Th1 cells and to augment Th2-specific cytokines.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 984649503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we show that loss of GATA-3 expression by developing Th1 cells requires IL-12 signaling through Stat4 and does not simply result from an absence of IL-4.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 984649504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, we demonstrate a novel role for GATA-3 in directly repressing Th1 development distinct from its positive actions on Th2-specific cytokines.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 984649505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GATA-3 inhibits Th1 cytokines by a cell-intrinsic mechanism that is not dependent on IL-4 and that may involve repression of IL-12 signaling.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 984649506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, GATA-3 expression and IL-12 signaling are mutually antagonistic, which facilitates rapid dominance of one pathway during early Th development, producing a stable divergence in cytokine profiles.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 984733701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Accessing Epstein-Barr virus-specific T-cell memory with peptide-loaded dendritic cells.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 984733702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The conventional means of studying Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) memory, by in vitro stimulation with the latently infected autologous lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL), has important limitations.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 984733703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@First, it gives no information on memory to lytic cycle antigens; second, it preferentially amplifies the dominant components of latent antigen-specific memory at the expense of key subdominant reactivities.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 984733704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we describe an alternative approach, based on in vitro stimulation with epitope peptide-loaded dendritic cells (DCs), which allows one to probe the CTL repertoire for any individual reactivity of choice; this method proved significantly more efficient than stimulation with peptide alone.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 984733705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using this approach we first show that reactivities to the immunodominant and subdominant lytic cycle epitopes identified by T cells during primary EBV infection are regularly detectable in the CTL memory of virus carriers; this implies that in such carriers chronic virus replication remains under direct T-cell control.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 984733706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We further show that subdominant latent cycle reactivities to epitopes in the latent membrane protein LMP2, though rarely undetectable in LCL-stimulated populations, can be reactivated by DC stimulation and selectively expanded as polyclonal CTL lines; the adoptive transfer of such preparations may be of value in targeting certain EBV-positive malignancies.@@@@1@54@@oe@19-12-2010 984970901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors on mononuclear leukocytes in polycystic ovary syndrome.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 984970902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@OBJECTIVE: Many studies have suggested that there is a possible hormonal dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and an increased cortisol clearance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 984970903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore in this study, we have examined the role of glucocorticoid receptor/s (GR) characteristics in the developing of these abnormalities in patients with PCOS.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 984970904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHOD: For this purpose, the number and affinity of GR in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) of 10 patients with PCOS and 10 healthy women (controls) were determined.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 984970905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the number (6500+/-1001 sites/cell and 6352+/-1697 sites/cell, respectively; P > 0.05) and affinity (3.93+/-0.89 nM and 4.49+/-0.71 nM, respectively; P > 0.05) of GR between the PCOS patients and the controls.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 984970906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the alterations in the HPA axis and in the cortisol metabolism observed in PCOS are not related to GR deficiency.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 984988001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive association of JAK1 and STAT5 in pro-B cells is dissolved by interleukin-4-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of both proteins.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 984988002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The bipartite human interleukin-4 (IL-4) receptor was functionally expressed in murine pro-B cells and activated by human IL-4 to evoke intracellular signaling.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 984988003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutual association of signal transducing proteins within the receptor complex was then studied in dependence of ligand stimulation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 984988004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Besides ligand-induced receptor heterodimerization and contacts of the two IL-4 receptor subunits alpha and gamma with Janus kinases JAK1 and JAK3 a prominent constitutive binding between JAK1 and signal transducer and activator of transcription STAT5 was detected.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 984988005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since both these proteins become phosphorylated in response to IL-4 receptor stimulation, the influence of tyrosine phosphorylation on their mutual contact was analyzed.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 984988006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Association of JAK1 and STAT5 was found to occur exclusively between unphosphorylated proteins.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 985085001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The linkage between T-cell and dendritic cell development in the mouse thymus.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 985085002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thymic dendritic cells (DC) mediate negative selection at a relatively late stage of the T-cell developmental pathway.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 985085003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We present evidence that the development of thymic DC and of T-lineage cells is linked via a common precursor at an early stage of thymocyte development.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 985085004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T-lineage precursor populations from the adult mouse thymus, prior to T-cell receptor gene rearrangement, display a capacity to produce DC as well as T cells in the thymus, and are very efficient precursors of DC in culture.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 985085005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These lymphoid/DC precursors have little capacity to form myeloid cells, indicating that thymic DC are a lymphoid-related rather than myeloid-related lineage.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 985085006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast to myeloid-related DC, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is not required for the development of these lymphoid-related DC in vivo or in vitro.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 985085007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DC can develop in mutant mice lacking mature T cells, provided the common precursors are present.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 985085008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, in mutant mice lacking functional Ikaros transcription factors, there are deficiencies in lymphoid precursor cells, in mature lymphoid cells and in DC.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 985297101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Isolation and utilization of human dendritic cells from peripheral blood to assay an in vitro primary immune response to varicella-zoster virus peptides.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 985297102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A human dendritic cell-based assay used to monitor a T cell proliferation response to viral peptides in vitro is described.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 985297103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dendritic cells and autologous CD4+ T cells were isolated from peripheral blood by a series of density-gradient centrifugations or magnetic bead separations (or both).@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 985297104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peptides corresponding to residues of the immediate early protein, IE62, of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) were used as stimulating antigens, and persons with no history of varicella and no humoral or cellular immunity to VZV served as naive donors for the assays.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 985297105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three VZV-susceptible donors were tested, and all demonstrated an in vitro response to multiple VZV peptides.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 985297106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This assay has potential as a screen to establish the immunogenicity of viral antigens in vitro using T cells from naive donors.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 985468001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The modulation of glucocorticoid receptor content by 3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport in human mononuclear leukocyte in obesity.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 985468002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and 3-O-methyl-D glucose (3-O-MG) transport were determined in mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) from 11 abdominal obese subjects, 10 pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome (Cushing's disease) and 10 healthy controls.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 985468003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using a whole-cell competitive binding assay and 3H-dexamethasone as tracer, MNL of abdominal obese subjects were found to have 4855 +/- 1389 sites/cell which was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than controls (6234 +/- 1568 sites/cell), although no significant difference was found in the mean serum cortisol level.@@@@1@55@@oe@19-12-2010 985468004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Their mean Kd (affinity) was also significantly lower than that found in the healthy controls (obese Kd:2.92 +/- 0.84 nmol/l, control Kd: 4.55 +/- 0.67 nM, p < 0.05).@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 985468005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the other hand, the receptor characteristics in Cushing's disease patients were within the normal range.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 985468006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At the same time, 3-O-MG transport was determined in the same subjects.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 985468007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In Cushing's disease, 3-O-MG transport was within the normal range, whereas in abdominal obesity this value was significantly lower than the healthy controls (abdominal obese: 31.90 +/- 8.20; control: 46.26 +/- 12.91 fmol/10(6) cell, min, p < 0.05).@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 985468008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We also found a positive correlation between 3-O-MG transport and GR binding capacity in abdominal subjects (r = 0.89, p < 0.001), however we did not find such a correlation in Cushing's disease (r = 0.60, p > 0.05).@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 985468009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicated that, in abdominal obesity, the GR binding capacity in MNL is influenced by the changes in glucose transport.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 985707401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Down-regulation of human granzyme B expression by glucocorticoids.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 985707402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dexamethasone inhibits binding to the Ikaros and AP-1 regulatory elements of the granzyme B promoter.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 985707403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The serine protease granzyme B is an essential component of the granule exocytosis pathway, a major apoptotic mechanism used by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells to induce target cell apoptosis.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 985707404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Granzyme B gene transcription is induced in activated lymphocytes upon antigenic stimulation, and several regulatory regions including CBF, AP-1, and Ikaros binding sites have been shown to be essential in the control of granzyme B promoter activation.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 985707405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid that is widely used as an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits granzyme B mRNA transcript in phytohemagglutinin-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 985707406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transfection of a reporter construct containing the -148 to +60 region of the human granzyme B promoter demonstrated that this region was the target for dexamethasone repression.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 985707407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutation of Ikaros or AP-1 binding sites in the context of the granzyme B promoter demonstrated that both sites participate in dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of the granzyme B promoter activity.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 985707408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electromobility shift assay revealed that dexamethasone abolished the binding of nuclear transcription factors to the Ikaros binding site and reduced AP-1 binding activity.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 985707409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that dexamethasone is able to abrogate the transcriptional activity of the human granzyme B gene promoter by inhibiting the binding of nuclear factors at the AP-1 and Ikaros sites.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 985856301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The B29 (immunoglobulin beta-chain) gene is a genetic target for early B-cell factor.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 985856302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Early B-cell factor (EBF) is a transcription factor suggested as essential for early B-lymphocyte development by findings in mice where the coding gene has been inactivated by homologous disruption.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 985856303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This makes the identification of genetic targets for this transcription factor pertinent for the understanding of early B-cell development.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 985856304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The lack of B29 transcripts, coding for the beta subunit of the B-cell receptor complex, in pro-B cells from EBF-deficient mice suggested that B29 might be a genetic target for EBF.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 985856305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We here present data suggesting that EBF interacts with three independent sites within the mouse B29 promoter.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 985856306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, ectopic expression of EBF in HeLa cells activated a B29 promoter-controlled reporter construct 13-fold and induced a low level of expression from the endogenous B29 gene.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 985856307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, mutations in the EBF binding sites diminished B29 promoter activity in pre-B cells while the same mutations did not have as striking an effect on the promoter function in B-cell lines of later differentiation stages.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 985856308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that the B29 gene is a genetic target for EBF in early B-cell development.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 985861901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interdomain B in ZAP-70 regulates but is not required for ZAP-70 signaling function in lymphocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 985861902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 plays an important role in T-cell activation and development.