1000006600010@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊δOpenOffice.orgδ⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600020@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊∗OpenOffice.org∗⌋ (⌊∗OO.o∗⌋ or ⌊∗OOo∗⌋) is a ⌊>cross-platform>⌋ ⌊>office application suite>⌋ available for a number of different computer ⌊>operating system>⌋s.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600030@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It supports the ISO standard ⌊∗⌊>OpenDocument>⌋ Format (ODF)∗⌋ for data interchange as its default ⌊>file format>⌋, as well as ⌊>Microsoft Office>⌋ '97–2003 formats, ⌊>Microsoft Office>⌋ '2007 format (in version 3), among many others.@@@@1@33@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600040@unknown@formal@none@1@S@OpenOffice.org was originally derived from ⌊>StarOffice>⌋, an office suite developed by ⌊>StarDivision>⌋ and acquired by ⌊>Sun Microsystems>⌋ in August 1999.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600050@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The ⌊>source code>⌋ of the suite was released in July 2000 with the aim of reducing the dominant ⌊>market share>⌋ of ⌊>Microsoft Office>⌋ by providing a free, open and high-quality alternative; later versions of StarOffice are based upon OpenOffice.org with additional proprietary components.@@@@1@43@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600060@unknown@formal@none@1@S@OpenOffice.org is ⌊>free software>⌋, available under the ⌊>GNU Lesser General Public License>⌋ (LGPL).@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600070@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The project and software are informally referred to as ⌊/OpenOffice/⌋, but this term is a ⌊>trademark>⌋ held by another party, requiring the project to adopt ⌊/OpenOffice.org/⌋ as its formal name.@@@@1@30@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600080@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=History¦2=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600090@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Originally developed as the ⌊>proprietary software>⌋ application suite StarOffice by the German company ⌊>StarDivision>⌋, the code was purchased in 1999 by Sun Microsystems.@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600100@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In August 1999 version 5.2 of StarOffice was made available free of charge.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600110@unknown@formal@none@1@S@On ⌊>July 19>⌋, ⌊>2000>⌋, Sun Microsystems announced that it was making the source code of StarOffice available for download under both the LGPL and the ⌊>Sun Industry Standards Source License>⌋ (SISSL) with the intention of building an open source development community around the software.@@@@1@44@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600120@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The new project was known as OpenOffice.org, and its website went live on ⌊>October 13>⌋, ⌊>2000>⌋.@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600130@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Work on version 2.0 began in early 2003 with the following goals: better interoperability with Microsoft Office; better performance, with improved speed and lower memory usage; greater ⌊>scripting>⌋ capabilities; better integration, particularly with ⌊>GNOME>⌋; an easier-to-find and use database front-end for creating reports, forms and queries; a new built-in ⌊>SQL>⌋ database; and improved ⌊>usability>⌋.@@@@1@54@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600140@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A ⌊>beta version>⌋ was released on ⌊>March 4>⌋, ⌊>2005>⌋.@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600150@unknown@formal@none@1@S@On ⌊>September 2>⌋, ⌊>2005>⌋ Sun announced that it was retiring the SISSL.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600160@unknown@formal@none@1@S@As a consequence, the OpenOffice.org Community Council announced that it would no longer ⌊>dual license>⌋ the office suite, and future versions would use only the LGPL.@@@@1@26@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600170@unknown@formal@none@1@S@On ⌊>October 20>⌋, ⌊>2005>⌋, OpenOffice.org 2.0 was formally released to the public.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600180@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Eight weeks after the release of Version 2.0, an update, OpenOffice.org 2.0.1, was released.@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600190@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It fixed minor bugs and introduced new features.@@@@1@8@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600200@unknown@formal@none@1@S@As of the 2.0.3 release, OpenOffice.org changed its release cycle from 18-months to releasing updates, feature enhancements and bug fixes every three months.@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600210@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Currently, new versions including new features are released every six months (so-called "feature releases") alternating with so-called "bug fix releases" which are being released between two feature releases (Every 3 months).@@@@1@31@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600220@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=StarOffice¦3=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600230@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Sun subsidizes the development of OpenOffice.org in order to use it as a base for its commercial ⌊>proprietary>⌋ StarOffice application software.@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600240@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Releases of StarOffice since version 6.0 have been based on the OpenOffice.org source code, with some additional proprietary components, including:@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600250@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#Additional bundled fonts (especially ⌊>East Asian language>⌋ fonts).#⌋@@@@1@8@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600260@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>Adabas D>⌋ database.#⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600270@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Additional document ⌊>templates>⌋.#⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600280@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>Clip art>⌋.#⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600290@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Sorting functionality for Asian versions.#⌋@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600300@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Additional file filters.#⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600310@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Migration assessment tool (Enterprise Edition).#⌋@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600320@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Macro migration tool (Enterprise Edition).#⌋@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600330@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Configuration management tool (Enterprise Edition).#⌋•⌋@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600340@unknown@formal@none@1@S@OpenOffice.org, therefore, inherited many features from the original StarOffice upon which it was based including the ⌊>OpenOffice.org XML>⌋ file format which it retained until version 2, when it was replaced by the ISO standard ⌊>OpenDocument>⌋ Format (ODF).@@@@1@37@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600350@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Features¦2=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600360@unknown@formal@none@1@S@According to its ⌊>mission statement>⌋, the OpenOffice.org project aims "⌊/To create, as a community, the leading international office suite that will run on all major platforms and provide access to all functionality and data through open-component based APIs and an XML-based file format./⌋"@@@@1@43@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600370@unknown@formal@none@1@S@OpenOffice.org aims to compete with Microsoft Office and emulate its look and feel where suitable.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600380@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It can read and write most of the ⌊>file formats>⌋ found in Microsoft Office, and many other applications; an essential feature of the suite for many users.@@@@1@27@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600390@unknown@formal@none@1@S@OpenOffice.org has been found to be able to open files of older versions of Microsoft Office and damaged files that newer versions of Microsoft Office itself cannot open.@@@@1@28@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600400@unknown@formal@none@1@S@However, it cannot open older Word for Macintosh (MCW) files.@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600410@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Platforms¦3=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600420@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Platforms for which OO.o is available include ⌊>Microsoft Windows>⌋, ⌊>Linux>⌋, ⌊>Solaris>⌋, ⌊>BSD>⌋, ⌊>OpenVMS>⌋, ⌊>OS/2>⌋ and ⌊>IRIX>⌋.@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600430@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The current primary development platforms are Microsoft Windows, Linux and Solaris.@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600440@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A port for ⌊>Mac OS X>⌋ exists for OS X machines which have the ⌊>X Window System>⌋ component installed.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600450@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A port to OS X's native ⌊>Aqua user interface>⌋ is in progress, and is scheduled for completion for the 3.0 milestone.@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600460@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>NeoOffice>⌋ is an independent ⌊>fork>⌋ of OpenOffice, specially adapted for Mac OS X.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600470@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Components¦3=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600480@unknown@formal@none@1@S@OpenOffice.org is a collection of applications that work together closely to provide the features expected from a modern office suite.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600490@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Many of the components are designed to mirror those available in Microsoft Office.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600500@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The components available include:@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600510@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#⌊>QuickStart>⌋er#⌋•⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600520@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊⇥A small program for Windows and Linux that runs when the computer starts for the first time.@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600530@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It loads the core files and libraries for OpenOffice.org during computer startup and allows the suite applications to start more quickly when selected later.@@@@1@24@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600540@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The amount of time it takes to open OpenOffice.org applications was a common complaint in version 1.0 of the suite.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600550@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Substantial improvements were made in this area for version 2.2.⇥⌋@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600560@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#The ⌊>macro>⌋ recorder#⌋•⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600570@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊⇥Is used to record user actions and replay them later to help with automating tasks, using ⌊>OpenOffice.org Basic>⌋ (see ⌊>below>⌋).⇥⌋@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600580@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is not possible to download these components individually on Windows, though they can be installed separately.@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600590@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Most Linux distributions break the components into individual packages which may be downloaded and installed separately.@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600600@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=OpenOffice.org Basic¦3=⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600610@unknown@formal@none@1@S@OpenOffice.org Basic is a programming language similar to Microsoft ⌊>Visual Basic for Applications>⌋ (VBA) based on ⌊>StarOffice Basic>⌋.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600620@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In addition to the macros, the upcoming Novell edition of OpenOffice.org 2.0 supports running Microsoft VBA macros, a feature expected to be incorporated into the mainstream version soon.@@@@1@28@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600630@unknown@formal@none@1@S@OpenOffice.org Basic is available in the Writer and Calc applications.@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600640@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is written in functions called subroutines or macros, with each macro performing a different task, such as counting the words in a paragraph.@@@@1@24@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600650@unknown@formal@none@1@S@OpenOffice.org Basic is especially useful in doing repetitive tasks that have not been integrated in the program.@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600660@unknown@formal@none@1@S@As the OpenOffice.org database, called "Base", uses documents created under the Writer application for reports and forms, one could say that Base can also be programmed with OpenOffice.org Basic.@@@@1@29@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600670@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=File formats¦2=⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600680@unknown@formal@none@1@S@OpenOffice.org pioneered the ISO/IEC standard ⌊>OpenDocument>⌋ file formats (ODF), which it uses natively, by default.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600690@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It also supports reading (and in some cases writing) a large number of legacy proprietary file formats (e.g.: ⌊>WordPerfect>⌋ through libwpd, ⌊>StarOffice>⌋, ⌊>Lotus software>⌋, ⌊>MS Works>⌋ through libwps, ⌊>Rich Text Format>⌋), most notably including ⌊>Microsoft Office>⌋ formats after which the OpenDocument specification was "approved for release as an ISO and IEC International Standard" under the name ISO/IEC 26300:2006..@@@@1@58@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600700@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Microsoft Office interoperability¦3=⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600710@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In response to Microsoft's recent movement towards using the ⌊>Office Open XML>⌋ format in ⌊>Microsoft Office 2007>⌋, ⌊>Novell>⌋ has released an ⌊>Office Open XML>⌋ converter for OOo under a liberal ⌊>BSD license>⌋ (along with ⌊>GNU GPL>⌋ and ⌊>LGPL>⌋ licensed libraries), that will be submitted for inclusion into the OpenOffice.org project.@@@@1@50@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600720@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This allows OOo to read and write Microsoft OpenXML-formatted word processing documents (.docx) in OpenOffice.org.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600730@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Currently it works only with the latest Novell edition of OpenOffice.org.@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600740@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>Sun Microsystems>⌋ has developed an ODF plugin for Microsoft Office which enables users of Microsoft Office Word, Excel and PowerPoint to read and write ODF documents.@@@@1@26@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600750@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The plugin currently works with Microsoft Office 2003, Microsoft Office XP and Microsoft Office 2000.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600760@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Support for Microsoft Office 2007 is only available in combination with Microsoft Office 2007 SP1.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600770@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Several software companies (including Microsoft and Novell) are working on an add-in for Microsoft Office that allows reading and writing ODF files.@@@@1@22@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600780@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Currently it works only for Microsoft Word 2007 / XP / 2003.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600790@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Microsoft provides a compatibility pack to read and write Office Open XML files with Office 2000, XP and 2003.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600800@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The compatibility pack can also be used as a stand-alone converter with Microsoft Office 97.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600810@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This might be helpful to convert older Microsoft Office files via Office Open XML to ODF if a direct conversion doesn't work as expected.@@@@1@24@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600820@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The Office compatibility pack however does not install for Office 2000 or Office XP on ⌊>Windows 9x>⌋.@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600830@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Note that some office applications built with Microsoft components may refuse to import OpenOffice data.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600840@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>The Sage Group>⌋'s Simply Accounting, for example, can import Excel's .xls files, but refuses to accept OpenOffice.org-generated .xls files for the reason that the OOo .xls files are not "genuine Microsoft" .xls files.@@@@1@33@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600850@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Development¦2=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600860@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Overview¦3=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600870@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The OpenOffice.org ⌊>API>⌋ is based on a component technology known as ⌊>Universal Network Objects>⌋ (UNO).@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600880@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It consists of a wide range of interfaces defined in a ⌊>CORBA>⌋-like ⌊>interface description language>⌋.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600890@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The ⌊>document file format>⌋ used is based on ⌊>XML>⌋ and several export and import filters.