Sentence (linguistics)
{{Expand|date=November 2007}}

In [[linguistics]], a '''sentence''' is a grammatical unit of one or more words, bearing minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it, often preceded and followed in speech by pauses, having one of a small number of characteristic intonation patterns, and typically expressing an independent statement, question, request, command, etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sentence |title='Sentence' - Definitions from Dictionary.com |publisher=[[Dictionary.com]] |accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> Sentences are generally characterized in most languages by the presence of a [[finite verb]], e.g. "[[The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog]]".

==Components of a sentence==
A simple ''complete sentence'' consists of a ''[[subject (grammar)|subject]]'' and a ''[[predicate (grammar)|predicate]]''. The subject is typically a [[noun phrase]], though other kinds of phrases (such as [[gerund]] phrases) work as well, and some languages allow subjects to be omitted. The predicate is a finite [[verb phrase]]: it's a finite verb together with zero or more [[object (grammar)|objects]], zero or more [[complement (linguistics)|complements]], and zero or more [[adverbial]]s. See also [[copula]] for the consequences of this verb on the theory of sentence structure.

===Clauses===
A [[clause]] consists of a subject and a verb. There are two types of clauses: independent and subordinate (dependent). An independent clause consists of a subject verb and also demonstrates a complete thought: for example, "I am sad." A subordinate clause consists of a subject and a verb, but demonstrates an incomplete thought: for example, "Because I had to move."

==Classification==

===By structure===
One traditional scheme for classifying [[English language|English]] sentences is by the number and types of [[finite verb|finite]] [[clause]]s:

* A ''[[simple sentence]]'' consists of a single [[independent clause]] with no [[dependent clause]]s.
* A ''[[compound sentence (linguistics)|compound sentence]]'' consists of multiple independent clauses with no dependent clauses. These clauses are joined together using [[grammatical conjunction|conjunctions]], [[punctuation]], or both.
* A ''[[complex sentence]]'' consists of one or more independent clauses with at least one dependent clause.
* A ''[[complex-compound sentence]]'' (or ''compound-complex sentence'') consists of multiple independent clauses, at least one of which has at least one dependent clause.

===By purpose===
Sentences can also be classified based on their purpose:

*A ''declarative sentence'' or ''declaration'', the most common type, commonly makes a statement: ''I am going home.''
*A ''negative sentence'' or ''[[negation (linguistics)|negation]]'' denies that a statement is true: ''I am not going home.''
*An ''interrogative sentence'' or ''[[question]]'' is commonly used to request information &mdash; ''When are you going to work?'' &mdash; but sometimes not; ''see'' [[rhetorical question]].
*An ''exclamatory sentence'' or ''[[exclamation]]'' is generally a more emphatic form of statement: ''What a wonderful day this is!''

===Major and minor sentences===
A major sentence is a ''regular'' sentence; it has a [[subject (grammar)|subject]] and a [[predicate (grammar)|predicate]]. 
For example: ''I have a ball.'' In this sentence one can change the persons: ''We have a ball.'' However, a minor sentence is an irregular type of sentence. It does not contain a finite verb. For example, "Mary!" "Yes." "Coffee." etc. Other examples of minor sentences are headings (e.g. the heading of this entry), stereotyped expressions (''Hello!''), emotional expressions (''Wow!''), proverbs, etc.  This can also include sentences which do not contain verbs (e.g. ''The more, the merrier.'') in order to intensify the meaning around the nouns (normally found in poetry and catchphrases)
by Judee N..<ref>[http://english.unitecnology.ac.nz/resources/resources/exp_lang/sentence.html Exploring Language: Sentences]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Affirmation]]
* [[Assertion]]
* [[Clause]]
* [[Grammatical polarity]]
* [[Inflectional phrase]]
* [[Periodic sentence]]
* [[Phrase]]
* [[Statement]]
* [[T-unit]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Syntactic entities]]
[[Category:Semantic units]]

[[br:Frazenn]]
[[ca:Frase]]
[[cv:Предложени]]
[[cs:Věta (lingvistika)]]
[[da:Sætning (grammatik)]]
[[de:Satz (Grammatik)]]
[[es:Oración (gramática)]]
[[eu:Perpaus]]
[[fa:جمله]]
[[fr:Phrase]]
[[gd:Rosg-rann]]
[[gl:Oración (gramática)]]
[[ko:문장]]
[[hr:Rečenica]]
[[id:Kalimat]]
[[is:Setning (setningafræði)]]
[[it:Frase]]
[[he:משפט (בלשנות)]]
[[kk:Сөйлем]]
[[lt:Sakinys]]
[[ml:വാചകം]]
[[nl:Soorten zinnen]]
[[ja:文]]
[[no:Setning]]
[[pl:Zdanie]]
[[ro:Propoziţie]]
[[qu:Hunt'a rimay]]
[[ru:Предложение (лингвистика)]]
[[simple:Sentence]]
[[sl:Poved]]
[[fi:Virke]]
[[sv:Mening]]
[[th:ประโยค (ภาษา)]]
[[tr:Tümce]]
[[uk:Речення]]
[[wa:Fråze]]
[[yi:זאץ]]
[[zh:句子]]
[[sk:Veta (filozofia)]]