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 985861903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After T-cell receptor stimulation, ZAP-70 associates with the receptor and is phosphorylated on many tyrosines, including Y292, Y315, and Y319 within interdomain B.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 985861904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previously, we demonstrated that Y292 negatively regulates ZAP-70 function and that Y315 positively regulates ZAP-70 function by interacting with Vav.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 985861905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent studies have suggested that Y319 also positively regulate ZAP-70 function.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 985861906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Paradoxically, removal of interdomain B (to create the construct designated Delta), containing the Y292, Y315, and Y319 sites, did not eliminate the ability of ZAP-70 to induce multiple gene reporters in Syk-deficient DT-40 B cells and ZAP-70/Syk-deficient Jurkat cells.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 985861907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show that Delta still utilizes the same pathways as wild-type ZAP-70 to mediate NF-AT induction.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 985861908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This is manifested by the ability of Delta to restore induction of calcium fluxes and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and by the ability of dominant negative Ras and FK506 to block the induction of NF-AT activity mediated by Delta.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 985861909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Biochemically we show that the stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Vav, Shc, and ZAP-70 itself is diminished, whereas that of Slp-76 is increased in cells reconstituted with Delta.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 985861910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Deletion of interdomain B did not affect the ability of ZAP-70 to bind to the receptor.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 985861911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The in vitro kinase activity of ZAP-70 lacking interdomain B was markedly reduced, but the kinase activity was still required for the protein's in vivo activity.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 985861912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Based on these data, we concluded that interdomain B regulates but is not required for ZAP-70 signaling function leading to cellular responses.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 985888001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In situ RT-PCR detection of Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early transcripts in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 985888002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AIDS-related Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated T cell lymphomas are emerging as a new, distinct histopathological entity.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 985888003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The pathway whereby EBV infects T cells as well as the initial EBV transcriptional program in T cells has not been established.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 985888004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In order to shed light on the early events of the EBV infection of T cells, we have used in situ reverse transcription based polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to study the initial EBV transcriptional program in homogeneous CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 985888005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Following EBV infection, Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) expression could be detected in T rosetting CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 985888006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Only a few cells showed viral capsid antigen (VCA).@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 985888007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EBV immediate-early gene transcripts (BZLF1, BRLF1, and BMLF1) encoded in the BamHI Z, R, and M fragments could be detected by in situ RT-PCR in the EBV producer cell line B95.8.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 985888008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both BZLF1 and BRLF1 immediate-early transcripts, but not BMLF1 transcript, could be detected in individual CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infected with EBV.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 985888009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Demonstration of EBV mRNA transcripts encoding immediate-early transcriptional transactivators in EBV-infected T cells provides the first evidence for a possible mechanism whereby EBV could contribute to T cell proliferation and EBV-associated T cell malignancies.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 986013701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Enhanced differentiation of HL-60 leukemia cells to macrophages induced by ciprofibrate.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 986013702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ciprofibrate, an hypolipidaemic peroxisome proliferator, induced differentiation of HL-60 cells.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 986013703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect was greatly potentiated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate at a concentration where neither phorbol ester nor ciprofibrate alone had any effect on these cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 986013704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@As occurs for HL-60 cell differentiation induced by high phorbol ester concentration, the ciprofibrate-induced phorbol ester-dependent differentiation of HL-60 cells proceeded through the monocytic/macrophage pathway and induced the phosphorylation of proteins with similar molecular weights suggesting that increased protein kinase C activity may be involved in the effect.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 986013705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARalpha) transcription factor is expressed in HL-60 cells, but no changes were observed in its expression upon HL-60 cell differentiation.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 986267301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD27/CD70 interaction augments IgE secretion by promoting the differentiation of memory B cells into plasma cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 986267302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of IgE switching in B cells requires several signals given by cytokines and cell contact-delivered signals.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 986267303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we investigated the role of CD27/CD70 interaction in B cell IgE synthesis.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 986267304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The addition of CD27 ligand (CD70) transfectants to B cell cultures increased the IgE synthesis synergistically in the presence of IL-4 plus anti-CD40 mAb (anti-CD40).@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 986267305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of CD70 transfectants was dose dependent and was completely blocked by anti-CD70 mAb.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 986267306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD27+ B cells had the ability to produce IgE, which was increased by contact with CD70 transfectants, whereas CD27- B cells did not produce IgE.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 986267307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD27/CD70 interaction enhanced B cell proliferation in the presence of IL-4 or IL-4 plus anti-CD40.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 986267308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The augmentation of B cell proliferation by CD70 transfectants was apparent in CD27+ B cells, but was mild in CD27- B cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 986267309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The helper activity for IgE synthesis by the CD27/CD70 interaction did not contribute to the enhancement of germline epsilon transcripts.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 986267310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Flow cytometric and morphological analyses demonstrated that the addition of CD70 transfectants to B cell cultures remarkably promoted differentiation into plasma cells in the presence of IL-4 and CD40 signaling.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 986267311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Finally, CD27 cross-linking resulted in the up-regulation of positive regulatory domain I-binding factor-1.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 986267312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, our findings indicate that signaling via CD27 on B cells induces IgE synthesis, in cooperation with IL-4 and CD40 signaling, by promoting the generation of plasma cells through up-regulation of positive regulatory domain I-binding factor-1.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 986268301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of Stat4 in species-specific regulation of Th cell development by type I IFNs.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 986268302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Type I IFNs (IFN-alpha/beta), in addition to IL-12, have been shown to play an important role in the differentiation of human, but not mouse, Th cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 986268303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here that IFN-alpha/beta act directly on human T cells to drive Th1 development, bypassing the need for IL-12-induced signaling, whereas IFN-alpha cannot substitute IL-12 for mouse Th1 development.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 986268304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The molecular basis for this species specificity is that IFN-alpha/beta activate Stat4 in differentiating human, but not mouse, Th cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 986268305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unlike IL-12, which acts only on Th1 cells, IFN-alpha/beta can activate Stat4 not only in human Th1, but also in Th2 cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 986268306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, restimulation of human Th2 lines and clones in the presence of IFN-alpha does not induce the production of IFN-gamma.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 986268307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that activation of Stat4, which is necessary for the differentiation of naive T cells into polarized Th1 cells, is not sufficient to induce phenotype reversal of human Th2 cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 986416301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mechanism of interleukin-10 inhibition of T-helper cell activation by superantigen at the level of the cell cycle.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 986416302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have analyzed the effects of interleukin-10 (IL-10) on the entry of quiescent CD4(+) T cells into the cell cycle upon stimulation with the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB).@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 986416303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-10 arrested cells at G0/G1.@@@@1@6@@oe@19-12-2010 986416304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-10 treatment prevented the downregulation of p27(Kip1), an inhibitory protein that controls progression out of the G0 phase of the cell cycle.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 986416305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-10 also prevented the upregulation of the G1 cyclins D2 and D3, proteins necessary for entry and progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 986416306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Associated with the inhibition of the cell cycle, IL-10 suppressed SEB induction of interleukin-2 (IL-2).@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 986416307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of exogenous IL-2 to IL-10-treated cells significantly reversed the antiproliferative effects of IL-10.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 986416308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, IL-10 effects on the early G1 proteins p27(Kip1) and cyclin D2 were similarly reversed by exogenous IL-2.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 986416309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although this reversal by IL-2 was pronounced, it was not complete, suggesting that IL-10 may have some effects not directly related to the suppression of IL-2 production.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 986416310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cell separation experiments suggest that IL-10 can effect purified CD4(+) T cells directly, providing functional evidence for the presence of IL-10 receptors on CD4(+) T cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 986416311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-10 also inhibited expression of IL-2 transcriptional regulators c-fos and c-jun, which also inhibit other cell functions.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 986416312@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our studies show that the mechanism of IL-10 regulation of quiescent CD4(+) T-cell activation is mainly by blocking induction of IL-2 that is critical to downregulation of p27(Kip1) and upregulation of D cyclins in T-cell activation and entry into the cell cycle.@@@@1@43@@oe@19-12-2010 986725501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Effect of environmental estrogens on IL-1beta promoter activity in a macrophage cell line.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 986725502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Environmental estrogens or estrogen disrupters have recently received a great deal of attention because of their potential health impact on reproductive tissues.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 986725503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Few, if any, studies have been made on the impact of these compounds on the immune system.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 986725504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We sought to determine the activities of various environmental estrogens on the modulation of the interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) gene in a model monocytic cell line, hER + IL-1beta-CAT+.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 986725505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This cell line stably transfected with the human estrogen receptor, and an IL-1beta promoter construct fused to the CAT reporter gene allows us to monitor the effect of estrogenic compounds on IL-1beta promoter activity.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 986725506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@17beta-estradiol (E2) markedly enhanced lipopolysaccharide- (LPS) induced IL-1beta promoter-driven CAT activity in a dose-dependent manner.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 986725507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mycotoxins alpha-zearalenol and zearalenone both exhibited full agonist activity, but at lower potencies, with EC50 values of 1.8 and 54 nM, respectively, compared with E2 at 0.5 nM.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 986725508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, genistein was a very low-potency agonist, having an EC50 of 1.5 microM.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 986725509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar to the E2 response, the slope factors for alpha-zearalenol, zearalenone, and genistein were close to 3.0, suggesting positive cooperativity in the estrogenic response.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 986725510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activity of the mycotoxins appeared to be mediated through the estrogen receptor, since both the antiestrogens H1285 and ICI 182,780 effectively inhibited their agonist activity in a dose-dependent manner.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 986725511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Representative environmental estrogenic compounds both from plant and industrial sources were also tested.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 986725512@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unlike the mycoestrogens, none of the compounds, with the exception of genistein, synergized with LPS to enhance IL-1beta promoter activity.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 986725513@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When tested for antiestrogenic activity, the industrial compound 4-octylphenol was able to antagonize the response to E2; however, the response was three orders of magnitude less potent than H 1285.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 986725514@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Naringenin, a plant flavonoid, showed little or no ability to antagonize the response to E2.