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600900@unknown@formal@none@1@S@All external formats read by OpenOffice.org are converted back and forth from an internal XML representation.@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600910@unknown@formal@none@1@S@By using ⌊>compression>⌋ when saving ⌊>XML>⌋ to disk, files are generally smaller than the equivalent binary Microsoft Office documents.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600920@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The native file format for storing documents in version 1.0 was used as the basis of the ⌊>OASIS>⌋ OpenDocument file format standard, which has become the default file format in version 2.0.@@@@1@32@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600930@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Development versions of the suite are released every few weeks on the developer zone of the OpenOffice.org website.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600940@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The releases are meant for those who wish to test new features or are simply curious about forthcoming changes; they are not suitable for production use.@@@@1@26@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600950@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Native desktop integration¦3=⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600960@unknown@formal@none@1@S@OpenOffice.org 1.0 was criticized for not having the ⌊>look and feel>⌋ of applications developed natively for the platforms on which it runs.@@@@1@22@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600970@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Starting with version 2.0, OpenOffice.org uses native ⌊>widget toolkit>⌋, icons, and font-rendering libraries across a variety of platforms, to better match native applications and provide a smoother experience for the user.@@@@1@31@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600980@unknown@formal@none@1@S@There are projects underway to further improve this integration on both ⌊>GNOME>⌋ and ⌊>KDE>⌋.@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006600990@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This issue has been particularly pronounced on Mac OS X, whose standard user interface looks noticeably different from either Windows or ⌊>X11>⌋-based desktop environments and requires the use of programming toolkits unfamiliar to most OpenOffice.org developers.@@@@1@36@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601000@unknown@formal@none@1@S@There are two implementations of OpenOffice.org available for OS X:@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601010@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊:OpenOffice.org Mac OS X (X11):⌋@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601020@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊⇥This official implementation requires the installation of ⌊>X11.app>⌋ or ⌊>XDarwin>⌋, and is a close port of the well-tested Unix version.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601030@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is functionally equivalent to the Unix version, and its user interface resembles the ⌊>look and feel>⌋ of that version; for example, the application uses its own ⌊>menu bar>⌋ instead of the OS X menu at the top of the screen.@@@@1@41@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601040@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It also requires system fonts to be converted to X11 format for OpenOffice.org to use them (which can be done during application installation).⇥⌋@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601050@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊:OpenOffice.org Aqua:⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601060@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊⇥After a first step (completed) using ⌊>Carbon>⌋, OpenOffice.org Aqua switched to ⌊>Cocoa>⌋ technology, and an ⌊>Aqua>⌋ version (based on ⌊>Cocoa>⌋) is also being developed under the aegis of OpenOffice.org, with a Beta version currently available.@@@@1@35@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601070@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Sun Microsystems is collaborating with OOo to further development of the Aqua version of OpenOffice.org for Mac.⇥⌋@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601080@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Future¦3=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601090@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Currently, a developed preview of OpenOffice.org 3 (OOo-dev 3.0) is available for download.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601100@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Among the planned features for OOo 3.0, set to be released by September 2008 , are:@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601110@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#Personal Information Manager (⌊>PIM>⌋), probably based on ⌊>Thunderbird>⌋/⌊>Lightning>⌋#⌋@@@@1@8@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601120@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#PDF import into Draw (to maintain correct layout of the original PDF)#⌋@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601130@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>OOXML>⌋ document support for opening documents created in ⌊>Office 2007>⌋#⌋@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601140@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Support for ⌊>Mac OS X>⌋ ⌊>Aqua>⌋ platform#⌋@@@@1@7@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601150@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Extensions, to add third party functionality.#⌋@@@@1@6@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601160@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Presenter screen in Impress with multi-screen support#⌋•⌋@@@@1@7@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601170@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Other projects¦3=⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601180@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A number of products are ⌊> derived from OpenOffice.org>⌋.@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601190@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Among the more well-known ones are Sun StarOffice and NeoOffice.@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601200@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The OpenOffice.org site also lists a large variety of ⌊> complementary products>⌋ including groupware solutions.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601210@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=NeoOffice¦4=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601220@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>NeoOffice>⌋ is an independent ⌊>port>⌋ that integrates with ⌊>OS X>⌋’s ⌊>Aqua>⌋ user interface using ⌊>Java>⌋, ⌊>Carbon>⌋ and (increasingly) ⌊>Cocoa>⌋ toolkits.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601230@unknown@formal@none@1@S@NeoOffice adheres fairly closely to OS X UI standards (for example, using native pull-down menus), and has direct access to OS X’s installed fonts and printers.@@@@1@26@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601240@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Its releases lag behind the official OpenOffice.org X11 releases, due to its small development team and the concurrent development of the technology used to port the user interface.@@@@1@28@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601250@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Other projects run alongside the main OpenOffice.org project and are easier to contribute to.@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601260@unknown@formal@none@1@S@These include documentation, ⌊>internationalisation and localisation>⌋ and the API.@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601270@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=OpenGroupware.org¦4=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601280@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>OpenGroupware.org>⌋ is a set of extension programs to allow the sharing of OpenOffice.org documents, calendars, address books, ⌊>e-mail>⌋s, ⌊>instant messaging>⌋ and blackboards, and provide access to other ⌊>groupware>⌋ applications.@@@@1@29@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601290@unknown@formal@none@1@S@There is also an effort to create and share assorted document templates and other useful additions at OOExtras.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601300@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A set of ⌊>Perl>⌋ extensions is available through the ⌊>CPAN>⌋ in order to allow OpenOffice.org document processing by external programs.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601310@unknown@formal@none@1@S@These libraries do not use the OpenOffice.org API.@@@@1@8@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601320@unknown@formal@none@1@S@They directly read or write the OpenOffice.org files using Perl standard file ⌊>compression/decompression>⌋, XML access and ⌊>UTF-8>⌋ encoding modules.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601330@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Portable¦4=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601340@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A distribution of OpenOffice.org called OpenOffice.org Portable is designed to run the suite from a ⌊>USB flash drive>⌋.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601350@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=OxygenOffice Professional¦4=⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601360@unknown@formal@none@1@S@An enhancement of OpenOffice.org, providing: Current Version: 2.4@@@@1@8@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601370@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#Possibility to run Visual Basic for Application (VBA) macros in Calc (for testing)#⌋@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601380@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Improved Calc HTML export#⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601390@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Enhanced Access support for Base#⌋@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601400@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Security fixes#⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601410@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Enhanced performance#⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601420@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Enhanced color-palette#⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601430@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Enhanced help menu, additional User’s Manual, and extended tips for beginners#⌋•⌋@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601440@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Optionally it provides, free for personal and professional use:@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601450@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#More than 3,200 graphics, both clip art and photos.#⌋@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601460@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Several templates and sample documents#⌋@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601470@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Over 90 free fonts.#⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601480@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Additional tools like OOoWikipedia#⌋•⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601490@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Extensions¦4=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601500@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Since version 2.0.4, OpenOffice.org has supported extensions in a similar manner to ⌊>Mozilla Firefox>⌋.@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601510@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Extensions make it easy to add new functionality to an existing OpenOffice.org installation.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601520@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The ⌊> OpenOffice.org Extension Repository>⌋ lists already more than 80 extensions.@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601530@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Developers can easily build new extensions for OpenOffice.org, for example by using the ⌊> OpenOffice.org API Plugin for NetBeans>⌋.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601540@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=The OpenOffice.org Bibliographic Project¦4=⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601550@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This aims to incorporate a powerful ⌊>reference management software>⌋ into the suite.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601560@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The new major addition is slated for inclusion with the standard OpenOffice.org release on late-2007 to mid-2008, or possibly later depending upon the availability of programmers.@@@@1@26@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601570@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Security¦3=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601580@unknown@formal@none@1@S@OpenOffice.org includes a security team, and as of June 2008 the security organization ⌊>Secunia>⌋ reports no known unpatched security flaws for the software.@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601590@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>Kaspersky Lab>⌋ has shown a ⌊>proof of concept>⌋ virus for OpenOffice.org.@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601600@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This shows OOo viruses are possible, but there is no known virus "in the wild".@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601610@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In a private meeting of the French Ministry of Defense, macro-related security issues were raised.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601620@unknown@formal@none@1@S@OpenOffice.org developers have responded and noted that the supposed vulnerability had not been announced through "well defined procedures" for disclosure and that the ministry had revealed nothing specific.@@@@1@28@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601630@unknown@formal@none@1@S@However, the developers have been in talks with the researcher concerning the supposed vulnerability.@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601640@unknown@formal@none@1@S@As with Microsoft Word, documents created in OpenOffice can contain ⌊>metadata>⌋ which may include a complete history of what was changed, when and by whom.@@@@1@25@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601650@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Ownership¦2=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601660@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The project and software are informally referred to as ⌊/OpenOffice/⌋, but project organizers report that this term is a ⌊>trademark>⌋ held by another party, requiring them to adopt ⌊/OpenOffice.org/⌋ as its formal name.@@@@1@33@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601670@unknown@formal@none@1@S@(Due to a similar trademark issue, the ⌊>Brazilian Portuguese>⌋ version of the suite is distributed under the name ⌊/BrOffice.org/⌋.)@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601680@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Development is managed by staff members of StarOffice.@@@@1@8@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601690@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Some delay and difficulty in implementing external contributions to the core codebase (even those from the project's corporate sponsors) has been noted.@@@@1@22@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601700@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Currently, there are ⌊> several derived and/or proprietary works based on OOo>⌋, with some of them being:@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601710@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#Sun Microsystem's ⌊>StarOffice>⌋, with various complementary add-ons.#⌋@@@@1@7@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601720@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#IBM's ⌊>Lotus Symphony>⌋, with a new interface based on ⌊>Eclipse>⌋ (based on OO.o 1.x).#⌋@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601730@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#OpenOffice.org Novell edition, integrated with ⌊>Evolution>⌋ and with a ⌊>OOXML>⌋ filter.#⌋@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601740@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Beijing ⌊>Redflag>⌋ Chinese 2000's ⌊>RedOffice>⌋, fully localized in Chinese characters.#⌋@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601750@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Planamesa's ⌊>NeoOffice>⌋ for ⌊>Mac OS X>⌋ with Aqua support via Java.#⌋•⌋@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601760@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In ⌊>May 23>⌋, ⌊>2007>⌋, the OpenOffice.org community and Redflag Chinese 2000 Software Co, Ltd. announced a joint development effort focused on integrating the new features that have been added in the RedOffice localization of OpenOffice.org, as well as quality assurance and work on the core applications.@@@@1@46@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601770@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Additionally, Redflag Chinese 2000 made public its commitment to the global OO.o community stating it would "strengthen its support of the development of the world's leading free and open source productivity suite", adding around 50 engineers (that have been working on RedOffice since 2006) to the project.@@@@1@47@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601780@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In ⌊>September 10>⌋, ⌊>2007>⌋, the OO.o community announced that ⌊>IBM>⌋ had joined to support the development of OpenOffice.org.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601790@unknown@formal@none@1@S@"IBM will be making initial code contributions that it has been developing as part of its Lotus Notes product, including accessibility enhancements, and will be making ongoing contributions to the feature richness and code quality of OpenOffice.org.@@@@1@37@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601800@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Besides working with the community on the free productivity suite's software, IBM will also leverage OpenOffice.org technology in its products" as has been seen with ⌊>Lotus Symphony>⌋.@@@@1@27@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601810@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Sean Poulley, the vice president of business and strategy in IBM's ⌊>Lotus Software>⌋ division said that IBM plans to take a leadership role in the OpenOffice.org community together with other companies such as Sun Microsystems.