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 986725515@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Overall, the results show that some environmental estrogens that display agonist activity in reproductive tissue also have an effect on IL-1 gene expression in hemopoietic-derived tissue.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 987058101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The position of the ZEBRA activation domain does not influence its biological activity.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 987058102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus which latently infects B lymphocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 987058103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@EBV encodes a unique transcriptional activator, known as ZEBRA, which can disrupt viral latency in B cells and induce lytic viral replication.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 987058104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, ZEBRA has been shown to bind at the EBV origin of lytic replication, and is necessary for viral DNA replication to occur.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 987058105@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previously we demonstrated that heterologous activation domains can fully substitute for the ZEBRA activation domain.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 987058106@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we extend those results by showing that the position of the ZEBRA activation domain or a heterologous replacement domain does not influence its ability to function in the disruption of EBV latency.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 987058107@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study three novel clones were constructed in which the ZEBRA activation region was repositioned to the carboxy terminus of the protein.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 987058108@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These mutants were used to demonstrate that the ability of ZEBRA's wild type domain to function in the complex biological process of virus activation is not compromised by altering its position within the protein.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 987293701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Functional testosterone receptors in plasma membranes of T cells.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 987293702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cells are considered to be unresponsive to testosterone due to the absence of androgen receptors (AR).@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 987293703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we demonstrate the testosterone responsiveness of murine splenic T cells in vitro as well as the presence of unconventional cell surface receptors for testosterone and classical intracellular AR.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 987293704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding sites for testosterone on the surface of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) subsets of T cells are directly revealed with the impeded ligand testosterone-BSA-FITC by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and flow cytometry, respectively.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 987293705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of the plasma membrane impermeable testosterone-BSA conjugate induces a rapid rise (<5 s) in [Ca2+]i of Fura-2-loaded T cells.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 987293706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This rise reflects influx of extracellular Ca2+ through non-voltage-gated and Ni2+-blockable Ca2+ channels of the plasma membrane.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 987293707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The testosterone-BSA-induced Ca2+ import is not affected by cyproterone, a blocker of the AR.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 987293708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, AR are not detectable on the surface of intact T cells when using anti-AR antibodies directed against the amino and carboxy terminus of the AR, although T cells contain AR, as revealed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions and Western blotting.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 987293709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AR can be visualized with the anti-AR antibodies in the cytoplasm of permeabilized T cells by using CLSM, though AR are not detectable in cytosol fractions when using the charcoal binding assay with 3H-R1881 as ligand.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 987293710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytoplasmic AR do not translocate to the nucleus of T cells in the presence of testosterone, in contrast to cytoplasmic AR in human cancer LNCaP cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 987293711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings suggest that the classical AR present in splenic T cells are not active in the genomic pathway.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 987293712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, the cell surface receptors for testosterone are in a functionally active state, enabling T cells a nongenomic response to testosterone.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 987532501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterisation of regulatory sequences at the Epstein-Barr virus BamHI W promoter.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 987532502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Epstein-Barr virus, a human gammaherpesvirus, possesses a unique set of latent genes whose constitutive expression in B cells leads to cell growth transformation.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 987532503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The initiation of this growth transforming infection depends on a viral promoter in BamHI W (Wp) whose regulation is poorly understood.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 987532504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Using Wp reporter constructs in in vitro transfection assays, we found that Wp was 11- to 190-fold more active in B cell than in non-B cell lines and that three regions of the promoter (termed UAS1, UAS2, and UAS3) contributed to transcriptional activation.@@@@1@49@@oe@19-12-2010 987532505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The upstream regions UAS3 (-1168 to -440) and UAS2 (-352 to -264) both functioned in a cell lineage-independent manner and were together responsible for the bulk of Wp activity in non-B cells; mutational analysis indicated the importance of a YY1 binding site in UAS2 in that context.@@@@1@53@@oe@19-12-2010 987532506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@By contrast, UAS1 (-140 to -87) was B cell specific and was the key determinant of the promoter's increased activity in B cell lines.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 987532507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mutational analysis of UAS1 sequences combined with in vitro bandshift assays revealed the presence of three binding sites for cellular factors in this region.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 987532508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When mutations that abolished factor binding in bandshift assays were introduced into a Wp reporter construct, the loss of any one of the three UAS1 binding sites was sufficient to reduce promoter activity by 10- to 30-fold in B cells.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 987532509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@From sequence analysis, two of these appear to be novel transcription factor binding sites, whereas the third was identified as a cyclic AMP response element (CRE).@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 987532510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data indicate that this CRE interacts with CREB and ATF1 proteins present in B cell nuclear extracts and that this interaction is important for Wp activity.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 987553701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factor binding to the core promoter of the human monoamine oxidase B gene in the cerebral cortex and in blood cells.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 987553702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Many studies show that monoamine oxidase B in blood cells is a biological marker for personality characteristics such as sensation seeking.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 987553703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mechanism underlying this association is so far not explored.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 987553704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study we have performed electrophoretic mobility-shift assays to investigate the pattern of protein binding to a 150 bp fragment of the proximal 5'-flanking region of the human monoamine oxidase B gene.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 987553705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We compared the pattern using nuclear extracts from human brain and lymphocytes.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 987553706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, a correlation was observed between monoamine oxidase B enzyme activity in blood cells (platelets) and the binding pattern of two uncharacterized transcription factors.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 987553707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data are well in line with the long-standing notion that interindividual differences in platelet monoamine oxidase may represent differences in expression of the enzyme rather than genotypic variation.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 988024001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@X chromosome inactivation patterns in normal females.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 988024002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Since one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated at an early stage of female embryonic development, X-linked markers have been used to study the origin and development of various neoplastic disorders in affected heterozygous women; clonality assays have provided a useful tool to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of neoplasia.@@@@1@58@@oe@19-12-2010 988024003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recently, a technique of clonal analysis has been devised that takes advantage of a highly polymorphic short tandem repeat within the X-linked human androgen receptor (AR) gene, resulting in a heterozygosity rate approaching 90%.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 988024004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The rapid expansion of the number of women now suitable for X inactivation analysis has however given rise to new controversies, one of the more troublesome being the possibility of a modification of the pattern of X- chromosome inactivation pattern in blood cells of elderly women.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 988024005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study we analyze with the AR assay a group of 166 healthy females aged between 8 and 94 years, with no history of genetic or neoplastic familial disorders.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 988024006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We failed to find any correlation between age and X- chromosome inactivation pattern (r = 0.17), even subdividing the subjects in different age groups according to the criteria used by other researchers, and therefore reaffirm that, when tested for with well-standardized and accurate criteria, extremely unbalanced inactivation of the X chromosome is a truly uncommon phenomenon in normal women.@@@@1@65@@oe@19-12-2010 988024007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Copyright 1998 Academic Press.@@@@1@5@@oe@19-12-2010 988197701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Direct suppression of Stat1 function during adenoviral infection.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 988197702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The action of adenoviral E1A oncoprotein on host immune-response genes has been attributed to interaction with p300/CBP-type transcriptional coactivators in competition with endogenous transcription factors such as signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 988197703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, we show that mutant forms of E1A that no longer bind p300/CBP can still interact directly with Stat1 (via E1A N-terminal and Stat1 C-terminal residues) and block IFNgamma-driven, Stat1-dependent gene activation and consequent function during early-phase infection in the natural host cell.@@@@1@48@@oe@19-12-2010 988197704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results provide a distinct and more specific mechanism for E1A-mediated immune suppression and an alternative model of IFNgamma-driven enhanceosome formation that may allow for other adaptors (in addition to p300/CBP) to link Stat1 to the basal transcription complex.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 988396601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Induction of the pro-myelocytic leukaemia gene by type I and type II interferons.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 988396602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The physiological role of the pro-myelocytic leukaemia (PML) gene product is poorly defined.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 988396603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Among other functions, PML is involved in haematopoietic differentiation and in control of cell growth and tumorigenesis.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 988396604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We investigated the regulation of human PML expression by interferons (IFNs) and IL-1 in various human haematopoietic lines (U937, THP1, HL60, NB4), in human diploid fibroblasts and in human peripheral blood leukocytes.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 988396605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cytokine-induced modulation of PML expression was assessed by Northern blot analyses, flow cytometry studies and in situ immunolabelling.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 988396606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data show that IFNs and IL-1 upregulate PML transcript and protein expression in a time and dose-dependent manner.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 988396607@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In situ immunolabelling revealed that upregulation of protein expression by IFN-alpha is a consequence of a marked increase in both the number and the intensity of the staining of so-called PML nuclear bodies.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 988396608@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our data suggest that stimulation of PML expression by interferons and IL-1 may account for upregulation of PML proteins observed in inflammatory tissues and in proliferative states.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 988521301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activity of the CCAAT-box binding factor NF-Y is modulated through the regulated expression of its A subunit during monocyte to macrophage differentiation: regulation of tissue-specific genes through a ubiquitous transcription factor.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 988521302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we analyzed the regulation of NF-Y expression during human monocyte to macrophage maturation.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 988521303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-Y is a ubiquitous and evolutionarily conserved transcription factor that binds specifically to the CCAAT motif present in the 5' promoter region of a wide variety of genes.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 988521304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show here that in circulating monocytes, NF-Y binding activity is not detected on the CCAAT motif present in the promoters of genes such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, gp91-phox, mig, and fibronectin, whereas during macrophage differentiation, a progressive increase in NF-Y binding activity is observed on these promoters.@@@@1@60@@oe@19-12-2010 988521305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of NF-Y subunit expression indicates that the absence of NF-Y activity in circulating monocytes is caused by a lack of the A subunit.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 988521306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, addition of the recombinant NF-YA subunit restores NF-Y binding.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 988521307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We show that the lack of NF-YA protein is due to posttranscriptional regulation and not to a specific proteolytic activity.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 988521308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In fact, NF-YA mRNA is present at the same level at all days of monocyte cultivation, whereas the protein is absent in freshly isolated monocytes but is progressively synthesized during the maturation process.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 988521309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We thus conclude that the NF-YA subunit plays a relevant role in activating transcription of genes highly expressed in mature monocytes.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 988521310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In line with this conclusion, we show that the cut/CDP protein, a transcriptional repressor that inhibits gpc91-phox gene expression by preventing NF-Y binding to the CAAT box, is absent in monocytes.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 988591701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mice lacking the transcription factor CIITA--a second look.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 988591702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have generated a second line of mice lacking a transcription factor thought to be a critical regulator of MHC class II gene expression, CIITA (for class II transactivator).@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 988591703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our and the previously published lines differ in the deletion that was engineered and by the fact that we removed the neomycin-resistance promoter and structural gene via the cre-loxP recombination system.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 988591704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Characterization of our line led to two new findings.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 988591705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@First, a substantial number of cells can express class II molecules in the absence of CIITA, albeit at 5-fold reduced levels, most notably dendritic cells in s.c. lymph nodes; therefore, the CIITA gene cannot be an absolute 'master gene' controlling the expression of class II molecules, as had been thought.@@@@1@60@@oe@19-12-2010 988591706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Second, in contrast to recent results on human cell lines, CIITA is not critically involved in the IFN-gamma-induced up-regulation of MHC class I genes.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 988643301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Comparison of primary sensitization of naive human T cells to varicella-zoster virus peptides by dendritic cells in vitro with responses elicited in vivo by varicella vaccination.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 988643302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dendritic cells (DC) are potent APC during primary and secondary immune responses.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 988643303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The first objective of this study was to determine whether human DC mediate in vitro sensitization of naive CD4+ T cells to epitopes of the immediate early 62 (IE62) protein of varicella zoster virus (VZV).@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 988643304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of CD4+ T cell proliferative responses to eight synthetic peptides representing amino acid sequences of the VZV IE62 protein was assessed using T cells and DC from VZV-susceptible donors.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 988643305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The second objective was to compare in vitro responses of naive T cells with responses to VZV peptides induced in vivo after immunization with varicella vaccine.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 988643306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cell proliferation was induced by three peptides, P1, P4, and P7, in 71-100% of the donors tested before and after vaccination using DC as APC.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 988643307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Monocytes were effective APC for VZV peptides only after immunization.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 988643308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two peptides, P2 and P8, induced naive T cell proliferation less effectively and were also less immunogenic for T cells from vaccinated or naturally immune donors.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 988643309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@T cell recognition of specific peptides was concordant between naive, DC-mediated responses, and postvaccine responses using monocytes as APC in 69% of comparisons (p = 0.05; chi2); the predictive value of a positive response to an IE62 peptide before immunization for T cell sensitization in vivo was 82%.@@@@1@57@@oe@19-12-2010 988643310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These observations indicate that primary T cell responses detected in vitro using DC as APC may be useful to characterize the potential immunogenicity of viral protein epitopes in vivo.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 988919801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of IL-4 expression by the transcription factor JunB during T helper cell differentiation.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 988919802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The molecular basis for restricted cytokine expression by T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells is unclear.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 988919803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous studies found that P1, an element of the interleukin 4 (IL-4) promoter that binds AP-1, is important for Th2-restricted IL-4 expression.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 988919804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we show that JunB, but not the other Jun family members, was selectively induced in Th2 cells and not in Th1 cells during differentiation.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 988919805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@JunB has previously been considered to be a negative regulator of transcription.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 988919806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, we show that JunB binds directly to the P1 site and synergizes with c-Maf to activate an IL-4 luciferase reporter gene.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 988919807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@JunB-control of IL-4 expression is mediated by the phosphorylation of JunB at Thr102 and -104 by JNK MAP kinase.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 988919808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The synergy between c-Maf and JunB can be attributed to cooperative DNA binding, which is facilitated by JunB phosphorylation.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 988919809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In transgenic mice, elevated JunB levels caused increased expression of several Th2 cytokines in developing Th1 cells.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 988919810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@JunB also upregulated IL-4 expression in response to immunization.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 988919811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, the early increase of JunB protein in Th2 cells can provide the specificity for c-Maf in IL-4 expression during T cell development and directs thereby Th2 differentiation.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 991585001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD80 and CD86 are not equivalent in their ability to induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of CD28.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 991585002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ligation of either CD80 (B7-1) or CD86 (B7-2), two principal ligands for CD28, is thought to skew the immune response toward Th1 or Th2 differentiation.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 991585003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have examined early signal transduction pathways recruited following T cell stimulation with either CD80 or CD86.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 991585004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Purified human peripheral T cells or Jurkat T cells were stimulated with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing either human CD80 (CHO-CD80) or human CD86 (CHO-CD86) or with anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody (mAb).@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 991585005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, both CHO-CD80 and CHO-CD86, like anti-CD28 mAb, were capable of stimulating cytokine production from both human peripheral T cells and Jurkat T cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 991585006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both CHO-CD80 and CHO-CD86, in the presence of anti-CD3 mAb, costimulated NFAT-dependent transcriptional activation.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 991585007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Several intracellular signaling proteins, such as CBL and VAV, were phosphorylated on tyrosine in response to CD80, CD86, and anti-CD28 mAb.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 991585008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Surprisingly, although stimulation of Jurkat T cells with either CHO-CD80 or anti-CD28 mAb resulted in robust tyrosine phosphorylation of CD28 itself, ligation with CHO-CD86 was unable to induce detectable CD28 tyrosyl phosphorylation over a range of stimulation conditions.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 991585009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, the association of phosphoinositide 3-kinase with CD28 and enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase Cgamma were seen after anti-CD28 mAb and CHO-CD80 stimulation but to a much lesser extent after CHO-CD86 stimulation.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 991585010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, ligation of CD28 with either CD80 or CD86 leads to shared early signal transduction events such as the tyrosine phosphorylation of CBL and VAV, to NFAT-mediated transcriptional activation, and to the costimulation of interleukin-2 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 991585011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, CD80 and CD86 also induce distinct signal transduction pathways including the tyrosine phosphorylation of CD28 and phospholipase Cgamma1 and the SH2-dependent association of phosphoinositide 3-kinase with CD28.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 991585012@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These quantitative, if not qualitative, differences between signaling initiated by these two ligands for CD28 may contribute to functional differences (e.g. Th1 or Th2 differentiation) in T cell responses.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 991667901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Protective effects of notch-1 on TCR-induced apoptosis.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 991667902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Notch receptor protein was originally identified in Drosophila and is known to mediate cell to cell communication and influence cell fate decisions.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 991667903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Members of this family have been isolated from invertebrates as well as vertebrates.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 991667904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We isolated mouse Notch-1 in a yeast two-hybrid screen with Nur77, which is a protein that has been shown previously to be required for apoptosis in T cell lines.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 991667905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The data presented below indicate that Notch-1 expression provides significant protection to T cell lines from TCR-mediated apoptosis.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 991667906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data demonstrate a new antiapoptotic role for Notch-1, providing evidence that, in addition to regulating cell fate decisions, Notch-1 can play a critical role in controlling levels of cell death in T cells.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 991882401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Requirement of GATA-1 and p45 NF-E2 expression in butyric acid-induced erythroid differentiation.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 991882402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Butyric acid (BA) is known to induce overexpression of fetal hemoglobin and then erythroid differentiation.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 991882403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, BA is currently under clinical investigation as a potential therapy for the treatment of sickle cell disease and cancer.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 991882404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms involved in BA-induced differentiation remain largely unknown.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 991882405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Previous reports have shown that BA-induced overexpression of erythroid genes occurred at the transcriptional level, suggesting the involvement of erythroid transcription factors.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 991882406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we intend to demonstrate the requirement of GATA-1 and NF-E2 transcription factors in the BA-induced erythroid differentiation of human leukemic K562 cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 991882407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Time-course experiments showed that nuclear levels of GATA-1 and p45 NF-E2 proteins increased during BA treatment.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 991882408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeting either GATA-1 or p45 NF-E2 proteins inhibited both protein expression and BA-induced differentiation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 991882409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, BA-induced cell growth inhibition was not affected.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 991882410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results provide the first direct evidence for the requirement of GATA-1 and NF-E2 in BA-induced differentiation process.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 992077801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Imbalanced expression of the glucocorticoid receptor isoforms in cultured lymphocytes from a patient with systemic glucocorticoid resistance and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 992077802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is expressed as two alternatively spliced isoforms, GRalpha and GRbeta.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 992077803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas GRalpha is a hormone-activated transcription factor, GRbeta does not bind glucocorticoids (GCs), is transcriptionally inactive, and is a potential inhibitor of activated GRalpha.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 992077804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Differential expression of GR isoforms may play a role in generalized or tissue-specific GC resistance.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 992077805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GCs induce apoptosis in neoplastic lymphoid cells; and, defective apoptosis is implicated in the genesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 992077806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We studied a patient with generalized GC resistance and CLL.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 992077807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GR number in the patient's transformed lymphocytes was approximately one half that of control cells with a approximately 10-fold reduction in binding affinity for dexamethasone.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 992077808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In vitro apoptosis induction in CLL cells was delayed in response to GCs, but not to other apoptosis inducers.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 992077809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Sequencing of the GR cDNA and gene including the 2.3-kb coding region, the intron/exon junctions, the known 5'-regulatory region, and approximately 300 bp of the 3'-region revealed no alterations.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 992077810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Western blot with an N-terminal antibody showed normal levels of immunoreactive GR, but quantitative analysis with isoform-specific C-terminal antibodies revealed a markedly reduced GRalpha expression, and high GRbeta expression.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 992077811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings indicate that imbalanced expression of the GR isoforms may be a mechanism of GC resistance, and may have implications for tumorigenesis by enhancing cell survival.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 992077812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Copyright 1999 Academic Press.@@@@1@5@@oe@19-12-2010 992298501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with renal insufficiency.