@@@@1@35@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601820@unknown@formal@none@1@S@IBM will work within the leadership structure that exists.@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601830@unknown@formal@none@1@S@As of ⌊>October 02>⌋, ⌊>2007>⌋, ⌊>Michael Meeks>⌋ announced (and generated an answer by Sun's ⌊>Simon Phipps>⌋ and Mathias Bauer) a derived OpenOffice.org work, under the wing of his employer ⌊>Novell>⌋, with the purpose of including new features and fixes that do not get easily integrated in the OOo-build up-stream core.@@@@1@50@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601840@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The work is called Go-OO (⌊>http://go-oo.org/)>⌋ a name under which alternative OO.o software has been available for five years.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601850@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The new features are shared with Novell's edition of OOo and include:@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601860@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#⌊>VBA>⌋ macros support.#⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601870@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Faster start up time.#⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601880@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#"A ⌊>linear optimization>⌋ solver to optimize a cell value based on arbitrary constraints built into Calc".#⌋@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601890@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Multimedia content supports into documents, using the ⌊>gstreamer>⌋ multimedia framework.#⌋@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601900@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Support for ⌊>Microsoft Works>⌋ formats, ⌊>WordPerfect>⌋ graphics (WPG format) and T602 files imports.#⌋•⌋@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601910@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>Details about the patch handling including metrics>⌋ can be found on the OpenOffice.org site.@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601920@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Reactions¦2=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601930@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Federal Computer Week issue listed OpenOffice.org as one of the "5 stars of open-source products."@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601940@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In contrast, OpenOffice.org was used in ⌊>2005>⌋ by ⌊/⌊>The Guardian>⌋/⌋ newspaper to illustrate what it claims are the limitations of open-source software, although the article does finish by stating that the software may be better than MS Word for books.@@@@1@40@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601950@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Market share¦3=⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601960@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is extremely difficult to estimate the market share of OpenOffice.org due to the fact that OpenOffice.org can be freely distributed via download sites including mirrors, peer-to-peer networks, CDs, Linux distros, etc.@@@@1@32@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601970@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Nevertheless, the OpenOffice.org tries to capture key adoption data in a market share analysis@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601980@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Although Microsoft Office retains 95% of the general market as measured by revenue, OpenOffice.org and StarOffice have secured 14% of the large enterprise market as of 2004 and 19% of the small to midsize business market in 2005.@@@@1@38@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006601990@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The OpenOffice.org web site reports more than 98 million downloads.@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602000@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Other large scale users of OpenOffice.org include ⌊>Singapore’s Ministry of Defence>⌋, and ⌊>Bristol>⌋ City Council in the UK.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602010@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In ⌊>France>⌋, OpenOffice.org has attracted the attention of both local and national government administrations who wish to rationalize their software procurement, as well as have stable, standard file formats for archival purposes.@@@@1@32@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602020@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is now the official office suite for the ⌊>French Gendarmerie>⌋.@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602030@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Several government organizations in India, such as ⌊>IIT Bombay>⌋ (a renowned technical institute), the ⌊>Supreme Court of India>⌋, the ⌊>Allahabad High Court>⌋, which use Linux, completely rely on OpenOffice.org for their administration.@@@@1@32@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602040@unknown@formal@none@1@S@On ⌊>October 4>⌋, ⌊>2005>⌋, Sun and ⌊>Google>⌋ announced a strategic partnership.@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602050@unknown@formal@none@1@S@As part of this agreement, Sun will add a Google search bar to OpenOffice.org, Sun and Google will engage in joint marketing activities as well as joint research and development, and Google will help distribute OpenOffice.org.@@@@1@36@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602060@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Google is currently distributing StarOffice as part of the ⌊>Google Pack>⌋.@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602070@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Besides StarOffice, there are still a number of OpenOffice.org derived commercial products.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602080@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Most of them are developed under ⌊>SISSL>⌋ license (which is valid up to OpenOffice.org 2.0 Beta 2).@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602090@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In general they are targeted at local or niche market, with proprietary add-ons such as speech recognition module, automatic database connection, or better ⌊>CJK>⌋ support.@@@@1@25@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602100@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In July 2007 Everex, a division of First International Computer and the 9th largest PC supplier in the U.S., began shipping systems preloaded with OpenOffice.org 2.2 into Wal-Mart and Sam's Club throughout North America.@@@@1@34@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602110@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In September 2007 IBM announced that it would supply and support OpenOffice.org branded as ⌊>Lotus Symphony>⌋, and integrated into Lotus Notes.@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602120@unknown@formal@none@1@S@IBM also announced 35 developers would be assigned to work on OpenOffice.org, and that it would join the OpenOffice.org foundation.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602130@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Commentators noted parallels between IBM's 2000 support of Linux and this announcement.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602140@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Java controversy¦3=⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602150@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In the past OpenOffice.org was criticized for an increasing dependency on the ⌊>Java Runtime Environment>⌋ which was not ⌊>free software>⌋.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602160@unknown@formal@none@1@S@That Sun Microsystems is both the creator of Java and the chief supporter of OpenOffice.org drew accusations of ulterior motives for this technology choice.@@@@1@24@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602170@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Version 1 depended on the ⌊>Java Runtime Environment>⌋ (JRE) being present on the user’s computer for some auxiliary functions, but version 2 increased the suite’s use of Java requiring a JRE.@@@@1@31@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602180@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In response, ⌊>Red Hat>⌋ increased their efforts to improve ⌊>free Java implementations>⌋.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602190@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Red Hat’s ⌊>Fedora Core>⌋ 4 (released on ⌊>June 13>⌋, ⌊>2005>⌋) included a beta version of OpenOffice.org version 2, running on ⌊>GCJ>⌋ and ⌊>GNU Classpath>⌋.@@@@1@24@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602200@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The issue of OpenOffice.org’s use of Java came to the fore in May 2005, when ⌊>Richard Stallman>⌋ appeared to call for a ⌊>fork>⌋ of the application in a posting on the ⌊>Free Software Foundation>⌋ website.@@@@1@35@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602210@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This led to discussions within the OpenOffice.org community and between Sun staff and developers involved in ⌊>GNU Classpath>⌋, a free replacement for Sun’s Java implementation.@@@@1@25@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602220@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Later that year, the OpenOffice.org developers also placed into their development guidelines various requirements to ensure that future versions of OpenOffice.org could be run on free implementations of Java and fixed the issues which previously prevented OpenOffice.org 2.0 from using free software Java implementations.@@@@1@44@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602230@unknown@formal@none@1@S@On ⌊>November 13>⌋, ⌊>2006>⌋, Sun committed to releasing Java under the ⌊>GNU General Public License>⌋ in the near future.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602240@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This process would end OpenOffice.org's dependence on ⌊>non-free>⌋ software.@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602250@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Between November 2006 and May 2007, Sun Microsystems made available most of their Java technologies under the GNU General Public License, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, thus making almost all of Sun's Java also free software.@@@@1@41@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602260@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The following areas of OpenOffice.org 2.0 depend on the JRE being present:@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602270@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#The ⌊>media player>⌋ on Unix-like systems#⌋@@@@1@6@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602280@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#All document wizards in Writer#⌋@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602290@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Accessibility tools#⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602300@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Report Autopilot#⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602310@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>JDBC>⌋ driver support#⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602320@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>HSQL>⌋ database engine, which is used in OpenOffice.org Base#⌋@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602330@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>XSLT>⌋ filters#⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602340@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>BeanShell>⌋, the ⌊>NetBeans>⌋ scripting language and the Java UNO bridge#⌋@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602350@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Export filters to the Aportis.doc (.pdb) format for the ⌊>Palm OS>⌋ or ⌊>Pocket Word>⌋ (.psw) format for the ⌊>Pocket PC>⌋#⌋@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602360@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Export filter to ⌊>LaTeX>⌋#⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602370@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#Export filter to ⌊>MediaWiki>⌋'s ⌊>wikitext>⌋#⌋•⌋@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602380@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A common point of confusion is that ⌊>mail merge>⌋ to generate emails requires the Java API JavaMail in ⌊>StarOffice>⌋; however, as of version 2.0.1, OpenOffice.org uses a ⌊>Python>⌋-component instead.@@@@1@29@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602390@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Complementary software¦3=⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602400@unknown@formal@none@1@S@OpenOffice.org provides replacement for MS Office's ⌊>Microsoft Word>⌋, ⌊>Microsoft Excel>⌋, ⌊>Microsoft PowerPoint>⌋, ⌊>Microsoft Access>⌋, ⌊>Microsoft Equation Editor>⌋ and ⌊>Microsoft Visio>⌋.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602410@unknown@formal@none@1@S@But to level the equivalent functionality from the rest of MS Office, OOo can be complemented with other open source programs such as:@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602420@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#⌊>Evolution>⌋ or ⌊>Thunderbird>⌋/⌊>Lightning>⌋ for a PIM like ⌊>Microsoft Outlook>⌋.#⌋@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602430@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>OpenProj>⌋ (which seeks integration with OOo, but might be limited due to licensing issues) for ⌊>Microsoft Project>⌋.#⌋@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602440@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>Scribus>⌋ for ⌊>Microsoft Publisher>⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602450@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>O3spaces>⌋ for ⌊>Sharepoint>⌋#⌋•⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602460@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Microsoft also provides Administrative Template Files ("adm files") that allow MS Office to be configured using Windows Group Policy.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602470@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Equivalent functionality for OpenOffice.org is provided by ⌊> OpenOffice-Enterprise>⌋, a commercial product from Open Office Technology, Inc.@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602480@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Issues¦3=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602490@unknown@formal@none@1@S@OpenOffice.org has been criticized for slow start times and extensive CPU and RAM usage in comparison to other competitive software such as Microsoft Office.@@@@1@24@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602500@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In comparison, tests between OpenOffice.org 2.2 and Microsoft Office 2007 have found that OpenOffice.org takes approximately 2 times the processing time and memory to load itself along with a blank file; and took approximately 4.7 times the processing time and 3.9 times the memory to open an extremely large spreadsheet file.@@@@1@49@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602510@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Critics have pointed to excessive code bloat and OpenOffice.org's loading of the ⌊>Java Runtime Environment>⌋ as possible reasons for the slow speeds and excessive memory usage.@@@@1@26@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602520@unknown@formal@none@1@S@However, since OpenOffice.org 2.2 the performance of OpenOffice.org has been improved dramatically.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602530@unknown@formal@none@1@S@One of the greatest challenges is its ability to be truly cross compatible with other applications.@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602540@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Since Openoffice.org is forced to reverse engineer proprietary binary formats due to unavailability of open specifications, slight formatting incompatibilities tend to exist when files are saved in non-native format.@@@@1@29@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602550@unknown@formal@none@1@S@For example, a complex .doc document formatted under OpenOffice.org, is usually not displayed with the correct format when opened with Microsoft Office.@@@@1@22@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602560@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Retail¦2=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602570@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The ⌊>free software license>⌋ under which OpenOffice.org is distributed allows unlimited use of the software for both home and business use, including unlimited redistribution of the software.@@@@1@27@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602580@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Several businesses sell the OpenOffice.org suite on auction websites such as ⌊>eBay>⌋, offering value-added services such as 24/7 technical support, download mirrors, and CD mailing.@@@@1@25@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006602590@unknown@formal@none@1@S@However, often the 24/7 support offered is not provided by the company selling the software, but rather by the official OpenOffice.org mailing list.@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700010@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊δParsingδ⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700020@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In ⌊>computer science>⌋ and ⌊>linguistics>⌋, ⌊∗parsing∗⌋, or, more formally, ⌊∗syntactic analysis∗⌋, is the process of analyzing a sequence of ⌊>tokens>⌋ to determine grammatical structure with respect to a given (more or less) ⌊>formal grammar>⌋.@@@@1@34@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700030@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A ⌊∗parser∗⌋ is thus one of the components in an ⌊>interpreter>⌋ or ⌊>compiler>⌋, where it captures the implied hierarchy of the input text and transforms it into a form suitable for further processing (often some kind of ⌊>parse tree>⌋, ⌊>abstract syntax tree>⌋ or other hierarchical structure) and normally checks for syntax errors at the same time.@@@@1@56@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700040@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The parser often uses a separate ⌊>lexical analyser>⌋ to create tokens from the sequence of input characters.@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700050@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Parsers may be programmed by hand or may be semi-automatically generated (in some programming language) by a tool (such as ⌊>Yacc>⌋) from a grammar written in ⌊>Backus-Naur form>⌋.@@@@1@28@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700060@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Parsing is also an earlier term for the diagramming of sentences of natural languages, and is still used for the diagramming of ⌊>inflected>⌋ languages, such as the ⌊>Romance languages>⌋ or ⌊>Latin>⌋.