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 992298502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A reduced expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in parathyroid glands of uremic animals and humans has been observed.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 992298503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Similar results have been obtained by our own group in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism to chronic renal failure.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 992298504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the reasons for these changes are not clear.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 992298505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study, we have investigated the specific uptake of [3H]1,25(OH)2D3 by PBMC of 11 women with advanced chronic renal failure (A-CRF), 6 women with mild-moderate renal insufficiency (M-CRF), and 23 healthy women.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 992298506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The mean dissociation constant (KD) was similar in both groups of patients and in healthy women (A-CRF: 0.7 +/- 0.5 x 10(-10) M; M-CRF: 1.1 +/- 0.9 x 10(-10) M; controls: 1.0 +/- 0.6 x 10(-10) M).@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 992298507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, VDR concentration was significantly decreased in A-CRF (0.8 +/- 0.5 fmol/10(7) cells vs. 2.3 +/- 0.9 fmol/10(7) cells in controls, p < 0.001), whereas no changes were seen in M-CRF (1.7 +/- 0.7 fmol/10(7) cells vs. 2.3 +/- 0.9 fmol/10(7) cells in controls).@@@@1@52@@oe@19-12-2010 992298508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No correlation was seen between VDR and serum calcitriol or PTH levels, when considering both groups of patients together or separately.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 992298509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Conversely, a significant negative correlation was found between VDR and serum creatinine values when A-CRF and M-CRF were considered altogether (r = -0.63; p < 0.01).@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 992298510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Treatment with two different schedules of oral calcitriol (five patients with 0.5 microgram/day for 1 month and four patients with 2 micrograms/day for 7 days) did not change VDR concentrations.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 992298511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We conclude that the low levels of serum 1,25(OH)2D3 of uremia are not responsible for the decrease in VDR concentration found in these patients.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 992344701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A novel growth-factor-dependent myeloid cell line derived from mouse bone marrow cells contains progenitors endowed with high proliferative potential.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 992344702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Constitutive expression of human colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) confers long-lasting CSF-1-dependent proliferation to mouse myeloid cell lines.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 992344703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We developed mice transgenic for human CSF-1R because mouse CSF-1 cannot activate human CSF-1R.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 992344704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Then bone marrow cells from transgenic mice were plated onto MS-5 stromal cells expressing the membrane form of human CSF-1 (2M-1 cells) in order to combine the hematopoietic supporting properties of stromal cells and the proliferative effects of CSF-1.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 992344705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, we were able to derive a hematopoietic cell line, called 47.10, that grew indefinitely under these conditions, whereas no cell line could be developed from nontransgenic mice.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 992344706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Proliferation of 47.10 cells is severely affected by neutralizing anti-CSF-1R monoclonal antibodies.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 992344707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Morphologic and cytofluorometry analysis established that most 47.10 cells are immature myelomonocytic cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 992344708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Consistent with this phenotype, the myeloid transcription factor PU.1, but not the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1, is expressed in 47.10 cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 992344709@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A few 47.10 cells (3-5%) do not express lineage specific markers; they differentiate spontaneously to lineage-positive cells after replating on 2M-1 cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 992344710@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In agar cultures, 47.10 cells form 7- and 14-day colonies in response to a cocktail of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (2.5 ng/mL), interleukin-3 (1 ng/mL), and mouse CSF-1 (10 ng/mL).@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 992344711@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Under these conditions, about 0.5% of 47.10 cells formed large 14-day colonies (>1 mm) composed of mature monocytes and granulocytes, reflecting the presence of progenitors endowed with high proliferative potential (HPP-47.10 cells).@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 992344712@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In conclusion, we have characterized a novel continuous myeloid cell line presenting a hierarchical structure similar to that of the bone marrow progenitor cell compartment.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 992593001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcription factor effects on chromosome constitution of cell hybrids.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 992593002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting plasmacytomas are fused to a T-cell lymphoma, Ig gene expression ceases in greater than 95% of the resulting hybrids.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 992593003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the rare hybrids that continue to express Ig, all other tested B lymphocyte-specific genes also remain active.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 992593004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The low frequency with which these Ig-expressing hybrids are recovered, along with the fact that cell fusions can lead to chromosome loss, led us to propose that this rare phenotype was due to loss of a T-cell-derived chromosome encoding a factor or factors with gene silencing activity.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 992593005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To identify the relevant chromosome, we have used a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-assisted method of chromosome mapping to analyze both Ig-silenced (common) and Ig-expressing (rare) hybrids.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 992593006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although no single chromosome was found to correlate with Ig gene silencing, we discovered that the two types of hybrids had undergone distinct patterns of chromosome loss.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 992593007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, we found that ectopic expression of a B-cell-specific transcription factor (Oct-2) dramatically altered both the phenotype and chromosome constitution of hybrids arising in these cell fusions.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 992911101@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Heterogeneity of clonal development in chronic myeloproliferative disorders.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 992911102@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent reports have suggested a previously unexpected variability in the expression of the dominant neoplastic clone in myeloproliferative disorders (MPD).@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 992911103@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We evaluated 49 female patients with MPD and informative at the X-linked androgen receptor (AR) locus to establish the X chromosome inactivation pattern of hemopoietic cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 992911104@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) the granulocytes (PMN) were uniformly of monoclonal origin, a striking heterogeneity of clonal development was found in PMN from patients with other MPD, with up to 50% of them expressing a polyclonal pattern of X inactivation.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 994917801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Both Stat3-activation and Stat3-independent BCL2 downregulation are important for interleukin-6-induced apoptosis of 1A9-M cells.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 994917802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A unique subclone of a bone marrow-derived stromal cell line, BMS2.4, produces soluble factors that inhibit proliferation of several types of hematopoietic cell lines.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 994917803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@An understanding of these molecules may be informative about negative regulatory circuits that can potentially limit blood cell formation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 994917804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We used expression cloning to identify interleukin-6 (IL-6) as one factor that suppressed growth of a pre-B-cell variant line, 1A9-M.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 994917805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Moreover, IL-6 induced macrophage-differentiation and apoptosis of 1A9-M cells.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 994917806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@During this process, IL-6 downregulated expression of BCL2 in 1A9-M cells and stimulated BCL-XL expression, but had no effect on p53, Bax, or Bak gene expression.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 994917807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Mechanisms for transduction of IL-6-induced signals were then evaluated in IL-6-stimulated 1A9-M cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 994917808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) was phosphorylated and activated, there was no effect on either Stat1 or Stat5.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 994917809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The importance of BCL2 and Stat3 on IL-6-induced macrophage-differentiation and apoptosis was studied with 1A9-M cells expressing human BCL2 or a dominant-negative form of Stat3, respectively.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 994917810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@IL-6-induced apoptosis, but not macrophage-differentiation, was blocked by continuously expressed BCL2.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 994917811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A dominant-negative form of Stat3 inhibited both macrophage-differentiation and apoptosis induced by IL-6.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 994917812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, diminished Stat3 activity did not prevent IL-6-induced downregulation of the BCL2 gene.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 994917813@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, activation of Stat3 is essential for IL-6-induced macrophage-differentiation and programmed cell death in this model.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 994917814@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Whereas overexpression of BCL2 abrogates the apoptotic response, Stat3-independent signals appear to downregulate expression of the BCL2 gene.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 994928501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary.@@@@1@7@@oe@19-12-2010 994928502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Immunohistochemical evidence of low proliferative activity and virtual absence of mutation of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 994928503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Because the use of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of granulosa cell tumor (GCT) has not been fully explored, routinely processed (formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded) tissue from 11 GCT, adult type, was investigated immunohistochemically (ABC method) with a broad spectrum of antibodies against various markers, including p53 and Ki-67.@@@@1@62@@oe@19-12-2010 994928504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All of the tumors exhibited typical morphology, were limited to the ovary (stage I), and 7 cases followed a benign clinical course.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 994928505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: All the tumors exhibited strong expression of vimentin, but most other antigens (including smooth muscle actin) were expressed infrequently by a minority of tumor cells or not at all.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 994928506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tumor cells in 9 GCT expressed inhibin A.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 994928507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All the tumors exhibited very low proliferative activity, fewer than 10% of the tumor cell nuclei being stained by the antibody MIB-1 (Ki-67 antigen).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 994928508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The antibody D07 revealed marked overexpression of p53 protein in only one tumor.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 994928509@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clinical outcome was not found to be related to immunophenotypic differences.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 994928510@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of GCT should be based primarily on the typical morphology revealed by conventional stains, but additional immunohistochemical staining with a small panel of selected antibodies (for example, against keratin, vimentin, and inhibin A) may be helpful in a few cases.@@@@1@51@@oe@19-12-2010 994928511@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The very low proliferative activity and the lack of overexpression of p53 protein are consistent with the benign clinical behavior of the majority of GCT.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 995238601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Tuberculosis and chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Africans and variation in the vitamin D receptor gene.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 995238602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, is an important immunoregulatory hormone [1].@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 995238603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Its effects are exerted by interaction with the vitamin D receptor, which is present on human monocytes and activated T and B lymphocytes.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 995238604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Variation in the vitamin D receptor gene was typed in 2015 subjects from large case-control studies of three major infectious diseases: tuberculosis, malaria, and hepatitis B virus.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 995238605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Homozygotes for a polymorphism at codon 352 (genotype tt) were significantly underrepresented among those with tuberculosis (chi2=6.22, 1 df, P=.01) and persistent hepatitis B infection (chi2=6.25, 1 df, P=.01) but not in subjects with clinical malaria compared with the other genotypes.@@@@1@60@@oe@19-12-2010 995238606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Therefore, this genetic variant, which predisposes to low bone mineral density in many populations, may confer resistance to certain infectious diseases.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 997337301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cutting edge: dominant effect of Ile50Val variant of the human IL-4 receptor alpha-chain in IgE synthesis.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 997337302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two variants of the IL-4R alpha-chain (IL-4Ralpha) gene have been recently identified in association with different atopic disorders.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 997337303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To clarify the etiological relationship between the two variants, we analyzed responsiveness to IL-4 of transfectants with four kinds of IL-4Ralpha carrying either Val or Ile at 50 and either Gln or Arg at 551.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 997337304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The substitution of Ile for Val augmented STAT6 activation, proliferation, and transcription activity of the Iepsilon promoter by IL-4, whereas that of Arg for Gln did not change these IL-4 signals.