@@@@1@31@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700070@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Parsers can also be constructed as executable specifications of grammars in functional programming languages.@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700080@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Frost, Hafiz and Callaghan have built on the work of others to construct a set of ⌊>higher-order function>⌋s (called ⌊>parser combinators>⌋) which allow polynomial time and space complexity top-down parser to be constructed as executable specifications of ambiguous grammars containing left-recursive productions.@@@@1@42@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700090@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The ⌊> X-SAIGA>⌋ site has more about the algorithms and implementation details.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700100@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Human languages¦2=⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700110@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊⇥⌊/Also see ⌊>Category:Natural language parsing>⌋/⌋⇥⌋@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700120@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In some ⌊>machine translation>⌋ and ⌊>natural language processing>⌋ systems, human languages are parsed by computer programs.@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700130@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Human sentences are not easily parsed by programs, as there is substantial ⌊>ambiguity>⌋ in the structure of human language.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700140@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In order to parse natural language data, researchers must first agree on the ⌊>grammar>⌋ to be used.@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700150@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The choice of syntax is affected by both ⌊>linguistic>⌋ and computational concerns; for instance some parsing systems use ⌊>lexical functional grammar>⌋, but in general, parsing for grammars of this type is known to be ⌊>NP-complete>⌋.@@@@1@35@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700160@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>Head-driven phrase structure grammar>⌋ is another linguistic formalism which has been popular in the parsing community, but other research efforts have focused on less complex formalisms such as the one used in the Penn ⌊>Treebank>⌋.@@@@1@35@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700170@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>Shallow parsing>⌋ aims to find only the boundaries of major constituents such as noun phrases.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700180@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Another popular strategy for avoiding linguistic controversy is ⌊>dependency grammar>⌋ parsing.@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700190@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Most modern parsers are at least partly ⌊>statistical>⌋; that is, they rely on a corpus of training data which has already been annotated (parsed by hand).@@@@1@26@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700200@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This approach allows the system to gather information about the frequency with which various constructions occur in specific contexts.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700210@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊/(See ⌊>machine learning>⌋.)/⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700220@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Approaches which have been used include straightforward ⌊>PCFG>⌋s (probabilistic context free grammars), ⌊>maximum entropy>⌋, and ⌊>neural net>⌋s.@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700230@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Most of the more successful systems use ⌊/lexical/⌋ statistics (that is, they consider the identities of the words involved, as well as their ⌊>part of speech>⌋).@@@@1@26@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700240@unknown@formal@none@1@S@However such systems are vulnerable to ⌊>overfitting>⌋ and require some kind of smoothing to be effective.@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700250@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Parsing algorithms for natural language cannot rely on the grammar having 'nice' properties as with manually-designed grammars for programming languages.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700260@unknown@formal@none@1@S@As mentioned earlier some grammar formalisms are very computationally difficult to parse; in general, even if the desired structure is not ⌊>context-free>⌋, some kind of context-free approximation to the grammar is used to perform a first pass.@@@@1@37@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700270@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Algorithms which use context-free grammars often rely on some variant of the ⌊>CKY algorithm>⌋, usually with some ⌊>heuristic>⌋ to prune away unlikely analyses to save time.@@@@1@26@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700280@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊/(See ⌊>chart parsing>⌋.)/⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700290@unknown@formal@none@1@S@However some systems trade speed for accuracy using, eg, linear-time versions of the ⌊>shift-reduce>⌋ algorithm.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700300@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A somewhat recent development has been ⌊>parse reranking>⌋ in which the parser proposes some large number of analyses, and a more complex system selects the best option.@@@@1@27@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700310@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is normally branching of one part and its subparts@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700320@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Programming languages¦2=⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700330@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The most common use of a parser is as a component of a ⌊>compiler>⌋ or ⌊>interpreter>⌋.@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700340@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This parses the ⌊>source code>⌋ of a ⌊>computer programming language>⌋ to create some form of internal representation.@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700350@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Programming languages tend to be specified in terms of a ⌊>context-free grammar>⌋ because fast and efficient parsers can be written for them.@@@@1@22@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700360@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Parsers are written by hand or generated by ⌊>parser generator>⌋s.@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700370@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Context-free grammars are limited in the extent to which they can express all of the requirements of a language.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700380@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Informally, the reason is that the memory of such a language is limited.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700390@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The grammar cannot remember the presence of a construct over an arbitrarily long input; this is necessary for a language in which, for example, a name must be declared before it may be referenced.@@@@1@34@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700400@unknown@formal@none@1@S@More powerful grammars that can express this constraint, however, cannot be parsed efficiently.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700410@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Thus, it is a common strategy to create a relaxed parser for a context-free grammar which accepts a superset of the desired language constructs (that is, it accepts some invalid constructs); later, the unwanted constructs can be filtered out.@@@@1@39@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700420@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Overview of process¦3=⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700430@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The following example demonstrates the common case of parsing a computer language with two levels of grammar: lexical and syntactic.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700440@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The first stage is the token generation, or ⌊>lexical analysis>⌋, by which the input character stream is split into meaningful symbols defined by a grammar of ⌊>regular expression>⌋s.@@@@1@28@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700450@unknown@formal@none@1@S@For example, a calculator program would look at an input such as "⌊◊12*(3+4)^2◊⌋" and split it into the tokens ⌊◊12◊⌋, ⌊◊*◊⌋, ⌊◊(◊⌋, ⌊◊3◊⌋, ⌊◊+◊⌋, ⌊◊4◊⌋, ⌊◊)◊⌋, ⌊◊^◊⌋, and ⌊◊2◊⌋, each of which is a meaningful symbol in the context of an arithmetic expression.@@@@1@43@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700460@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The parser would contain rules to tell it that the characters ⌊◊*◊⌋, ⌊◊+◊⌋, ⌊◊^◊⌋, ⌊◊(◊⌋ and ⌊◊)◊⌋ mark the start of a new token, so meaningless tokens like "⌊◊12*◊⌋" or "⌊◊(3◊⌋" will not be generated.@@@@1@35@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700470@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The next stage is parsing or syntactic analysis, which is checking that the tokens form an allowable expression.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700480@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This is usually done with reference to a ⌊>context-free grammar>⌋ which recursively defines components that can make up an expression and the order in which they must appear.@@@@1@28@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700490@unknown@formal@none@1@S@However, not all rules defining programming languages can be expressed by context-free grammars alone, for example type validity and proper declaration of identifiers.@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700500@unknown@formal@none@1@S@These rules can be formally expressed with ⌊>attribute grammar>⌋s.@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700510@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The final phase is ⌊>semantic parsing>⌋ or analysis, which is working out the implications of the expression just validated and taking the appropriate action.@@@@1@24@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700520@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In the case of a calculator or interpreter, the action is to evaluate the expression or program; a compiler, on the other hand, would generate some kind of code.@@@@1@29@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700530@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Attribute grammars can also be used to define these actions.@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700540@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Types of parsers¦2=⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700550@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The task of the parser is essentially to determine if and how the input can be derived from the start symbol of the grammar.@@@@1@24@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700560@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This can be done in essentially two ways:@@@@1@8@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700570@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#⌊>Top-down parsing>⌋ - Top-down parsing can be viewed as an attempt to find left-most derivations of an input-stream by searching for ⌊>parse-trees>⌋ using a top-down expansion of the given ⌊>formal grammar>⌋ rules.@@@@1@32@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700580@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Tokens are consumed from left to right.@@@@1@7@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700590@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Inclusive choice is used to accommodate ⌊>ambiguity>⌋ by expanding all alternative right-hand-sides of grammar rules .@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700600@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>LL parser>⌋s and ⌊>recursive-descent parser>⌋ are examples of top-down parsers, which cannot accommodate ⌊> left recursive>⌋ productions.@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700610@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Although it has been believed that simple implementations of top-down parsing cannot accommodate direct and indirect left-recursion and may require exponential time and space complexity while parsing ambiguous ⌊>context-free grammar>⌋s, more sophisticated algorithm for top-down parsing have been created by Frost, Hafiz, and Callaghan which accommodates ⌊>ambiguity>⌋ and ⌊>left recursion>⌋ in polynomial time and which generates polynomial-size representations of the potentially-exponential number of parse trees.@@@@1@65@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700620@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Their algorithm is able to produce both left-most and right-most derivations of an input w.r.t. a given CFG.#⌋@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700630@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>Bottom-up parsing>⌋ - A parser can start with the input and attempt to rewrite it to the start symbol.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700640@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Intuitively, the parser attempts to locate the most basic elements, then the elements containing these, and so on.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700650@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>LR parser>⌋s are examples of bottom-up parsers.@@@@1@7@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700660@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Another term used for this type of parser is Shift-Reduce parsing.#⌋•⌋@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700670@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Another important distinction is whether the parser generates a ⌊/leftmost derivation/⌋ or a ⌊/rightmost derivation/⌋ (see ⌊>context-free grammar>⌋).@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700680@unknown@formal@none@1@S@LL parsers will generate a leftmost ⌊>derivation>⌋ and LR parsers will generate a rightmost derivation (although usually in reverse) .@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700690@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Examples of parsers¦2=⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700700@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Top-down parsers¦3=⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700710@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Some of the parsers that use ⌊>top-down parsing>⌋ include:@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700720@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#⌊>Recursive descent parser>⌋#⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700730@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>LL parser>⌋ (⌊∗L∗⌋eft-to-right, ⌊∗L∗⌋eftmost derivation)#⌋@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700740@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>X-SAIGA>⌋ - eXecutable SpecificAtIons of GrAmmars.@@@@1@6@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700750@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Contains publications related to top-down parsing algorithm that supports left-recursion and ambiguity in polynomial time and space.#⌋•⌋@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700760@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Bottom-up parsers¦3=⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700770@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Some of the parsers that use ⌊>bottom-up parsing>⌋ include:@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700780@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#Precedence parser@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700790@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#⌊>Operator-precedence parser>⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700800@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>Simple precedence parser>⌋#⌋•⌋#⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700810@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#BC (bounded context) parsing#⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700820@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>LR parser>⌋ (⌊∗L∗⌋eft-to-right, ⌊∗R∗⌋ightmost derivation)@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700830@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#⌊>Simple LR (SLR) parser>⌋#⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700840@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>LALR parser>⌋#⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700850@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>Canonical LR (LR(1)) parser>⌋#⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700860@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>GLR parser>⌋#⌋•⌋#⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006700870@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>CYK parser>⌋#⌋•⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800010@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊δPart-of-speech taggingδ⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800020@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊∗Part-of-speech tagging∗⌋ (⌊∗POS tagging∗⌋ or ⌊∗POST∗⌋), also called ⌊∗grammatical tagging∗⌋, is the process of marking up the words in a text as corresponding to a particular ⌊>part of speech>⌋, based on both its definition, as well as its context—i.e., relationship with adjacent and related words in a ⌊>phrase>⌋, ⌊>sentence>⌋, or ⌊>paragraph>⌋.@@@@1@51@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800030@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A simplified form of this is commonly taught school-age children, in the identification of words as ⌊>noun>⌋s, ⌊>verb>⌋s, ⌊>adjective>⌋s, ⌊>adverb>⌋s, etc.@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800040@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Once performed by hand, POS tagging is now done in the context of ⌊>computational linguistics>⌋, using ⌊>algorithms>⌋ which associate discrete terms, as well as hidden parts of speech, in accordance with a set of descriptive tags.@@@@1@36@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800050@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=History¦2=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800060@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Research on part-of-speech tagging has been closely tied to ⌊>corpus linguistics>⌋.@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800070@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The first major corpus of English for computer analysis was the ⌊>Brown Corpus>⌋ developed at ⌊>Brown University>⌋ by ⌊>Henry Kucera>⌋ and ⌊>Nelson Francis>⌋, in the mid-1960s.