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 997337305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Arg551 was not associated with atopic asthma in the Japanese population.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 997337306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CD23 expression and IgE synthesis by IL-4 were augmented in Ile50-bearing PBMC, compared with those bearing Val50.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 997337307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, substitution of Arg551 does not enhance the IL-4 signal for generation of germline epsilon transcript, whereas the substitution of Ile50 contributes to enhancement of IgE synthesis.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 997340201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Evidence for repression of IL-2 gene activation in anergic T cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 997340202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The induction of clonal anergy in a T cell inhibits IL-2 secretion because of the development of a proximal signal transduction defect.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 997340203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fusion of anergic murine T cells to human Jurkat T leukemia cells and formation of heterokaryons failed to result in a complementation of this signaling defect and restoration of murine IL-2 mRNA inducibility.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 997340204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Instead, signal transduction to the human IL-2 gene became disrupted.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 997340205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Heterokaryons formed by the fusion of anergic murine T cells to normal murine T cells also failed to accumulate intracellular IL-2 protein in response to stimulation either with the combination of CD3 and CD28 mAbs or with ionomycin plus a protein kinase C-activating phorbol ester.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 997340206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The results argue against a loss-of-function signaling defect as the sole basis for clonal anergy induction and document the presence of a dominant-acting repressor molecule that inhibits signal transduction to the IL-2 gene within viable anergic T cells.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 997346901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fas ligand induction in human NK cells is regulated by redox through a calcineurin-nuclear factors of activated T cell-dependent pathway.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 997346902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Fas ligand (FasL) on cytotoxic lymphocytes is important for mediating apoptosis of activated lymphocytes and other target cells.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 997346903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have reported that NK cell functions, such as proliferation, cell death, and killing activity, are subject to regulation by cellular redox status.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 997346904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we report that expression of FasL protein and mRNA in activated NK cells is also regulated by redox.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 997346905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Ligation of CD16 on IL-2-preactivated NK cells resulted in reduction of intracellular peroxide level as well as induction of FasL expression.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 997346906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This CD16-induced FasL expression was suppressed by oxidative stress, including thiol deprivation or treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 997346907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Addition of thiol-reducing compounds, such as L-cystine, 2-ME, or N-acetyl cysteine, restored FasL expression.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 997346908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These data suggest that CD16 stimulation requires cellular reducing status for FasL induction in NK cells.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 997346909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Because FasL gene activation following CD16 cross-linking is regulated by the NF of activated T cells (NFAT), we examined the effect of oxidative stresses on NFAT activation.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 997346910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that both thiol insufficiency and H2O2 treatment suppressed DNA-binding activity of NFAT and that addition of thiol-reducing compounds reversed or even enhanced it.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 997346911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, these oxidative stresses inhibited activity of calcineurin, a serine/threonine phosphatase that regulates NFAT activation.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 997346912@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results suggest that suppression of calcineurin and NFAT activation is a mechanism by which oxidative stress inhibits FasL induction in activated NK cells and further support the hypothesis that thiol-reducing compounds might be required for maintenance of optimal NK functions under physiologic oxidative conditions.@@@@1@46@@oe@19-12-2010 999006001@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@GA-binding protein factors, in concert with the coactivator CREB binding protein/p300, control the induction of the interleukin 16 promoter in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 999006002@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interleukin 16 (IL-16) is a chemotactic cytokine that binds to the CD4 receptor and affects the activation of T cells and replication of HIV.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 999006003@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It is expressed as a large 67-kDa precursor protein (pro-IL-16) in lymphocytes, macrophages, and mast cells, as well as in airway epithelial cells from asthmatics after challenge with allergen.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 999006004@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This pro-IL-16 is subsequently processed to the mature cytokine of 13 kDa.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 999006005@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To study the expression of IL-16 at the transcriptional level, we cloned the human chromosomal IL-16 gene and analyzed its promoter.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 999006006@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The human IL-16 gene consists of seven exons and six introns.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 999006007@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The 5' sequences up to nucleotide -120 of the human and murine IL-16 genes share >84% sequence homology and harbor promoter elements for constitutive and inducible transcription in T cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 999006008@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although both promoters lack any TATA box, they contain two CAAT box-like motifs and three binding sites of GA-binding protein (GABP) transcription factors.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 999006009@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Two of these motifs are part of a highly conserved and inducible dyad symmetry element shown previously to control a remote IL-2 enhancer and the CD18 promoter.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 999006010@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In concert with the coactivator CREB binding protein/p300, which interacts with GABPalpha, the binding of GABPalpha and -beta to the dyad symmetry element controls the induction of IL-16 promoter in T cells.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 999006011@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Supplementing the data on the processing of pro-IL-16, our results indicate the complexity of IL-16 expression, which is tightly controlled at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels in T lymphocytes.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 1002243501@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid resistance in the squirrel monkey is associated with overexpression of the immunophilin FKBP51.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 1002243502@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Squirrel monkeys are neotropical primates that have high circulating cortisol to compensate for expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) with reduced affinity.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 1002243503@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The low binding affinity of squirrel monkey GR does not result from substitutions in the receptor, because squirrel monkey GR expressed in vitro exhibits high affinity.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 1002243504@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Rather, squirrel monkeys express a soluble factor that, in mixing studies of cytosol from squirrel monkey lymphocytes (SML) and mouse L929 cells, reduced GR binding affinity by 11-fold.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 1002243505@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In an effort to identify this factor, the cellular levels of components of the GR heterocomplex in SML and human lymphocytes (HL) were compared.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 1002243506@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immunophilin FKBP51 was 13-fold higher in SML than in HL cytosol; FKBP52 in SML was 42% of that in HL cytosol.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 1002243507@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A role for changes in immunophilins, causing glucocorticoid resistance in neotropical primates, is supported by the following: the changes in FKBP51 and FKBP52 were observed in cells from other neotropical primates with glucocorticoid resistance; the elevated level of FKBP51 was reflected in an abundance of FKBP51 in heat shock protein 90 complexes in SML; when cytosols of SML and L929 cells were mixed, the decrease in GR binding was associated with incorporation of FKBP51 into GR heterocomplexes; the effect of SML cytosol on GR binding was reproduced with cytosol from COS cells expressing squirrel monkey FKBP51; and both the effect of SML cytosol on GR binding and the incorporation of FKBP51 into GR heterocomplexes were blocked by FK506.@@@@1@127@@oe@19-12-2010 1002243508@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Regulation of GR binding by FKBP51 represents a previously unrecognized mechanism for regulating glucocorticoid sensitivity.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 1002461801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Daidzein and genistein glucuronides in vitro are weakly estrogenic and activate human natural killer cells at nutritionally relevant concentrations.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 1002461802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Daidzein and genistein glucuronides (DG and GG), major isoflavone metabolites, may be partly responsible for biological effects of isoflavones, such as estrogen receptor binding and natural killer cell (NK) activation or inhibition.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 1002461803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DG and GG were synthesized using 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat liver microsomes.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 1002461804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The Km and Vmax for daidzein and genistein were 9.0 and 7.7 micromol/L, and 0.7 and 1.6 micromol/(mg protein. min), respectively.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 1002461805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The absence of ultraviolet absorbance maxima shifts in the presence of sodium acetate confirmed that the synthesized products were 7-O-glucuronides.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 1002461806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DG and GG were further purified by a Sephadex LH-20 column.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 1002461807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DG and GG competed with the binding of 17beta-(3H) estradiol to estrogen receptors of B6D2F1 mouse uterine cytosol.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 1002461808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The concentrations required for 50% displacement of 17beta-(3H) estradiol (CB50) were: 17beta-estradiol, 1.34 nmol/L; diethylstilbestrol, 1.46 nmol/L; daidzein, 1.6 micromol/L; DG, 14.7 micromol/L; genistein, 0.154 micromol/L; GG, 7.27 micromol/L.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 1002461809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In human peripheral blood NK cells, genistein at <0.5 micromol/L and DG and GG at 0.1-10 micromol/L enhanced NK cell-mediated K562 cancer cell killing significantly (P < 0.05).@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 1002461810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At > 0.5 micromol/L, genistein inhibited NK cytotoxicity significantly (P < 0.05).@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 1002461811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The glucuronides only inhibited NK cytotoxicity at 50 micromol/L.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 1002461812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Isoflavones, and especially the isoflavone glucuronides, enhanced activation of NK cells by interleukin-2 (IL-2), additively.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 1002461813@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At physiological concentrations, DG and GG were weakly estrogenic, and they activated human NK cells in nutritionally relevant concentrations in vitro, probably at a site different from IL-2 action.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 1002566801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Osteoclast markers accumulate on cells developing from human peripheral blood mononuclear precursors.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 1002566802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Recent studies show that human osteoclasts develop in vitro from hematopoietic cells; however, special cultures conditions and/or cytokine mobilized peripheral blood are apparently required.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 1002566803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we report that cells expressing osteoclast markers differentiate from precursors present in nonmobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), without the addition of stromal cells, growth factors, cytokines or steroids; and characterize their phenotype.@@@@1@42@@oe@19-12-2010 1002566804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three days after establishing high-density PBMC cultures (1.5 x 10(6) cells/cm2), in serum-containing medium, small adherent colonies of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase positive (TRAP+) cells emerge, amidst massive monocyte cell death.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 1002566805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These adherent cells have an eccentrically placed, round nucleus, and express low levels of TRAP and sodium fluoride-resistant- alpha-naphthyl-acetate-esterase (NaF-R-NSE).@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 1002566806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Over the next week, this cell population accumulates phenotypic markers of osteoclasts (vitronectin receptor [VR], calcitonin receptor, TRAP, cathepsin K protein, and mRNA) with increased nuclearity, covering the entire surface by 15 days.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 1002566807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@When cultured on bone, VR+, TRAP+ cells of low multinuclearity appear and cover up to 50% of the surface.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 1002566808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Resorption lacunae can be observed by day 22.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 1002566809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although these pits are not nearly as numerous as the cells of preosteoclast phenotype, they do represent the activity of a subset of osteoclast-like cells that has achieved osteoclastic maturity under these culture conditions.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 1002566810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Transcripts for osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL), an osteoclast differentiation factor (also known as RANKL and TRANCE) are expressed, likely by adherent cells.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 1002566811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, an adherent population of cells, with preosteoclast/osteoclast phenotypic properties, arises selectively under simple culture conditions from normal PBMC.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 1002566812@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further characterization of these cells should identify factors involved in the growth, terminal differentiation and activation of osteoclasts.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 1002762301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Phenotypic and functional studies of leukocytes in human endometrium and endometriosis.