@@@@1@26@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800080@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It consists of about 1,000,000 words of running English prose text, made up of 500 samples from randomly chosen publications.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800090@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Each sample is 2,000 or more words (ending at the first sentence-end after 2,000 words, so that the corpus contains only complete sentences).@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800100@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The ⌊>Brown Corpus>⌋ was painstakingly "tagged" with part-of-speech markers over many years.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800110@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A first approximation was done with a program by Greene and Rubin, which consisted of a huge handmade list of what categories could co-occur at all.@@@@1@26@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800120@unknown@formal@none@1@S@For example, article then noun can occur, but article verb (arguably) cannot.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800130@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The program got about 70% correct.@@@@1@6@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800140@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Its results were repeatedly reviewed and corrected by hand, and later users sent in errata, so that by the late 70s the tagging was nearly perfect (allowing for some cases even human speakers might not agree on).@@@@1@37@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800150@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This corpus has been used for innumerable studies of word-frequency and of part-of-speech, and inspired the development of similar "tagged" corpora in many other languages.@@@@1@25@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800160@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Statistics derived by analyzing it formed the basis for most later part-of-speech tagging systems, such as CLAWS and ⌊>VOLSUNGA>⌋.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800170@unknown@formal@none@1@S@However, by this time (2005) it has been superseded by larger corpora such as the 100 million word ⌊>British National Corpus>⌋.@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800180@unknown@formal@none@1@S@For some time, part-of-speech tagging was considered an inseparable part of ⌊>natural language processing>⌋, because there are certain cases where the correct part of speech cannot be decided without understanding the ⌊>semantics>⌋ or even the ⌊>pragmatics>⌋ of the context.@@@@1@39@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800190@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This is extremely expensive, especially because analyzing the higher levels is much harder when multiple part-of-speech possibilities must be considered for each word.@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800200@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In the mid 1980s, researchers in Europe began to use ⌊>hidden Markov model>⌋s (HMMs) to disambiguate parts of speech, when working to tag the ⌊>Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus>⌋ of British English.@@@@1@29@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800210@unknown@formal@none@1@S@HMMs involve counting cases (such as from the Brown Corpus), and making a table of the probabilities of certain sequences.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800220@unknown@formal@none@1@S@For example, once you've seen an article such as 'the', perhaps the next word is a noun 40% of the time, an adjective 40%, and a number 20%.@@@@1@28@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800230@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Knowing this, a program can decide that "can" in "the can" is far more likely to be a noun than a verb or a modal.@@@@1@25@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800240@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The same method can of course be used to benefit from knowledge about following words.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800250@unknown@formal@none@1@S@More advanced ("higher order") HMMs learn the probabilities not only of pairs, but triples or even larger sequences.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800260@unknown@formal@none@1@S@So, for example, if you've just seen an article and a verb, the next item may be very likely a preposition, article, or noun, but even less likely another verb.@@@@1@30@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800270@unknown@formal@none@1@S@When several ambiguous words occur together, the possibilities multiply.@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800280@unknown@formal@none@1@S@However, it is easy to enumerate every combination and to assign a relative probability to each one, by multiplying together the probabilities of each choice in turn.@@@@1@27@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800290@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The combination with highest probability is then chosen.@@@@1@8@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800300@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The European group developed CLAWS, a tagging program that did exactly this, and achieved accuracy in the 93-95% range.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800310@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is worth remembering, as ⌊>Eugene Charniak>⌋ points out in ⌊/Statistical techniques for natural language parsing/⌋ , that merely assigning the most common tag to each known word and the tag "proper noun" to all unknowns, will approach 90% accuracy because many words are unambiguous.@@@@1@45@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800320@unknown@formal@none@1@S@CLAWS pioneered the field of HMM-based part of speech tagging, but was quite expensive since it enumerated all possibilities.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800330@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It sometimes had to resort to backup methods when there were simply too many (the ⌊>Brown Corpus>⌋ contains a case with 17 ambiguous words in a row, and there are words such as "still" that can represent as many as 7 distinct parts of speech).@@@@1@45@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800340@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In 1987, ⌊>Steve DeRose>⌋ and ⌊>Ken Church>⌋ independently developed ⌊>dynamic programming>⌋ algorithms to solve the same problem in vastly less time.@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800350@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Their methods were similar to the ⌊>Viterbi algorithm>⌋ known for some time in other fields.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800360@unknown@formal@none@1@S@DeRose used a table of pairs, while Church used a table of triples and an ingenious method of estimating the values for triples that were rare or nonexistent in the Brown Corpus (actual measurement of triple probabilities would require a much larger corpus).@@@@1@43@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800370@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Both methods achieved accuracy over 95%.@@@@1@6@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800380@unknown@formal@none@1@S@DeRose's 1990 dissertation at ⌊>Brown University>⌋ included analyses of the specific error types, probabilities, and other related data, and replicated his work for Greek, where it proved similarly effective.@@@@1@29@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800390@unknown@formal@none@1@S@These findings were surprisingly disruptive to the field of ⌊>Natural Language Processing>⌋.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800400@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The accuracy reported was higher than the typical accuracy of very sophisticated algorithms that integrated part of speech choice with many higher levels of linguistic analysis: syntax, morphology, semantics, and so on.@@@@1@32@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800410@unknown@formal@none@1@S@CLAWS, DeRose's and Church's methods did fail for some of the known cases where semantics is required, but those proved negligibly rare.@@@@1@22@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800420@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This convinced many in the field that part-of-speech tagging could usefully be separated out from the other levels of processing; this in turn simplified the theory and practice of computerized language analysis, and encouraged researchers to find ways to separate out other pieces as well.@@@@1@45@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800430@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Markov Models are now the standard method for part-of-speech assignment.@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800440@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The methods already discussed involve working from a pre-existing corpus to learn tag probabilities.@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800450@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is, however, also possible to ⌊>bootstrap>⌋ using "unsupervised" tagging.@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800460@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Unsupervised tagging techniques use an untagged corpus for their training data and produce the tagset by induction.@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800470@unknown@formal@none@1@S@That is, they observe patterns in word use, and derive part-of-speech categories themselves.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800480@unknown@formal@none@1@S@For example, statistics readily reveal that "the", "a", and "an" occur in similar contexts, while "eat" occurs in very different ones.@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800490@unknown@formal@none@1@S@With sufficient iteration, similarity classes of words emerge that are remarkably similar to those human linguists would expect; and the differences themselves sometimes suggest valuable new insights.@@@@1@27@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800500@unknown@formal@none@1@S@These two categories can be further subdivided into rule-based, stochastic, and neural approaches.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800510@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Some current major algorithms for ⌊∗part-of-speech tagging∗⌋ include the ⌊>Viterbi algorithm>⌋, ⌊>Brill Tagger>⌋, and the ⌊>Baum-Welch algorithm>⌋ (also known as the forward-backward algorithm).@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006800520@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>Hidden Markov model>⌋ and ⌊>visible Markov model>⌋ taggers can both be implemented using the ⌊>Viterbi algorithm>⌋.@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900010@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊δPattern recognitionδ⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900020@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊∗Pattern recognition∗⌋ is a sub-topic of ⌊>machine learning>⌋.@@@@1@8@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900030@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It can be defined as@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900040@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊⇥"the act of taking in raw data and taking an action based on the ⌊>category>⌋ of the data".⇥⌋@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900050@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Most research in pattern recognition is about methods for ⌊>supervised learning>⌋ and ⌊>unsupervised learning>⌋.@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900060@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Pattern recognition aims to classify ⌊>data>⌋ (⌊>pattern>⌋s) based on either ⌊/⌊>a priori>⌋/⌋ knowledge or on ⌊>statistical>⌋ information extracted from the patterns.@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900070@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The patterns to be classified are usually groups of measurements or observations, defining points in an appropriate ⌊>multidimensional space>⌋.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900080@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This is in contrast to ⌊∗⌊>pattern matching>⌋∗⌋, where the pattern is rigidly specified.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900090@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Overview¦2=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900100@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A complete pattern recognition system consists of a ⌊>sensor>⌋ that gathers the observations to be classified or described; a ⌊>feature extraction>⌋ mechanism that computes numeric or symbolic information from the observations; and a ⌊>classification>⌋ or description scheme that does the actual job of classifying or describing observations, relying on the extracted features.@@@@1@52@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900110@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The classification or description scheme is usually based on the availability of a set of patterns that have already been classified or described.@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900120@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This set of patterns is termed the ⌊>training set>⌋ and the resulting learning strategy is characterized as ⌊>supervised learning>⌋.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900130@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Learning can also be ⌊>unsupervised>⌋, in the sense that the system is not given an ⌊/a priori/⌋ labeling of patterns, instead it establishes the classes itself based on the statistical regularities of the patterns.@@@@1@34@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900140@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The classification or description scheme usually uses one of the following approaches: ⌊>statistical>⌋ (or decision theoretic), ⌊>syntactic>⌋ (or structural).@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900150@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Statistical pattern recognition is based on statistical characterisations of patterns, assuming that the patterns are generated by a ⌊>probabilistic>⌋ system.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900160@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Syntactical (or structural) pattern recognition is based on the structural interrelationships of features.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900170@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A wide range of algorithms can be applied for pattern recognition, from very simple ⌊>Bayesian classifiers>⌋ to much more powerful ⌊>neural networks>⌋.@@@@1@22@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900180@unknown@formal@none@1@S@An intriguing problem in pattern recognition yet to be solved is the relationship between the problem to be solved (data to be classified) and the performance of various pattern recognition algorithms (classifiers).@@@@1@32@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900190@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Pattern recognition is more complex when templates are used to generate variants.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900200@unknown@formal@none@1@S@For example, in English, sentences often follow the "N-VP" (noun - verb phrase) pattern, but some knowledge of the English language is required to detect the pattern.@@@@1@27@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900210@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Pattern recognition is studied in many fields, including ⌊>psychology>⌋, ⌊>ethology>⌋, and ⌊>computer science>⌋.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900220@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>Holographic associative memory>⌋ is another type of pattern matching scheme where a target small patterns can be searched from a large set of learned patterns based on cognitive meta-weight.@@@@1@29@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900230@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Uses¦2=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900240@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Within medical science pattern recognition creates the basis for ⌊>computer-aided diagnosis>⌋ (CAD) systems.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900250@unknown@formal@none@1@S@CAD describes a procedure that supports the doctor's interpretations and findings.@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900260@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Typical applications are automatic ⌊>speech recognition>⌋, ⌊>classification of text into several categories>⌋ (e.g. spam/non-spam email messages), the ⌊>automatic recognition of handwritten postal codes>⌋ on postal envelopes, or the ⌊>automatic recognition of images>⌋ of human faces.@@@@1@35@@oe@26-8-2013