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 1002762302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The aetiology of endometriosis, a common and disabling disorder, is presently unknown, although immune dysfunction could allow ectopic endometrial fragments to survive outside the uterine cavity.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 1002762303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These studies investigate the relationship between leukocyte populations, steroid hormone receptor expression, proliferative activity, bcl-2 expression and apoptosis in eutopic and ectopic endometrium from women with endometriosis or adenomyosis at different phases of the menstrual cycle.@@@@1@40@@oe@19-12-2010 1002762304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Significantly increased oestrogen receptor expression, bcl-2 expression and numbers of CD8+ leukocytes were found in ectopic compared with eutopic endometrium in endometriosis, and CD56+ endometrial granulated lymphocytes (eGLs) were significantly reduced in ectopic endometrium.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 1002762305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Apoptotic cells were rarely found in control and subject endometria.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 1002762306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast with endometriosis, adenomyotic lesions showed identical steroid hormone receptor expression, proliferative activity, bcl-2 expression and leukocyte subpopulations to eutopic endometrium, indicating different aetiologies for these disorders.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 1002762307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The unusual CD56+ CD16- eGLs present in large numbers in late secretory phase eutopic endometrium were highly purified (>98%) by immunomagnetic separation.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 1002762308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Except for a negligible cytotoxic activity of eGLs from early proliferative samples, cytotoxic activity of eGLs from non-pregnant endometrium during the menstrual cycle was comparable with those in peripheral blood, predominantly CD56+ CD16+ natural killer cells.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 1002762309@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@eGLs from non-pregnant endometrium and early pregnancy showed a variable proliferative response to 5 and 100 U/ml interleukin-2 over 48-h and 120-h time courses.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 1002762310@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@eGLs are evidently functionally important in the eutopic endometrium.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 1002762311@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Their absence in endometriotic lesions together with increased CD+8 T-cell numbers and increased oestrogen receptor and bcl-2 expression may have significant effects on the development and progression of endometriosis.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 1002959401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clonality of isolated eosinophils in the hypereosinophilic syndrome.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 1002959402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHES) is a rare disorder characterized by unexplained, persistent eosinophilia associated with multiple organ dysfunction due to eosinophilic tissue infiltration.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 1002959403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the absence of karyotypic abnormalities, there is no specific test to detect clonal eosinophilia in IHES.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 1002959404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of X-chromosome inactivation patterns can be used to determine whether proliferative disorders are clonal in origin.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 1002959405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Methylation of HpaII and Hha I sites near the polymorphic trinucleotide repeat of the human androgen receptor gene (HUMARA) has been shown to correlate with X-inactivation.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 1002959406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we have used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with nested primers to analyze X-inactivation patterns of the HUMARA loci in purified eosinophils from female patients with eosinophilia.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 1002959407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Peripheral blood eosinophils were isolated by their autofluoresence using flow cytometric sorting.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 1002959408@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eosinophils purified from a female patient presenting with IHES were found to show a clonal pattern of X-inactivation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 1002959409@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Eosinophil-depleted leukocytes from this patient were polyclonal by HUMARA analysis, thus excluding skewedness of random X-inactivation.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 1002959410@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@After corticosteroid suppression of her blood eosinophilia, a clonal population of eosinophils could no longer be detected in purified eosinophils.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 1002959411@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, eosinophils purified from a patient with Churg-Strauss syndrome and from six patients with reactive eosinophilias attributed to allergy, parasitic infection, or drug reaction showed a polyclonal pattern of X-inactivation by HUMARA analysis.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 1002959412@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The finding of clonal eosinophilia in a patient presenting with IHES indicates that such patients may have, in reality, a low-grade clonal disorder that can be distinguished from reactive eosinophilias by HUMARA analysis.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 1002959413@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Further, the method described can be used to monitor disease progression.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 1004904801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Clonality analysis of refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts: simultaneous study of clonality and cytochemistry of bone marrow progenitors.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 1004904802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@X chromosome inactivation and polymorphism of the human androgen receptor (HUMARA) gene has been applied for analyzing the clonality of blood cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 1004904803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study, the clonal relationship was investigated between peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMNCs) and marrow progenitor cells and the origin of ringed sideroblasts in patients with refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of HUMARA gene.@@@@1@50@@oe@19-12-2010 1004904804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The X-inactivation patterns of circulating PMNCs and T lymphocytes as well as individual granulocyte colonies grown in vitro from bone marrow cells were analyzed.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 1004904805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The development of ringed sideroblasts in erythroid colonies by iron staining and their X-inactivation pattern were also examined.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 1004904806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All three RARS patients showed monoclonal PMNCs.@@@@1@8@@oe@19-12-2010 1004904807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In granulocyte colonies, however, two different X-inactivation patterns were observed in all patients, indicating that non-clonal progenitor cells remained in the bone marrow.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 1004904808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@All erythroid colonies consisted of ringed sideroblasts exclusively showed one pattern dominant in those of PMNCs.@@@@1@17@@oe@19-12-2010 1004904809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Our findings suggest that non-clonal progenitor cells persist in some RARS cases, that erythroid progenitors show mosaicism, and that ringed sideroblasts may be derived from an abnormal clone involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 1005087701@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of c-Rel to STAT5 target sequences in HTLV-I-transformed T cells.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 1005087702@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The type I human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) induces abnormal growth and subsequent transformation of T cells, which is associated with the development of an acute T-cell malignancy termed adult T-cell leukemia.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 1005087703@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A characteristic of HTLV-I-transformed T cells is the constitutive nuclear expression of NF-kappaB/Rel family of transcription factors, which appears to be essential for the growth of these transformed cells.@@@@1@31@@oe@19-12-2010 1005087704@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although NF-kappaB/Rel factors are known to induce the expression of T-cell growth factor interleukin (IL)-2, it is unclear how they participate in the IL-2-independent growth of HTLV-I-transformed cells.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 1005087705@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study, we show that certain NF-kappaB/Rel members, predominantly c-Rel, interact with enhancer sequences for STAT5, a key transcription factor mediating IL-2-induced T-cell proliferation.@@@@1@30@@oe@19-12-2010 1005087706@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Reporter gene assays reveal that the binding of c-Rel to the STAT5 site present in the Fc gammaR1 gene leads to potent transactivation of this enhancer.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 1005087707@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of c-Rel to the Fc gammaR1 STAT site also occurs in human peripheral blood T cells immortalized with HTLV-I in vitro and is correlated with enhanced levels of proliferation of these cells.@@@@1@34@@oe@19-12-2010 1005087708@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results raise the possibility that NF-kappaB/Rel may participate in the growth control of HTLV-I-transformed T cells by regulating genes driven by both kappaB and certain STAT enhancers.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 1005163201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Crossreactive recognition of viral, self, and bacterial peptide ligands by human class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte clonotypes: implications for molecular mimicry in autoimmune disease.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 1005163202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immunodominant, CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to the HLA-B8-restricted peptide, RAKFKQLL, located in the Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early antigen, BZLF1, is characterized by a diverse T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 1005163203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we show that this diversity can be partitioned on the basis of crossreactive cytotoxicity patterns involving the recognition of a self peptide-RSKFRQIV-located in a serine/threonine kinase and a bacterial peptide-RRKYKQII-located in Staphylococcus aureus replication initiation protein.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 1005163204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus CTL clones that recognized the viral, self, and bacterial peptides expressed a highly restricted alphabeta TCR phenotype.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 1005163205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The CTL clones that recognized viral and self peptides were more oligoclonal, whereas clones that strictly recognized the viral peptide displayed a diverse TCR profile.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 1005163206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Interestingly, the self and bacterial peptides equally were substantially less effective than the cognate viral peptide in sensitizing target cell lysis, and also resulted only in a weak reactivation of memory CTLs in limiting dilution assays, whereas the cognate peptide was highly immunogenic.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 1005163207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The described crossreactions show that human antiviral, CD8(+) CTL responses can be shaped by peptide ligands derived from autoantigens and environmental bacterial antigens, thereby providing a firm structural basis for molecular mimicry involving class I-restricted CTLs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 1007095301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@High frequency of germ-line BRCA2 mutations among Hungarian male breast cancer patients without family history.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 1007095302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To determine the contribution of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations to the pathogenesis of male breast cancer in Hungary, the country with the highest male breast cancer mortality rates in continental Europe, a series of 18 male breast cancer patients and three patients with gynecomastia was analyzed for germ-line mutations in both BRCA1 and BRCA2.@@@@1@57@@oe@19-12-2010 1007095303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Although no germ-line BRCA1 mutation was observed, 6 of the 18 male breast cancer cases (33%) carried truncating mutations in the BRCA2 gene.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 1007095304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unexpectedly, none of them reported a family history for breast/ovarian cancer.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 1007095305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Four of six truncating mutations were novel, and two mutations were recurrent.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 1007095306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Four patients (22%) had a family history of breast/ovarian cancer in at least one first- or second-degree relative; however, no BRCA2 mutation was identified among them.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 1007095307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No mutation was identified in either of the genes in the gynecomastias.@@@@1@13@@oe@19-12-2010 1007095308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results provide evidence for a strong genetic component of male breast cancer in Hungary.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 1007206801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RFX-B is the gene responsible for the most common cause of the bare lymphocyte syndrome, an MHC class II immunodeficiency [published erratum appears in Immunity 1999 Mar;10(3):399]@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 1007206802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS) is characterized by the absence of MHC class II transcription and humoral- and cellular-mediated immune responses to foreign antigens.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 1007206803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Three of the four BLS genetic complementation groups have defects in the activity of the MHC class II transcription factor RFX.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 1007206804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have purified the RFX complex and sequenced its three subunits.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 1007206805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The sequence of the smallest subunit describes a novel gene, termed RFX-B.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 1007206806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RFX-B complements the predominant BLS complementation group (group B) and was found to be mutant in cell lines from this BLS group.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 1007206807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The protein has no known DNA-binding domain but does contain three ankyrin repeats that are likely to be important in protein-protein interactions.@@@@1@23@@oe@19-12-2010 1007207801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Alternative polyadenylation events contribute to the induction of NF-ATc in effector T cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 1007207802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcription factor NF-ATc is synthesized in three prominent isoforms.@@@@1@11@@oe@19-12-2010 1007207803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These differ in the length of their C terminal peptides and mode of synthesis.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 1007207804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Due to a switch from the use of a 3' polyA site to a more proximal polyA site, NF-ATc expression switches from the synthesis of the two longer isoforms in naive T cells to that of short isoform A in T effector cells.