1000006900270@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The last two examples form the subtopic ⌊>image analysis>⌋ of pattern recognition that deals with digital images as input to pattern recognition systems.@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000010@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊δPhraseδ⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000020@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In ⌊>grammar>⌋, a ⌊∗phrase∗⌋ is a group of ⌊>word>⌋s that functions as a single unit in the ⌊>syntax>⌋ of a ⌊>sentence>⌋.@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000030@unknown@formal@none@1@S@For example ⌊/the house at the end of the street/⌋ (example 1) is a phrase.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000040@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It acts like a noun.@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000050@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It contains the phrase ⌊/at the end of the street/⌋ (example 2), a prepositional phrase which acts like an adjective.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000060@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Example 2 could be replaced by ⌊/white/⌋, to make the phrase ⌊/the white house/⌋.@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000070@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Examples 1 and 2 contain the phrase ⌊/the end of the street/⌋ (example 3) which acts like a noun.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000080@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It could be replaced by ⌊/the cross-roads/⌋ to give ⌊/the house at the cross-roads/⌋.@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000090@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Most phrases have a or central word which defines the type of phrase.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000100@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This word is called the ⌊>head>⌋ of the phrase.@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000110@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In English the head is often the first word of the phrase.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000120@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Some phrases, however, can be headless.@@@@1@6@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000130@unknown@formal@none@1@S@For example, ⌊/the rich/⌋ is a noun phrase composed of a determiner and an adjective, but no noun.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000140@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Phrases may be classified by the type of head they take@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000150@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#⌊>Prepositional phrase>⌋ (PP) with a ⌊>preposition>⌋ as head (e.g. ⌊/in love/⌋, ⌊/over the rainbow/⌋).@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000160@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Languages that use ⌊>postposition>⌋s instead have ⌊>postpositional phrase>⌋s.@@@@1@8@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000170@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The two types are sometimes commonly referred to as ⌊>adpositional phrase>⌋s.#⌋@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000180@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>Noun phrase>⌋ (NP) with a ⌊>noun>⌋ as head (e.g. ⌊/the black cat/⌋, ⌊/a cat on the mat/⌋)#⌋@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000190@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>Verb phrase>⌋ (VP) with a ⌊>verb>⌋ as head (e.g. ⌊/eat cheese/⌋, ⌊/jump up and down/⌋)#⌋@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000200@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>Adjectival phrase>⌋ with an ⌊>adjective>⌋ as head (e.g. ⌊/full of toys/⌋)#⌋@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000210@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>Adverbial phrase>⌋ with ⌊>adverb>⌋ as head (e.g. ⌊/very carefully/⌋)#⌋•⌋@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000220@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Formal definition¦2=⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000230@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A ⌊∗phrase∗⌋ is a ⌊>syntactic>⌋ structure which has syntactic properties derived from its ⌊>head>⌋.@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000240@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Complexity¦2=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000250@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A complex phrase consists of several words, whereas a simple phrase consists of only one word.@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000260@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This terminology is especially often used with ⌊>verb>⌋ phrases:@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000270@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#simple past and present are simple verb, which require just one verb#⌋@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000280@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#complex verb have one or two ⌊>aspect>⌋s added, hence require additional two or three words#⌋•⌋@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000290@unknown@formal@none@1@S@"Complex", which is phrase-level, is often confused with "⌊>compound>⌋", which is ⌊>word>⌋-level.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000300@unknown@formal@none@1@S@However, there are certain phenomena that formally seem to be phrases but semantically are more like compounds, like "women's magazines", which has the form of a possessive noun phrase, but which refers (just like a compound) to one specific ⌊>lexeme>⌋ (i.e. a magazine for women and not some magazine owned by a woman).@@@@1@53@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000310@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Semiotic approaches to the concept of "phrase"¦2=⌋@@@@1@7@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000320@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In more ⌊>semiotic>⌋ approaches to language, such as the more cognitivist versions of ⌊>construction grammar>⌋, a phrasal structure is not only a certain formal combination of word types whose features are inherited from the head.@@@@1@35@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007000330@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Here each phrasal structure also expresses some type of ⌊>concept>⌋ual content, be it specific or abstract.@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100010@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊δPortuguese languageδ⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100020@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊∗Portuguese∗⌋ ( or ⌊/língua portuguesa/⌋) is a ⌊>Romance language>⌋ that originated in what is now ⌊>Galicia (Spain)>⌋ and ⌊>northern Portugal>⌋ from the ⌊>Latin>⌋ spoken by ⌊>romanized>⌋ ⌊>Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula>⌋ (namely the ⌊>Gallaeci>⌋, the ⌊>Lusitanians>⌋, the ⌊>Celtici>⌋ and the ⌊>Conii>⌋) about 2000 years ago.@@@@1@46@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100030@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It spread worldwide in the 15th and 16th centuries as Portugal established a ⌊>colonial and commercial empire>⌋ (1415–1999) which spanned from ⌊>Brazil>⌋ in the ⌊>Americas>⌋ to ⌊>Goa>⌋ in ⌊>India>⌋ and ⌊>Macau>⌋ in ⌊>China>⌋, in fact it was used exclusively on the island of ⌊>Sri Lanka>⌋ as the ⌊>lingua franca>⌋ for almost 350 years.@@@@1@53@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100040@unknown@formal@none@1@S@During that time, many ⌊>creole languages based on Portuguese>⌋ also appeared around the world, especially in ⌊>Africa>⌋, ⌊>Asia>⌋, and the ⌊>Caribbean>⌋.@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100050@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Today it is one of the world's major languages, ⌊>ranked 6th>⌋ according to number of native speakers (approximately 177 million).@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100060@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is the language with the largest number of speakers in ⌊>South America>⌋, spoken by nearly all of Brazil's population, which amounts to over 51% of the continent's population even though it is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in ⌊>the Americas>⌋.@@@@1@40@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100070@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is also a major lingua franca in Portugal's former colonial possessions in Africa.@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100080@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is the official language of ten countries (see the table on the right), also being co-official with ⌊>Spanish>⌋ and ⌊>French>⌋ in ⌊>Equatorial Guinea>⌋, with ⌊>Cantonese>⌋ ⌊>Chinese>⌋ in the Chinese special administrative region of ⌊>Macau>⌋, and with ⌊>Tetum>⌋ in ⌊>East Timor>⌋.@@@@1@41@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100090@unknown@formal@none@1@S@There are sizable communities of Portuguese-speakers in various regions of North America, notably in the ⌊>United States>⌋ (⌊>New Jersey>⌋, ⌊>New England>⌋ and south ⌊>Florida>⌋) and in ⌊>Ontario>⌋, ⌊>Canada>⌋.@@@@1@28@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100100@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>Spanish>⌋ author ⌊>Miguel de Cervantes>⌋ once called Portuguese "the sweet language", while Brazilian writer ⌊>Olavo Bilac>⌋ poetically described it as ⌊/a última flor do Lácio, inculta e bela/⌋: "the last flower of ⌊>Latium>⌋, wild and beautiful".@@@@1@36@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100110@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Geographic distribution¦2=⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100120@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Today, Portuguese is the ⌊>official language>⌋ of ⌊>Angola>⌋, ⌊>Brazil>⌋, ⌊>Cape Verde>⌋, ⌊>Guinea-Bissau>⌋, ⌊>Portugal>⌋, ⌊>São Tomé and Príncipe>⌋ and ⌊>Mozambique>⌋.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100130@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is also one of the official languages of ⌊>Equatorial Guinea>⌋ (with ⌊>Spanish>⌋ and ⌊>French>⌋), the ⌊>Chinese special administrative region>⌋ of ⌊>Macau>⌋ (with ⌊>Chinese>⌋), and ⌊>East Timor>⌋, (with ⌊>Tetum>⌋).@@@@1@29@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100140@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is a ⌊>native language>⌋ of most of the population in Portugal (100%), Brazil (99%), Angola (60%), and São Tomé and Príncipe (50%), and it is spoken by a ⌊>plurality>⌋ of the population of Mozambique (40%), though only 6.5% are native speakers.@@@@1@42@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100150@unknown@formal@none@1@S@No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, and the monolingual population speaks ⌊>Cape Verdean Creole>⌋.@@@@1@22@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100160@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Small Portuguese-speaking communities subsist in former overseas colonies of Portugal such as Macau, where it is spoken as a first language by 0.6% of the population and East Timor.@@@@1@29@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100170@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>Uruguay>⌋ gave Portuguese an equal status to Spanish in its educational system at the north border with Brazil.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100180@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In the rest of the country, it's taught as an obligatory subject beginning by the 6th grade.@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100190@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is also spoken by substantial immigrant communities, though not official, in ⌊>Andorra>⌋, ⌊>France>⌋, ⌊>Luxembourg>⌋, ⌊>Jersey>⌋ (with a statistically significant Portuguese-speaking community of approximately 10,000 people), ⌊>Paraguay>⌋, ⌊>Namibia>⌋, ⌊>South Africa>⌋, ⌊>Switzerland>⌋, ⌊>Venezuela>⌋ and in the ⌊>U.S.>⌋ states of ⌊>California>⌋, ⌊>Connecticut>⌋, ⌊>Florida>⌋, ⌊>Massachusetts>⌋, ⌊>New Jersey>⌋, ⌊>New York>⌋ and ⌊>Rhode Island>⌋.@@@@1@49@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100200@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In some parts of India, such as ⌊>Goa>⌋ and ⌊>Daman and Diu>⌋ Portuguese is still spoken.@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100210@unknown@formal@none@1@S@There are also significant populations of Portuguese speakers in ⌊>Canada>⌋ (mainly concentrated in and around ⌊>Toronto>⌋) ⌊>Bermuda>⌋ and ⌊>Netherlands Antilles>⌋.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100220@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Portuguese is an official language of several international organizations.@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100230@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The ⌊>Community of Portuguese Language Countries>⌋ (with the Portuguese acronym CPLP) consists of the eight independent countries that have Portuguese as an official language.@@@@1@24@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100240@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It is also an official language of the ⌊>European Union>⌋, ⌊>Mercosul>⌋, the ⌊>Organization of American States>⌋, the ⌊>Organization of Ibero-American States>⌋, the ⌊>Union of South American Nations>⌋, and the ⌊>African Union>⌋ (one of the working languages) and one of the official languages of other organizations.@@@@1@45@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100250@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The Portuguese language is gaining popularity in Africa, Asia, and South America as a second language for study.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100260@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Portuguese and Spanish are the fastest-growing European languages, and, according to estimates by UNESCO, Portuguese is the language with the highest potential for growth as an international language in southern Africa and South America.@@@@1@34@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100270@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The Portuguese-speaking African countries are expected to have a combined population of 83 million by 2050.@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100280@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Since 1991, when Brazil signed into the economic market of Mercosul with other South American nations, such as Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, there has been an increase in interest in the study of Portuguese in those South American countries.@@@@1@39@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100290@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The demographic weight of Brazil in the continent will continue to strengthen the presence of the language in the region.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100300@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Although in the early 21st century, after Macau was ceded to China in 1999, the use of Portuguese was in decline in Asia, it is becoming a language of opportunity there; mostly because of East Timor's boost in the number of speakers in the last five years but also because of increased Chinese diplomatic and financial ties with Portuguese-speaking countries.@@@@1@60@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100310@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In July 2007, President Teodoro Obiang Nguema announced his government's decision to make Portuguese ⌊>Equatorial Guinea>⌋'s third official language, in order to meet the requirements to apply for full membership of the ⌊>Community of Portuguese Language Countries>⌋.@@@@1@37@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100320@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This upgrading from its current Associate Observer condition would result in Equatorial Guinea being able to access several professional and academic exchange programs and the facilitation of cross-border circulation of citizens.@@@@1@31@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100330@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Its application is currently being assessed by other CPLP members.@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100340@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In March 1994 the ⌊>Bosque de Portugal>⌋ (Portugal's Woods) was founded in the Brazilian city of ⌊>Curitiba>⌋.@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100350@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The park houses the Portuguese Language Memorial, which honors the Portuguese immigrants and the countries that adopted the Portuguese language.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100360@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Originally there were seven nations represented with pillars, but the independence of ⌊>East Timor>⌋ brought yet another pillar for that nation in 2007.@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100370@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In March 2006, the ⌊>Museum of the Portuguese Language>⌋, an interactive museum about the Portuguese language, was founded in ⌊>São Paulo>⌋, Brazil, the city with the largest number of Portuguese speakers in the world.@@@@1@34@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100380@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Dialects¦2=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100390@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Portuguese is a ⌊>pluricentric language>⌋ with two main groups of ⌊>dialect>⌋s, those of ⌊>Brazil>⌋ and those of the ⌊>Old World>⌋.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100400@unknown@formal@none@1@S@For historical reasons, the dialects of Africa and Asia are generally closer to those of Portugal than the Brazilian dialects, although in some aspects of their phonetics, especially the pronunciation of unstressed vowels, they resemble ⌊>Brazilian Portuguese>⌋ more than ⌊>European Portuguese>⌋.@@@@1@41@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100410@unknown@formal@none@1@S@They have not been studied as widely as European and Brazilian Portuguese.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100420@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Audio samples of some dialects of Portuguese are available below.@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100430@unknown@formal@none@1@S@There are some differences between the areas but these are the best approximations possible.@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100440@unknown@formal@none@1@S@For example, the ⌊/caipira/⌋ dialect has some differences from the one of Minas Gerais, but in general it is very close.@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100450@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A good example of Brazilian Portuguese may be found in the capital city, ⌊>Brasília>⌋, because of the generalized population from all parts of the country.@@@@1@25@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100460@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊∗⌊>Angola>⌋∗⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100470@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#⌊/Benguelense/⌋ — ⌊>Benguela>⌋ province.#⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100480@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>⌊/Luandense/⌋>⌋ — ⌊>Luanda>⌋ province.#⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100490@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊/Sulista/⌋ — South of Angola.#⌋•⌋@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100500@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊∗⌊>Brazil>⌋∗⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100510@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#⌊/⌊>Caipira>⌋/⌋ — States of ⌊>São Paulo>⌋ (countryside; the city of São Paulo and the eastern areas of the state have their own dialect, called ⌊/paulistano/⌋); southern ⌊>Minas Gerais>⌋, northern ⌊>Paraná>⌋, ⌊>Goiás>⌋ and ⌊>Mato Grosso do Sul>⌋.#⌋@@@@1@36@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100520@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊/Cearense/⌋ — ⌊>Ceará>⌋.#⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100530@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊/Baiano/⌋ — ⌊>Bahia>⌋.#⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100540@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>⌊/Fluminense/⌋>⌋ — Variants spoken in the states of ⌊>Rio de Janeiro>⌋ and ⌊>Espírito Santo>⌋ (excluding the city of Rio de Janeiro and its adjacent metropolitan areas, which have their own dialect, called ⌊/⌊>carioca>⌋/⌋).#⌋@@@@1@33@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100550@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊/⌊>Gaúcho>⌋/⌋ — ⌊>Rio Grande do Sul>⌋.@@@@1@6@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100560@unknown@formal@none@1@S@(There are many distinct accents in Rio Grande do Sul, mainly due to the heavy influx of European immigrants of diverse origins, those which have settled several colonies throughout the state.)#⌋@@@@1@31@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100570@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊/⌊>Mineiro>⌋/⌋ — ⌊>Minas Gerais>⌋ (not prevalent in the ⌊>Triângulo Mineiro>⌋, southern and southeastern ⌊>Minas Gerais>⌋).#⌋@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100580@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>⌊/Nordestino/⌋>⌋ — ⌊>northeastern states of Brazil>⌋ (⌊>Pernambuco>⌋ and ⌊>Rio Grande do Norte>⌋ have a particular way of speaking).#⌋@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100590@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊/Nortista/⌋ — ⌊>Amazon Basin>⌋ states.#⌋@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100600@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊/Paulistano/⌋ — Variants spoken around ⌊>São Paulo>⌋ city and the eastern areas of São Paulo state.#⌋@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100610@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊/Sertanejo/⌋ — States of ⌊>Goiás>⌋ and ⌊>Mato Grosso>⌋ (the city of ⌊>Cuiabá>⌋ has a particular way of speaking).#⌋@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100620@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊/Sulista/⌋ — Variants spoken in the areas between the northern regions of ⌊>Rio Grande do Sul>⌋ and southern regions of São Paulo state.@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100630@unknown@formal@none@1@S@(The cities of ⌊>Curitiba>⌋, ⌊>Florianópolis>⌋, and ⌊>Itapetininga>⌋ have fairly distinct accents as well.)#⌋•⌋@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100640@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊∗⌊>Portugal>⌋∗⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100650@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#⌊>⌊/Açoriano/⌋>⌋ (Azorean) — ⌊>Azores>⌋.#⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100660@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>⌊/Alentejano/⌋>⌋ — ⌊>Alentejo>⌋#⌋@@@@1@3@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100670@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>⌊/Algarvio/⌋>⌋ — ⌊>Algarve>⌋ (there is a particular dialect in a small part of western Algarve).#⌋@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100680@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>⌊/Alto-Minhoto/⌋>⌋ — North of ⌊>Braga>⌋ (hinterland).#⌋@@@@1@6@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100690@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>⌊/Baixo-Beirão/⌋; ⌊/Alto-Alentejano/⌋>⌋ — Central Portugal (hinterland).#⌋@@@@1@6@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100700@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>⌊/Beirão/⌋>⌋ — Central Portugal.#⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100710@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>⌊/Estremenho/⌋>⌋ — Regions of ⌊>Coimbra>⌋ and ⌊>Lisbon>⌋ (the Lisbon dialect has some peculiar features not shared with the one of Coimbra).#⌋@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100720@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>⌊/Madeirense/⌋>⌋ (Madeiran) — ⌊>Madeira>⌋.#⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100730@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>⌊/Nortenho/⌋>⌋ — Regions of Braga and ⌊>Porto>⌋.#⌋@@@@1@7@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100740@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>⌊/Transmontano/⌋>⌋ — ⌊>Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro>⌋.#⌋•⌋@@@@1@6@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100750@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Other countries@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100760@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#⌊∗⌊>Cape Verde>⌋∗⌋ — ⌊>⌊/Português cabo-verdiano/⌋>⌋ (⌊>Cape Verdean Portuguese>⌋)#⌋@@@@1@8@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100770@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊∗⌊>Daman and Diu>⌋∗⌋, India — ⌊/Damaense/⌋.#⌋@@@@1@6@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100780@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊∗⌊>East Timor>⌋∗⌋ — ⌊>⌊/Timorense/⌋>⌋ (⌊>East Timorese>⌋)#⌋@@@@1@6@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100790@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊∗⌊>Goa>⌋∗⌋, India — ⌊/Goês/⌋.#⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100800@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊∗⌊>Guinea-Bissau>⌋∗⌋ — ⌊>⌊/Guineense/⌋>⌋ (⌊>Guinean Portuguese>⌋).#⌋@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100810@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊∗⌊>Macau>⌋∗⌋, China — ⌊>⌊/Macaense/⌋>⌋ (⌊>Macanese>⌋)#⌋@@@@1@5@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100820@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊∗⌊>Mozambique>⌋∗⌋ — ⌊>⌊/Moçambicano/⌋>⌋ (⌊>Mozambican>⌋)#⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100830@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊∗⌊>São Tomé and Príncipe>⌋∗⌋ — ⌊>⌊/Santomense/⌋>⌋#⌋@@@@1@6@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100840@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊∗⌊>Uruguay>⌋∗⌋ — ⌊>⌊/Dialectos Portugueses del Uruguay (DPU)/⌋>⌋.#⌋•⌋@@@@1@7@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100850@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Differences between dialects are mostly of ⌊>accent>⌋ and ⌊>vocabulary>⌋, but between the Brazilian dialects and other dialects, especially in their most coloquial forms, there can also be some grammatical differences.@@@@1@30@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100860@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The ⌊>Portuguese-based creole>⌋s spoken in various parts of Africa, Asia, and the Americas are independent languages which should not be confused with Portuguese itself.@@@@1@24@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100870@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=History¦2=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100880@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Arriving in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BC, the Romans brought with them the ⌊>Latin language>⌋, from which all Romance languages descend.@@@@1@22@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100890@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The language was spread by arriving Roman soldiers, settlers and merchants, who built Roman cities mostly near the settlements of previous civilizations.@@@@1@22@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100900@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Between AD 409 and 711, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Germanic peoples (⌊>Migration Period>⌋).@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100910@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The occupiers, mainly ⌊>Suebi>⌋ and ⌊>Visigoths>⌋, quickly adopted late Roman culture and the ⌊>Vulgar Latin>⌋ dialects of the peninsula.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100920@unknown@formal@none@1@S@After the ⌊>Moorish>⌋ invasion of 711, ⌊>Arabic>⌋ became the administrative language in the conquered regions, but most of the population continued to speak a form of ⌊>Romance>⌋ commonly known as ⌊>Mozarabic>⌋.@@@@1@31@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100930@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The influence exerted by Arabic on the Romance dialects spoken in the Christian kingdoms of the north was small, affecting mainly their lexicon.@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100940@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The earliest surviving records of a distinctively Portuguese language are administrative documents of the 9th century, still interspersed with many Latin phrases.@@@@1@22@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100950@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Today this phase is known as Proto-Portuguese (between the 9th and the 12th centuries).@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100960@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In the first period of Old Portuguese — ⌊>Galician-Portuguese>⌋ Period (from the 12th to the 14th century) — the language gradually came into general use.@@@@1@25@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100970@unknown@formal@none@1@S@For some time, it was the language of preference for ⌊>lyric poetry>⌋ in Christian Hispania, much like ⌊>Occitan>⌋ was the language of the ⌊>poetry of the troubadours>⌋.@@@@1@27@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100980@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Portugal was formally recognized as an independent kingdom by the ⌊>Kingdom of Leon>⌋ in 1143, with ⌊>Afonso Henriques>⌋ as king.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007100990@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In 1290, king ⌊>Dinis>⌋ created the first Portuguese university in Lisbon (the ⌊/Estudos Gerais/⌋, later moved to ⌊>Coimbra>⌋) and decreed that Portuguese, then simply called the "common language" should be known as the Portuguese language and used officially.@@@@1@38@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101000@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In the second period of Old Portuguese, from the 14th to the 16th century, with the ⌊>Portuguese discoveries>⌋, the language was taken to many regions of ⌊>Asia>⌋, ⌊>Africa>⌋ and the ⌊>Americas>⌋ (nowadays, the great majority of Portuguese speakers live in Brazil, in South America).@@@@1@44@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101010@unknown@formal@none@1@S@By the 16th century it had become a ⌊/⌊>lingua franca>⌋/⌋ in Asia and Africa, used not only for colonial administration and trade but also for communication between local officials and Europeans of all nationalities.@@@@1@34@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101020@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Its spread was helped by mixed marriages between Portuguese and local people, and by its association with ⌊>Roman Catholic>⌋ ⌊>missionary>⌋ efforts, which led to the formation of a ⌊>creole language>⌋ called ⌊>Kristang>⌋ in many parts of Asia (from the word ⌊/cristão/⌋, "Christian").@@@@1@42@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101030@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century.@@@@1@14@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101040@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in ⌊>India>⌋, ⌊>Sri Lanka>⌋, ⌊>Malaysia>⌋, and ⌊>Indonesia>⌋ preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal.@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101050@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the ⌊/Cancioneiro Geral/⌋ by ⌊>Garcia de Resende>⌋, in 1516.@@@@1@22@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101060@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The early times of Modern Portuguese, which spans from the 16th century to present day, were characterized by an increase in the number of learned words borrowed from Classical Latin and Classical Greek since the Renaissance, which greatly enriched the lexicon.@@@@1@41@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101070@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Characterization¦3=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101080@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A distinctive feature of Portuguese is that it preserved the stressed vowels of ⌊>Vulgar Latin>⌋, which became diphthongs in other Romance languages; cf. Fr. ⌊/pierre/⌋, Sp. ⌊/piedra/⌋, It. ⌊/pietra/⌋, Port. ⌊/pedra/⌋, from Lat. ⌊/petra/⌋; or Sp. ⌊/fuego/⌋, It. ⌊/fuoco/⌋, Port. ⌊/fogo/⌋, from Lat. ⌊/focum/⌋.@@@@1@44@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101090@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Another characteristic of early Portuguese was the loss of ⌊>intervocalic>⌋ ⌊/l/⌋ and ⌊/n/⌋, sometimes followed by the merger of the two surrounding vowels, or by the insertion of an ⌊>epenthetic vowel>⌋ between them: cf. Lat. ⌊/salire/⌋, ⌊/tenere/⌋, ⌊/catena/⌋, Sp. ⌊/salir/⌋, ⌊/tener/⌋, ⌊/cadena/⌋, Port. ⌊/sair/⌋, ⌊/ter/⌋, ⌊/cadeia/⌋.@@@@1@46@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101100@unknown@formal@none@1@S@When the ⌊>elided>⌋ consonant was ⌊/n/⌋, it often ⌊>nasalized>⌋ the preceding vowel: cf. Lat. ⌊/manum/⌋, ⌊/rana/⌋, ⌊/bonum/⌋, Port. ⌊/mão/⌋, ⌊/rãa/⌋, ⌊/bõo/⌋ (now ⌊/mão/⌋, ⌊/rã/⌋, ⌊/bom/⌋).@@@@1@25@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101110@unknown@formal@none@1@S@This process was the source of most of the nasal diphthongs which are typical of Portuguese.@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101120@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In particular, the Latin endings ⌊/-anem/⌋, ⌊/-anum/⌋ and ⌊/-onem/⌋ became ⌊/-ão/⌋ in most cases, cf. Lat. ⌊/canem/⌋, ⌊/germanum/⌋, ⌊/rationem/⌋ with Modern Port. ⌊/cão/⌋, ⌊/irmão/⌋, ⌊/razão/⌋, and their plurals ⌊/-anes/⌋, ⌊/-anos/⌋, ⌊/-ones/⌋ normally became ⌊/-ães/⌋, ⌊/-ãos/⌋, ⌊/-ões/⌋, cf. ⌊/cães/⌋, ⌊/irmãos/⌋, ⌊/razões/⌋.@@@@1@40@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101130@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Movement to make Portuguese an official language of the UN¦3=⌋@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101140@unknown@formal@none@1@S@There is a growing number of people in the Portuguese speaking media and the internet who are presenting the case to the CPLP and other organizations to run a debate in the ⌊>Lusophone>⌋ community with the purpose of bringing forward a petition to make Portuguese an official language of the United Nations.@@@@1@52@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101150@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In October 2005, during the international Convention of the ⌊> Elos Club International >⌋ that took place in Tavira, Portugal a petition was written and unanimously approved whose text can be found on the internet with the title ⌊/Petição Para Tornar Oficial o Idioma Português na ONU/⌋.@@@@1@47@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101160@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Romulo Alexandre Soares, president of the Brazil-Portugal Chamber highlights that the positioning of Brazil in the international arena as one of the emergent powers of the 21 century, the size of its population, and the presence of the language around the world provides legitimacy and justifies a petition to the UN to make the Portuguese an official language at the UN.@@@@1@61@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101170@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Vocabulary¦2=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101180@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Most of the lexicon of Portuguese is derived from Latin.@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101190@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Nevertheless, because of the ⌊>Moorish>⌋ occupation of the ⌊>Iberian Peninsula>⌋ during the Middle Ages, and the participation of Portugal in the ⌊>Age of Discovery>⌋, it has adopted loanwords from all over the world.@@@@1@33@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101200@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Very few Portuguese words can be traced to the ⌊>pre-Roman inhabitants of Portugal>⌋, which included the ⌊>Gallaeci>⌋, ⌊>Lusitanians>⌋, ⌊>Celtici>⌋ and ⌊>Cynetes>⌋.@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101210@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The ⌊>Phoenicians>⌋ and ⌊>Carthaginians>⌋, briefly present, also left some scarce traces.@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101220@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Some notable examples are ⌊/abóbora/⌋ "pumpkin" and ⌊/bezerro/⌋ "year-old calf", from the nearby ⌊>Celtiberian language>⌋ (probably through the Celtici); ⌊/cerveja/⌋ "beer", from ⌊>Celtic>⌋; ⌊/saco/⌋ "bag", from ⌊>Phoenician>⌋; and ⌊/cachorro/⌋ "dog, puppy", from ⌊>Basque>⌋.@@@@1@33@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101230@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In the 5th century, the Iberian Peninsula (the ⌊>Roman>⌋ ⌊>Hispania>⌋) was conquered by the ⌊>Germanic>⌋ ⌊>Suevi>⌋ and ⌊>Visigoths>⌋.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101240@unknown@formal@none@1@S@As they adopted the Roman civilization and language, however, these people contributed only a few words to the lexicon, mostly related to warfare — such as ⌊/espora/⌋ "spur", ⌊/estaca/⌋ "stake", and ⌊/guerra/⌋ "war", from ⌊>Gothic>⌋ ⌊/*spaúra/⌋, ⌊/*stakka/⌋, and ⌊/*wirro/⌋, respectively.@@@@1@40@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101250@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Between the 9th and 15th centuries Portuguese acquired about 1000 words from ⌊>Arabic>⌋ by influence of ⌊>Moorish Iberia>⌋.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101260@unknown@formal@none@1@S@They are often recognizable by the initial Arabic article ⌊/a/⌋(⌊/l/⌋)⌊/-/⌋, and include many common words such as ⌊/aldeia/⌋ "village" from الضيعة ⌊/aldaya/⌋, ⌊/alface/⌋ "lettuce" from الخس ⌊/alkhass/⌋, ⌊/armazém/⌋ "warehouse" from المخزن ⌊/almahazan/⌋, and ⌊/azeite/⌋ "olive oil" from زيت ⌊/azzait/⌋.@@@@1@39@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101270@unknown@formal@none@1@S@From Arabic came also the grammatically peculiar word ⌊>⌊/oxalá/⌋>⌋ "hopefully".@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101280@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The Mozambican currency name ⌊>⌊/metical/⌋>⌋ was derived from the word مطقال ⌊/miṭqāl/⌋, a unit of weight.@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101290@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The word Mozambique itself is from the Arabic name of sultan Muça Alebique (Musa Alibiki).@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101300@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The name of the Portuguese town of ⌊>Fátima>⌋ comes from the name of one of the daughters of the prophet ⌊>Muhammad>⌋.@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101310@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Starting in the 15th century, the Portuguese maritime explorations led to the introduction of many loanwords from ⌊>Asia>⌋n languages.@@@@1@19@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101320@unknown@formal@none@1@S@For instance, ⌊/catana/⌋ "cutlass" from Japanese ⌊/katana/⌋; ⌊/corja/⌋ "rabble" from Malay ⌊/kórchchu/⌋; and ⌊/chá/⌋ "tea" from ⌊>Chinese>⌋ ⌊/⌊>⌊/chá/⌋>⌋/⌋.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101330@unknown@formal@none@1@S@From South America came ⌊/batata/⌋ "⌊>potato>⌋", from ⌊>Taino>⌋; ⌊/ananás/⌋ and ⌊/abacaxi/⌋, from ⌊>Tupi-Guarani>⌋ ⌊/naná/⌋ and ⌊>Tupi>⌋ ⌊/ibá cati/⌋, respectively (two species of ⌊>pineapple>⌋), and ⌊/tucano/⌋ "⌊>toucan>⌋" from ⌊>Guarani>⌋ ⌊/tucan/⌋.@@@@1@29@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101340@unknown@formal@none@1@S@See ⌊>List of Brazil state name etymologies>⌋, for some more examples.@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101350@unknown@formal@none@1@S@From the 16th to the 19th century, the role of Portugal as intermediary in the ⌊>Atlantic slave trade>⌋, with the establishment of large Portuguese colonies in Angola, Mozambique, and Brazil, Portuguese got several words of African and ⌊>Amerind>⌋ origin, especially names for most of the animals and plants found in those territories.@@@@1@52@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101360@unknown@formal@none@1@S@While those terms are mostly used in the former colonies, many became current in European Portuguese as well.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101370@unknown@formal@none@1@S@From ⌊>Kimbundu>⌋, for example, came ⌊/kifumate/⌋ → ⌊/cafuné/⌋ "head caress", ⌊/kusula/⌋ → ⌊/caçula/⌋ "youngest child", ⌊/marimbondo/⌋ "tropical wasp", and ⌊/kubungula/⌋ → ⌊/bungular/⌋ "to dance like a wizard".