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 1007207805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The relative low binding affinity of cleavage stimulation factor CstF-64 to the proximal polyA site seems to contribute to its neglect in naive T cells.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 1007207806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These alternative polyadenylation events ensure the rapid accumulation of high concentrations of NF-ATc necessary to exceed critical threshold levels of NF-ATc for gene induction in effector T cells.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 1007252901@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF-ATc isoforms are differentially expressed and regulated in murine T and mast cells.@@@@1@14@@oe@19-12-2010 1007252902@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@NF of activated T cells (NF-AT) denotes a family of transcription factors that regulate the activation-dependent expression of many immunologically important proteins.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 1007252903@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@At least four distinct genes encode the various family members, and several isoforms of these have been identified as well.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 1007252904@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The overlapping expression patterns and similar in vitro binding and trans-activation activities on various promoter elements of NF-AT-regulated genes suggest some redundancy in the function of these proteins.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 1007252905@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, the phenotypic analysis of NF-AT-deficient mice supports the idea that there are tissue- and gene- specific functions as well.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 1007252906@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In this study we have characterized the expression of NF-AT cDNAs in murine mast cells.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 1007252907@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The majority of clones identified correspond to two NF-ATc isoforms that differ only in their amino-terminal sequence.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 1007252908@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Despite minimal discrepancies in the coding region, there are striking tissue- and cell type-specific differences in isoform expression patterns.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 1007252909@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Detection of NF-ATc.alpha mRNA is strictly dependent on cell activation signals in both T and mast cell lines.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 1007252910@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In contrast, the beta isoform is expressed at very low constitutive levels in both cell types but is only up-regulated in response to mast cell activation signals delivered through the FcepsilonRI or via calcium ionophores.@@@@1@37@@oe@19-12-2010 1007252911@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results demonstrate another level of regulation within the NF-AT family that can contribute to cell type-specific gene expression.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 1007443201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A direct interaction between the adaptor protein Cbl-b and the kinase zap-70 induces a positive signal in T cells.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 1007443202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Engagement of the T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex induces a rapid increase in the activities of Src-family and Syk/Zap-70-family kinases [1] [2].@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 1007443203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These activated kinases then induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple intracellular proteins, eventually leading to T-cell activation.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 1007443204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@One of the prominent substrates for these kinases is the adaptor protein Cbl [3] and recent studies suggest that Cbl negatively regulates upstream kinases such as Syk and Zap-70 [4] [5].@@@@1@38@@oe@19-12-2010 1007443205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cbl-b, a homologue of Cbl, is widely expressed in many tissues and cells including hematopoietic cells [6] [7].@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 1007443206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Cbl-b undergoes rapid tyrosine phosphorylation upon stimulation of the TCR and cytokine receptors [8] [9].@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 1007443207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The role of Cbl-b is unclear, however.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 1007443208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here, we show that overexpression of Cbl-b in T cells induced the constitutive activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT).@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010 1007443209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@A loss-of-function mutation in Cbl-b disrupted the interaction between Cbl-b and Zap-70 and nearly completely abrogated the Cbl-b-mediated activation of NFAT.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 1007443210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unlike the proposed role of Cbl as a negative regulator, our results suggest that the Cbl homologue Cbl-b has a positive role in T-cell signaling, most likely via a direct interaction with the upstream kinase Zap-70.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 1007587301@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Detection of intracellular phosphorylated STAT-1 by flow cytometry.@@@@1@9@@oe@19-12-2010 1007587302@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We have applied flow cytometry to the investigation of interferon-gamma activation of human monocytes.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 1007587303@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This approach uses monoclonal antibodies that distinguish between the native and phosphorylated forms of STAT-1.@@@@1@16@@oe@19-12-2010 1007587304@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@It enables rapid and quantitative assessment of STAT-1 phosphorylation on a discrete cell basis and is both more sensitive and less time consuming than immunoblotting.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 1007587305@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Furthermore, it allows for discrimination between a mixture of cells that differ in their response to interferon-gamma.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 1007587306@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@This approach should allow for the evaluation of different intracellular signaling pathways using a combination of monoclonal reagents that are specific for native and activation modified proteins.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 1007587307@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Application of this form of testing should prove valuable in screening for signaling defects in selected patients with recurrent infections.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 1007587308@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In addition, this technique should permit dissection of a full range of cellular signaling pathways at the protein level.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 1007715601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Glucocorticoid hormone suppression of human neutrophil-mediated tumor cell cytostasis.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 1007715602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In the present study, we have investigated the effect of glucocorticoid hormones on neutrophil-mediated tumor cell cytostasis and found that hydrocortisone and a synthetic hormone, dexamethasone (Dex), inhibited cytostasis in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha.@@@@1@44@@oe@19-12-2010 1007715603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The effect of Dex was completely reversed by a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU38486.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 1007715604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@To clarify the underlying mechanisms, we examined effects of Dex on the binding avidity of beta2 integrin on the neutrophil surface and how these might in turn affect neutrophil-to-tumor cell binding.@@@@1@33@@oe@19-12-2010 1007715605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Dex was found to inhibit these neutrophil properties, and RU38486 completely suppressed both forms of Dex inhibition.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 1007715606@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Taken together, our findings suggest that glucocorticoid hormone inhibition of neutrophil-mediated tumor cell cytostasis is at least partially due to a lowering of the ligand binding avidity of beta2 integrin on the neutrophil surface.@@@@1@36@@oe@19-12-2010 1007850201@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Abnormalities of cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling in platelets from untreated patients with bipolar disorder.@@@@1@15@@oe@19-12-2010 1007850202@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@BACKGROUND: Abnormalities in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent phosphorylation system have been recently reported in patients with bipolar disorder.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 1007850203@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We evaluated the immunoreactivity of the regulatory and catalytic subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A) and 1 of its substrates, Rap1, in platelets from untreated euthymic, manic, and depressed patients with bipolar disorder and healthy subjects.@@@@1@45@@oe@19-12-2010 1007850204@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@METHODS: Platelets were collected from 112 drug-free patients with bipolar disorder (52 euthymic, 29 depressed, and 31 manic) and 62 healthy subjects.@@@@1@28@@oe@19-12-2010 1007850205@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The levels of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and Rap1 were assessed by Western blot analysis, immunostaining, and computer-assisted imaging.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 1007850206@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@RESULTS: The immunolabeling of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was significantly different among groups (P<.001), with higher values in untreated depressed and manic patients with bipolar disorder compared with untreated euthymic patients with bipolar disorder and healthy subjects.@@@@1@47@@oe@19-12-2010 1007850207@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@No significant differences were found in the immunolabeling of the regulatory subunits (type I and type II) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.@@@@1@24@@oe@19-12-2010 1007850208@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The immunolabeling of Rap1 was significantly higher (P<.001) in untreated euthymic, depressed, and manic patients than in healthy persons.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 1007850209@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@CONCLUSIONS: Levels of Rap1 and the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase are altered in the platelets of bipolar patients.@@@@1@22@@oe@19-12-2010 1007850210@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These findings may provide clues toward understanding the involvement of cAMP signaling in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 1008054401@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Lineage-specific activation of STAT3 by interferon-gamma in human neutrophils.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 1008054402@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Binding of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to its heterodimeric receptor induces activation of the tyrosine kinases JAK1 and JAK2 followed by tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1alpha.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 1008054403@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Selective activation of STAT1alpha at the IFN-gamma receptor is achieved by specific interaction between a cytosolic tyrosine motif including Y440 in the IFN-gamma receptor alpha-chain and the SH2 domain of STAT1alpha.@@@@1@32@@oe@19-12-2010 1008054404@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We demonstrate that, in addition to STAT1alpha, STAT3 is also activated by IFN-gamma in human neutrophils.@@@@1@19@@oe@19-12-2010 1008054405@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The activation of STAT3 was not found in human eosinophils, monocytes, and HL-60 cells, although the STAT3 protein was expressed in these cells.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 1008054406@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The cell type-specific activation of STAT3 by IFN-gamma was also observed in neutrophils that are differentiated in vitro from human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells.@@@@1@25@@oe@19-12-2010 1008054407@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@These results indicate that a single cytokine receptor can activate different STAT family members in a cell-specific manner, which might result in cell-specific gene transcription.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 1008090801@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Analysis of the modulation of transcriptional activity in myelopoiesis and leukemogenesis.@@@@1@12@@oe@19-12-2010 1008090802@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is still associated with a mortality of 60 to 80%.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 1008090803@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@AML is characterized by a block in myeloid differentiation.@@@@1@10@@oe@19-12-2010 1008090804@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@The transcription factors PU.1 and C/EBPalpha are responsible for normal myeloid differentiation from stem cells to monocytes or granulocytes.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 1008090805@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In particular, PU.1 induces expression of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) receptor and the development of monocytes, whereas C/EBPalpha increases the expression of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptor and leads to mature granulocytes.@@@@1@41@@oe@19-12-2010 1008090806@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@In AML, chromosomal aberrations result in oncoproteins such as AML1/ETO, PML/RARalpha, or activated Ras, which can deregulate genes important for normal myelopoiesis.@@@@1@27@@oe@19-12-2010 1008090807@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Thus, AML1/ETO can bind to the transcription factor C/EBPalpha, inhibit C/EBPalpha-dependent transcription, and block granulocytic differentiation.@@@@1@20@@oe@19-12-2010 1008090808@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@However, AML1/ETO can also synergize with the transcription factor AML1 to enhance the activity of the M-CSF receptor promoter.@@@@1@21@@oe@19-12-2010 1008090809@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@On the other hand, the PML/RARalpha fusion protein causes transcriptional repression by recruiting the nuclear corepressor (N-CoR) histone deacetylase complex to the DNA, which results in decreased histone acetylation and a repressive chromatin organization.@@@@1@39@@oe@19-12-2010 1008090810@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Here we describe methods to investigate whether and how signaling agonists induce myeloid differentiation and how oncoproteins might cause AML by modulating the activity of transcription factors that are pivotal for normal myeloid development.@@@@1@35@@oe@19-12-2010 1008090811@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Copyright 1999 Academic Press.@@@@1@5@@oe@19-12-2010 1008243601@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Impaired binding of a DQ2 and DQ8-binding HSV VP16 peptide to a DQA1*0501/DQB1*0302 trans class II heterodimer.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 1008243602@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@DQalpha and DQbeta trans heterodimeric HLA-DQ molecules form in individuals heterozygous for the DQ2 and DQ8 specificities.@@@@1@18@@oe@19-12-2010 1008243603@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Unique functions and disease associations have been postulated for such trans-dimers, which may be different from cis-encoded DQ molecules encoded by the corresponding haplotypes.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 1008243604@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@We analyzed the ability of the trans-dimer encoded by HLA-DQA1*0501/DQB1*0302 to bind a peptide antigen which interacts with DQ molecules encoded by both parental haplotypes.@@@@1@26@@oe@19-12-2010 1008243605@GENIA Treebank@formal@@1@S@Markedly impaired binding was observed, consistent with both the use of different anchor residues and with changes in levels of DQ cis-dimer availability for peptide binding interactions.@@@@1@29@@oe@19-12-2010