@@@@1@27@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101380@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Finally, it has received a steady influx of loanwords from other European languages.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101390@unknown@formal@none@1@S@For example, ⌊/melena/⌋ "hair lock", ⌊/fiambre/⌋ "wet-cured ham" (in contrast with ⌊/presunto/⌋ "dry-cured ham" from Latin ⌊/prae-exsuctus/⌋ "dehydrated"), and ⌊/castelhano/⌋ "Castilian", from Spanish; ⌊/colchete/⌋/⌊/crochê/⌋ "bracket"/"crochet", ⌊/paletó/⌋ "jacket", ⌊/batom/⌋ "lipstick", and ⌊/filé/⌋/⌊/filete/⌋ "steak"/"slice" respectively, from French ⌊/crochet/⌋, ⌊/paletot/⌋, ⌊/bâton/⌋, ⌊/filet/⌋; ⌊/macarrão/⌋ "pasta", ⌊/piloto/⌋ "pilot", ⌊/carroça/⌋ "carriage", and ⌊/barraca/⌋ "barrack", from Italian ⌊/maccherone/⌋, ⌊/pilota/⌋, ⌊/carrozza/⌋, ⌊/baracca/⌋; and ⌊/bife/⌋ "steak", ⌊/futebol/⌋, ⌊/revólver/⌋, ⌊/estoque/⌋, ⌊/folclore/⌋, from English ⌊/beef/⌋, ⌊/football/⌋, ⌊/revolver/⌋, ⌊/stock/⌋, ⌊/folklore/⌋.@@@@1@68@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101400@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Classification and related languages¦2=⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101410@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Portuguese belongs to the ⌊>West Iberian>⌋ branch of the ⌊>Romance language>⌋s, and it has special ties with the following members of this group:@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101420@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#⌊>Galician>⌋ and the ⌊>Fala>⌋, its closest relatives.@@@@1@7@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101430@unknown@formal@none@1@S@See below.#⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101440@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>Spanish>⌋, the major language closest to Portuguese.@@@@1@7@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101450@unknown@formal@none@1@S@(See also ⌊>Differences between Spanish and Portuguese>⌋.)#⌋@@@@1@7@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101460@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>Mirandese>⌋, another West Iberian language spoken in Portugal.#⌋@@@@1@8@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101470@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊#⌊>Judeo-Portuguese>⌋ and ⌊>Judeo-Spanish>⌋, languages spoken by ⌊>Sephardic Jew>⌋s, which remained close to Portuguese and Spanish.#⌋•⌋@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101480@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Despite the obvious lexical and grammatical similarities between Portuguese and other Romance languages, it is not ⌊>mutually intelligible>⌋ with most of them.@@@@1@22@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101490@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Apart from Galician, Portuguese speakers will usually need some formal study of basic grammar and vocabulary, before attaining a reasonable level of comprehension of those languages, and vice-versa.@@@@1@28@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101500@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Galician and the Fala¦3=⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101510@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The closest language to Portuguese is Galician, spoken in the autonomous community of Galicia (northwestern Spain).@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101520@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The two were at one time a single language, known today as ⌊>Galician-Portuguese>⌋, but since the political separation of Portugal from Galicia they have diverged somewhat, especially in pronunciation and vocabulary.@@@@1@31@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101530@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Nevertheless, the core vocabulary and grammar of Galician are still noticeably closer to Portuguese than to Spanish.@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101540@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In particular, like Portuguese, it uses the future subjunctive, the personal infinitive, and the synthetic pluperfect (see the section on the grammar of Portuguese, below).@@@@1@25@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101550@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Mutual intelligibility (estimated at 85% by R. A. Hall, Jr., 1989) is good between Galicians and northern Portuguese, but poorer between Galicians and speakers from central Portugal.@@@@1@27@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101560@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The Fala language is another descendant of Galician-Portuguese, spoken by a small number of people in the Spanish towns of Valverdi du Fresnu, As Ellas and Sa Martín de Trebellu (autonomous community of ⌊>Extremadura>⌋, near the border with Portugal).@@@@1@39@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101570@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Influence on other languages¦3=⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101580@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Many languages have ⌊>borrowed words>⌋ from Portuguese, such as ⌊>Indonesian>⌋, ⌊>Sri Lanka>⌋n ⌊>Tamil>⌋ and ⌊>Sinhalese>⌋ (see ⌊>Sri Lanka Indo-Portuguese>⌋), ⌊>Malay>⌋, ⌊>Bengali>⌋, ⌊>English>⌋, ⌊>Hindi>⌋, ⌊>Konkani>⌋, ⌊>Marathi>⌋, ⌊>Tetum>⌋, ⌊>Xitsonga>⌋, ⌊>Papiamentu>⌋, ⌊>Japanese>⌋, ⌊>Bajan Creole>⌋ (Spoken in Barbados), ⌊>Lanc-Patuá>⌋ (spoken in northern Brazil) and ⌊>Sranan Tongo>⌋ (spoken in Suriname).@@@@1@45@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101590@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It left a strong influence on the ⌊/⌊>língua brasílica>⌋/⌋, a ⌊>Tupi-Guarani language>⌋ which was the most widely spoken in ⌊>Brazil>⌋ until the 18th century, and on the language spoken around ⌊>Sikka>⌋ in ⌊>Flores Island>⌋, ⌊>Indonesia>⌋.@@@@1@35@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101600@unknown@formal@none@1@S@In nearby ⌊>Larantuka>⌋, Portuguese is used for prayers in ⌊>Holy Week>⌋ rituals.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101610@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The Japanese-Portuguese dictionary ⌊/⌊>Nippo Jisho>⌋/⌋ (1603) was the first dictionary of Japanese in a European language, a product of ⌊>Jesuit>⌋ missionary activity in ⌊>Japan>⌋.@@@@1@24@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101620@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Building on the work of earlier Portuguese missionaries, the ⌊/Dictionarium Anamiticum, Lusitanum et Latinum/⌋ (Annamite-Portuguese-Latin dictionary) of ⌊>Alexandre de Rhodes>⌋ (1651) introduced the modern ⌊>orthography of Vietnamese>⌋, which is based on the orthography of 17th-century Portuguese.@@@@1@36@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101630@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The ⌊>Romanization>⌋ of ⌊>Chinese>⌋ was also influenced by the Portuguese language (among others), particularly regarding ⌊>Chinese surnames>⌋; one example is ⌊/Mei/⌋.@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101640@unknown@formal@none@1@S@See also ⌊>List of English words of Portuguese origin>⌋, ⌊>Loan words in Indonesian>⌋, ⌊>Japanese words of Portuguese origin>⌋, ⌊>Borrowed words in Malay>⌋, ⌊>Sinhala words of Portuguese origin>⌋, ⌊>Loan words from Portuguese in Sri Lankan Tamil>⌋.@@@@1@35@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101650@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Derived languages¦3=⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101660@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Beginning in the 16th century, the extensive contacts between Portuguese travelers and settlers, African slaves, and local populations led to the appearance of many ⌊>pidgin>⌋s with varying amounts of Portuguese influence.@@@@1@31@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101670@unknown@formal@none@1@S@As these pidgins became the mother tongue of succeeding generations, they evolved into fully fledged ⌊>creole language>⌋s, which remained in use in many parts of Asia and Africa until the 18th century.@@@@1@32@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101680@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Some Portuguese-based or Portuguese-influenced creoles are still spoken today, by over 3 million people worldwide, especially people of partial ⌊>Portuguese>⌋ ancestry.@@@@1@21@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101690@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Phonology¦2=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101700@unknown@formal@none@1@S@There is a maximum of 9 oral vowels and 19 consonants, though some varieties of the language have fewer phonemes (Brazilian Portuguese has only 8 oral vowel ⌊>phone>⌋s).@@@@1@28@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101710@unknown@formal@none@1@S@There are also five nasal vowels, which some linguists regard as allophones of the oral vowels, ten oral ⌊>diphthong>⌋s, and five nasal diphthongs.@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101720@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Vowels¦3=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101730@unknown@formal@none@1@S@To the seven vowels of ⌊>Vulgar Latin>⌋, European Portuguese has added two ⌊>near central vowels>⌋, one of which tends to be ⌊>elided>⌋ in ⌊>rapid speech>⌋, like the ⌊/e caduc/⌋ of ⌊>French>⌋ (represented either as ⌊λ/ɯ̽/¦/ɯ̽/¦IPAλ⌋, or ⌊λ/ɨ/¦/ɨ/¦IPAλ⌋, or ⌊λ/ə/¦/ə/¦IPAλ⌋).@@@@1@39@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101740@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The high vowels ⌊λ/e o/¦/e o/¦IPAλ⌋ and the low vowels ⌊λ/ɛ ɔ/¦/ɛ ɔ/¦IPAλ⌋ are four distinct phonemes, and they alternate in various forms of ⌊>apophony>⌋.@@@@1@25@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101750@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Like ⌊>Catalan>⌋, Portuguese uses vowel quality to contrast stressed syllables with unstressed syllables: isolated vowels tend to be ⌊>raised>⌋, and in some cases centralized, when unstressed.@@@@1@26@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101760@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Nasal diphthongs occur mostly at the end of words.@@@@1@9@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101770@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Consonants¦3=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101780@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The consonant inventory of Portuguese is fairly conservative.@@@@1@8@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101790@unknown@formal@none@1@S@The medieval affricates ⌊λ/ts/¦/ts/¦IPAλ⌋, ⌊λ/dz/¦/dz/¦IPAλ⌋, ⌊λ/tʃ/¦/tʃ/¦IPAλ⌋, ⌊λ/dʒ/¦/dʒ/¦IPAλ⌋ merged with the fricatives ⌊λ/s/¦/s/¦IPAλ⌋, ⌊λ/z/¦/z/¦IPAλ⌋, ⌊λ/ʃ/¦/ʃ/¦IPAλ⌋, ⌊λ/ʒ/¦/ʒ/¦IPAλ⌋, respectively, but not with each other, and there were no other significant changes to the consonant phonemes since then.@@@@1@34@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101800@unknown@formal@none@1@S@However, some remarkable dialectal variants and ⌊>allophone>⌋s have appeared, among which:@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101810@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#In many regions of Brazil, ⌊λ/t/¦/t/¦IPAλ⌋ and ⌊λ/d/¦/d/¦IPAλ⌋ have the affricate allophones ⌊λ[tʃ]¦[tʃ]¦IPAλ⌋ and ⌊λ[dʒ]¦[dʒ]¦IPAλ⌋, respectively, before ⌊λ/i/¦/i/¦IPAλ⌋ and ⌊λ/ĩ/¦/ĩ/¦IPAλ⌋.@@@@1@20@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101820@unknown@formal@none@1@S@(⌊>Quebec French>⌋ has a similar phenomenon, with alveolar affricates instead of postalveolars.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101830@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>Japanese>⌋ is another example).#⌋•⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101840@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#At the end of a syllable, the phoneme ⌊λ/l/¦/l/¦IPAλ⌋ has the allophone ⌊λ[u̯]¦[u̯]¦IPAλ⌋ in Brazilian Portuguese (⌊/⌊>L-vocalization>⌋/⌋).#⌋•⌋@@@@1@17@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101850@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#In many parts of Brazil and Angola, intervocalic ⌊λ/ɲ/¦/ɲ/¦IPAλ⌋ is pronounced as a ⌊>nasalized>⌋ ⌊>palatal approximant>⌋ ⌊λ[j̃]¦[j̃]¦IPAλ⌋ which nasalizes the preceding vowel, so that for instance ⌊λ/ˈniɲu/¦/ˈniɲu/¦IPAλ⌋ is pronounced ⌊λ[ˈnĩj̃u]¦[ˈnĩj̃u]¦IPAλ⌋.#⌋•⌋@@@@1@30@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101860@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#In most of Brazil, the alveolar sibilants ⌊λ/s/¦/s/¦IPAλ⌋ and ⌊λ/z/¦/z/¦IPAλ⌋ occur in complementary distribution at the end of syllables, depending on whether the consonant that follows is voiceless or voiced, as in English.@@@@1@33@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101870@unknown@formal@none@1@S@But in most of Portugal and parts of Brazil sibilants are postalveolar at the end of syllables, ⌊λ/ʃ/¦/ʃ/¦IPAλ⌋ before voiceless consonants, and ⌊λ/ʒ/¦/ʒ/¦IPAλ⌋ before voiced consonants (in ⌊>Judeo-Spanish>⌋, ⌊λ/s/¦/s/¦IPAλ⌋ is often replaced with ⌊λ/ʃ/¦/ʃ/¦IPAλ⌋ at the end of syllables, too).#⌋•⌋@@@@1@40@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101880@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#There is considerable dialectal variation in the value of the ⌊>rhotic>⌋ phoneme ⌊λ/ʁ/¦/ʁ/¦IPAλ⌋.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101890@unknown@formal@none@1@S@See ⌊>Guttural R in Portuguese>⌋, for details.#⌋•⌋@@@@1@7@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101900@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Grammar¦2=⌋@@@@1@1@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101910@unknown@formal@none@1@S@A particularly interesting aspect of the grammar of Portuguese is the verb.@@@@1@12@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101920@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Morphologically, more verbal inflections from classical Latin have been preserved by Portuguese than any other major Romance language.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101930@unknown@formal@none@1@S@See ⌊>Romance copula>⌋, for a detailed comparison.@@@@1@7@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101940@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It has also some innovations not found in other Romance languages (except Galician and the Fala):@@@@1@16@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101950@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#The ⌊>present perfect tense>⌋ has an iterative sense unique among the Romance languages.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101960@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It denotes an action or a series of actions which began in the past and are expected to keep repeating in the future.@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101970@unknown@formal@none@1@S@For instance, the sentence ⌊/Tenho tentado falar com ela/⌋ would be translated to "I have been trying to talk to her", not "I have tried to talk to her".@@@@1@29@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101980@unknown@formal@none@1@S@On the other hand, the correct translation of the question "Have you heard the latest news?" is not ⌊/*Tem ouvido a última notícia?/⌋, but ⌊/Ouviu a última notícia?/⌋, since no repetition is implied.#⌋•⌋@@@@1@33@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007101990@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#The future ⌊>subjunctive>⌋ tense, which was developed by medieval ⌊>West Iberian Romance>⌋, but has now fallen into disuse in Spanish, is still used in ⌊>vernacular>⌋ Portuguese.@@@@1@26@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102000@unknown@formal@none@1@S@It appears in dependent clauses that denote a condition which must be fulfilled in the future, so that the independent clause will occur.@@@@1@23@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102010@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Other languages normally employ the present tense under the same circumstances:#⌋•⌋@@@@1@11@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102020@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊⇥⌊/Se /⌋for⌊/ eleito presidente, mudarei a lei./⌋⇥⌋@@@@1@7@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102030@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊⇥If ⌊/I am/⌋ elected president, I will change the law.⇥⌋@@@@1@10@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102040@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊⇥⌊/Quando /⌋fores⌊/ mais velho, vais entender./⌋⇥⌋@@@@1@6@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102050@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊⇥When ⌊/you are/⌋ older, you will understand.⇥⌋@@@@1@7@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102060@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊•⌊#The personal ⌊>infinitive>⌋: infinitives can ⌊>inflect>⌋ according to their subject in ⌊>person>⌋ and ⌊>number>⌋, often showing who is expected to perform a certain action; cf. ⌊/É melhor voltares/⌋ "It is better [for you] to go back," ⌊/É melhor voltarmos/⌋ "It is better [for us] to go back."@@@@1@47@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102070@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Perhaps for this reason, infinitive clauses replace subjunctive clauses more often in Portuguese than in other Romance languages.#⌋•⌋@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102080@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Writing system¦2=⌋@@@@1@2@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102090@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Portuguese is written with the ⌊>Latin alphabet>⌋, making use of five ⌊>diacritic>⌋s to denote stress, vowel height, contraction, nasalization, and other sound changes (acute accent, grave accent, circumflex accent, tilde, and cedilla).@@@@1@32@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102100@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊>Brazilian Portuguese>⌋ also uses the diaeresis mark.@@@@1@7@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102110@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Accented characters and digraphs are not counted as separate letters for ⌊>collation>⌋ purposes.@@@@1@13@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102120@unknown@formal@none@1@S@⌊=Brazilian vs. European spelling¦3=⌋@@@@1@4@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102130@unknown@formal@none@1@S@There are some minor differences between the orthographies of Brazil and other Portuguese language countries.@@@@1@15@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102140@unknown@formal@none@1@S@One of the most pervasive is the use of acute accents in the European/African/Asian orthography in many words such as ⌊/sinónimo/⌋, where the Brazilian orthography has a circumflex accent, ⌊/sinônimo/⌋.@@@@1@30@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102150@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Another important difference is that Brazilian spelling often lacks ⌊/c/⌋ or ⌊/p/⌋ before ⌊/c/⌋, ⌊/ç/⌋, or ⌊/t/⌋, where the European orthography has them; for example, cf. Brazilian ⌊/fato/⌋ with European ⌊/facto/⌋, "fact", or Brazilian ⌊/objeto/⌋ with European ⌊/objecto/⌋, "object".@@@@1@39@@oe@26-8-2013
1000007102160@unknown@formal@none@1@S@Some of these spelling differences reflect differences in the pronunciation of the words, but others are merely graphic.@@@@1@18@@oe@26-8-2013